


<Interchange>




<Script id="GMTXT.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>events</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>personalia</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>archaelogy</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>natural science</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>arms</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>local history</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>religion</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>education</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>notes</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<SeriesTitle>Lakes Guides</SeriesTitle>
<Title>Transcriptions from the Gentleman's Magazine, 1731 to 1907</Title>
<AuthorDate>
<PersonName>Norgate, Martin</PersonName>
<Initials>MN</Initials>
<Date>16.9.2010</Date>
</AuthorDate>
<VersionDate>
<Type>last edit</Type>
<Date>3.9.2015</Date>
</VersionDate>
<Abstract>Transcriptions of interest to Westmorland and Cumberland etc, from the 
Gentleman's Magazine, published London, 1731 to 1922.</Abstract>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Person>
<Role>editor</Role>
<PersonName>Urban, Sylvanus</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>publisher</Role>
<Role>editor</Role>
<PersonName>Cave, Edward</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Rambler, A</PersonName>
<PersonName>Budworth, Joseph</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Johnson, Samuel, Dr</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>
<DateBegin>1731</DateBegin><DateEnd>1922</DateEnd>
</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword> <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword> 
<Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword> <Keyword>19th century, late</Keyword> 
<Keyword>1900s</Keyword>  <Keyword>1910s</Keyword>  <Keyword>1920s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
<ObjectIdentity>Armitt Library : Gents Mag 1746</ObjectIdentity>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>transcription</Keyword> <Keyword>indexing</Keyword> <Keyword>contents</Keyword>
<Keyword>reference</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>magazine</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>18th century 
1731-49</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>
<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>18th century 
1750-74</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>
<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>18th century 
1775-99</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q4.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>
<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>19th century 
1800-24</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q1.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>
<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>19th century 
1825-49</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>
<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>19th century 
1850-74</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>
<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>19th century 
1875-99</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q4.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>
<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>20th century 
1900-22</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTX20Q1.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>
<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>miscellaneous extras, not 
Cumbria</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXTX.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Type>header</Type>
<Heading elementtype="main">Transcriptions from the Gentleman's Magazine, 1731 to 
1907</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Transcriptions of interest to Westmorland and Cumberland etc, from 
the Gentleman's Magazine, published London, 1731 to 1922. The magazines used are mostly in
the Armitt Library, Carlisle Library, and some at Hampshire CC Museums Service.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The Armitt Library has nearly all issues up to 1809, and these can 
be browsed on the shelves. Carlisle Library has a longer run of issues kept in the stacks,
missing some which might be available on CD. I have not had access to the following: 
missing 1892 to 1899 part 1; 1899 part 2 incomplete; missing 1903 to 1906; missing 1907 
part 2 to 1922.
</Paragraph>
<Aspect>
  <Type>source type  </Type>
  <Keyword>LakesSrc  </Keyword>
  <Keyword>Gents Mag  </Keyword>
</Aspect>
<Heading>Lists of References</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">In these lists:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">(GS) marks contributions by George Smith who is a regular 
contributor from Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">(CAM2) gives the page number/s of citation in William Camden's 
Britannia, Gough edn 1789.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Not all entries have useful information.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Note that A Rambler is believed to be Joseph Budworth, 1756-1815, 
author of A Fortnight's Ramble to the Lakes, but little of his other contributions have 
any relevance to Westmorland or Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Illustrated articles have either an engraving on one of the pages, 
or a plate tipped in. The annotation does not include maps and charts which are mentioned 
explicitly.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The coded page references are hyperlink buttons in the database. 
There are two styles:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">G[yr][no].txt eg G7310367.txt
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">G[yr][A|B][no] eg G857B108.txt
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">In each case the first three numbers gives the year (1731 and 1857 
in the examples); letter A or B is for part 1 or part 2 in the year; the last number is 
the page number.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading>Page Images</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">The pages were mostly photographed; the source books are too 
stiffly rebound to lay flat on a scanner or photocopier, the photography could not use a 
copy stand and lighting and relies on camera flash or natural light. The photographs are 
not intended for display; all pages are now transcribed, and the photo of the page hidden 
from the default page display. The images are available 'behind the scenes' in image view 
(MODES database).
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading>Finding Stuff!</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Some, even many, articles may have been missed. Miscellaneous 
articles, prints and maps have been found in the magazines at different times. The Armitt 
Library has a handlist of articles relevant to Cumbria which was a valuable start for 
searching, but it has some glitches which I have tried to correct. Some of the entries in 
that handlist have little direct bearing on The Lakes and Cumbria. References marked 'not 
found' are in the Armitt index, but not found in the magazine. The Armitt handlist stops 
at 1808, so from 1809 the Contents at the start of each issue and the Index at the back of
each volume, or part volume, have been inspected to spot relevant material. These volume 
indexes are not always reliable, citing page numbers which do not have the promised 
content, or not indexing under obvious terms in the content. As always with historical 
material, searching for relevant material depends on the searchers foreknowledge of the 
likely odd spellings and family names which might be of interest. This failure of indexes 
might be taken as a reason to use text searching instead (not an option in printed 
material, but could be applied to transcripts in machine readable form); searching that 
way also relies on the searcher knowing what to look for. Would you know to look for 
'Kshitisavasavalicharitam' (in the index for 1853 part 2) if you had an interest in India?
Indexing in the new series about the 1860s has a list of keywords for essays, and a 
separate topographic index; both were checked. Indexing of the entirely new series begun 
in 1868 is nonexistent, all that is given is a page or two of contents.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">As an example of a better level of indexing, the arrangement of 
vol.36 for 1766, includes
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">a list of plates for the whole volume at the beginning;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">for each monthly issue there is a title page with a contents list,
and the next page is an extended contents which has subentries for matter within articles,
and indicates pages;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">at the end there are separate indexes to essays, to occurrences, 
to poetry, and to person names.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">But: when trying to find an article about agriculture in Cumberland
in this volume there was no relevant index entry, but the article was found, it is about 
Land Tax, and was noticed because 'Cumberland' was luckily mentioned in an extended 
content entry.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>Thoughts on indexes and 
searches</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMNDX.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading>General Indexes</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>general index</Keyword>
</Marginal>
There have been numerous projects to index the magazine, some claiming to be full indexes,
latterly they concentrate on people's names to serve the current craze for family history;
topography is not an interest. The most promising of general index is said to be organized
by county:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">An early time span is covered by an index:-
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Reference>Ayscough, Samuel (ed) &amp; Nichols, John (ed) &amp; Gabriel, Richard (ed): 
1789=1821: General Index to the Gentleman's Magazine:: covers 1731-1818</Reference>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">As yet I have not had access to this index.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">A book sometimes cited as an index is not an index but just a 
subjective selection of articles made in 1891 and more recently reprinted.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Reference>Gomme, George Laurence (ed): 1891: Gentleman's Magazine Library 1731-1868, 
The</Reference>
</References>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading rend="red">References</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>WARNING</Keyword>
</Marginal>
NOTA BENE: Over the long span of publication the number of new series and misnumberings of
volumes make it essential for today's researcher to give references by the <font 
color="red">year, part and page number</font>. The declared volume number from its title 
page might be given as well, but is not to be relied upon and is better ignored
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Make references on the pattern (from 1810):-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">Gentleman's Magazine 1865 part 2 p.406
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">or for early years when pagination was continuous for a whole year 
(before 1810), use the pattern:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">Gentleman's Magazine 1731 p.1035
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">or some abbreviated form. (For instance the database references to 
pages of the magazine follow the MS DOS 8.3 rul. G is the declared prefix for the Gents 
Mag in the research project, the reference above becomes G865B406.txt; for the early 
series where the year has a single run of pages reaching over 1000, the reference would be
on the pattern G7351035.txt.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">And when looking for things, bear in mind: that pages are sometimes
bound out of sequence; that the contents and indexes are not always at the end; etc.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>request for data</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Please Help:-</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">It is not a practical option to read every page of every magazine 
over nearly two centuries of monthly issues, to find all relevant material. So,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">I do not imagine I have found all the matter relating to 
Westmorland, Cumberland, Lancashire north of the sands, and the scrap of Yorkshire, that 
make present Cumbria. If you know of more please pass the reference to me, to be added 
into this list.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading>The First Magazine</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Edward Cave was first to use the word <i>magazine</i> for this type of publication. Dr 
Samuel Johnson was one of his contributors; his dictionary entry for the word is:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MAGAZINE n. (<i>magazine</i>, French, from the Arabick 
<i>machsan</i>, a treasure)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. A storehouse ... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. Of late this word has signified a miscellaneous pamphlet, from 
a periodical miscellany called the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, and published under the 
name of <i>Sylvanus Urban</i> by <i>Edward Cave</i>.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>review of 
volumes</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXTV.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading>Volumes</Heading>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Type>private</Type>
<Heading>Technical Note</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Extracts made for gazetteer entries, place by place, can be quite 
large and beyond the capability of MODESforWindows to handle. This size problem is a bug 
that has not been solved, and will not be now that MfW is no longer developed. The 
successor database engine, MODESxml, will not have this problem. Meanwhile, some extracts 
have been cut into smaller chunks, which should be linked by previous/next page buttons.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The usual pattern of linking 'included' files in LakesGaz is to 
store the chunk of Evidence data with record identifier = [place identifier] ([short 
filecode]inc). For example Evidence from Donald 1774 for Addingham, Glassonby is:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">Addingham, Glassonby (DN04inc)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">There are Includes and IncludedIn data to link the place record and
included record.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">For the Gentleman's Magazine evidence the included record will have
a record identifier on the pattern [place identifier] (GM text reference]inc)), eg:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">All Saints, Bolton (G7800130inc)
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<RecordType>transcription</RecordType>

</Script>



<Script id="GMNDX.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>GMNDX.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>local history</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>notes</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<SeriesTitle>Lakes Guides</SeriesTitle>
<Title>Gents Mag, indexes and searching</Title>
<AuthorDate>
<PersonName>Norgate, Martin</PersonName>
<Initials>MN</Initials>
<Date>11.9.2012</Date>
</AuthorDate>
<VersionDate>
<Type>last edit</Type>
<Date>21.5.2015</Date>
</VersionDate>
<Abstract>Thoughts about indexes and searching prompted by using the Gentleman's 
Magazine.</Abstract>
</Identification>


<Content>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>indexing</Keyword>  <Keyword>searching</Keyword>  <Keyword>spelling</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Type>header</Type>
<Heading>The Gentleman's Magazine</Heading>
<Heading elementtype="main">Thoughts about Indexes and Searching</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">These thoughts about indexes and searching were prompted by using 
the Gentleman's Magazine, published in London 1731 to 1907, or 1922.
</Paragraph>
<Aspect>
  <Type>source type  </Type>
  <Keyword>LakesSrc  </Keyword>
  <Keyword>Gents Mag  </Keyword>
</Aspect>
<Paragraph rend="text">Using indexes and using search tools are quite different ways are 
exploring a text source like the Gentleman's Magazine. Searching has recently become 
popular with the use of websites. What is offered by some websites, but not explained, is 
a search tool that apparently works on .pdf page images using Optical Character 
Recognition (OCR) software somewhere in the process. Other tools are based on more 
reliable machine readable text, but there are still difficulties. A major failing of 
searching is that the text being searched is old, it has odd letter forms, odd spellings, 
odd hyphenations, and so on. Looking for Windermere you will not find Wynandermere, Winder
Meer, and other spellings, or even the current spelling if it is split over a line or a 
page. It is not reasonable to expect the searcher to know all possible variants, some of 
which might be one-off errors, which have to be searched for. It gets worse if the target 
of the search has changed its name at one time or another: Thirlmere was known as Leathes 
Water and Wythburn Water amongst other things as well as having variant spellings. If the 
target of the search is not narrow but a wide interest then things get completely 
impossible: would you know to look for William Gibson when looking for people of interest 
to The Lakes? The user can't be expected to know what to look for. Powerful and apparently
successful search engines like Google leave you in awe at their power: BUT you don't know 
what they have missed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Using an index is a different process. The user does the searching 
by scanning down a list of what is available presented in a useable order. This, too, has 
failings. Did the indexer include keys to every thing in which you have an interest, and 
did he key oddly spellt variants under both the source spelling and a standardised modern 
form? Good indexing depends on common sense, appreciation of the source, and of people's 
interests, supported by strong terminology rules, awareness of the value of variant forms,
and so on. Its an art: its never perfect, but it should link you to the target of your 
search through all sorts of spellings and historical versions of names of people, places, 
etc. In the arrangement of the index keys a name like William Gibson will be presented in 
a list that makes his relevance to The Lakes apparent. Beware that although book indexing 
is often done very well, indexing to books in a collection, especially, for example, a 
public library, is usually extemely poor.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading>What To Index and How</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Indexing the transcribed pages, stuff relevant to Cumbria, in a 
reasonably thorough way is not a small task. Using a purist approach is laborious: one 
example should demonstrate the work needed, the Content group for the Gentleman's Magazine
1745 p.604, record , G7450604.txt, could be (I have added an author for the purpose of 
demonstration):-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">CONTENT
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERSON author: Smith, George &amp; GS
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERSON soldier: Wade, George, Marshall
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERSON : Charles, Prince
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERSON soldier: Perth, Duke of
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERSON soldier: Ogilvy, Lord
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERSON soldier: Gordon, Lord
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERSON soldier: Pattenson, Thomas
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERSON unit: Murray's Regiment
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PLACE Great Corby &amp; Wetheral &amp; Cumbria Cumberland) &amp; 
England
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PLACE Carlisle &amp; Cumbria (Cumberland) &amp; England
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PLACE Penrith &amp; Cumbria (Cumberland) &amp; England
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PLACE Warwick Bridge &amp; Wetheral &amp; Cumbria (Cumberland) 
&amp; England
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PLACE Stanwix Bank &amp; Carlisle &amp; Cumbria (Cumberland) &amp;
England
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PLACE Brampton &amp; Cumbria (Cumberland) &amp; England
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PLACE Rickerby &amp; Stanwix Rural &amp; Cumbria (Cumberland) 
&amp; England
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PLACE Warwick &amp; Wetheral &amp; Cumbria (Cumberland) &amp; 
England
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PLACE Blackhall &amp; St Cuthbert Without &amp; Cumbria 
(Cumberland) &amp; England
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PLACE Rockcliffe &amp; Cumbria (Cumberland) &amp; England
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">DATE 1745
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERIOD 18th century, early &amp; 1740s
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">EVENT rebellion: 1745 Rebellion
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">EVENT siege: siege, Carlisle
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">OBJECT_NAME magazine &amp; Gentleman's Magazine
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">OBJECT_NAME Rowcliff (Rockcliffe) &amp; Rickarby (Rickerby)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The time taken to record all this is not small.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Thinking about what is wanted from the indexing makes a less purist
approach attractive.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">Not all the keywords in the above analysis are wanted, 'Cumbria' 
and 'England' for examples.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">The planned indexes for many of the keywords do not require them 
to be in separately identifiable concepts; they will just be entries in a general index.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">But I do want to be able to index, in a controlled manner, the 
magazine date and author.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">So a simplified approach is:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">CONTENT
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERSON author: Smith, George &amp; GS
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">DATE 1745
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">PERIOD 18th century, early &amp; 1740s
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">0BJECT_NAME magazine &amp; Gentleman's Magazine
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">TEXT_SECTION
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">KEYWORD Wade, George, Marshall &amp; Charles, Bonnie Prince &amp; 
Perth, Duke of &amp; Ogilvy, Lord &amp; Gordon, Lord &amp; Pattenson, Thomas &amp; 
Murray's Regiment &amp; Great Corby, Wetheral &amp; Carlisle &amp; Penrith &amp; Warwick 
Bridge, Wetheral &amp; Stanwix Bank, Carlisle &amp; Brampton &amp; Rickarby (Rickerby) 
&amp; Rickerby, Stanwix Rural &amp; Warwick, Wetheral &amp; Blackhall, St Cuthbert Without
&amp; Rowcliff (Rockcliffe) &amp; Rockcliffe &amp; rebellion, 1745 &amp; 1745 Rebellion 
&amp; Carlisle, siege &amp; siege, Carlisle
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">This pattern is similar to the indexing approach already used, 
successfully, for guide book transcriptions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Note that I am indexing for Cumbria interest; and I am using terms 
to match the Old Cumbria Gazetteer.
</Paragraph>
<Heading>Article or Page?</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Indexing in other elements of the Lakes project transcriptions has 
always been done record, ie page, at a time. The idea of indexing by article rarther than 
page for the Gents Mag was considered and rejected.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

</Script>



<Script id="GMTXT8Q2.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>trade</Keyword>  <Keyword>printer</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag, contents, 18th century 1731-49</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>
<DateBegin>1731</DateBegin><DateEnd>1749</DateEnd>
</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword> <Keyword>1730s</Keyword> <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>

</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>contents, 1731-1749</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>next list 
1750-74</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading rend="red">Gentleman's Magazine, 18th Century, 1731 to 1749</Heading>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<Includes>
<Heading>1734</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7340164.txt<Caption>p.164 - Obituary, William Thurmond.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7340199)<Caption>p.199 - 'History of the last Parliament' a short 
reference to the 'Sale of the late E. of Derwentwater's Estate.'</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1738</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7380274)<Caption>p.274 - 'Historical Chronicle, 1738. MAY.' notes the 
Royal Assent for a Bill 'For explaining an Act of Application of the Forfeited Estates of 
late E. of Derwentwater and Charles Radcliffe.'</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7380417.txt<Caption>p.417 - Roman altar, Kirkby Thore. illustrated (CAM2 
p.158)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1739</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7390011.txt<Caption>p.11 - Baptism, font at St Bridget's Church, 
Bridekirk.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1740</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7400080.txt<Caption>p.80 - Frost, thaw, flood, Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7400171.txt<Caption>pp.171-172 - Roman altar, Netherby. illustrated (CAM2
p.197) (GS)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7400620.txt<Caption>p.620 - A Visit to Zinc, by George Smith. 
(GS)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1741</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7410650.txt<Caption>p.650 - Roman altar, Castlesteads. (GS). illustrated 
(CAM2 p.202)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1742</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7420030.txt<Caption>pp.30-31, 76, 135-136 - Roman altars and 
inscriptions. (GS). (CAM2 p202)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G742Eng1.txt<Caption>p.132 - Runes on the Bewcastle Cross. illustrated 
(CAM2 p.200)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G742Eng2.txt<Caption>p.318 - North and West Prospects of the Famous Runic 
Obelisk at Bew Castle. (GS). illustrated (CAM2 p.200)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G742Eng3.txt<Caption>p.319 - Detail of the Bewcastle Cross. (GS). 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7420368.txt<Caption>pp.368-369 - Description of Bewcastle Cross. (GS). 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G742Eng4.txt<Caption>p.529 - South and East Prospects of the Famous Runic 
Obelisk at Bew Castle. (GS). illustrated (CAM2 p.200)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1744</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7440222)<Caption>p.222 - 'Historical Chronicle, April, 1744.' notes an 
Address from the City of Edinburgh regarding '... undoubted Intelligence of the eldest Son
of the Pretender being arrived in France, and the Preparations which are making there to 
invade this Kingdom ...'</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7440340.txt<Caption>p.340 - Roman inscription, Naworth. (GS). illustrated
(CAM2 p.204)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7440369.txt<Caption>p.369 - Roman inscription, Lanercost. (GS). 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7440676.txt<Caption>p.676 - Obituary, Joseph Pennington.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1745</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7450385.txt<Caption>p.385 - Smuggling wool from Whitehaven.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7450588)<Caption>p.588 - 'Weekly ESSAYS; NOVEMBER, 1745.' includes 'On 
the Rebellion and its unexpected Progress.'</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7450601.txt<Caption>pp.601-605 - Progress of the Rebels, the 1745 
Rebellion.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7450673.txt<Caption>pp.673-675 - Ancient Carlisle, and map.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1746</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460020.txt<Caption>pp.20-22 - 1745 Rebellion, progress.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460023.txt<Caption>pp.23-24 - 1745 Rebellion, prisoners taken at 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460043.txt<Caption>p.43 - 1745 Rebellion, Whitehaven.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460062.txt<Caption>p.62 - 1745 Rebellion, Duke of Perth at 
Kendal.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460105.txt<Caption>p.105 - 1745 Rebellion, prisoners from 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460218.txt<Caption>p.218 - Cannon for Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460218.txt<Caption>p.218 - 1745 Rebellion, prisoners from 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460233.txt<Caption>pp.233-235, 300-302 - 1745 Rebellion, Carlisle, and 
map. (GS)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G746Eng1.txt<Caption>p.276 - Duke of Cumberland. illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460357.txt<Caption>pp.357-358 - Hadrian's Wall.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460537.txt<Caption>pp.537-538 and plate. illustrated - Roman 
inscriptions, Naworth, Birdoswald. (CAM2 p205) (GS)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7460598.txt<Caption>p.598 - Westmorland's conduct, 1745 
Rebellion.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1747</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7470060.txt<Caption>p.60 - Roman altar, Castlesteads. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7470246.txt<Caption>pp.246, 326-327 - Fire in coal pits, 
Whitehaven.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7470324.txt<Caption>pp.324-326 - Obituary, Sir George Fleming, Bishop of 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7470384.txt<Caption>pp.384-385 - Journey to Cross Fell.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7470522.txt<Caption>pp.522-525 and map - Journey to Caldbeck 
Fells.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7470583.txt<Caption>p.583 - Black lead mines. (GS?)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7470611.txt<Caption>pp.611-612 - Apparitions on Souther Fell.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1748</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7480003.txt<Caption>pp.3-5, 291-292 - Survey of the NW coast. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7480152.txt<Caption>p.152 - Northern rivers, and snow.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7480179.txt<Caption>pp.179-180 - Antiquities from Coning Garth, near Old 
Carlisle. (GS). illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7480205.txt<Caption>pp.205-206 - Meridian for county maps.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G748Map1.txt<Caption>p.313 and map - Eclipse, 14 July 1748. (GS)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7480562.txt<Caption>pp.562-563 - Derby to Windermere and the 
lake.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1749</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7490202.txt<Caption>1749 pp.202-203 - Sun dogs, Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7540230.txt<Caption>pp.230-231 - Kirby Stephen; incorrectly cited as 
1749.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7490217.txt<Caption>p.217 - Font, Bridekirk. illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7490219)<Caption>p.219 - 'Historical Chronicle, April 1746.' has notes 
about the 1745 Rebellion and Culloden.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7490281.txt<Caption>p.281 - Derwentwater estates, Greenwich 
Hospital.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7490283.txt<Caption>p.283 - Snow in summer.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7490367.txt<Caption>p.367 - Roman altar, Burgh by Sands. illustrated 
(CAM2 p.187)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7490389.txt<Caption>pp.389-390 - Storm and floods, Cockermouth.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7490403.txt<Caption>pp.403, 550-551 - Inscription, Carlisle Cathedral. 
(GS). illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>


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1750-74</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<DateBegin>1750</DateBegin><DateEnd>1774</DateEnd>
</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword> <Keyword>1750s</Keyword> <Keyword>1760s</Keyword> 
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  <Relationship>previous list 
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading rend="red">Gentleman's Magazine, 18th Century, 1750 to 1774</Heading>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<Includes>
<Heading>1750</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7500027.txt<Caption>p.27 - Hypocaust, Netherby. (GS). illustrated (CAM2 
p,197)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7500186.txt<Caption>p.186 - Road repairs, Egremont, Duddon Bridge, 
etc.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7500344.txt<Caption>p.344 - Meteor over Wigton etc. (GS)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1751</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7510040.txt<Caption>p.40 - Theft of black lead.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G751Map1.txt<Caption>pp.51-53 and map - Black Lead Mines, Seathwaite. 
(GS).</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7510112.txt<Caption>p.112 and pp.254-255 - Inscription, St Mungo's 
Church, Dearham. (GS). illustrated (CAM2 p.185)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7510200.txt<Caption>p.200 - Floods, St John's in the Vale.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7510235)<Caption>p.235 - Movement of horned cattle. NOT FOUND.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1752</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7520041)<Caption>p.41 - Security of the black lead mines. NOT 
FOUND.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7520090.txt<Caption>p.90 - Road repairs, to Carlisle and North.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7520105.txt<Caption>pp.105-108 - Roman inscriptions, Hadrian's Wall. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7520272.txt<Caption>p.272 Black lead mines, security.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7520311.txt<Caption>pp.311, 372-373, 374 - Long Meg and her Daughters. 
(GS). illustrated (CAM2 p.190)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7520420.txt<Caption>p.420 - Marking sheep.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1753</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7530270.txt<Caption>p.270 - Roman inscriptions, Kirkby Thore. (CAM2 
p.158)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7530342.txt<Caption>p.342 - Riot, Balder Bridge toll gate, 
Whitehaven.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7530355.txt<Caption>p.355 - Devil's Bridge, Kirby Lonsdale. illustrated 
(CAM2 p.162)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7530370.txt<Caption>p.370 - Sun dogs, Kirkby Lonsdale. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1754</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7540041.txt<Caption>p.41 - In Memory of Mr Cave. (GS)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7540230.txt<Caption>pp.230-231 - Kirkby Stephen. (CAM2 p.156)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7540464.txt<Caption>pp.464-465 - Storm and floods, St John's in the Vale.
(GS). illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7540505.txt<Caption>pp.505-506 - Christianbury Crag, Bewcastle. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7540534.txt<Caption>p.534, 567 - Fire balls. (GS)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7540571.txt<Caption>p.571 and 1755 pp.5-6, 56, 103 - Weather, Cumberland.
(GS).</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1755</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7550198.txt<Caption>pp.198, 272-274 - Placename, Maiden Way etc, Samuel 
Pegge. (CAM2 p.158)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7550360.txt<Caption>pp.360-361 - Roman altar, from near Carlisle. (GS) 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1756</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7560008.txt<Caption>p.8 - Earthquake, Lisbon, effects on Windermere lake,
etc.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7560008.txt<Caption>pp.8, 56, 104, 160, 216, 272, 324, 372, 414, 462, 
510, 855, and 1757 p.8- Weather, Carlisle, a year's reports.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7560431.txt<Caption>p.431 - Roman altar, Old Carlisle. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1757</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7570220.txt<Caption>p.220 - Roman altar, from near Carlisle. illustrated 
(CAM2 p.186)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G757Map1.txt<Caption>p.584 - New Map of England and Wales, by Thomas 
Jefferys.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1758</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7580427.txt<Caption>p.427 - Hurricane, Wigton, 6 December 1756.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1759</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7590407.txt<Caption>pp.407, 408 - Roman altar etc, Overborough (CAM2 
p.140)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1760</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7600317.txt<Caption>pp.317-319 - Robert Walker, clergyman, 
Seathwaite.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7600520.txt<Caption>pp.520-522 - Water spout and floods, Brackenthwaite, 
Buttermere, 19 September 1760.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G760Map1.txt<Caption>pp.107-112 - Chart of the Irish Sea regarding M 
Thurot's Expedition.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1761</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7610072.txt<Caption>pp.72-73 - A valley, Wild Boar Fell, 
Mallerstang.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7610126.txt<Caption>pp.126-128 - Ingleborough.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7610138.txt<Caption>p.138 - Whitehaven Harbour enlargement.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7610500.txt<Caption>pp.500-501 - Various places in Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1766</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7660166.txt<Caption>p.166 - Journey from Lancashire to 
Scotland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G766Map1.txt<Caption>p.446 map - Strip maps, Road from London to Carlisle 
and The Road from Carlisle to Berwick, by John Gibson.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7660581.txt<Caption>p.581 - Land Tax, Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1771</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7710567.txt<Caption>pp.567-568 - Report of the eruption of Solway Moss. 
(CAM2 p.188)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1772</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7720041.txt<Caption>p.41 - Eruption of Solway Moss.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G772Map1.txt<Caption>p.608 map - Plan of the Proposed Navigable Canal ... 
to Kendal.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1773</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G773Map1.txt<Caption>pp.221 and map - General Plan of the Several Canals 
given in the Course of this Magazine.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G773Map2.txt<Caption>p.265 - Plan of Solway Moss and accounts of the 
irruption.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>


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<DateBegin>1775</DateBegin><DateEnd>1799</DateEnd>
</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword> <Keyword>1770s</Keyword> <Keyword>1780s</Keyword> 
<Keyword>1790s</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading rend="red">Gentleman's Magazine, 18th Century, 1775 to 1799</Heading>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<Includes>
<Heading>1776</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7760310.txt<Caption>pp.310-311 - Ruins at The Quamps, Dalton Hall. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7760574.txt<Caption>p.574 - Bounty for sailors enlisting with Royal Navy,
Whitehaven.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1778</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7780161.txt<Caption>p.161 - Land Tax, Westmorland and 
Cumberland</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7780189.txt<Caption>p.189 - John Paul Jones, raid on 
Whitehaven.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1779</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7790065.txt<Caption>p.65 and map - Solway Moss eruption. (CAM2 
p.188)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(7790044 etc)<Caption>p.44 - 'Summary of Proceedings in the last Session 
of Parliament' June 2 'Sir J. L-wth-r moved, for his Majesty to continue his Parliamentary
sitting ...'</Caption>
<Caption>p.331 - 'Summary of Debates in Parliament' 'Sir J. L-wth-r ... did not think the 
want of politeness in the Peers was a fit example to be copied by the Commons 
...'</Caption>
<Caption>p.539 - 'Summary of Proceedings in the present Parliament' 'Sir J. L-th-r. 
...'</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1780</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7800130.txt<Caption>pp.130-132, 373 - Carving and inscription, All 
Saints, Bolton.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7800540 etc)<Caption>pp.540, 601, 602 - Reports on speeches in 
Parliament by Sir James Lowther.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1782</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7820501)<Caption>p.501 - 'Historical Chronicle' 19 October 'Dr Richard 
Watson was consecrated in Bow church bishop of Landaff ...'</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7820550.txt<Caption>p.550 - Longevity of Martin Stevenson, 
Kentmere.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1783</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7830538.txt<Caption>p.538 - Price of corn in various counties. One of a 
series.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1785</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7850068.txt<Caption>p.68 - Births, marriages and deaths, Whitehaven and 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7850347.txt<Caption>p.347 - Ring pin from Flusco Pike. illustrated (CAM 
p189)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7850843.txt<Caption>pp.843-845 - Drainage, including that by Mr Graham. 
(CAM p198)</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7850866)<Caption>p.866 -'Summary of Proceedings in the last Session of 
Parliament' June 9 'Sir M. Le Fleming ... astonished at the Minister's attempt to deprive 
men of their means of getting their daily bread ...'</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7850969.txt<Caption>pp.969-970 - Wharton tomb, Kirkby Stephen.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1787</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7870074.txt<Caption>p.74 - Sunday Schools, Kendal.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7870842.txt<Caption>p.842 - Bishop of Carlisle, Dr Douglas.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1788</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7880310.txt<Caption>p.310, Bishops of Carlisle coming from Ireland: John 
Kite, James Usher.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7880803.txt<Caption>pp.803-804 - Book review, A Tour in England and 
Scotland, in 1785</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7880950.txt<Caption>p.950 - William Gilpin's Observations on the Northern
Lakes</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7881107.txt<Caption>p.1107 - Poem, On Constancy.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1789</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7890423.txt<Caption>p.423 - Bridewain, Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7890663.txt<Caption>p.663 - Antiquities, Aspatria.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7890799.txt<Caption>pp.799-800 and 1790 p.18 - Stone Age tools. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1790</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7900057.txt<Caption>pp.57 and 252 - Book review, Survey of the Lakes of 
Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire, James Clarke.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7900085.txt<Caption>p.85 - Obiturary, Donald M'Leod, Lowther 
Hall.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7900172.txt<Caption>p.172 - Hare at Cockermouth Sessions.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7900463.txt<Caption>p.463 - Earthquake, Arnside.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7900505.txt<Caption>pp.505-506 - Improvements in Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7900708.txt<Caption>p.708 - Coins from Dean in Crosthwaite's Museum, 
Keswick. illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7900930.txt<Caption>pp.930-931 - Book review, Observations Relative 
Chiefly to Picturesque Beauty</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7900982.txt<Caption>pp.982-983 - Roman altar, in the museum, Keswick. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7901092.txt<Caption>pp.1092, 1187 - Roman altar, Plumpton Wall. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1791</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7910721.txt<Caption>pp.721-722, 995 - Luck of Edenhall, and its 
ballad.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7910804.txt<Caption>pp.804-806 - Anecdotes of John Wilson, 
botanist.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7910990.txt<Caption>pp.990-992 - Giant's Caves, Langwathby, and the 
Battle of Torquin the Giant and Sir Lancelot du Lake.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7911062.txt<Caption>pp.1062-1064 - Obituary, William Gibson, 
mathematician.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7911079.txt<Caption>pp.1079-1080 - Luck of Edenhall, Tarn Wadling, River 
Eamont, etc</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1792</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7920024.txt<Caption>pp.24-25 - Giant's Cave, Langwathby; Mr Jollie, 
bookseller.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7920180.txt<Caption>p.180 - Sheriff of Cumberland, Edward 
Hasell.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7920183.txt<Caption>p.183 - Obituary, Thomas Addison, 
Thornthwaite.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7920224.txt<Caption>p.224 - Trade token, Appleby.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7920292)<Caption>pp.292, 412 - by A Rambler; not relevant to 
Cumbria.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7920581.txt<Caption>pp.581-582 - Mail coach accident, Penrith.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7920882.txt<Caption>pp.882-883 - Ramble to Helm Crag, A 
Rambler.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7920941.txt<Caption>pp.941-942 - Verses on Helvellyn, A 
Rambler.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7921114.txt<Caption>pp.1114-1116 - Book review, A Fortnight's Ramble to 
the Lakes.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7921197.txt<Caption>pp.1197-1198 - Meteorological Diary, Kendal, John 
Gough.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1793</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7930588)<Caption>pp.588, 684, 782, 877 - letters from A Rambler; not 
relevant to Cumbria.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7931051.txt<Caption>pp.1051-1053 - Obituary, King of Patterdale, 
Mounsey.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7931081.txt<Caption>pp.1081-1083 - Bernard Gilpin. illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1794</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7940111.txt<Caption>pp.111-113, 326-327 - Naturalist's Ramble in the 
North</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1795</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7950305.txt<Caption>pp.305 - Petition to Parliament from Carlisle, for 
peace.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7950569.txt<Caption>pp.569-570 - Lanercost Priory.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7950985.txt<Caption>pp.985-986, 1077-1078 - Dacre Bears. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1796</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7960843.txt<Caption>p.843 - Carts, Westmorland. illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1797</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7970725.txt<Caption>pp.725-726, 940, continued 1798 p.196 - Wharton 
Family.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1799</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7990157.txt<Caption>p.157 - Stage coach accident, Carnforth.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7990281.txt<Caption>p.281 - Cockermouth Castle. illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7990518.txt<Caption>p.518 - Riding accident, Hawkshead.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G7990530)<Caption>p.530 - MP for Appleby, John Tufton.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7990642.txt<Caption>pp.642-644 - River Eden, Stenkrith Bridge, Kirkby 
Stephen.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G7990833.txt<Caption>pp.833, 945 - Gosforth Cross. illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>


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  <Relationship>next list 
1800-24</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q1.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading rend="red">Gentleman's Magazine, 19th Century, 1800 to 1824</Heading>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<Includes>
<Heading>1800</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G8000018.txt<Caption>pp.18-24 - A Rambler's Revisit to 
Buttermere</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1801</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>(G8010007)<Caption>pp.7, 291 - letters from A Rambler; not relevent to 
Cumbria.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8010143.txt<Caption>p.143 - Advertisment for John Housman's Tour of The 
Lakes etc.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1802</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G8020633.txt<Caption>pp.633-636 - Book review, A History of the Roman 
Wall.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8020878.txt<Caption>p.878, and 1803 pp.17-19 - Obituary, Robert Walker, 
clergyman, Seathwaite, and biographical notes.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8021157.txt<Caption>p.1157 - John Hatfield and Mary Robinson.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8021186.txt<Caption>p.1186 - St Oswald's Church, Ravenstonedale. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8021203.txt<Caption>pp.1203-1204 - Book review, Journal of a Tour through
the North and England and Part of Scotland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8021224.txt<Caption>p.1224 - Marriage, William Wordsworth and Mary 
Hutchinson.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1803</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G8030305.txt<Caption>p.305 - Sizergh church. illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8030779.txt<Caption>pp.779-780 - Trial of John Hatfield.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1804</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G8040009.txt<Caption>p.9 - Holy Trinity and St Constantine's Church, 
Wetheral. illustrated.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8040269.txt<Caption>p.269 - Roman sacrificial vases, Sewell's Lane, 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8040305.txt<Caption>p.305 - Roman camp, Pykethwaite Fell 
illustrated.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8040322.txt<Caption>pp.322-323 - Worthies of Windermere.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G8040784)<Caption>p.784 - Review of A Tour through the N Counties of 
England and the Borders of Scotland, by Richard Warner. NOT FOUND</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8040846.txt<Caption>pp.846-847 - Book review, Observations, chiefly 
Lithological, made in a Five Weeks Tour to the principal Lakes in Westmoreland and 
Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8040885.txt<Caption>p.885 - Obituary, George Kendall.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8040954.txt<Caption>p.954 - Verses by the Earl of Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8041065.txt<Caption>p.1065, and 1806 p.401 - Stained glass for York 
Cathedral, from the Earl of Carlisle illustrated.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G8041120)<Caption>p.1120 - in a description of St David's Cathedral is a 
note of 'the tomb of Ralph Neville Earl of Westmorland'.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1805</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G8050506.txt<Caption>pp.506--508, 609-611, 709-712, 804-806, 918-920, 
1010-1012, 1121-1124, errata 1806 p.39 - Tour to the Lakes of Cumberland and 
Westmorland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1806</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G8060102.txt<Caption>pp.102-104 - Gaols, Cumberland, Westmorland, 
etc.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G806Eng1.txt<Caption>pp.401 - Stained glass, Carlisle Cathedral, and 
plate.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8060412.txt<Caption>pp.412-413 - Ponsonby Family.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8060576.txt<Caption>p.576 - Storms, Whitehaven, St Bees, and 
Keswick.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1807</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G8070040.txt<Caption>p.40 - Court Room, library, etc, 
Whitehaven.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8070473.txt<Caption>p.473 - Storm and accident, Whitehaven.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8070576.txt<Caption>p.576 - William Lowther ceated Earl of 
Lonsdale.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8070637.txt<Caption>p.637 - Rainfall, England, 1806.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8071009.txt<Caption>p.1009 - Inscription, Cockermouth Castle; and medal. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8071167.txt<Caption>p.1167 - Snow and gales, Cumberland etc.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1808</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G8080648.txt<Caption>p.648 - Murder of Joseph Glendinning, 
Workington.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8080845.txt<Caption>p.845 - Murder trial of James Hood.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8080939.txt<Caption>p.939 - Snow, Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8080940.txt<Caption>p.940 - Enclosure, Westmorland and Cumberland, Earl 
of Lonsdale.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1809</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>(G8090902)<Caption>pp.902, 995 - letters from Jospeh Budworth, A 
Rambler.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G8091140.txt<Caption>pp.1140-1147 - Book review, Life of George Romney, by
William Hayley.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1810</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G810B176.txt<Caption>part 2 p.176 - Storm and damage, Penrith.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1811</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G811A178.txt<Caption>part 1 p.178 - Storm and damage, Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G811B124.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.124-125 - Richard Brathwaite, Drunken 
Barnaby's Journeys.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G811B305.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.305, 506-507 - Deanery of Carlisle. 
illustrated</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1812</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G812A480.txt<Caption>part 1 p.480 - Riots, Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G812B006.txt<Caption>part 2 p.6 - Hints for a Tour to Scotland; new 
turnpike from Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1813</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G813A110.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.110-111 - Ullswater, filling up with 
stones?</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G813B051.txt<Caption>part 2 p.51 - Carlisle Castle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G813B298.txt<Caption>part 2 p.298 - Obituary, William Close, 
Dalton.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G813B307)<Caption>part 2 p.307 - letter about a prayer book, from Jospeh 
Budworth, A Rambler.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G813B405.txt<Caption>p.405 - Obituary, John Pennington, Lord 
Muncaster.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G813B573.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.573-575 - Book review, History of the Roman
Wall, by W Hutton.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1814</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G814A013.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.13-14 - Monastic churches.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G814A515.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.515-516 - Obituary, W Hutchinson.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G814B626.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.626-628 - Brougham, Brough, Appleby 
etc.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1815</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G815B189.txt<Caption>part 2 p.189 - Obituary, Mrs John Wordsworth, 
Penrith.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G815B367.txt<Caption>part 2 p.367 - Storms in the North, 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G815B631.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.631-632 - Obituary, Duke of 
Norfolk.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1816</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G816A379.txt<Caption>part 1 p.379 - Obituaries, Emmerson, Kendal and 
Briggs, Natland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G816B173.txt<Caption>part 2 p.173 - Storm, hail, north 
Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G816B274.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.274-278 - Obituary, Dr Richard Watson, 
Bishop of Llandaff.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G816B278.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.278-279 - Obituary, Joseph 
Huddart.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G816B599.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.599-601 and 1819 part 2 pp.402-405, 505-508
- Compendium of County History, Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1817</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G817A404.txt<Caption>part 1 p.404 - Comment on A Complete History of the 
Rebellion, by James Ray, 1755.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G817B104.txt<Caption>part 2 p.104 - Cathedral School, Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1818</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G818A329.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.329-330 - Review of Barnabee's Journal, 7th
edn 1818.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1819</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G819A116.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.116-120 - The Fountain, innsign; rivers in 
Westmorland, Cumberland, etc.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G819A488.txt<Caption>part 1 p.488 - Obituary, Rev W Strickland, born 
Sizergh, Westmorland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1820</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G820A224.txt<Caption>part 1 p.224 - Lithographic views, Lancashire; by 
Emanuel Mendez da Costa</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G820A228.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.228-220, and 290 - Cumberland 
poets.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G820A307.txt<Caption>part 1 p.307 - Lithographic views, Westmorland and 
Cumberland; by Emanuel Mendez da Costa</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G820A406.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.406-407 - Carlisle and Carlisle Cathedral 
in a Tour Through England and Wales.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G820A567.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.567-568 - Obituary, Mrs Curwen, Workington,
Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G820B015.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.15-16 - Poem To-Morrow, by Susan Blamire, 
Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G820B020.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.20-22 - Ungraduated Clergy, school teachers
in northern schools.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G820B344.txt<Caption>part 2 p.344-346 - Book review, the River Duddon, a 
series of Sonnets.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G820B558.txt<Caption>part 2 p.558 - Fire at The Rose and Crown, Kirkby 
Lonsdale, Westmorland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1821</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G821A023.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.23-24 - Archibald Armstrong, 
jester.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G821B370.txt<Caption>1821 part 2 p.370; 1822 part 1 p.558; 1822 part 2 
pp.33-38 and 290; 1823 part 1 pp.560, 637-639, 642; 1823 part 2 p.174 - Olivia Wilmot, 
Princess of Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G821B457.txt<Caption>1821 part 2 pp.457-458 - Poem on a snuff box, by the 
Earl of Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G821B595.txt<Caption>1821 part 2 pp.595-596 - List of Poets.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1823</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G823B173.txt<Caption>part 2 p.173 - Rush bearing, Ambleside, 
Westmorland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G823B323.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.323-325 - Schools, Westmorland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G823B486.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.486-487 - Cumberland poets, Ralph and 
Blamire.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G823B515.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.515-517 - Shap Abbey, 
Westmorland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G823B642.txt<Caption>part 2 p.642 - Obituary, William Green, Ambleside and
Keswick.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1824</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G824A003.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.3-5 - Karls Lofts, Shap.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G824B245.txt<Caption>part 2 p.245 - William Wordsworth mentioned in a 
review of The Library Companion by T F Dibdin, 1824</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G824B392.txt<Caption>part 2 p.392 - Verses mentioning Drunken Barnaby, by 
Lawrence Price, 1655.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G824B548.txt<Caption>part 2 p.548 - Ancient horseshoe found at 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>


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  <Relationship>next list 
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<DateBegin>1825</DateBegin><DateEnd>1849</DateEnd>
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  <Relationship>previous list 
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading rend="red">Gentleman's Magazine, 19th Century, 1825 to 1849</Heading>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<Includes>
<Heading>1825</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G825A410.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.410-414 and 513-516 - Compendium of County 
History, Westmorland</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G825A489.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.489-490 - Old song on the death of Lord 
Derwentwater.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G825B369.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.369-371 - Obituary, Frederick Howard, Earl 
of Carlisle etc.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G825B427.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.427-431 - Review of a biography of John 
Paul Jones.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1826</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G826A194.txt<Caption>part 1 p.194 - Enquiry about music for James I, at 
Brougham Castle, about 1618.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1827</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G827A178.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.178-179 - Obituaries, Septimus Collinson, 
John Dent.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G827B274.txt<Caption>part 2 p.274 - Obituary, Sir P C Musgrave, Eden 
Hall.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1828</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G828A399.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.399-400 - Comments on William Wordsworth in
Speculations on Literary Pleasures.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G828B053.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.53-55 - Review, History of 
Northumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G828B420.txt<Caption>part 2 p.420 - Review of Archaeologia, the Debateable
Lands, 1590.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1829</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G829A178.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.178-179 - Obituary, John Christian Curwen, 
Workington Hall.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G829B116.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.116-117 - Monuments, Sandys Family, 
Hawkshead.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G829B357.txt<Caption>part 2 p.357 - Roman tomb, Gallow Hill, 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1830</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G830A290.txt<Caption>part 1 p.290 - Query about the surrender of 
Amathwaite Nunnery.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G830A359.txt<Caption>part 1 p.359 - Starting the building of Corby Bridge,
Wetheral, Newcastle and Carlisle Railway.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G830A498.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.498-501 - Monument to Edmond Nevill, earl 
of Westmorland, at East Ham.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G830B024.txt<Caption>part 2p.24 - Comment on 'Poor Susan' by William 
Wordsworth.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1831</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G831A190.txt<Caption>part 1 p.190 - Obituary of Richard Lough, 
Kendal.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G831A300.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.300-303 - St Bees, and its 
school.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G831B195.txt<Caption>part 2 p.195 - Creation of Lord Brougham.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G831B197.txt<Caption>part 2 p.197 - Creation of Lord Burlington.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G831B399.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.399-400 - Countess Pillar, 
Penrith.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G831B482.txt<Caption>part 2 p.482 - Tithes, Kendal.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1833</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G833A004.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.4-5 - Stones at Shap, etc.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G833A025.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.23-28 - Ancient jesters, see pp.26-27 - 
Archibald Armstrong.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1834</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G834A141.txt<Caption>new series vol.1 p.141 - Thomas Green's diary, 
comments on William Gilpin.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G834A176.txt<Caption>new series vol.1 p.176 - Library at Naworth 
Castle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G834B544.txt<Caption>new series vol.2 pp.544-549 - Obituary, Samuel Taylor
Coleridge.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1836</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G836A533.txt<Caption>new series vol.5 p.533 - Annular eclipse, North of 
England, etc.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1837</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G837A534.txt<Caption>new series vol.7 p.534 - Black lead mine, 
Borrowdale.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1838</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G838A082.txt<Caption>new series vol.9 pp.82 and 416 - Diocese of Carlisle,
and Sodor and Man.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1839</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G839A516.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.516-521 - Book review, History and 
Antiquities of Carlisle by Samuel Jefferson.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G839B170.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.170-172 - Book review, History and 
Antiquities of Carlisle Cathedral by Robert William Billings.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G839B509.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.509-512 - Book review, Guide to Naworth and
Lanercost by Samuel Jefferson.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1840</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G840B155.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.155-157 - Book review, History and 
Description of Carlisle Cathedral, and An Attempt to Define the Geomteric Proportions of 
Gothic Architecture .</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G840B218.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.218-219 - Obituaries, Jane Barwise, Mary 
Bardgert, and Jane Redmond.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G840B226.txt<Caption>part 2 p.226 - Longevity in Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G840B277.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.277-279 - Sermon by Bishop Rainbow, at the 
funeral of Lady Anne Pembroke.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G840B401.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.401-402 - Book review, Life of Sir Phillip 
Musgrave.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1841</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G841A338.txt<Caption>part 2 p.338 - Query, Thornburgh Family of Hampsfield
Hall.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G841B053.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.53-54 - Book review, History and 
Antiquities of Leath Ward, by Samuel Jefferson.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1842</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G842A003.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.3-17 - Essay on Wordsworth, Poems of Fancy 
and of Poems of Imagination.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G842B598.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.598-599; 1843 part 1 pp.35-36 - Roman 
altar, Old Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1843</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G843B361.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.361-365 - Stone circles, Cumberland, by J K
Walker.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G843B571.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.571-573 and plate - St Theobald's Church, 
Great Musgrave.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1844</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G844A246.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.246-247 - Sir John Barrow.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G844B295.txt<Caption>part 2 p.295 - Roman inscriptions, Carvoran and 
Birdoswald.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G844B381.txt<Caption>part 2 p.381 and plate - Kemp Howe stone circle, 
Shap.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G844B431.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.431-432, 548-549, 660 - Obituary, John 
Dalton.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1846</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G846B192.txt<Caption>part 2 p.192 - Effigy, Robert Southey.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G846B526.txt<Caption>part 2 p.526 - Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, opened
to Kendal.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G846B632.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.632-633 - Knight templar, St Wilfred's 
Church, Brougham.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1847</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G847A593.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.593-594 - Roman altar, Clifton and Old 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G847A645.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.645-646 - Carlisle Cathedral, restoration 
work.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G847B529.txt<Caption>part 2 p.529 - Lanercost Priory, roof collapse; 
Christ Church, Whitehaven, consecrated.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1848</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G848A369.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.369-376, 618-620; part 2 pp.31-33, 136-141 
- Visit to Brougham Hall, and comments</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G848B537.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.537-538 - Obituary, George Howard, Earl of 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1849</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G849A093.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.93-96 - Obituary, Sir John 
Barrow.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G849A226.txt<Caption>part 1 p.226 - Brass to Henry Burgham, St Ninan's 
Church, Brougham.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G849A249.txt<Caption>part 1 p.249-259, 374-380, 494 - St Kentigern's 
Church, Great Crosthwaite.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G849B137.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.137-143, 249-256, 591 - Calgarth Hall, 
Windermere.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G849B450.txt<Caption>part 2 p.450 - Placename, Westmorland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G849B585.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.585-591 - St Martin's Church, 
Bowness-on-Windermere.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>next list 
1850-74</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

</Script>



<Script id="GMTXT9Q3.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>


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  <Keyword>trade</Keyword>  <Keyword>printer</Keyword>
</Classification>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag, contents, 19th century 1850-74</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>
<DateBegin>1850</DateBegin><DateEnd>1874</DateEnd>
</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, late</Keyword> <Keyword>1850s</Keyword> <Keyword>1860s</Keyword> 
<Keyword>1870s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>contents, 1850-1874</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>previous list 
1825-49</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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1875-99</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q4.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Heading rend="red">Gentleman's Magazine, 19th Century, 1850 to 1874</Heading>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<Includes>
<Heading>1850</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G850A070.txt<Caption>part 1 p.70 - Parishes, Holme Coultram.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G850A281.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.281 and 283 - Cross slabs, Brougham and 
Newton Reigny.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G850A353.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.353-359, 611-619; part 2 pp.256-259; 1851 
part 1 pp.9-17 Book review, Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G850A668.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.668-672 - Obituary, William 
Wordsworth.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G850B043.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.43-44 - Wordsworth Family, geneaology on an
armoire.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G850B412.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.412-413 - Furness Abbey.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G850B459.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.459-468 - The Prelude by William 
Wordsworth.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1851</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G851A147.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.147-154 and plate - Book review, The Roman 
Wall by John Collingwood Bruce.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G851A579.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.579-588 - Biography of Hartley 
Coleridge.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G851B107.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.107-116 - Review, Memoirs of William 
Wordsworth, by Christopher Wordsworth.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G851B383.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.383-388, 503-507 - Notes of a Tour along 
the Roman Wall by Charles Roach Smith.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G851B520.txt<Caption>part 2 p.529 - Market cross, Sedbergh.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1852</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G852A071.txt<Caption>part 1 p.71 - Finds at Hartley Castle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G852A073.txt<Caption>part 1 p.73 - Fibula and torc, from 
Westmorland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G852A144.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.144-145 - Letter about the Skirmish at 
Clifton, 1745 Rebellion.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G852A175.txt<Caption>part 1 p.175 - Find at the roman fort, 
Birdoswald.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G852A481.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.481-483 - Notes on The Wall, John 
Collingwood Bruce.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G852B052.txt<Caption>part 2 p.52 - Sonnet in Reminiscence of the Poet 
Coleridge, by C V le Grice.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G852B191.txt<Caption>part 2 p.191 - Reclamation of Morecambe 
Bay.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G852B396.txt<Caption>part 2 p.396 - Lead mines, Alston Moor.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1853</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G853A073.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.73-74 - Excavations, at the roman fort, 
Birdoswald.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G853A123.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.123-129 - Book review, The Roman Wall by 
John Collingwood Bruce, 2nd edn.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G853A129.txt<Caption>part 1 p.129 - Sonnet for William Wordsworth, by C V 
le Grice.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G853A179.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.179-180 - Hadrian and The Wall.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G853A414.txt<Caption>part 1 p.414 - Seal of Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G853A488.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.488-494 - Ancient commerce in 
Westmerland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G853A613.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.613-615 - Cloth manufacture, 
Kendal.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G853B391.txt<Caption>part 2 p.391 - Restoration, Carlisle Cathedral; 
Excavations on Hadrian's Wall.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1854</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G854A512.txt<Caption>part 1 p.512 - Fresco of St Cuthbert, Carlisle 
Cathedral.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1855</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G855A051.txt<Caption>part 1 p.51 - Statue of William Wordsworth, 
Westminster Abbey.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G855A065.txt<Caption>part 1 p.65 - Hadrian's Wall, Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G855A143.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.143-145 and plate - The Sir John Barrow 
Monument,Ulverston.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G855A281.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.281-282 - Review of a lecture, Historical 
Sketch of Carlisle Cathedral, by A C Tait.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G855A288.txt<Caption>part 1 p.288 - Cross, Carlisle Cathedral.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G855A619.txt<Caption>part 1 p.619 - Runes on Bewcastle Cross.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G855B177.txt<Caption>part 2 p.177 - Saxon coins, Scotby.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G855B455.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.455-457 - Biographical notes, Katharine 
Parr, Queen of England.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G855B631.txt<Caption>part 2 p.631 - Diocese of Carlisle, property in 
Northumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G855B632.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.632-633 - Runes, Carlisle 
Cathedral.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1856</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G856A170.txt<Caption>part 1 p.170 - Runes on Bewcastle Cross.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G856A276.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.276-277 - Restoration of Carlisle 
Cathedral.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G856A380.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.380-382 - Hugh de Morville and the Morville
Family.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G856A407.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.407-408 - Inscriptions on Bewcastle 
Cross.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G856A505.txt<Caption>part 1 p.505 - Coin found at Cockermouth 
Castle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G856B207.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.207-215, 323-330, 467-475 - , Patent Rolls,
licences to crenellate.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1857</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>(G857A158)<Caption>part 1, pp.158-164 - Coleridge's lectures on 
Shakespeare and Milton.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G857A337.txt<Caption>part 1, p.337 - Painting, Greystoke Castle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G857B107.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.107-114 - Biography of Thomas de 
Quincey.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G857B303.txt<Caption>part 2 p.303 - Notice regarding roman stations on 
Hadrian's Wall.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G857B316.txt<Caption>part 2, pp.316-317 - Placenames in the north of 
England.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1858</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G858A068.txt<Caption>part 1 p.68 - Roman finds, Westmorland and 
Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G858A188.txt<Caption>part 1 p.188 - Cross at Carlisle Cathedral; roman 
finds, Kirkby Thore.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G858A319)<Caption>part 1 p.319 - Notice that restoration is 'in progress'
at Carlisle Cathedral.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G858A418.txt<Caption>part 1 p.418 - Roman inscriptions, Lanercost Priory; 
Portrait of Thomas a Becket, Greystoke Castle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G858A423.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.423-426 - Review, Cumberland and 
Westmorland, Ancient and Modern by J Sullivan.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>(G858B322)<Caption>part 2 p.322 - Tomb of Belted Will at Brampton Church. 
There is no p.322, the pages run 320, 321, 324, 325, ...</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G858B479.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.479-480, 482 - Cathedrals; Carlisle 
Cathedral.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1859</Heading>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1860</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G860A346.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.346-350, continued 1861 part 2 pp.529-530 -
Roman inscriptions, Carlisle, Collingwood Bruce.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G860B398.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.398-399 - Excursion to Furness Abbey, 
Liverpool Architectural and Archaeological Society.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G860B601.txt<Caption>part 2 p.601 - Anonymous poem, Cumberland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1861</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G861A684.txt<Caption>part 1 p.684 - Excavations, Furness Abbey.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G861B530.txt<Caption>part 2 p.530 - Cross, St Bridget Beckermet.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1862</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G862A470.txt<Caption>part 1 p.470, part 2 p.48 - Blamire 
Memorial.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G862A578.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.578-579 - Roman sculpture found at 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G862A592.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.592-593 - Font, St Bridget's Church, 
Bridekirk.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1863</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G863A205.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.205-206 - Kirkby Lonsdale and Kilenny, 
Ireland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G863A220.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.220, 356-357, 495 - Hugh de Beaulieu, 
Carlisle Cathedral.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G863A321.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.321-322 - St Kentigern's Church, Great 
Crosthwaite.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G863A571.txt<Caption>part 1 p.571 - Trade token found at 
Appleby.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G863B042.txt<Caption>part 2 p.42 - Brass of Sir John Ratcliff, Great 
Crosthwaite.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1864</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G864A607.txt<Caption>part 1 p.607 - Bronze dagger found in 
Westmorland.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1865</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G865A028.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.28-30 - Effigy of a deacon, Furness 
Abbey.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G865A099.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.99-101 - Obituary, Earl of 
Carlisle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G865B171.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.171, 725 - Early records of Carlisle 
Cathedral.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1866</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G866A050.txt<Caption>part 1 p.50 - 13th century French poem, Carlisle 
Cathedral.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G866A056.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.56, 217 - Westmorland and Cumberland 
dialect.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G866A201.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.201-202 - Roman inscription, Cockermouth 
Castle.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G866B470.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.470-471 - Roman altar found near 
Skinburness, Silloth-on-Solway.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G866B641.txt<Caption>part 2 p.641 - Skinburness, 
Silloth-on-Solway.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1867</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G867A065.txt<Caption>part 1 p.65 - Coulthart coat of arms, All Saints, 
Bolton.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G867B362.txt<Caption>part 2 pp.362-363 - Oak Apple Day, Somerset and 
Lancashire.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
</Includes>

<Includes>
<Heading>1868</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G868A034.txt<Caption>part 1 p.34 - Memorial to Mary Francis 
Howard.</Caption>
</ScriptIdentity>
<ScriptIdentity>G868A223.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.223-224 - Roman site, Nether 
Denton.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G868A314.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.314 - Stone Circles, a passing reference to
Long Meg and Her Daughters.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G868A364.txt<Caption>part 1 p.364 - Longevity, Margarate Longmire, 
Troutbeck.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G868A639.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.639-646 - The English Traveller, Murray's 
guide books, including The Lakes.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G868A770.txt<Caption>part 1 p.770 - Fire, Greystoke Castle.</Caption>
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<Includes>
<Heading>1869 to 1874</Heading>
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<Heading>1877</Heading>
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<Heading>1890</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G890A528.txt<Caption>part 1 pp.528-536 - Mountain Sheep, by a Hill 
Shepherd.</Caption>
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<Heading>1891</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>(G891B260)<Caption>part 2 pp.260-278 - A Day at Meydoun Pyramid by H D 
Rawnsley.</Caption>
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Radford.</Caption>
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<Heading>1899</Heading>
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Palmer.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>(G900A394)<Caption>part 1 pp.394-407 - Biography of Samuel Taylor 
Coleridge.</Caption>
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<Heading>1901</Heading>
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<Heading>1902</Heading>
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<Heading>1907</Heading>
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<Heading>Topics</Heading>
<ScriptIdentity>G7350379.txt<Caption>p.379 - poem on Venus seen during an eclipse, by 
George Smith. (GS)</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G7400130.txt<Caption>1740 pp.130, 170, 298-299 - Multiple reflections. 
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<ScriptIdentity>G7420106.txt<Caption>1742 pp.106-107, 132, 183, 210, 319 - The Comet. 
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<ScriptIdentity>G7470223.txt<Caption>1747 pp.223-224 - Waywiser. illustrated</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G7470597.txt<Caption>1747 pp.597-599 - New county maps.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G7480255.txt<Caption>1748 pp.205-206 - Weather forecast, shepherd's lore 
faked.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G7490534.txt<Caption>1749 pp.534-535 - Perspective views. 
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<ScriptIdentity>G7560624.txt<Caption>1756 p.624 - Jupiter's moons, table of 
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<ScriptIdentity>G811B113.txt<Caption>1811 part 2 pp.113-114; and 1816 part 1 pp.131-132 - 
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hundreds, parishes.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G814A003.txt<Caption>1814 part 1 pp.3-4 - Playing card maps by William 
Bowes, 1590.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G817A012.txt<Caption>1817 part 1 pp.12-13 - Questionnaire about endowed 
schools.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G817B026.txt<Caption>1817 part 2 pp.26-27 - Observations and Enquiries to 
be made by the Topographer while Travelling.</Caption>
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Transcripts</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G820B236.txt<Caption>1820 part 2 p.236 - Biography of William 
Camden.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G822B358.txt<Caption>1822 part 2 p.358 - The Heliotrope.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G825A386.txt<Caption>1825 part 1 p.386 - Maps on fingerposts.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G828A599.txt<Caption>1828 part 1 p.599-601 - National Schools.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G829B501.txt<Caption>1829 part 2 pp.501-503 - Bellringing.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G831A003.txt<Caption>1831 part 1 pp.3-7 - On Tithes.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G831B537.txt<Caption>1831 part 2 pp.537-538 - Samuel Tymms, Family 
Topographer.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G838B375.txt<Caption>1838 part 2 pp.375-378 and 1839 part 1 pp.385-387 - 
Topographical Prosings, Hints for the Antiquarian Tourist.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G841A338.txt<Caption>part 1 p.338, pp.603-604 - Royal coats of arms in 
churches.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G843B451.txt<Caption>1843 part 2 pp.451-469 - Landscape 
Painting.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G843B489.txt<Caption>1843 part 2 pp.489-490 - Letter from Philemon Holland
to William Camden.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G853B371.txt<Caption>1853 part 2 pp.371-374 - The Original Ancient 
Mariner.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G855B276.txt<Caption>1855 part 2 pp.276-278 - British Library catalogue. 
(the preceding note pp.157-159 not transcribed.)</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G862B762.txt<Caption>1862 part 2 pp.762-763 - The Lifeboat, weather 
forecasting, shipwrecks, etc.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G864A351.txt<Caption>1864 part 1 pp.351, 643 - Inscriptions using gutta 
percha.</Caption>
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<ScriptIdentity>G884A617.txt<Caption>1884 part 1 pp.617-618 - Index for the Gentlemans 
Magazine.</Caption>
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<Heading>Other contributions by George Smith (GS)</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">The following have no direct relevance to Cumbria. George Smith was
a regular contributor from Cumberland; he lived in Yorkshire up to 1737-38, in Boothby by 
Brampton, from 1738, in Wigton 1740-1759.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">1735 pp.610, 732 and 1736 p.157- part of an epistle to Mr Pope on 
his excellent poems.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">1737 pp.144-147 - Jeptha, an Oratorio.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">1737 p.756 - in memory of Richard Gay.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">1738 p.216 - on a Hymn to Chastity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">1738 p.350 - on a passage from Virgil's Aenid.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">1738 p.598 - Women of Ten Different Sorts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">1740 pp.620- - Visit to Zink
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">1741 pp.325-326 - transaltion of Horace ode 25 book 1, To Lydia.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">1747 p.36 - reply to Theophilus Buckeridge regarding monks.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">1747 pp.211-212 - on poets imitating one another.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="inset">
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<Parish>Carlisle area</Parish>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1734 p.164:-
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William Thurmond</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>William Thurmond</i>, Esq; aged 105, near <i>Carlisle</i>. In 
1645. he was in <i>Naseby Fight</i>, and lost his Arm to  Musket-Ball.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.5 p.379, 1735:-
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Venus in Eclipse</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>On</i> VENUS <i>seen in the</i> Solar <i>Eclipse</i> 1715.
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<Line>V<i>Enus</i> dallying with <i>Mars</i>, as goes the old story,</Line>
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<Line>'Tis done, but, fair goddess, you're never the nearer;</Line>
<Line>Where next will you hide, when the shade shews you clearer?</Line>
<Line>G. S</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.6 p.554, 1736:-
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Eclipse, 1737</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sept.</i> 27, 1736.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Just now by Accident met with a Monthly Book under the pompous 
Title of <i>Oracle</i>, the Authors of which vainly endeavour to cast an Odium upon all 
your Performances; it is so full of gross Errors, that I wonder their Ignorance has 
escap'd so long uncensur'd. As I have no private Ends to serve, it is purely out of 
sincere Regard to Truth, that I shall endeavour to rectify their Mistakes relating to the 
Eclipse for next <i>February</i>. Whoever the Author of this Calculation be, he seems but 
little acquainted with that part of Astronomy; for no Pretence of Oversight can excuse 
such palpable Blunders, otherwise I would willingly have imputed it to that Cause.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He says, The central Shade enters in the Gulf of <i>Mexico</i>; 
whereas there is no central Shade in this Eclipse: 'Tis a very remarkable annular one; and
the Apex of the central Cone terminates in the Expansum several hundrd miles before it 
reaches Earth.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As to the Annulus coming on, he is not far wide of the Mark, it 
will be about the Mouth of <i>Rio del Nort</i>, or the North River, where it empties 
itself into the Gulf of <i>Mexico</i>; but as to very intermediate Part, he is so widely 
out, as in some Places to err almost 920 Miles. For by his Passage we are to expect the 
Annulus or Middle of the central Eclipse no where in <i>Britain</i>, but in <i>Greenland, 
Iceland</i>, and the Lord knows where; It will be central very near the City of 
<i>Edinburgh</i>, as I shal shew in my next by a Map; which, if it be thought proper, you 
may publish with my Name.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> G. S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The promised map has not yet been found, though there are several 
eclipse maps by other astronomers.
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<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
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Gentleman's Magazine vol.7 p.121, 1737:-
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7370121.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR</i>,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>York, Feb</i>. 21, 1736.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE Eclipse being now past, I thought proper to acquaint you with 
what Observations I had made thereon. The Day was here very favourable, and I cast the 
Species of the Sun on a Sheet of Paper (whereon I had drawn several Circles to different 
Radii) thro' a two-foot Telescope: The Eclipse began in the lower Limb of the Sun towards 
the West at
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">20 m.
</Paragraph>
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<Type>comment</Type>
<Paragraph rend="text">The date should be February 1737.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.7 p.122, 1737:-
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="large">G7370122.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">20 m. past II, the Moment of greatest Darkness was at 39 m. past 
III, and the Digits about II, or a very little turn'd: the Horns of the Sun were in the 
same Circle of Altitude at 41 m. past III, and the full End was at 57 m. past IV: The 
Proportion of the Diameters of the Luminaries at the Middle of the Eclipse was as 12 to 
11.3. We were not included within the Annulus, that being considerably to the North: So 
that those Gentlemen who constructed this Eclipse, and brought this City within the 
Annulus, are widely mistaken. Whether <i>Edinburgh</i> was central, or not, is left to the
Observation of that City. The Ingenious <i>J. T.</i> of this Place has communicated his 
Observations to me, <i>viz.</i> Began at II 18 m. Middle at 41 m. past III. End at 55 m. 
past IV. He wrote to me some Time before, that he made the Centre considerably North of 
<i>Edinburgh</i>, about <i>Perth</i> and <i>Dundee</i>. Notwithstanding the Digits came up
to II, and the Sky very serene considering the Season, yet when the Darkness was greatest 
we could not perceive above three of the Planets, <i>viz. Venus, Mars</i> and 
<i>Saturn</i>, and none of the fix'd Stars, the Gloom being mostly about the Horizon, and 
the Darkness not very considerable: So that I question if more were seen within the 
Annulus itself; we being almost as dark as any other Place could be in an Eclipse where 
the Ring was so large. I am pleas'd the Observations came so near my computations.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sir, your most humble Servant</i>, G. S.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.7 p.157, 1737:-
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Aldeberan</Keyword>  <Keyword>Moon</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Aldebaran Eclipsed</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7370157.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Occultation of</i> ALDEBARAN <i>by the</i> MOON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>AS you now improve Mathematical Knowledge in your</i> Magazine,
<i>I here send an Observation of the Star</i> Aldebaran <i>eclipsed by the Moon.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">F<i>EB</i> 25. last, about V. in the Evening, I perceived the Star
<i>Aldebaran in antecedentia</i> to the Moon, thro' a four-foot Day Telescope, but could 
not determine whether there would happen an Occultation or not, the Star seeming too much 
elevated for the Cusp of the illuminated Horn; and the Sun not being set, the obscured 
Portion of the Moon's Disk was altogether invisible; However I continued to observe, and 
about 30 after V. the Star instantaneously disappear'd behind the obscured Disk, as if it 
had been actually extinguished. It continued immersed just 16 Minutes, and made a sudden 
Eruption considerably below the Tip of the illuminated Horn: But as a Figure will 
represent the Appearance more natural, I have added one.
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="large">G737E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Place of Observation was <i>Rufforth</i>, in the same Latitude
with <i>York</i>; but about five Miles more to the West, according to Measure.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The first Observation of this Star, that I know of, being eclips'd
by the Moon, was in the Year 509 of Christ; but no doubt there were many antecedents to 
it. It has many Names; as the <i>Lucida, Palilitium, Oculus Tauri, Aldebaran,</i> and in 
the Hebrew, <i>Kesil</i>; hence <i>Kesilim</i> for the <i>Hyades</i>. Such an Immersion as
this preceded the Overthrow of the <i>Babylonian</i> Empire by the <i>Medes</i>; for that 
Nation being eminent Astronomers, the Prophet <i>Isaiah</i> gave them a Sign fore-running 
their Destruction, after their own Method, and suited to their favourite Science, almost 
300 Years before it happenend; which at that time was more than all the Mathematicians of 
the Universe could do. See <i>Isaiah</i> xiii. 10. <i>For the Stars of Heaven and the</i> 
Kesilim <i>thereof shall be hid</i>, &amp;c. The rest of the Verse is a Prediction of a 
Solar and Lunar Eclipse happening much about the same Time; all which Occurrences have 
not, since that Period, happened so near again, till the present Year, that I know of.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours,</i> G. S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. These and like Observations are of great Use, not only to 
determine the Longitude of Places, but to perfect the Theory of the Moon.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1738 p.417
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Roman Altar</Heading>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7380417.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Fragment of an </i>Altar<i> to </i>Serapis,<i> in a Wall at 
</i>Kirkby Thor,<i> in </i>Westmorland.
</Paragraph>
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The above Figure is a Fragment of a <i>Roman</i> Altar to 
<i>Jupiter Serapis</i>, lately taken out of the Back of an Oven at <i>Kirkby Thor</i> in 
<i>Westmoreland</i>, and now plac'd in a Stone Wall in the Town Street; by the Asterisks 
placed at the Top, the Deity having such a Mark in the <i>AEgyptian</i> Ceremonies, the 
Dedicator seems to have been an <i>AEgyptian</i>, train'd up at <i>Rome</i>; 'tis a small 
portable Altar, and, I believe, the only one dedicated to that Idol in <i>Britain</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following is in the Wall of a House at the same Place, but the
Inscription is common tho' imperfect.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G738E02.jpg

<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Fragment of a</i> Roman Altar <i>to the</i> Great Jupiter, 
<i>found in the same Place, in the Wall of House</i>.
</Paragraph>
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Village, yet, retains the Name of the <i>Saxon</i> Idol 
<i>Thor</i>, from whence <i>Thursday</i> is call'd, is remarkable for a very considerable 
Vestige of a <i>Roman</i> Camp, and several other Inscriptions and Ruins, which I had not 
Leisure to examine, but may be the Subject of some future Attempt.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours</i>, CARLEOLENSIS.
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<Title>Gents Mag 1739 p.11</Title>
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<PersonName>Marcus</PersonName>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1739 p.11
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>font</Keyword>  <Keyword>Bridekirk</Keyword>  <Keyword>baptism</Keyword>
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Baptism, Bridekirk Font</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7390011.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">DIPPING <i>the</i> Proper BAPTISM.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That Baptism was administered by Immersion in the Scripture Times,
is confess'd by many, that to this Day adhere to the Innovation of Sprinkling, and that it
was performed this Way in After-Times I may prove (by way of Appendix to the many 
Testimonies I before gave) from that famous old Font at <i>Bridekirk</i> in 
<i>Cumberland</i>, which seems by the Inscription to be erected upon the most early 
Conversion of the <i>Saxons</i> to <i>Christianity</i>; where, as Bishop <i>Nicholson</i> 
observes, 'we have on the East Side fairly represented a Person in a long sacerdotal Habit
dipping a Child into the Water, and a Dove, (the Emblem, no doubt, of the <i>Holy 
Ghost</i>) hovering over the Infant.' They are the Words of the Bishop to Sir <i>William 
Dugdale</i>, that famous Antiquarian, and may be found in <i>Gibson's Cambden</i>, p.841. 
...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">In a letter by Marcus written 16 October 1738.
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<Country>England</Country>
<County>Cumbria<Note>Cumberland</Note></County>
<Parish>Carlisle area</Parish>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 3rd series vol. p., 18:-
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>frost</Keyword>  <Keyword>flood</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Frost and Flood</Heading>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7400080.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Extract of a Letter from</i> Carlile. <i>Feb.</i> 23, 1740.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Our Frost broke on <i>Sunday</i> the 17th Instant, and 
notwithstanding the Rapidity of some of our Rivers, which withstood its Assaults long 
before they froze, I measur'd some of the Icy Fragments tost ashore by the Flood 22 1/2 
Inches thick next Day after the Thaw, the like certainly never known in these Climates. 
The Ice on the River <i>Eden</i> by <i>Carlisle</i>, which is many Miles lengthways in 
several Places, is not risen to the Flood, and we expect very bad Consequences whenever it
shall, unless dissolv'd by a gentle Thaw, which the present Circumstances seem to promise,
it having bore all manner of Carriages for six Weeks past, and must be very thick. Our 
Snow is quite gone, save in the Mountains.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.10 p.130, 1740:-
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>optics</Keyword>  <Keyword>reflections</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Opitics</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>As the following Optical Phaenomenon is not yet taken notice of
by the Writers on that Subject, it may probably not be unacceptable if propos'd in 
your</i> Mag. <i>that some of these </i> Literati <i>may account for it from their 
Principles</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Looking at the Moon (by accident) in a common plain Mirror or 
Looking-Glass, which I held in such a Position as to see her Body there, I was very much 
surpriz'd to see her multiply'd into four distinct Spectrums, at some distance from each 
other. I try'd the same Experiment with the Sun, and the like happen'd to him also. How is
this to be accounted for in a plain polish'd Mirror, where other Objects appear only 
single, as daily Practice confirms? Note the Spectrums are gradually darker on each side 
of the true reflected Image, sometimes they are five, and in some Glasses but three, and 
never fewer;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours</i>, G. S.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">The consequent correspondence is not short, and has not been 
transcribed, but see:-
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Martin, B</PersonName>
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Roman Altar</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I HAD the pleasure of yours in relation to the Altar I sent you, 
which was so much more necessary, as having procur'd Baron <i>Clark</i>'s own Remarks on 
the Reading since I wrote to you. It may now be published, with the Conjectures of two of 
the best Antiquaries of the Age (the Baron and Mr <i>Ward</i>). I have drawn them up as 
below.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">THIS remarkable ALTAR <i>to</i> FORTUNE was lately discover'd in 
ye outer Room of a Bath at <i>Netherby</i>, it being, as Baron <i>Clark</i> conjectures, a
peculiar Ceremony in the Worship of that Goddess, to purify the Priest and the People with
Water. That judicious Antiquary grounds his Opinion on a <i>Yorkshire</i> Altar, dedicated
to the same Power; for which I refer you to <i>Horsley</i>'s <i>Brit. Romana</i>, Page 
304.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Letters are very fair, but attended with considerable 
Difficulty in the Reading, by means of the peculiar Signature (X) at Bottom, which the 
Baron says was the ancient Manner of writing M; and indeed it appears to be so from <i>Ol.
Wormius's Runic Characters</i>. See also <i>Hick's Antiq. literat Septentr.</i> He 
therefore assigns three various Readings to it as below.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DEAE &#x002A; SANCTAE FORTUNAE CONSERVATRICI, MARCUS AURELIUS 
&#x2020; FAVIUS TRIBUNUS &#x2021; COHORTIS PRIMAE AELIAE HISPANORUM
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>1. MILLE EQUITUM</Line>
<Line>2. MILLIARIA EQUITATA</Line>
<Line>3. CUM MILLE EQUITIBUS</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">VOTUM SOLVIT LUBENS MERITO.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of these he prefers the two first, and chiefly the second.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr <i>Ward</i> thinks it should read MILLITUM EQUESTRIUM; and, if 
the Baron's first Method and this be right, what a Profusion of Criticism would have been 
sav'd to <i>Salmasius, Lipsius, Caufabon</i> &amp;c. concerning <i>equestrian Cohorts</i>,
had this signal Stone been discovered a few Centuries sooner! I know not but these 
Disputes about <i>equestrian Cohorts</i> might have also induced Mr <i>Horsley</i> to read
the like Signature <i>milliaria</i>, or <i>millenaria Cohors</i> in a <i>Durham</i> 
Inscription in the <i>Vardalorum Cranei</i> (a <i>Spanish</i> People). See <i>Brit. 
Rom.</i> p.295. But as the <i>Cohors milliaria</i> seems to be a general Name for every 
first <i>Cohort</i>, I should rather prefer the <i>mille equitum</i> or <i>militum 
equestrium</i>, because the <i>Cohors prima</i> and <i>milliaria</i> appear to me one of 
them superfluous.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is, if I mistake not, but one other Stone yet discovered 
that has a like Signature, and that is in the University of <i>Glasgow</i>, where it 
occurs four Times together on the same Altar, and must be there a Numeral. <i>See</i> 
Brit. Rom. <i>p.197.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr <i>Horsley</i> conjectures that the <i>Romans</i> have made a 
Ligature of the direct and reverted C, connected with the Numeral X, for ten Hundred, or a
Thousand, as thus (X) and so that Signature came in Use for <i>mille</i>; if so, it must 
admit of no other Reading but <i>mille Equi-</i>
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; <i>The Epithet</i> Sanctae <i>seems apply'd to this 
Goddess on no other of her Altars yet found in</i> Britain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Falvius <i>I read</i> Alvius, <i>there being no F in the 
Original.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; <i>This Cohort was never known to have garrison'd</i> 
Netherby <i>before this Altar was discovered.</i>
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[<i>Equi</i>]<i>tum</i>: And yet the same Gentleman, in the 
<i>Durham</i> Altar above quoted, where it again occurs, dares not venture to read it 
<i>mille</i>, as he does in the <i>Glasgow</i> Altar; and for no other Reason that I can 
see but a Dislike of <i>equestrian Cohorts</i>, tho' I think we have the <i>Cohors quarta 
Gallorum Equitum</i> on another Altar found elsewhere. <i>Brit. Rom.</i> on 
<i>Cumberland</i>, Altar LII.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Certainly if <i>equestrian Cohorts</i> were ever us'd by the 
<i>Romans</i>, the Defence of the Stations near the Frontiers, where this Cohort generally
resided, seems to want such a Garrison most, for the sake of expeditious marching where 
hostile Attempts might call them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Accordingly we find the <i>Spanish</i> Cohort with <i>Agricola, 
Vespasian's</i> Legate, at <i>Airdoch</i> in <i>Scotland</i>; and it appears to have been 
about 37 Years after this Legate's Resignation, before <i>Hadrian</i> built his 
<i>Vallum</i>, at which Time they probably assum'd the Title <i>AElia</i> (attributed to 
them in this Stone) in Compliment to the Emperor, and might have their Quarters then at 
<i>Netherby</i>, where the Altar was found, as an advanced Station to the <i>Wall</i>. 
After this, when the Empire was on the decline, I think they have been at 
<i>Ellenborough</i>, on the Coast of <i>Cumberland</i>, by Inscriptions found there. See 
<i>Brit. Rom.</i> p.279. And when the <i>Notitia</i> was wrote, a little before the 
<i>Romans</i> abandon'd the Island, they are expressly placed at <i>Axelodunum</i> on the 
<i>Wall</i>, which Mr <i>Horsley</i> imagines to be <i>Brugh on the Sands</i>. Neither are
any Altars yet found that mention their being elsewhere in <i>Britain</i>. So what Reason 
Baron <i>Clark</i> has for calling <i>Netherby AEsica</i>, I know not, without the 
Affinity of the Name to ye River <i>Esk</i> be the sole Motive. Mr <i>Horsley</i> supposes
it to be the <i>Castra Exploratorum</i>, but seems to ground his Conjectures entirely on 
the itinerary Distance from <i>Carlisle</i>, which is certainly no safe Guide.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Those that would enquire farther into the Nature of <i>equestrian 
Cohorts</i>, may consult <i>Brit. Rom.</i> Ch.VI. Book.I.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Netherby</i> is about ten Miles North of the <i>Wall</i>; there
are several other Pieces of Antiquity at it, but as they are already published, I shall 
take no farther Notice of them. Our Maps of <i>Cumberland</i> are strangley mistaken with 
respect to the Situation of Places thereabouts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 12, 1740.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">G.S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. I have another curious Fragment of an ALTAR, lately plow'd up
at <i>Boulness</i>, to send you when I have Time to ride to see it.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>The Inscription on the</i> Roman <i>Altar, and an 
Account of the other Figures. p.</i>627 (sic)<i>by</i> George Smith <i>Esq.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line><i>Jovi optimo maximo</i></Line>
<Line><i>et Numinibus nostrae</i></Line>
<Line><i>Cohorti Secundae</i> Tungrorum</Line>
<Line>Gordianorum Mille <i>Equitum</i> &#x2020;</Line>
<Line><i>cataphractariorum Legionis</i></Line>
<Line><i>cui praesest Sicilius Claudianus,</i> &#x002A;</Line>
<Line><i>Praefectus instante Aelio Martirino</i></Line>
<Line><i>Principe decimo Kal.</i> I. <i>imperatoris</i></Line>
<Line><i>Dom. nostri Gordiani</i> III. <i>Pompeiano Consule</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Or probably these last all in the Ablative.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Cohorts of Horse were most necessary to guard the 
Frontiers, but whether the <i>Cataphractariorii</i> were ever formed into regular Cohorts,
Mr <i>Ward</i> knows better than I
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The CI is CL. for the bottom of these letters is 
destroy'd, and I read it <i>Sicinus</i> or <i>Sicilius</i> or <i>Sicilianus 
Claudianus</i>. I observed Something like an -ON before PRAFEC. But as they were very 
small to the rest, I shall not read them Pannonia,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the N of MART N there seem'd to be a connection of an R I and 
O, which induces me to read it Martirino, but I think the Name hardly Roman, and submit to
Mr <i>Ward's</i> reading.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fig.1. Is the Altar which was found in the bank of the Rivulet 
<i>Cam beck</i> near a very large <i>Roman</i> Fort, call'd <i>Petrianis</i> by 
<i>Horsley</i>, just where the wall of <i>Severus</i> crosses the said Rivulet; and 
removed by Mrs Appleby to her house at Cast-steeds where it now is.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fig.2. Is the Rota on the Side opposite to the <i>fulmen</i>. 
Fig.3. another Fragment of an Altar. Fig.4 and 5. are two curious pieces of a Glass bowl 
preserved by Mrs Appleby, one of them has the Name of Acteon in Greek capitals, cut with 
the adamant I suppose, and the other which is a Piece of the same Bowl, has a Dog's head 
fair on it, so that the Fable of that Prince has been engraved on the Bowl.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fig 6 Another fragment of a Stone, found at Cast-steeds.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the Wood where the fort has been, that Lady found some time ago
buried in the Rubbish a regular Clay floor with several Pedestals upon it, and betwixt 
every two of them a hollow Parallelopipedon of burnt clay of 16 Inches long and 6 wide 
with a Hole thro' the opposite Sides.- The Use of these Pedestals is hard to be 
conjectured, unless to carry off the Damp from the Floor which was laid over it, but as 
Pipes went thro'these holes, it would rather seem like a Contrivance to warm a hot Bath, 
Mr <i>Ward</i>'s Opinion about these would be of Service. I have drawn what are left of 
them, with the Form of the hollow Clay at A, but the Lady tells me there is not one fourth
of them left that were there when She first discover'd it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Boothby</i> Nov. 7. 1741.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>G Smith</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Explanation of the </i> Roman <i>Altar and Figures; aforesaid 
by Mr</i> Ward, <i>Professor ef (sic) Rhetoric in</i> Gresham <i>College</i> London.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>The</i> INSCRIPTION.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>1. <i>Jovi optimo maximo,</i></Line>
<Line>2. <i>et numini domini</i></Line>
<Line>3. <i>nostri, cohors secunda Tun-</i></Line>
<Line>4. <i>grorum Gordiana millenaria equitum</i></Line>
<Line>5. <i>centum quinquaginta, cui prae-</i></Line>
<Line>6. <i>est Silius Clau-</i></Line>
<Line>7. <i>dianus prae</i></Line>
<Line>8. <i>fectus, instante</i></Line>
<Line>9. <i>Aelio Martiano</i></Line>
<Line>10. <i>Principe, decimo kal.</i> I.</Line>
<Line>11. <i>imperatore domino nostro Gordiano Augusto tertium Po-</i></Line>
<Line>12. <i>mpeiano consulibus.</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>Observations on the inscription.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. THERE can be no doubt, I think, but the first line ought to be 
thus supplied, which so often precedes <i>et numini</i> or <i>numinibus</i> in our British
inscriptions; and the <i>fulmen</i>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Type>comment</Type>
<Paragraph rend="text">The illustration referred to is on Gents Mag 1741 p.650, not p.627.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">placed
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> 
<Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>hypocaust</Keyword> <Keyword>equestrian 
cohorts</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors II Tungrorum</Keyword> <Keyword>Acteon</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, Castlesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>Castlesteads, Walton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby, Mrs</Keyword> <Keyword>Ward, J</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cataphractariorii</Keyword> <Keyword>Sicilianus Claudianus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Aelio Martirino</Keyword> <Keyword>Cam Beck</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Petrianis</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
finds</Keyword>  <Keyword>Aelio Martiano</Keyword>  <Keyword>Silius Claudianus</Keyword>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1742 p.31</Title>
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<PersonName>Ward, J</PersonName>
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<Date>1742</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> 
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cohorts</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Castlesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>Castlesteads, 
Walton</Keyword> <Keyword>Stewechius</Keyword> <Keyword>Vegetius</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Claudianus</Keyword> <Keyword>Gordian</Keyword> <Keyword>Pompeianus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>bowl, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Acteon</Keyword> <Keyword>hypocaust</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Walton</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.31
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7420031.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">placed on the right side of the altar seems a corroborating proof 
of it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. If the form of the character N at the beginning of the third 
line would admit of it standing for AV [ligature] the obvious reading here would be <i>et 
numini Augusti</i>; but as I understand it will not, the most probable reading that occurs
to me is, <i>et numini Domini nostri</i>, the letter D being supplied at the end of the 
second line, Thus we have another British inscription with the words, <i>et numini domini 
nostri Augusti, Horsley Northumb.</i> LXXX; as Gordian is afterwards titled in this.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. The form of the character N for AN in the last line of this 
inscription seems to support the gentleman's opinion, who takes IW at the end of the third
line to stand for <i>Tun</i>, and then no doubt <i>Tungrorum</i>. is the true reading of 
that word.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. The insertion of the ancient M between the lines, which has 
been omitted by the workman, being placed over the word GOR. and before the following 
point, induces me to give it this reading. Vegetius speaking of the first cohort of a 
legion sais: <i>Habet pedites mille centrum quinque, equites locatos centum triginta duos,
et appellatur cohors miliaria Lib</i> II. c.6. The cohort therefore received its name 
<i>miliaria</i> or <i>millenaria</i> from the number of common foot soldiers, who were a 
thousand, the additional hundred and five being subaltern officers, as Stewechius shews 
upon the place. Vegetius indeed ascribes these numbers both of the foot and horse only to 
the first cohort of a legion, and a less number of each to the other cohorts; but under 
the lower emperours, and especially in the provinces, it seems by inscriptions, as if 
those numbers were not always regularly observed. And therefore this second cohort, which 
was honoured with the name of the emperour, exceeded the common number both in the foot 
and horse, might possibly occasion its being particularly mentioned.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">7. I think the vacant space in this line after the letter D very 
well suits with the conjecture of the gentleman, who reads the name <i>Claudianus</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">8. <i>Instante</i> here seems to denote the same as <i>curante</i>
in some other British inscriptions, <i>Horsl. Durham</i> XI, XII. So Pliny <i>Panegyr.</i>
c.18 sais <i>Instant operibus</i>, speaking of the officers, who directed the soldiers 
works.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">10. <i>Princeps</i> is a proper name, which occurs several times 
in Gruter. The small letter i placed in the belly of the L stands, as I suppose, for the 
name of the month, which might either be omitted at first, or placed in that manner for 
want of room.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">11. But the most considerable doubt which occurs in the 
inscription, is this; that it makes the Emperour Gordian colleague with <i>Pompeianus</i> 
in his third cosulate, which the <i>fasti consulares</i> ascribe to the second. Nor is any
mention made of this third consulate any where, but here, and in another inscription given
to us by GRUTER, <i>p</i>. MLXXXV. <i>n</i>.10; which I conclude therefore must be a 
mistake, especially since in several others of Gruter's inscriptions <i>Pompeianus</i> is 
joined with him in his second consulate, agreeably to the <i>fasti</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The two fragments of the glass bowl with the name AKTAI[O]N on 
one, and a dog's head on the other, cut with an adamant, as is supposed, are very curious.
It is a great pity the bowl had not been preserved intire.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The pedestals here mentioned as found in the wood, where the fort 
was, are, I suppose, pillars erected for the support of an hot bath, and the hollow 
instrument made of clay, a tube for carrying off the smoke. This will be more evident by 
comparing these remains with the draught of the hypocaust found at Lincoln, and published 
by the antiquary society of London. I wish a more accurate description had been given of 
the whole. the space it contain'd, and particularly the matter and dimensions of the 
pillars, as likewise whether any cinders or ashes were found there.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">J. WARD
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">N.B.The other, Letters concerning this Piece of Antiquity must be,
referred to our next.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1742 p.76</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1742</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>hypocaust</Keyword> <Keyword>Acteon</Keyword> <Keyword>bowl, roman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, Castlesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>Castlesteads, Walton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby, Mrs</Keyword> <Keyword>Ward</Keyword> <Keyword>hypocaust</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Walton</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.76
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>hypocaust</Keyword>
</Marginal>

</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7420076.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A Letter from</i> G. SMITH, Esq. <i>concerning the Altar,</i> 
&amp;c. (See Vol.XI. p.650. and our last p.30.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Have nothing to add, in relation to this Altar, being agreeably 
prevented by so judicious an Antiquary as Mr. <i>Ward</i>; what I have to say, shall be 
confin'd to the local Observation made a third Time at <i>Cast-steeds</i>, in order to 
satisfy his Enquiry.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Dimensions of the Hypocaustum are 5 yards by 9 within the 
Walls; the ground floor was of Clay in which the Stone Pedestals were fix'd, about 4 or 5 
Inches deep more or less, so as to bring them to a perfect Level at Top, their Height 
including the Depth in the Clay is generally about 2 Foot; supported by these pedestals 
was a second Floor of white Stone about 1 Inch thick and curiously cemented for the Bath. 
The paralellopipedons of burnt Clay were plac'd quincunx form, betwixt every other Row of 
these pedestals, and were 5 or 6 Inches short of their Height, in order to give Passage 
for the Smoak to warm the Bath; a perspective Draught of what remain'd being sent you 
before, I shall here give you an ichnographical Plan of a few of them, in order to the 
better understanding the whole.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G742E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Here the Squares represent the Ichnography of the Pedestals, and 
the n's that of the Clay Parallelopipedons which were omitted in every other Row, as A B. 
There were above 100 Pedestals in all, 2 Pedestals and the Vacuity took up above 28 Inches
as near as can be judg'd from the present State of their Situation on the Floor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mrs <i>Appleby</i>, who deserves to be gratefully remember'd by 
all Lovers of Antiquity, took great Pains to preserve what she cou'd of those valuable 
Remains of the Antients, she found there the Ruins of the Bottom and Sides of an Iron 
Grate, which that Lady still has at <i>Cast-steeds</i>, and some Pieces of Charcoal were 
lying up and down on the Floor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Adjoining to the South Wall where the Grate stood, were two 
curious Rooms, supported in the same manner with Pedestals, and Conduits betwixt them, 
still running fresh when that Lady found them, but on admission of the Air, all have gone 
to ruin. The Floors of these Rooms that rested on the Pedestals, were pav'd in the same 
manner as the Bath, with this Addition, that a curious cemented Composition of Lime, 
Brick-dust, and Pebbles, at least 4 Iinches thick was spread over the Stone of a wonderful
Hardness. Such Care have that warlike People taken to render a Climate of these Northern 
Regions agreeable to their Constitutions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There were many other curious Floors found amongst the Ruins, and 
some Coal-ashes; but I am apt to believe, that the old Castle of the <i>de Vallibus</i>, 
Proprietors of <i>Gillsland</i> after the <i>Conquest</i>, has been built on the Ruins of 
this Fort, because several Curiosities that intimate a more modern Date have been found 
here. It stands, as most other <i>Roman</i> Forts have done, on a Lingula, as near as the 
Defence of the Wall wou'd admit, betwixt the Rivulets of <i>Irthing</i> and 
<i>Cammock</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There was also a cold Bath found near the Place, and not far from 
it something like a Cistern, about 5 Yards by 1 and a half, compos'd of thick Slate Stones
very large set edge-ways, curiously cemented so as to refuse Passage to any Liquid, on 
Supposition that it might be intended for such a Design.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Glass Bowl is very curious, but the Fragments not being at the
Edge any where, 'tis impossible to judge of its capacity. One of the Pieces is about 1 
Inch, 8 tenths length-ways, and 1 tenth cross, or to speak Mathematically, the chord is 
about 1 Inch 3 tenths long, and the Sagitta or vers'd Sine 1 tenth, wherefore the Diameter
ought to be 8 Inches 1 tenth at the Place, but these are extremely difficult in such small
Arches to be accurately determin'd. No doubt but the Fable of <i>Actaeon</i> was the 
History on the Bowl, and 'tis great pity it had not been intire.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">G. SMITH
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. <i>I have just now received the</i> Jan. Magazine, <i>there 
are two Mistakes in the printing</i> Cohorte <i>for</i> Cohortis, <i>and</i> Consule 
<i>for</i> Consulibus, <i>in my first reading.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>N.B.</i> The learned Dr. <i>Gale</i>'s Remarks on this Altar, 
must be left to our next.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1742 p.106</Title>
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<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Whiston, William</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
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<PersonName>Wright, Thomas</PersonName>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.106
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>comet</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Comet, 1742</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7420106.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Boothby near Carlisle.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SIR,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON the 20th, about 4 o' Clock in the Morning I accidentally 
discover'd a Comet in or near the Extremity of the Tail of the Serpent of 
<i>Ophiuchus</i>, about 12 or 14 Deg. <i>West</i>, and of the same Altitude with the 
<i>Lucida Aquilae</i>. The next Morning it had mov'd in one diurnal Revolution at least 2 
and a half Degrees, seemingly in or near the Direction of a vertical Circle, and aiming 
towards the <i>Lucida Lyrae</i>; but I have no Instruments to make proper Observations, I 
therefore desire you would consult some of the eminent Astronomers in <i>London</i>, and 
give Account of it in your next, for we want to have the Theory of Comets compleated, 
which can no otherways be obtained but from Observations a Posteriori.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>I am, Sir, &amp;c.</i> G. SMITH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Extracts from Mr.</i> Smith'<i>s Letter being sent to several 
Gentlemen, it produced the following Answers.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Fleet-street, Feb</i>. 27, 1741-2.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i>. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HAD the two last Nights been favourable, I might have been able to
give you and your Northern Friend a better Account of the present Comet; but your 
Miscellany comes out too soon to give Time for Satisfaction. The Comet was seen in the 
West last Thursday was 7-night, in the Morning; whether sooner by any one I cannot tell. 
It was then in <i>Antinous</i>, near or at the Tail of the <i>Serpens Ophiuchi</i>. About 
Wednesday it was in the Milky Way, near the Tail of the Eagle, full as bright as Stars of 
the 3d Magnitude. It is going almost Northward, at some Distance from <i>Lucida Lyrae</i>,
at the Rate of about six Degrees in a Day, with a Tail six Deg. long, and will soon not 
set at all. It passes not far from the Course of the Comet which was seen in 1672, and may
be supposed the same, if its Node prove to have been in the same Place with that; which I 
fear will not hold, as I at first hoped. It is, I suppose, in its Ascent from the Sun, and
may be visible many Weeks, if not a few Months, in clear Nights. This very imperfect 
Account must suffice at present, from
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> WILL. WHISTON.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G742E03.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Thank you, Sir, for the Account you sent me of the Comet.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yesterday Morning, about Three o'Clock, I was so happy as to have 
a Sight of it myself; but for Want of proper Instruments to observe it, was obliged to do 
it by the Help of Lines, in the following manner.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the 24th Inst. 15h. 12m. O.M. by extending a Thread from the 
bright Star in the Harp, to a small Star of the 4th Magintude in the neck of <i>Anser</i> 
(before the Nose of <i>Vulpicula</i>) which I have mark'd in the above Figure B. I foud it
to pass thro' the Center of the Comet; and at the same Time I observed the Comet to be 
distant from the Star mark'd A, just twice the Distance of the two Stars A, and <i>b</i>. 
But to be more exact, I apply'd a Thread from <i>Albireo</i> in the Swan's Beak, to 
<i>b</i>, in the Harp, and found the Distance of the Comet on one Side from the Thread, to
be exactly twice the Distance of the Star A, on the other.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Vertical Circle, passing thro' the Center of the Comet, I 
found to be distant from <i>Lyra</i> the full Extent of an Equilateral Triangle formed 
upon <i>Lyra</i> and the small Star C. The Tail
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.107
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of the Comet pointed E, in the Right Hand of <i>Hercules</i>, and 
formed the side of an Isosceles Triangle with <i>Lyra</i>; the Head seem'd to be of the 2d
Magnitude, and very cloudy; the Tail was very pellucid to the extent of 3&#x00B0;. but 
very faint towards its Extremity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I find, by Contruction, its Longitude was then in 21&#x00B0;. 
13&#x2032; of <i>Capricorn, and the Latitude 52&#x00B0;. 12&#x2032; North.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Tail I make about nine Degrees; and I have some Reason to 
believe 'tis moving very fast Northward, and from the Sun.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If any of your Correspondents please to correct the Stars Places, 
the Place of the Comet may be very easily found by them, and the Time of Observation 
rectified to a very great exactness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours,</i> &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>St. James's, Feb.</i> 26.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THO. WRIGHT.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.132
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>St</i> James's, March 20.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SIR,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SINCE my first Account of the Comet, which I sent you at the 
Beginning of it's Appearance, I have had several Opportunities of observing it (in the 
same Manner) again, and have determin'ed it's Place amongst the fix'd Stars as 
follows,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">March 3, 11 H. 40 Min. P.M. <i>I Observed it at</i> A <i>in 
Lat.</i> 78 Deg. 59 Min. <i>North, and in Long.</i> 19 Deg. 3 Min. <i>of</i> Pisces;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">March 7, 10 H. 5 Min. P.M. <i>I found it at</i> B, <i>it's Lat. 
then was</i> 76 Deg. 38 Min. <i>North, Long.</i> 20 Deg. 9 Min. <i>of</i> Taurus.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>And</i> March <i>the</i> 11<i>th</i>, 8 Hours 26 Min. p.m. 
<i>it appeared at</i> C. <i>Lat.</i> 71 Deg. 8 Min. <i>North; Long.</i> 8 Deg. 32 Min. 
<i>of</i> Gemini: <i>At</i> A <i>and</i> B <i>by reason of the Moon's more powerful 
Reflection, the Tail was scarce perceptible, but at</i> C, <i>it again appeared, tho' very
faint, about</i> 3 Deg. <i>in Length. 'Tis in it's Ascent from the Sun, and was in, or 
near its Perigeum,</i> Feb 24<i>th, about</i> 5 Hours <i>before I saw it. Its Geocentric 
apparent Motion is direct, but now it begins to incline to a Retrogradation, and it's 
annual Parallax arising from the Earth's Motion (in its Orbit) is very visible: The Mean 
ascending Node I make in</i> 8 Deg. 15 Min. <i>of</i> Capricorn, <i>and the Inclination of
it's Way to the Plain of the Ecliptic,</i> 79 D. 20 Min. <i>but ye Equation of this Way, 
in the last Intervals of Observation, more than the Arch of a Great Circle, is</i> 12 Min.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The proper Motion of this Comet in it's own Orbit is contrary 
to the Order of Signs, and the Convex Part of it's Trajectory in the present Transit, is 
towards the Earth: but for want of an Observation, or two before the Perigeum I find it 
will be very difficult to determine its true Course. The Inclination of it's Path to the 
Plane of the Ecliptic (or Heliocentric Latitude) I take to be much less than that seen 
from the Earth, but the ascending Node, I judge not to be far from that of the Siderial 
Way.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mean Velocity of this Comet per Day, betwixt the First and 
Second Observation, was</i> 4 Deg. 53 Mon. 30 Sec. <i>between the</i> 2<i>d and</i> 
3<i>d,</i> 3 Deg. 10 Min. <i>and between the</i> 3<i>d and last</i>, 1 Deg. 58 Min. 
<i>'tis now only to be seen thro' a Telescope.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">T. Wright.
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="large">G742E04.jpg
</Filename>
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<Keyword>roman fort, Castlesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>Castlesteads, Walton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Aulio Martiano</Keyword> <Keyword>Gordian</Keyword> <Keyword>Pompeianus</Keyword>
<Keyword>Claudius Claudianus</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.135
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A learned Gentleman's Observations on the</i> Roman <i>Altar 
at</i> Cast-Steeds, (<i>see Vol.</i>XI. <i>p.</i>656, <i>and our two last, p.</i>30. 76) 
<i>communicated by</i> G. Smith, <i>Esq.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line><i>Jovi optimo maximo</i> <i>et numini Augusti</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nostri Cohors Secunda Tungrorum milliaria equitibus centum 
quinquaginta cui praeest Claudius Claudianus praefectus instante Aulio Martiano decimo 
Kal. I. imperatore domino nostro Gordiano Augusto tertio Pompeiano Consulibus.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Thus he reads <i>tertio</i> referring to <i>Gordian the Third</i>,
and not the Times of his Consulship with <i>Pompeianus</i>; and tho' he judiciously 
observes that it was not usual to distinguish their Emperors by I. II. III. &amp;c. yet 
having no Instances of three of the same Name so closely suc-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.136
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[suc]ceeding one another, may assign the Reason for this being so.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He inclines to read the Word effac'd in the second Line 
<i>Augusti</i> for <i>Domini</i>, but observes Instances may be given of both. He has, 
besides this ingenious Remark, that tho' the <i>Cohort</i> here mention'd was the 
<i>Secunda Tungrorum</i>, yet it might be the <i>Prima</i> of the <i>Ala</i> to which it 
appertain'd, and then there will be no Reason to suppose that there were two milliary 
Cohorts belonging to it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Name of the <i>Prefect</i> is read <i>Claudius</i> (perhaps 
justly) for the S is least of all to be distinguish'd from the CC in its small Remains.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.183
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Elements of the late</i> COMET's <i>true Motion, as moving 
in a parabolic Orbit, from a graphical Construction of it communicated to the</i> Royal 
Society <i>by</i> Tho. Wright.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1742 The proper Motion Retrograde.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>&#x00B0; &#x2032; &#x2033;</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Heliocentric Place of the ascending Node <i>Libra</i>
<Line>5 47 22</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Inclination of the Orbit to the Plane of the Ecliptic
<Line>68 14</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Time of the Perihelion <i>January</i> 27. 21<i>h.</i> 50<i>m. 
P.M.</i>
<Line></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Perihelion Place in the Trajectory ... <i>Scorpio</i>
<Line>7 33 28</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And Distance from the Node
<Line>31 47 6</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Perihelion Distance of the Comet from the Sun 76890, such Parts of
which the Earth's mean Distance from the Sun, is 100000, and its Logarithm 9.885870.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G742E06.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Explanation of the SCHEME.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">EGHF is the Orbit of the Earth in the Plain of the Ecliptic.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DP&#x03C9;ABC, the Trajectory of the Comet in the Plane of its 
Orbit.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DSC <i>Latus Rectum</i> of the Parabola.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PSG Line of the <i>Absides</i>. ES&#x03C9; Line of the 
<i>Nodes</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P the Perihelion Point. A the first observ'd Place of the Comet, 
and
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">B the Place near which it disappeared.
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Weaver, Edmund</PersonName>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>TO compleat your Account of the Comet, I have sent you the 
following Sketch, which, if you think it worthy a Place in your Magazine, please to get it
engraved in due Proportion. Your last from Mr</i> Wright <i>(by whose Oversight I cannot 
pretend to say) is vastly wide from the Determination he draws from it.</i>
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G742E07.jpg
</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The small Stars 5 and 6 are the 5th and 6th without Form in</i>
Tycho Brahe'<i>s Catalogue of the Lesser Bear, both of the 6th Magnitude; with which two 
Stars the Head of the Comet form'd an equilateral Triangle</i> March <i>the 12th about 9 
at Night.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>That Star mark'd</i> A <i>is the 2d in the Bear's Tail, the 
other five, viz</i> B, C, D, E, F, <i>(which together with</i> (A) <i>form a Hexagon, not 
very irregularly, about the Pole Star) are neither in</i> Tycho'<i>s Catalogue, nor that 
more copious one of our Countryman Mr</i> Flamstead: B C <i>and</i> E <i>I find in</i> 
Hevetius'<i>s Description of</i> Cepheus, <i>but</i> D <i>and</i> F, <i>the latter being a
very small one of the 7th or 8th Magnitude, I can find no Account of: The Places of the 
Comet mark'd 12, 13, 14, &amp;c. are its Places the respective Nights in</i> March. <i>The
13th, when in a Line with the two Stars, its Tail fell directly upon the Star</i> B: <i>At
its nearest Approach to the Pole Star,</i> viz. March <i>the 16th, its Distance was 
scarcely 3 1/2 Degrees of a Great Circle. My Observations were made about 9 or 10 at 
Night. I was not very curious as to Minutes, the precise Time being of little Use in this 
manner of observing.</i> Saturday <i>the 20th being somewhat cloudy, the Comet appear'd 
distinctly thro' the Breaks, but the 21st it was scarcely visible to an unarm'd Eye, tho' 
with a Telescope it appeared very distinct; after which Night, cloudy Weather setting in, 
I saw it no more, and had the Air continued clear, I presume it would have quite 
disappeared in a few Days, not far from the Place of my last Observation. I have not 
troubled you with its Longitude and Latitude at each Observation, that being easily 
obtained from the Scheme, and correct Places of the Stars.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I am, Sir, your humble Servant,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Friestone</i> April 4, 1742
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Edmund Weaver.</i>
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Bulman, J</PersonName>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.319
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7420319.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Observe in your MAGAZINE a vast Incongruity in the Observations 
made of the late Comet: I have therefore sent you the following Sketch (according to my 
Judgment) deduced from four Observations I made of it here; which is not designed to 
contradict what the learned <i>Philomaths</i> have been pleased to communicate to the 
Publick, but only to be better informed myself: The Observations I made were from the 
several fix'd Stars mentioned in the Scheme, which if you please to insert in your next 
Magazine will be gratefully acknowledged by
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sir, your humble Servant, unknown.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Stroud near</i> Rochester, May 24. 1742.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">J. BULMAN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>N.B.</i> The Distance of the Comet from the <i>Pole Star</i> on
the 14th at 9<i>h.</i> 30 <i>min. P.M.</i> I observed to be 5 <i>deg.</i> 45 <i>min.</i> 
nearly; its Tail was then plainly to be seen, but most conspicuous to the naked Eye when 
Reflection was observed in Water, as it was in a large Mill-pond at this Place.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G742E08.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The above was composed for last Month but could not then be 
inserted.</i>
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1742 p.132</Title>
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<Date>1742</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.132
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross</Keyword>  <Keyword>runes</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bewcastle Cross</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Print, uncoloured engraving, runes on the Bewcastle Cross, 
Bewcastle, Cumberland, published by the Gentleman's Magazine, London, 1742.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We insert the following INSCRIPTION, not doubting that it will 
fall into the Hands of some Gentleman who understands the Language, and will please to 
give us the Explication. It is taken from a very curious Obelisk, erected for a Monument 
in a Church-yard in Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>PR0718.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>runes</Keyword> <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross, Bewcastle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>print</Keyword> <Keyword>cross, Bewcastle</Keyword>

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<Title>Gents Mag 1742 p.318</Title>
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<Role>artist</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1742</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.318
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bewcastle Cross</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Print, uncoloured engraving, The North and West Prospects of the 
Famous Runic Obelisk at Bew Castle in Cumberland, by G Smith, engraved by Wennock, 
published by the Gentleman's Magazine, London, 1742.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">PR0715.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The North and West Prospects of the Famous Runic Obelisk at 
Bew-Castle in Cumberland. Taken by G. Smith.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh, sheet = 13x21cm; wxh, image = 100x175mm.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1742 p.319</Title>
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<Person>
<Role>artist</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1742</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.319
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bewcastle Cross</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Print, uncoloured engraving, detail of the Bewcastle Cross, 
Cumberland, by G Smith, published by the Gentleman's Magazine, London, 1742.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>PR0716.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh, sheet = 13x21cm.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>Magna Britannia Antiqua &amp; Nova</i>, speaking of this 
Obelisk, calls it "a Cross of one entire square Stone, about five Yards in Height, washed 
over with a white oily Cement. The Figure inclines to a square Pyramid, being two Foot 
broad at Bottom. On the West Side, among other Draughts, is a picture of some holy Man in 
a sacerdotal Habit, with a Glory round his Head, and the Effigies of the blessed Virgin 
with a Babe in her Arms; on the North Side is a very great deal of Chequer Work." This 
Book gives us but a very imperfect Account of the Iinscriptions, and offers no other 
Representation than that here annexed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If then this noble Monument has been hitherto so incorrectly 
described, what Defects may not be discovered in the other curious Remains of Antiquity, 
with which this County abounds more than any other in <i>Britain</i>? We believe, 
therefore, it will not be unsatisfactory to the Publick to be informed that the ingenious 
Gentleman who favoured us with this Draught, is at present compiling a full and accurate 
Description of this County.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>runes</Keyword> <Keyword>Magna Britannia et Hibernia, Antiqua et Nova</Keyword>
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Bewcastle</Keyword>
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<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>runes</Keyword> <Keyword>Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Bew Castle, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross, 
Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirk Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Beu Castle Church<Note>St 
Cuthbert</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St Cuthbert, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Bewcastle</Keyword>  <Keyword>cross, Bewcastle</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.368
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bewcastle Cross</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7420368.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>The Explanation of the</i> Runic <i>Obelisk,</i> 
(<i>see</i> p.318.) <i>by</i> George Smith, <i>Esq;</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THAT Part of <i>Cumberland</i> which lies beyond the Banks of the 
River <i>Eden</i>, Northwards, having been often exposed to the Waste of War, and the 
People ruined by almost continual Depredations; the Barenness of it seems rather to 
proceed from the Neglect of Culture than the natural Poverty of the Soil. Within the 
Embraces of the Frontier Mountains of this Tract lies <i>Beu-Castle</i> Church, on a 
Rivulet called <i>Kirk-beck</i>, near an old ruined Castle of the Proprietors of that Part
of the Country before the Conquest; and both Church and Castle are built on the Remains of
a large <i>Roman</i> Fort. Opposite to the Church Porch, at a few Yards Distance, stands 
the Obelisk, of one entire Stone, 15 Foot and a half high, springing through an Octagonal 
Pedestal, whose Sides were alternately equal. 'Tis nearly the Frustrum of a Square 
Pyramid, each Side being 2 Foot broad at Bottom, and one Foot and a half at Top, wherein a
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Cross
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</Period>
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</ObjectName>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>runes</Keyword> <Keyword>Danes</Keyword> <Keyword>Christianity</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bewcastle Cross, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
fort, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Nicolson, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>cross, 
Bewcastle</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.369
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7420369.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Cross was fixed, which has been demolished long ago, by popular 
Frenzy and Enthusiasm; and probably its Situation in these unfrequented Desarts has 
preserved the Remainder from their Fury.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the Bottom and Top Divisions, of the North Side, (<i>see</i> 
p.318) are cut Vine-Trees with Clusters of Grapes in Demi-relievo, probably the 
<i>Danish</i> Symbol of Fertility, as <i>Amathea's</i> Horn was amongst the <i>Greeks</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In a Fillet above the under Vine are these Characters fairly 
legible,
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G742E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">which the learned Bishop <i>Nicolson</i> expounds RYNBURU, and 
thinks that it intimates the Expulsion of the magical <i>Runae</i>, and their Accession to
Christianity. But if I may be allowed to dissent from so great a Name, I had rather 
believe it to be a Sepulchral Monument of one of the <i>Danish</i> Kings slain in Battle, 
and the Reading I think will support my Conjecture.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For there is no Instance of any Nation using the 1st Character for
an R, nor do I remember to have seen it so explained in all the numerous <i>Runic</i> 
Alphabets of <i>Olaus Wormius</i>, but the <i>Danes</i> about the <i>Sinus Codanus</i>, 
made Use of it for K. Besides the R is <i>Roman</i> wherever it occurs, in this and other 
Inscriptions on this Monument. The 2d is the <i>Massagetic</i> U a People about the 
<i>Tanais</i>. The next two Letters are wrong copy'd by the Bishop, the first is a Q, or 
<i>Scythian</i> N, the other an I; the 4 following are BURU plain; and the last is K 
Final, for the Initial and Final K differing in their Form was common in those Nations, as
the Initial and Final M to the <i>Hebrews</i>. Upon the whole I read it KUNIBURUK, which 
in the old <i>Danish</i> Language imports <i>Sepulchrum Regis</i>. And the checquer Work 
included betwixt the two magical Knots (the <i>Scythian</i> Method of embellishing Funeral
Monuments) very much corroborates my Opinion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">However I so far agree with the Bp that it may also seem to have 
been designed for a standing Mounument of Conversion to Christianity, which might have 
happen'd on the Loss of their King, and each mutually celebrated by it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For <i>Buchanan</i> tells us, that in the Reign of <i>Donaldus</i>
(the Sixth of that Name) the <i>Danes</i> having wasted <i>Northumberland</i>, were met 
and engag'd by the united Troops of <i>England</i> and <i>Scotland</i>, with such 
Uncertainty of Victory, that both Sides were equally glad of Peace, by which the 
<i>Danes</i> obliged themselves to embrace Christianity. This, therefore, was a very 
proper Monument for so great a Change; and the Figure on the West Side greatly contributes
to favour this Conjecture, as I shall shew in my next Dissertation on the other three 
other Sides. This Transaction happened about 850 Years ago, and none believe the Obelisk 
to be older then 900.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That the Monument is <i>Danish</i> appears incontestable from the 
Characters; <i>Scottish</i> and <i>Pictish</i> Monuments having nothing but 
Hieroglyphick's, and the <i>Danish</i> both; and, excepting <i>Bride Kirk</i> Font, it 
appears to be the only Monument of that Nation left in <i>Britain. SIR,</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Your very humble Servant,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GEO. SMITH.
</Paragraph>
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<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

</Script>



<Script id="G742Eng4.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G742Eng4.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
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<Classification>
  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>religion</Keyword>
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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1742 p.529</Title>
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<Content>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1742</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>runes</Keyword> <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennock,
W</Keyword> <Keyword>print</Keyword> <Keyword>South and East Prospects of the Famous Runic
Obelisk at Bew Castle</Keyword>  <Keyword>cross, Bewcastle</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 2nd qtr 18th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>continued from</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G742Eng3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1742 p.529
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bewcastle Cross</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Print, uncoloured engraving, The South and East Prospects of the 
Famous Runic Obelisk at Bew Castle in Cumberland, by G Smith, engraved by W Pennock, 
published by the Gentleman's Magazine, London, 1742.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">PR0717.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The South and East Prospects of the Famous Runic Obelisk at 
Bew-Castle in Cumberland. Taken by G. Smith, 1741.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh, sheet = 13x21cm; wxh, image = 101x176mm.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Instruction>
<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
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<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

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<Script id="G7440340.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G7440340.txt</ScriptIdentity>


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<Title>Gents Mag 1744 p340.</Title>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1744</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Legio VI Victrix</Keyword> <Keyword>Birdoswald, Waterhead</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Wright, George</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Naworth, Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard, 
William, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors I Aelia Dacorum</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Earl 
of</Keyword>  <Keyword>Amboglana</Keyword>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 2nd qtr 18th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1744 p340.
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword>  <Keyword>Naworth</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Inscription</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7440340.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR URBAN, <i>Carlisle, Apr</i>. 18, 1744
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE following Inscription was this Day found in a Wall of <i>Geo. 
Wright's</i> House, at <i>Naworth</i>, where it must have laid 200 Years at least, the 
House being so decay'd with Age, that it was absolutely necessary to rebuild it.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G744E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">LEGIO SEXTA VICTRIX PIA FIDELIS FECIT.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr <i>Horsley</i> conjectures that most of the Inscriptions in the
Walls of <i>Naworth</i>&#x002A; Garden and about it, were fetch'd by <i>Ld</i> William 
Howard, <i>a great Antiquarian, from</i> Burd-Oswald<i> that celebrated Station on the 
Wall, which the</i> Britannia Romana <i>calls</i> Amboglana, about three Miles distant 
from <i>Naworth</i>; the Stone does not appear to have been any larger, and we have 
Instances of like Inscriptions found at the same Place. That Legion was certainly in 
<i>Britain</i> at the Building of the Wall, or soon after; for in the <i>Notitia</i> most 
of the Stations are garrison'd with Foreigners, and the said <i>Burd Oswald</i>, with the 
1st Cohort of the <i>AElia Daecorum</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours</i>, &amp;c. G. SMITH
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; A Seat of the Earl of <i>Carlisle</i>, who is very 
curious in Matters of Antiquity.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Instruction>
<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
</Instruction>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

</Script>



<Script id="G7440369.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G7440369.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
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<Classification>
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</Classification>
<ObjectName>
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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1744 p.369</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1744</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman legion</Keyword> <Keyword>cohorts</Keyword> <Keyword>runes</Keyword> 
<Keyword>alphabet</Keyword> <Keyword>Legio VI Victrix</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors I Aelia 
Dacorum</Keyword> <Keyword>Vallibus, Hubert de</Keyword> <Keyword>Lanercost Priory, 
Lanercost</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Amboglana</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Julius Saturninus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Edward II</Keyword> <Keyword>Abbey Lenercost<Note>Lanercost 
Priory</Note></Keyword>  <Keyword>Irthing, River</Keyword>  <Keyword>print</Keyword>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 2nd qtr 18th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>see 1858 part 1 
p.418</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G858A418.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1744 p.369
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword>  <Keyword>Lanercost</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Inscription, Lanercost</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7440369.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Carlisle, June</i> 8, 1744.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE following <i>Roman</i> Inscription, being the Head-stone of 
the upper Passage betwixt the Pillars and the Out-wall of the old Abbey of 
<i>Lennercost</i>, has escaped the Observation of all Antiquaries by its obscure 
Situation. It was discovered by two Masons at Work there, who informing me of it, I went 
this Day to examine it, and by help of a Ladder noted down these Characters
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IOVI OPTIMO MAXIMO COHORS PRIMA AETIAE DACORUM CUI PRAEEST JULIUS 
SATURNINUS TRIBUNUS.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G744E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Rest had been obliterated by the Workmen at building the 
Abbey. To understand it, we are to consider, that besides the legionary Troops employ'd in
the <i>Roman</i> Service, there were ten auxiliary Cohorts, which made a Legion, of 
foreign Troops, and assumed the Name of the conquer'd Province to which they belong'd, and
sometimes added another Title in Honour of some of their Emperors, under whom they were 
probably inlisted. This Cohort was then called <i>AElia Dacica</i>; AELIA, in Honour of 
<i>Adrian</i>, who was stil'd <i>Titus AElius Hadrianus</i>, and DACICA, from their 
Country, <i>Dacia</i> comprehended all that Tract of Ground North of the <i>Danube</i> to 
the <i>Carpathian</i> Mountains, betwixt the Rivers <i>Tibiscus</i> and <i>Pruth</i>, 
comprehending now good Part of <i>Hungary</i>, all <i>Transilvania</i>, <i>Moldavia</i> 
and <i>Walachia</i>. We have many other Stones which mention this Cohort, particularly at 
<i>Burd-oswald</i>, the <i>Roman Amboglana</i>; here the <i>Notitia</i>, which was written
under <i>Theod.</i> junior, places this Legion which seems to have succeeded the <i>Legio 
Sexta victrix</i>, and very likely garrison'd this Place to the final Departure of the 
<i>Romans</i> from <i>Britain</i>. The Name of the Tribune is different from that on any 
other of the Stones ascribed to this Cohort. Whilst I was copying this Stone, the Farmer's
Son who resides at the Abbey, told me there were some kind of Letters over a Stair case in
an old Tower, belonging to their House, which excited my curiosity to visit them. I found 
it a Piece of as valuable Inscription as any yet discovered in <i>Britain</i>, whether we 
attend to the odd Irregularity of the Letters, the Shape, or Variety of them; for there 
are <i>Roman, Runic</i>, and <i>Saxon</i>, sometimes in the Compass of a single Word; and 
'tis hard to say which of the Alphabets of these three Nations has the greatest Share in 
the Composition. 'Tis great Pity that it is not compleat, the Workmen having cut it to 
adjust it to the Place, so that Part is covered by the adjoining Stones which cannot well 
be remov'd.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Form of the Letters is exactly as below
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G744E03.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In my Opinion we are to read it
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Regni nostri primo mense tertio Anno Domini Millesimo 
Trecentesimo Septimo.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Edward</i> II. began to reign that very Year 1307, <i>July</i> 
7, so that the third Month after would still happen in that Year specify'd, and seems to 
be a Grant for building the Out-conveniences to the said Abbey. The Singularity of the 
Method of Writing in that obscure Century renders it very remarkable; for in the single 
Word <i>Trecentesimo</i>, 'tis difficult to say which Alphabet the Latter T belongs to, 
but it mostly resembles the <i>Celto-Scythic</i>, R is <i>Roman</i>, E is <i>Runic</i>, M,
the old <i>Gothic</i>, and in other Words some are <i>Saxon</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Abbey <i>Lennercost</i> stands on the North-Bank of the River 
<i>Irthing</i>, and is of its Kind as near a <i>Gothic</i> Structure as any left. It was 
built by <i>Hubert de Vallibus</i> to expiate a Murder, but fell several Times into the 
Hands of the <i>Scots</i>, who often plunder'd it of its Treasures. The <i>Roman</i> Wall 
which passes just above it has furnished the principal Materials for this Edifice, which 
contains Inscriptions on Monuments of the next Century to <i>Edward's</i>, but these have 
an Uniformity of Characters, and are not so barbarously confounded as the above. I shall 
send you one or two as Specimens soon, but have already exceeded the Bounds of a Letter.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> G. SMITH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>(See the Inscription p.340)</i>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Instruction>
<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
</Instruction>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

</Script>



<Script id="G7440676.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G7440676.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>personalia</Keyword>  <Keyword>Pennington</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1744 p.676</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Person>
<Role>publisher</Role>
<PersonName>Gentleman's Magazine</PersonName>
</Person>
<Place>
<Country>England</Country>
<County>Cumbria<Note>Cumberland</Note></County>
</Place>
<Date>1744</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
</Content>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction, 
lists</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>2nd quarter 18th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>Joseph Pennington</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Gentleman's Magazine 1744 p.676:-
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red">Jospeh Pennington</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7440676.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary, 3 December:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. Sir <i>Joseph Pennington</i>, Bart. member for 
<i>Cumberland</i>. He marry'd the sister of the present Lord <i>Lonsdale</i>, and is 
succeeded by his eldest son, <i>John</i>, a commissioner for the excise.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>Pennington, Joseph</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Instruction>
<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
</Instruction>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

</Script>



<Script id="G7450385.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G7450385.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>trade</Keyword>  <Keyword>smuggler</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>law</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1745 p.385</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1745</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>wool</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>smuggler</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Simpson, Mr</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 2nd qtr 18th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.385
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>smuggling</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Smuggling Wool</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">The Historical Chronicle for Thursday 4 July 1745 has:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WAS a trial in the court of exchequer on an information against 
one Simpson of Whitehaven, Cumberland, for running wool to France, when the jury found him
guilty of running 2700 lb, the penalty of which is 405 l.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Instruction>
<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
</Instruction>
</Division></ScriptSection>

<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

</Script>



<Script id="G7450601.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G7450601.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>arms</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>events</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1745 p.601</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1745</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>Wade, 
George, Field Marshall</Keyword>  <Keyword>pardon, 1745</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 2nd qtr 18th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.601
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Progress of the Rebels</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7450601.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The following is the Pardon offered to the Rebels.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GEORGE WADE, Esq;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Field marshal of his majesty's forces, one of his majesty's 
most honourable privy council, lieutenant-general of the ordnance, and colonel of one of 
his majesty's regiments of horse, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WHereas it hath been represented to his majesty, that several of 
his subjects, inhabiting the highlands of <i>Scotland</i>, and others, have been seduced 
by menaces and threatnings of their chiefs and superiors, to take arms, and enter into a 
most unnatural rebellion; his majesty hath authorised me to assure all such, who shall 
return to their habitations, on or before the 12th day of <i>November</i> next, and become
faithful to his majesty and his government, that they shall be objects of his majesty's 
clemency; but if, after this his most gracious intention being signified, they shall 
continue in their rebellion, they will be proceeded against with rigour suitable to the 
nature of their crime.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Given at the camp at</i> Newcastle upon Tyne, <i>this 30th day 
of</i> October, 1745.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The route of the rebel army involves Cumberland and Westmorland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The accounts of the progress of the rebels published by 
authority, being read with more than ordinary attention, we have copied them from the</i> 
Gazette, <i>without the intervention of other matters.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> Gazette, November 2.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Oct.</i> 30.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THEre are advices from <i>Berwick</i> of the 25th at night, that 
...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> Gazette, Nov. 8.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Nov.</i> 4. By letters from the North of the 31st of
last month there is an account ...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>next page</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7450602.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


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</Instruction>
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<Script id="G7450602.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G7450602.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>arms</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>events</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1745 p.602</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1745</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>Wade, 
George, Field Marshall</Keyword> <Keyword>Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Peebles, 
Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Moffat, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Annandale, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Langton, Scotland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lauder, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Selkirk, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Hawick, 
Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Kelso, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Newcastle upon Tyne, 
Northumberland</Keyword>  <Keyword>Berwick, Northumberland</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.602
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7450602.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> London Gazette, Nov. 9.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Nov</i>. 5. By letters of the 3d Inst. from 
<i>Berwick</i> ... That about one o'clock upon the 1st Inst. the pretender's son proceeded
to <i>Dalkeith</i>, from which place a considerable body of the Highlanders, who call'd 
themselves the advanced guard, march'd that evening to <i>Pennycook</i>, and another to 
<i>Loan Head</i>, both which places are at a small distance from <i>Dalkeith</i>, upon the
road leading Westward to <i>Peebles, Moffat, Carlisle, &amp;c.</i> those advanced parties 
gave out, that their whole army was to follow them the next day: That the pretender's son 
was to set out from <i>Dalkeith</i> upon the 3d, and that they were to march thro' 
<i>Annandale</i> to <i>Carlisle</i>: That the better to disguise their motions, billets 
for quarters had been sent to <i>Musselburgh, Fisheraw, Inverask, Preston-Pans, Tranent, 
Haddington,</i> and other villages upon the East road to <i>Berwick</i>; whilst 
considerable numbers were to march by night to the Westward: That they had along with them
above a hundred and fifty carts and waggons full of baggage, besides great numbers of 
baggage-horses, and that they gave out that their intention was to proceed directly into 
<i>England</i>, to endeavour to slip by the troops under Marshal <i>Wade</i>, and to get 
into <i>Lancashire</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 8. By advices from the North of the 5th Inst. there 
are accounts, that the rebels were marching Southwards towards <i>Langton</i> and 
<i>Carlisle</i>, as was supposed, in three different columns, the Westermost of which was 
thought to be their main body by the pretender's son being with them, who was to take his 
quarters at <i>Broughton</i> near <i>Peebles</i>, being the house of <i>Murray</i> his 
secretary. The middle column march'd by <i>Lauder, Selkirk</i>, and <i>Hawick</i>, and the
Eastermost column by <i>Kelso</i>. Marshal <i>Wade</i> was at <i>Newcastle</i> upon the 
5th, and upon advice of the march of the rebels Southwards, had countermanded the march of
the army under him to <i>Berwick</i>. ... ...
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  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rowcliff<Note>Rockcliffe</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Brough Side</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Longtown</Keyword> <Keyword>Rockcliffe</Keyword> <Keyword>Riddings, 
Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Murray, David</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Moffat, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Kelso, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Jedburgh, 
Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Langton, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wade, George, Field Marshall</Keyword> <Keyword>Newcastle upon Tyne, 
Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Berwick, Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Peebles, 
Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>deserter</Keyword> <Keyword>Stanwix Bank, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle Castle, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Ecclefechan, Scotland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>militia, Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>militia, Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hawick, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Holyhaugh, Scotland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Longholm, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Cannoby, Scotland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Longtown</Keyword> <Keyword>Rowcliff<Note>Rockcliffe</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rockcliffe</Keyword> <Keyword>siege, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>artillery</Keyword>  <Keyword>castle, Carlisle</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.603
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 9. By an express just arriv'd from the North there is 
an account, that a quarter master from the rebel army was come the 5th Inst. to 
<i>Moffat</i> to demand quarters to be ready that evening for 2000 foot and 600 horse.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> Gazette. Nov. 12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Nov.</i> 10. By letters from the North of the 6th 
Inst. there is advice, that that part of the rebel army which came to <i>Kelso</i>, 
continued there till nine that morning; their numbers were between 3 and 4000. At ten they
began to pass the <i>Tweed</i>, and continued passing till after it was dark; they took 
the road to <i>Jedburgh</i>, and by the motions of the other two columns, as well as by 
what they gave out themselves, they were marching towards <i>Langton</i> for 
<i>Carlisle.</i> Marshal <i>Wade</i> was at <i>Newcastle</i> upon the 7th, and it was 
thought would continue there till their designs could be more certainly known; ... ... 
Advices from <i>Berwick</i> of the 7th Inst. say, that that part of the rebel army which 
took the rout to <i>Peebles</i>, were believ'd to be by that time near <i>Carlisle</i>: 
That the other part who were at <i>Kelso</i>, after having staid two nights there, march'd
on the 6th in the morning towards <i>Jedburgh</i>. Many of the rebels have deserted on 
their march from <i>Edinburgh</i>, and particularly at <i>Kelso</i>, and many stragglers 
with their arms have been seiz'd, and deliver'd by the country people into the castles of 
<i>Edinburgh</i> and <i>Stirling</i>, or to the commander's of his majesty's ships.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 12. By letters from <i>Carlisle</i>, dated the 9th 
Inst. receiv'd late last night, there is advice that part of the rebel army encamp'd that 
evening on a moor within two miles of that city.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By an express this morning from the North there is an account, 
that upon the 9th in the afternoon, about 50 or 60 of the rebels, well mounted, and 
thought to be officers, appear'd on a hill call'd <i>Stanwix-Bank</i>, close by 
<i>Carlisle</i>; that the castle of <i>Carlisle</i> fir'd upon them, and that after some 
time they retreated: That there were accounts of different bodies appearing in different 
places near <i>Carlisle</i>: that their main army was at <i>Ecclefeighton</i>, 16 miles 
from thence: That they could not get their artillery and baggage forwards for want of 
horses, but that they were collecting all they could get every where, and that it was 
talk'd amongst them, that they were to push on Southwards. The whole militia of the 
counties of <i>Cumberland</i> and <i>Westmorland</i> were in garrison at <i>Carlisle</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> Gazette, Nov. 16.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Nov.</i> 15. Letters of the 9th from <i>Berwick</i> 
mention ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And letters of the 11th ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following account of the motions of the rebels from the 7th to
the 10th Inst. was receiv'd by the same express.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On <i>Thursday</i> the 7th of <i>November</i> the rebels march'd 
from <i>Hawick</i> to <i>Holyhaugh</i>, where the pretender's son lay that night. On 
<i>Friday</i> the 8th they march'd, part of the cavalry to <i>Longholm</i>, and infansry 
(sic) to <i>Cannoby</i>, on the <i>Scotch</i> side, and the rest of the cavalry cross'd 
the river and lay at <i>Longtown</i>, and the pretender's son lay at Mr <i>David 
Murray</i>'s at <i>Ridding</i>. On <i>Saturday</i> the 9th they march'd towards 
<i>Rowcliff</i>, where they cross'd the river within four miles of <i>Carlisle</i>, and 
thence pursued their march to <i>Murray</i>'s on <i>Brough side</i>, where they lay that 
night, about four miles Southward of <i>Carlisle</i>; and that afternoon part of the corps
which took the rout by <i>Moffat</i>, with the artillery, join'd them, and all the rest 
next day, except about 200, which could not join before the 11th. On <i>Sunday</i> the 
10th part of their corps approach'd the walls of <i>Carlisle</i>, first bending towards 
the <i>Irish</i> gate, but afterwards march'd round to the <i>English</i> gate, in order 
to reconnoitre the place as it was judged, during which motions they were fired at from 
both town and castle, and it was suppos'd they intended to make a vigorous attack in the 
night between the 10th and 11th, the firing con[tinuing]
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<Keyword>Rowcliff<Note>Rockcliffe</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Murray's Regiment</Keyword> 
<Keyword>siege, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Blackhall, St Cuthbert Without</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rockcliffe</Keyword> <Keyword>Warwick, Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>Rickerby, 
Stanwix Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Stanwix Bank, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Warwick Bridge, Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Corby, 
Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Wade, 
George, Field Marshall</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles, Bonnie Prince</Keyword> <Keyword>Perth,
Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Ogilvy, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Gordon, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Pattenson, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, mayor</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles, 
Bonnie Prince</Keyword> <Keyword>cannon, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>artillery</Keyword> 
<Keyword>battery, Carlisle</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.604
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[con]tinuing till midnight. On the same day the two regiments 
commanded by Ld <i>Ogilvy</i> and <i>Gordon</i> of <i>Glenbucket</i> cross'd the river, 
about two miles above <i>Rowcliff</i>, at which time they were counted, and found both 
together to make up to but 400.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 15. A letter, dated the 12th Inst. from Mr <i>Thomas 
Pattenson</i>, mayor of <i>Carlisle</i>, brings advice, that on <i>Saturday</i> night, the
9th Inst. that city was surrounded by about 9000 Highlanders; that at three o'clock that 
afternoon he, the mayor, had receiv'd a message from them, to provide billets for 13,000 
men, and to be ready that night, which he refused: That the next day, at three in the 
afternoon, he receiv'd a message in writing from the person stiling himself Prince 
<i>Charles</i>, and subscribed <i>Charles P.R.</i> in the following words:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Charles <i>Prince of</i> Wales, <i>Regent of the Kingdoms of</i> 
England, Scotland, France <i>and</i> Ireland, <i>and the Dominions thereunto 
belonging</i>."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Bring come to recover the king our father's just rights, for 
which we have arriv'd with all his authority, we are sorry to find that you should prepare
to obstruct our passage: We therefore, to avoid the effusion of <i>English</i> blood, 
hereby require you to open your gates, and let us enter, as we desire, in a peaceable 
manner; which if you do, we shall take care to preserve you from any insult, and set an 
example to all <i>England</i> of the exactness with which we intend to fulfil the king our
father's declarations and our own: But if you shall refuse us entrance, we are fully 
resolv'd to force it by such means as providence has put into our hands, and then it will 
not perhaps be in our power to prevent the dreadful consequences which usually attend a 
town's being taken by assault. Consider seriously of this, and let me have your answer 
within the space of two hours, for we shall take any farther delay as a peremptory 
refusal, and take our measures accordingly."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"<i>November</i> 10, 1745, <i>Two in the Afternoon.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"<i>For the Mayor of</i> Carlisle."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That he, the mayor, had return;'d no answer thereto but by firing 
the cannon upon them: That the said pretended prince, the Duke of <i>Perth</i>, with 
several other gentlemen, lay within a mile or two of the city; but that their whole army 
was, at the time of dispatching the above advice, march'd for <i>Brampton</i>, seven miles
on the high road to <i>Newcastle</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 16. By advices from the North of the 12th at night 
there are accounts, that the main body of the rebels march'd upon the 11th to 
<i>Brampton</i>. The pretender's son lodged on the 9th night at <i>Murray's</i>, at a 
little village three miles West of <i>Carlisle</i>, on the 10th night at <i>Blackhall</i> 
three miles South of <i>Carlisle</i>, and was at <i>Warwick</i> castle by ten o'clock on 
the 11th. A body of the rebels, which the garrison took for the rear guard, appear'd the 
same day upon <i>Stanwix Bank</i>, but the guns firing upon them, they fled in great 
haste. The same night this body took up their quarters at <i>Rickarby</i>, and at several 
villages near it upon the North side of the river <i>Eden</i>; but receiving an express 
ordering them to march to <i>Brampton</i> without loss of time, they set out immediately 
from thence, but were not able to march above a mile and a half that night, their 
carriage-horses having fail'd them. Some stragglers had been brought into <i>Carlisle</i>,
and two carriages laden with bisket. Upon the 12th the rebels remain'd at <i>Brampton, 
Warwick Bridge</i>, and the villages between those two places. They gave out that their 
whole army was to join that night, and that they had orders to hold themselves in 
readiness to march at ten o'clock, upon the 13th. They had 16 field-pieces along with 
them, and seem'd to be greatly supriz'd that the town of <i>Carlisle</i> had not 
surrender'd upon their appearance before it the <i>Sunday</i> before.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 16, The following intelligence was reciev'd this 
morning from <i>Penrith</i> in the county of <i>Cumberland</i>, dated the 13th Inst.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The rebels who continued before <i>Carlisle</i> from 
<i>Saturday</i> till <i>Monday</i> last, retreated with their carriages and 16 field 
pieces to <i>Brampton</i>, eight miles from thence. They have continued there, and have 
been collecting their forces till nine this morning. Two persons of good character came to
<i>Penrith</i> at five this evening, and declar'd they saw a large body of the rebels, 
which they gave out to be 7000, moving from <i>Brampton</i> to <i>Carlisle</i>, and heard 
numbers of them declare they were going to besiege it in form. That the rebels forced four
carpenters to go along with them from <i>Brampton</i>, in order (as they said) to assist 
in erecting batteries. The said two persons further added, that the guns of the garrison 
of <i>Carlisle</i> were firing very briskly, as they came on the road hither. Numbers of 
persons who have likewise been at <i>Brampton</i> from <i>Penrith</i> are return'd, and 
all agree as to the march of the rebels and their artillery from <i>Brampton</i> towards 
<i>Carlisle</i>. The rebels have been felling wood all this day in <i>Corby</i> and 
<i>Warwick</i> parks for the repairs of their carriages, as they give out, and making 
batteries and scaling-ladders.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> Gazette, Nov. 19.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall</i>, Nov. 18. Letters from marshal <i>Wade</i> of the
15th Inst. mention, that upon the news receiv'd by him of the resolution of the rebels to 
return from <i>Brampton</i>, in order to make an attempt upon <i>Carlisle</i>, it had been
determin'd in a council of war, held the same day thereupon, to march on <i>Saturday</i> 
morning the 16th Inst. by <i>Hexham</i> towards <i>Carlisle</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Letters of the 14th Inst. from <i>Penrith</i> mention, that it was
affirm'd by great numbers of persons who were come thither from the villages on the South 
and West sides of <i>Carlisle</i>, that the whole rebel army were endeavouring to surround
that city. That they shot at every body that fled from them, and that one person had been 
killed, and that they were actually putting the country under military execution. That 
they seized all able-bodied men, horses and carriages, and declared that they would force 
them to carry their ladders to the walls of <i>Carlisle</i>: That the cannon of 
<i>Carlisle</i> were firing that morning very briskly: That
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<Keyword>snow</Keyword> <Keyword>Wade, George, Field Marshall</Keyword> <Keyword>Durand, 
Colonel</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.605
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">they had taken the four light horsemen upon their return from 
<i>Newcastle</i>, who had been sent to conduct the quarter-master of the rebels, taken 
prisoner near <i>Carlisle</i>, to marshal <i>Wade</i>. Letters of the same date from 
<i>Penrith</i> at nine o'clock at night mention, that the rebels had approached so near 
<i>Carlisle</i>, that the garrison had thrown granadoes at them, and that the rebels had 
broke ground about 300 yards from the citadel, and at <i>Spring-Garden</i>, near the 
horse-race ground; and that they had been obliged to fetch provisions as far as 
<i>Heckett</i>, about five miles from <i>Carlisle</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 18. Letters dated the 15th Inst. from <i>Penrith</i>, 
give an account, that a person sent from the governor of <i>Carlisle</i> to marshal 
<i>Wade</i>, reported, that it was agreed, that the town should be delivered up to the 
rebels, but did not know the conditions. The governor was determined to defend the castle 
to the last extremity, and had prepared every thing for that purpose. It was supposed that
he will be able to hold out eight days. Letters from <i>Shap</i> of the 15th Inst. at noon
mention, tht the city of <i>Carlisle</i> surrender'd at ten o'clock that morning.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 19. By letters receiv'd this morning from <i>Edinburgh
</i>, of the 15th Inst. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> Gazette, Nov. 23.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Nov.</i> 23. Letters from <i>Penrith</i>, dated the 
16th, bring a confirmation of the surrender of <i>Carlisle</i> the day before to the 
rebels, and give the following account of the occasion of it, <i>viz.</i> that for seven 
days before, neither the officers nor common men of the garrison had had scarce an hour's 
rest, being perpetually alarm'd by the rebels, and that many of them were so sick, thro' 
their great fatigue, that being out of all hopes of a speedy relief, they absolutely 
refused to hold out any longer, and multitudes went off every hour over the walls, some of
which fell into the hands of the rebels, till the officers of many companies were at last 
left with not above three or four men; so that the mayor and corporation determined to 
hang out the white flag (tho' contrary to the opinion and protestation of Col. 
<i>Durand</i>) and made the best terms they could get for themselves; and that the colonel
was thereupon oblig'd to abandon the castle, not having above 70 invalids to defend it, 
and most of them unfit for service, and the rebels threatening in case of refusal, to 
destroy the whole town by fire and sword. It is added in other letters of the 17th, that 
the garrison were permitted to go to their respective homes. Marshal <i>Wade</i> march'd 
on <i>Saturday</i> last, at ten o'clock in the morning, and was to go the first night to 
<i>Ovingham</i>, and the second to <i>Hexham</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 21. By letters of the 19th from <i>Penrith</i> there 
is an account, that at three o'clock in the afternoon of the day before, a quarter-master 
belonging to the rebels, came to that town, and demanded billets for two squadrons, making
250 horse, that were to be there that night, and for 8000 men more, who were to be there 
next day. The horse came in that evening, and were counted by several people, but did not 
exceed half the number they were said to be.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 22. Letters from the North of the 20th Inst. mention, 
that the rebels entered <i>Penrith</i> on the 19th Inst. Letters from marshall <i>Wade</i>
dated the 19th Inst. at <i>Hexham</i>, bring advice of the arrival there, on the 17th at 
midnight, of the army under his command, in order to have proceeded to the relief of 
<i>Carlisle, and to give battle to the rebels</i>, but having receiv'd advice, as well of 
the surrender of that city and castle on the 15th, as of the advance of the rebels to 
<i>Penrith</i>, and finding the roads, thro' the great quantity of snow that had fallen, 
in a manner impassable, it had been resolv'd in a council of war, to march the army back 
immmediately to <i>Newcastle</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 23. It appears by letters just receiv'd from Col. 
<i>Durand</i>, commandant of <i>Carlisle</i>, that before the surrender of that place to 
the rebels, he had time to nail up ten pieces of cannon, from four to two pounders, that 
were placed upon the ramparts; that he had prevailed upon 400 men, (besides the two 
companies of invalids) to join with him in defending the castle, but that before eight the
next morning they had changed their resolution, and had all left him to a man, so that 
upon calling a council of war, consisting of the officers of the invalids, it was 
unanimously agreed, that with the small force remaining under his orders, and which did 
not exceed eighty men, many of them extremely infirm, it was not possible to defend the 
castle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Letters from <i>Berwick</i> ... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>An account of the taking of</i> Carlisle <i>by an eye 
witness</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON <i>Sat.</i> the 9th, afternoon, about three o'clock, a body of 
the rebels ap-
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Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>market, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Castle, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Perth, Duke of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Shading Gate Lane<Note>Shaddongate</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle: 
Shaddongate</Keyword> <Keyword>Shaddongate, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Tullibardine, 
Marquis of<Note>Murray, William</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Murray, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Blackwell Fields, Blackwell</Keyword> <Keyword>English Gate, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Charles, Bonnie Prince</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennington, John, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Waugh, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Senhouse, Humphrey</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalston, 
Joseph Daire</Keyword> <Keyword>Acorn Bank, Temple Sowerby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>militia</Keyword> <Keyword>bagpipe</Keyword> <Keyword>Warwick Bridge, 
Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>Bridge End, Warwick</Keyword> <Keyword>Brampton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Murray, George, Lord</Keyword>  <Keyword>Warwick Moor, Warwick</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.610
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[ap]peared at <i>Stanwix Bank</i>, within a quarter of a mile of 
<i>Carlisle</i>; and it being the market day there, they mixed with the country people 
returning home, so that it was not possible for the garrison to fire upon them for some 
time, without risque of injuring their neighbours along with their enemies: but in less 
than half an hour, the country people dispers'd themselves, and then the garrison of the 
castle fired a ten gun battery upon them, which, 'tis believed, kill'd several; then, 
night coming on, they retreated to a greater distance from the city, and the garrison 
stood all night under arms. At two in the morning a thick fog came on, which remain'd 
'till twelve that day, when it cleared up for about an hour, and then the garrison 
discover'd the rebels approaching to attack the city in three several parties, <i>viz.</i>
one at <i>Stanwix Bank</i>, commanded by the D. of <i>Perth</i>, a second at <i>Shading 
gate-lane</i>, commanded by the Marquis of <i>Tullibardine</i>, who also had the 
artillery, and the third in <i>Blackwell-Fields</i>, where the pretender commanded the 
rest of their body, facing the <i>English Gate</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Upon discovering these three parties approaching so near the city,
the garrison fir'd upon them, <i>viz.</i> the four-gun battery upon the Marquis of 
<i>Tullibardine</i>, who was heard to say, <i>gentlemen, we have not metal for them, 
retreat</i>; which they immediately did and disappear'd. The turret guns and the citadel 
guns were fir'd upon the pretender's division, where the white flag was display'd, which 
was seen to fall; about the same time the ten-gun battery was fir'd upon the duke of 
<i>Perth</i>'s division, who also retir'd. Then the thick fog struck in again, and all the
inhabitants of the city expected nothing but that a general assault would be made by the 
rebels, against which the walls were well lin'd with men; and Sir <i>John Pennington</i>, 
Dr <i>Waugh</i>, chancellor, <i>Humphry Senhouse, Joseph Daire Dalston</i>, of 
<i>Acron-bank</i> (sic), Esqrs. with several other gentlemen of note, stood all night 
under arms, to encourage and assist them. The militia was also drawn up at the foot of 
<i>Castle-street</i>, to be ready, in case of a forcible attack, to relieve and reinforce 
the men upon the walls.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On <i>Monday</i> morning the fog still continuing thick, the 
garrison could not observe the situation of the rebels, but heard their pipers playing not
far from the <i>English</i> gate. About ten o'clock a man was let down from the city 
walls, to reconnoitre the enemy, and he found they were retiring towards <i>Warwick 
bridge</i>. After noon other spies were likewise detach'd to observe their motions, and 
discover'd a great number remain'd about <i>Warwick bridge</i>; but the pretender, with 
his guard and attendants were advanc'd to <i>Brampton</i>, where they lodg'd themselves 
that night; and on <i>Tuesday</i> they lay idle from all action, except feats of rapine 
and plunder; for they spent the day in hunting and destroying the sheep of lord 
<i>Carlisle</i>'s tenants, and bearing off the country people's geese and other poultry. 
They also seiz'd upon all the horses they could lay hands on, without any question 
relating to <i>value</i> or <i>property</i>; notwithstanding they declare the design of 
their expedition is to redress grievances, and correct abuses. <i>Tuesday</i> night the 
rebels slept quietly with full bellies.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On <i>Wednesday</i> morning about ten o'clock they display'd the 
white flag at <i>Warwick Bridge-end</i>, to which they were about three hours in 
repairing. About one o'clock the young pretender, attended by lord <i>George Murray</i>, 
the D. of <i>Perth</i>, and several others, besides those called his guards, came to them;
upon which they form'd themselves, and began to march again to <i>Carlisle</i>, in the 
following order: First, two (nam'd hussars) in highland dresses, and high rough red caps, 
like pioneers; next, about half a dozen of the chief leaders, followed by a kettle-drum; 
then the pretender's son, at the head of about 110 horse, called his guards, two and two 
a-breats; after these a confus'd multitude of all sorts of mean people, to the number (it 
was supposed) of about 6000. In this order they advanced to the height of <i>Warwick 
Moor</i>; where they halted about half an hour, and took an attentive view of the city: 
From thence the foot took the lead, and so march'd to <i>Carlisle</i> about three in the 
afternoon; when they began a fresh assault, and the city renewed their fire.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">- On <i>Thursday</i> it was discover'd, that the rebels had thrown
up a trench, which intimidated the town, and in a consultation it was resolved to 
capitulate, a deputation was sent to the pretender at <i>Brampton</i>, and the town and 
castle deliver'd up on <i>Friday</i> morning.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Edinburg</i>. Some gentlemen, by order of the pretender, having
visited the wounded <i>English</i> prisoners in the infirmaries, and told them that such 
as inclined to swear that they would not carry arms against the house of <i>Stuart</i>, 
before the 1st of <i>Jan.</i> 1747, should be set at liberty; 260 of them complied, some 
of whom got to the castle, other remain in the infirmary to be cured. - The rebels soon 
after retired from the city, and when they were at a distance the mob rose on the 
stragglers
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<Keyword>Rowcliff<Note>Rockcliffe</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Rockcliffe</Keyword> 
<Keyword>militia</Keyword> <Keyword>siege, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, 
Captain</Keyword>  <Keyword>Wilson, Daniel</Keyword>  <Keyword>Brampton</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.611
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<Paragraph rend="quote">left behind, drove them into the castle; and broke all the windows
of the most noted Jacobites. Last <i>Sunday</i> divine service was perform'd in most of 
the churches of <i>Edinburgh</i>, and large collections were made for the poor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Brough</i>, in <i>Cumberland, Nov.</i> 11. A person who saw the
rebels about <i>Rowcliff</i>, affirms that the whole number did not exceed 9000 men. As to
arms every man has a sword, target, musket and dirk; their baggage is not very 
considerable, but they relieve the guard that marches with it every night. For provisions 
they have live cattle, and keep a drove along with them; oatmeal they buy, or take it 
where they find it, carry it in a bag at their sides, and eat it morning and evening with 
water. They march at a very great rate, and express a desire of getting into 
<i>Lancashire</i>. Their officers lodge in villages, but the men always encamp at night. 
About day-break they begin to move, or sooner if the moon shines, and push on as hard as 
possible. <i>Whereas some of our regiments do not get ready to march till 9 o'clock.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Extract of a letter from</i> Kendal, Nov. 18.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MOST of our militia are got home from <i>Carlisle</i>, who 
generally complain'd of very ill treatment in that place; and tho' perhaps some of them 
may exaggerate matters thro' resentment, yet, by all accounts, the conduct of that city 
fell much short of what was expected from a place of so much strength and reputed loyalty.
- An officer of the said militia, who is a man of fortune and good credit, declares, that 
<i>Carlisle</i> merits no greater honour by its surrender to the rebels than 
<i>Edinburgh</i> did. The garrison wholly consisted of <i>Cumberland</i> and 
<i>Westmorland</i> militia, together with a few volunteers, and two imperfect companies of
invalids. There were besides some independent companies of the town, who would not assist 
the said garrison with more than two or three men out of a company; so that last week they
were obliged to be continually upon duty, and the week before one half reliev'd the other 
alternately. The militia were also put to several other great hardships; many of the 
inhabitants making them pay an exorbitant price for provisions; and they could not, for 
any money, procure a sufficient quantity of straw to lie upon the wall. Capt. 
<i>Wilson</i>, (son of <i>Daniel Wilson</i>, Esq; member of parliament for 
<i>Westmorland</i>) paid 1<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i> for the use of a cobler's stall under the 
walls. Upon the first approach of the rebels, the garrison gave out that themselves were 
3000 strong; upon which the rebels durst not attempt the city immediately, but went 
forwards toward <i>Brampton</i>; from whence they returned on the 13th. The garrison kept 
continually firing upon them, 'till they were obliged, on the 14th, by the manager in the 
town, to desist, and come off from the walls, and continued so all that night; during 
which time it was suppos'd the terms of captulation were settled.
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Prince</Keyword> <Keyword>Tullibardine, Marquis of<Note>Murray, William</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Murray, William</Keyword> <Keyword>militia</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lowther Castle, Lowther</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Lowther</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Murray, George, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Elcho, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Nairn, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Glenbucket</Keyword> <Keyword>Amont<Note>Eamont Bridge</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Eamont Bridge, Yanwath etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Fallowfield 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Next morning they observed that the rebels had entrench'd 
themselves before the town; upon which the garrison renew'd their fire with great spirit 
and bravery, but soon receiv'd orders again to desist, for the capitulation was agreed 
upon. The D. of <i>Perth</i>, with his division, were the first of the rebels that enter'd
<i>Carlisle</i>, the pretender then being six miles from the city. They made the garrison 
swear never to appear in arms any more against them; and <i>Perth</i> shaking the men by 
the hands, told them they were brave fellows, and offered them great sums to enlist with 
him. The rebels have taken above 200 good horses, and all the arms from the militia, 
besides 1000 stand lodged in the castle. They also found a rich booty in the castle; the 
people of the country round about having brought thither, for safety, the most valuable of
their effects. The marquis of <i>Tullibardine</i> was kill'd by the first fire from the 
walls on the 10th. The town capitulated on the 14th, in the evening; and on the 15th, at 
ten o'clock in the morning, it was given up. About one in the afternoon the rebels enter'd
the city, and the next morning the castle was surrendered to them. Several of the militia 
endeavour'd to escape, without being obliged to take the oath, as also did some of 
<i>Cope</i>'s men, who had deserted from the rebels, one of which they threaten'd should 
be shot, as an example to deter others. -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Notwithstanding the above account seems the throw some blame upon 
the citizens of <i>Carlisle</i>, we hope, in a short time, to have matters so clear'd up, 
as sufficiently to vindicate both their prudence and loyalty.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FRIDAY 24.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The rebels enter'd <i>Lancaster</i> at noon, and the commanding 
officer immediately demanded the public money.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the London Gazette, Nov.</i> 26.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Nov.</i> 25. Advices from <i>Penrith</i> of the 20th
at night, mention, that the rebels to the amount of 3000 had been entering that place from
four in the afternoon to nine, and that several thousand men were expected there the next 
day; that according to all appearance their intention was to march southwards, and that a 
party of them, consisting of 120 men, had gone that afternoon to <i>Lowther-hall</i>, lord
<i>Lonsdale</i>'s seat.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Letters of the 21st from the same place say, the rebels have been 
coming in there all that day; that those which had arrived the day before were all gone 
the <i>Lancashire</i> road; that lord <i>George Murray</i>, lord <i>Elcho</i>, lord 
<i>Nairn</i>, <i>Glenbucket</i>, and the person styling himself duke of <i>Perth</i>, were
arriv'd at <i>Penrith</i>, and the pretender's son was expected every minute.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Letters from Kendal of the 21st bring advice, that about 120 
horse, belonging to the rebels, were come into that town, and that orders had been given 
for preparing quarters for 2000 foot, which were to be there that evening under the 
command of lord <i>George Murray</i>. Letters of the 22d from the same place say, that the
rebels were arriv'd there, and that they gave out that they propos'd to be at 
<i>Lancaster</i> upon the 23d.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By advices of the 22d from <i>Penrith</i>, the <i>Highland</i> 
army which march'd there on the 21st was to halt that day. The pretender's son, with his 
houshold, came in at the head of a regiment of foot, about three that afternoon, that by 
the best reckoning that could be made at <i>Emont</i> and <i>Fallowfield-bridge</i>, the 
whole of their army did not exceed 7000 men, that
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1745 p.613</Title>
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<Date>1745</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Glenbucket</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Elcho, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Burton-in-Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster, Lancashire</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Charles, Bonnie Prince</Keyword> <Keyword>HMS Sheerness</Keyword> <Keyword>Bully,
Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Soleil</Keyword> <Keyword>Ratcliff</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Derwentwater, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Richlieu, Duke of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Clerment, Count</Keyword> <Keyword>Nairn, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Drummond, 
Lord</Keyword>  <Keyword>Manley</Keyword>  <Keyword>Vernon, Admiral</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.613
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the body of regular horse is very inconsiderable. There are not as
yet above 30 Hussars, besides those that march'd with the van guard yesterday to 
<i>Kendal</i>; that <i>Carlisle</i> was left with only about 100; that they talk'd of 
great numbers were gone to join them from <i>Scotland</i>, that Old <i>Glenbucket</i> was 
gone forward with lord <i>Elcho</i>; that their whole train of artillery did not amount to
above 16 small field pieces; that their baggage waggons, which were about 20 in number, 
were very slenderly guarded, some of them being drawn by three, and others by two horses, 
and that it was expected that the whole body would march from <i>Penrith</i> upon the 
24th.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Nov.</i> 26. By advices from <i>Liverpool</i> of the
24th, there is an account, that nine men belonging to the army of the rebels came into 
<i>Burton</i> about one o'clock in the afternoon of the 23d, and demanded quarters for 100
horse and 700 foot. Letters from <i>Lancaster</i> of the 24th, take notice, that the van 
of the rebel army, consisting of the numbers above, arriv'd there that day; and that the 
young pretender, with the main body, lay at <i>Kendal</i> the night before.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">- There are letters from the north which mention, that upon the 
14th instant about 40 carts belonging to the rebels, and loaded with arms, bread, 
<i>Highland</i> plads and waistcoats, were seiz'd and plunder'd by the country people in 
the the county of <i>Annandale</i>, within ten miles of <i>Dumfries</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Deal, Nov.</i> 25. This afternoon arriv'd here his majesty's 
ship <i>Sheerness</i>, capt. <i>Bully</i>, and brought in a <i>French</i> privateer call'd
the <i>Soleil</i>, which he took on the 22d off the dogger bank. She came from 
<i>Dunkirk</i> the 21st, and was bound to <i>Montross</i>, in <i>Scotland</i>, and has on 
board Mr. <i>Ratcliff</i>, (who stiles himself earl of <i>Derwentwater</i>) with 20 
colonels, captains, &amp;c.&#x2020; <i>Irish, Scotch</i> and <i>French</i>, besides 60 
other men.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>So far from the</i> Gazette.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Another account of the capture of the Soleil, says
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'there was on board a million of livres, and that, besides 
Mr. Ratcliff, among the prisoners are the duke of Richlieu, count Clerment, lord Nairn, 
lord Drummond, sixteen other persons of distinction, and the pretender's youngest son, who
goes by the name of Manley.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- A letter from on board admiral Vernon's ship, where the 
prisoners are, relates,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'that Mr Ratcliff pretends to be father of the young 
gentleman who is supposed to be the pretender's youngest son, (see his age vol.XI. 
Pedigree of princes, p.435) but that, upon two beds being shewn, he offer'd the best to 
his son, who is very sullen and spiritless; and every thing tends to confirm his being a 
young pretender, which some are ready to swear, but they did not think he was six foot 
high, as this person is.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From another letter, ---
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'Our suspicion is further confirmed, by the young 
gentleman's keeping his left hand cover'd to hide his two middle fingers, which grow 
together; by his throwing his laced hat and coat into the sea and putting on a leather cap
and jacket; by the preference Mr Ratcliff gives him on all occasions, and by the 
affirmation of a person who knew him at Rome.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1745 p.624</Title>
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<Date>1745</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Lazonby Fell, Lazonby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lazonby</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Orton, Orton S</Keyword> <Keyword>Temple Sowerby</Keyword> <Keyword>Oglethorpe, 
General</Keyword> <Keyword>Wade, George, Field Marshall</Keyword> <Keyword>Perth, Duke 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster, Lancashire</Keyword> <Keyword>Shap</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>Garstang, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.624
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
</Marginal>

</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> London Gazette <i>extraordinary. Whitehall, 
Dec.</i> 18.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... The person call'd duke of <i>Perth</i>, with about 150 horse, 
left the rebel army upon the 11th at <i>Lancaster</i>, and took the road towards 
<i>Carlisle</i>, giving out, that he was going to fetch a reinforcement. Notice thereof 
has been sent to all the towns through which he was to pass, and it was hoped the country 
people would intercept him&#x002A;. About twenty rebel stragglers have been pick'd up in 
different places. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Accordingly, as other letters add, the people fell upon 
this party at <i>Kendal</i>, took 3 men and 2 women, and some horses, but three of the 
town were killed. This was on the 14th at noon. - They marched to <i>Shap</i> that night, 
and lay there; and next day, believing they would be treated in the same manner at 
<i>Penrith</i>, they endeavoured to miss it, but were met by the country people on 
<i>Lazenby-moor</i>, on which they turn'd off to <i>Temple Sowerby</i>, and were hunted 
all day by the people, who took one of them, and were driven into <i>Orton</i>, at 6 in 
the evening; here they only staid to feed their horses in the street, and then set forward
(having pressed a guide) to join their main body at <i>Kendal</i>, being pursued by the 
people from <i>Appleby</i> and <i>Brough</i>, who ('tis said) took the D. of 
<i>Perth</i>'s mistress and another gentlewoman, and two horses, their chaise being broke 
down. -- All the towns which they pass'd, after this, felt their reinforcement to a very 
high degree, not only by plundering their houses and shops, but by destroying their goods,
and by stripping many men of their shoes, stockings and breeches; sometimes also of their 
other cloaths.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By advices from <i>Preston</i> of the 15th, the rebels began to 
march out of <i>Lancaster</i> at eight o'clock the night before, in a very great hurry; 
the baggage proceeded first. They were marching out in different bodies all night. The 
last of them left that town at eight o'clock in the morning of the 15th.&#x2021; They took
the road to <i>Kendal</i>.
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; <i>Letters from Lancaster say</i>, That as the rear of 
the rebels were marching out at one end of the town on the 25th, Gen. <i>Oglethorpe</i>'s 
horse enter'd the other, and was to refresh in the street, and then proceeded; but he was 
called back to <i>Garstang</i> that night, upon receipt of an express of the <i>French</i>
being landed, which was afterwards contradicted, and the next day he was order'd to push 
on again.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Paragraph rend="quote">Letters
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1745 p.625</Title>
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<Date>1745</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>French 
Ambassador</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther Castle, Lowther</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Lowther</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Clifton Moor</Keyword> <Keyword>beacon</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wastal Bridge<Note>Wasdale Old Bridge</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Wasdale Old 
Bridge, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>road, Kendal to Shap</Keyword> <Keyword>bridge, Shap
Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Graridge Hawse<Note>Grayrigg Hause ?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Grayrigg Hause, Grayrigg</Keyword> <Keyword>Grayrigg</Keyword> <Keyword>Murray, 
George, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Honeywood, Colonel</Keyword> <Keyword>East, 
Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Perth, Duke of</Keyword>
<Keyword>Derby, Derbyshire</Keyword> <Keyword>London</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>artillery</Keyword> <Keyword>battle 
site, Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Clifton Moor, Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of 
Clifton Moor</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.625
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Letters ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... that from their first entering <i>England</i>, till they came 
to <i>Derby</i>, they seem's resolv'd upon marching directly to <i>London</i>; but that at
<i>Derby</i>, having heard how the D. of <i>Cumberland</i>'s army was posted, a council of
war was call'd, in which it was resolv'd to return by <i>Carlisle</i> into 
<i>Scotland</i>; that there was a person with the rebels who stiled himself the 
<i>French</i> ambassador; and that great numbers of the men had often declar'd, that if 
they could get back into <i>Scotland</i>, they would leave the army, and return to their 
respective abodes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Appleby, Dec.</i> 14. In obedience to a letter sent to the 
deputy-lieutenants of <i>Westmorland</i> and <i>Cumberland</i>, by his R.H. the D. of 
<i>Cumberland</i>, requiring them, by all means, to retard and obstruct the march of the 
rebels thro' thos two counties, a resolution had just been taken to raise part of the 
county to demolish <i>Wastal</i> bridge, to make the road from <i>Kendal</i> to 
<i>Shap</i> impassable for the artillery of the rebels, or any wheel-carriages; and for 
the same reason to break up the road down <i>Graridge Hawse</i>; whereby it is hoped their
march may be so far retarded, as to give time to his R.H.'s army to come up with them, 
before they can get clear of these counties. About ten this morning the van-guard of the 
rebels, consisting of 110 men, equip'd and accoutred like Hussars, entred <i>Kendal</i> on
horseback, with a chaise, in which was a person in woman's dress, rode up the town 
quietly, and turned thro' the fish-market down to the bridge leading to <i>Penrith</i>; 
but as they were pursuing their route thro' the town, without stopping, and were almost 
got out of it, a gun was fired out of a house, and one of the rebels kill'd; whereupon the
town's people closed in, and took two more prisoners. The rest of them gallop'd on towards
the bridge, where a halt was made on a sudden, and a few muskets discharg'd at the people,
and an ostler and shoemaker thereby kill'd upon the spot. They then made a general volley,
but without doing any more mischief, and after that pursued their way as fast as they 
could towards <i>Shap</i>. Their horses seem's very much harassed and jaded.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Lancaster, Dec.</i> 17. A party of rebel horse (about 100) 
amongst whom was the D. of <i>Perth</i>, so call'd, pass'd thro' <i>Kendal</i> on 
<i>Saturday</i> morning about ten; the country and town's people mobb'd their rear, which 
fir'd and kill'd two or three, and proceeded forward towards <i>Penrith</i>. On 
<i>Sunday</i> after dinner a party of horse came into <i>Kendal</i>, amongst whom was 
their commissary; and an hour afterwards came the rest, horse and foot, and were coming in
till after dark. Their artillery, consisting of 12 or 13 small pieces, was about the 
middle of the corps, with several cover'd carts. The duke of <i>Perth</i>, so call'd, 
after the scuffle above mention'd at <i>Kendal</i>, proceeded on to <i>Shap</i>, and 
intended for <i>Penrith</i>; but seeing the beacons on fire, and hearing it was done to 
call in the country, sent a small party to the round table, which is a mile on this side 
of <i>Penrith</i>, and five from <i>Shap</i> to make enquiries; and finding it true, he 
return'd for safety to <i>Kendal</i> about two in the morning of the 16th. Between four 
and five the drums began to beat, and the men march'd out from day-break till near ten, in
the same order as they enter'd, Ld <i>George Murray</i> being with the last company.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Dec.</i> 19. By an express just arriv'd from his 
R.H. the D. of <i>Cumberland</i>, dated at <i>Lancaster</i> the 17th, there is advice, 
that Gn. <i>Oglethorpe</i> with the avant-guard was to be at <i>Shap</i> that day, and the
rest of his royal highness's forces were on their march for <i>Kendal</i>, and were to 
rest there that night. That on the 16th in the morning, the rebels marched from the 
<i>Kendal</i>, but not being able to reach <i>Penrith</i> as they intended, were forced to
lie at <i>Shap</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> London Gazette, <i>Dec.</i> 21.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Dec.</i> 21. Letters receiv'd this morning from the 
Duke of <i>Cumberland</i>, by a messenger who left his royal highness on <i>Thursday</i> 
morning last, being an account, that he came up with the rebels on <i>Wednesday</i> night 
with his cavalry, after ten hours march, just beyond <i>Lowther-Hall</i>, which the rebels
abandon'd on our approach, and threw themselves into a village called <i>Clifton</i>, 
within three miles of <i>Penrith</i>, which village his royal highness immediately 
attacked with the dragoons dismounted, who behaved extremely well, and drove the rebels 
out in an hour's time, tho' a very strong and defensible post. The loss of the rebels 
could not be known, as it was quite dark before the skirmish was over: That of the king's 
forces amounted to about 40 men kill'd and wounded, and 4 officers wounded, but not 
mortally, <i>viz.</i> Col. <i>Honeywood</i>, Capt. <i>East</i>,
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1745 p.626</Title>
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<Date>1745</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.626
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and the two cornets <i>Owen</i> and <i>Hamilton</i>. A captain 
<i>Hamilton</i> of the rebels was taken prisoner much wounded. After this action, the 
rebels retir'd to four mile distance, and his royal highness intended to pursue them as 
soon as possible.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> London Gazetter, <i>Dec.</i> 24.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Penrith, Dec.</i> 20.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE rebels having carried off their killed and wounded, when they 
were driven out of the village of <i>Clifton</i> by the king's forces, it has not been 
possible to ascertain their loss; but since that affair about 70 of their people have been
taken prisoners.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of the king's forces, the regiment that suffer'd most was his 
majesty's own regiment of dragoons, some officers of which being wounded, the rebels 
cried, <i>No quarter, - murder them.</i> - and they receiv'd several wounds after they 
were down.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">About ten o'clock on <i>Wednesday</i> night that corps of the 
rebels which was at <i>Penrith</i>, and had order'd their cannon and baggage to advance 
during the skirmish, retired with the utmost precipitation to <i>Carlisle</i>, where they 
arrived yesterday morning about ten. It was so dark, and the country so cover'd, that it 
was not possible to pursue them that night, and the troops being fatigued with the forced 
marches they had made thro' very bad roads, they halted at <i>Penrith</i> yesterday, and 
were joined last night by the greatest part of the foot, and by the remainder this 
morning.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By the best accounts the rebels are still at <i>Carlisle</i>, but 
it is thought their intention is to go off tomorrow, if the rivers and floods will permit 
them. If they continue there, his royal highness proposes to invest the town tomorrow with
the troops now here, and the detachment from Marshal <i>Wade</i>'s army, and a train of 
battering cannon from <i>Whitehaven</i>, which is to be this day at <i>Cockermouth</i>. 
and has orders to move with the whole <i>posse comitatus</i>, which will be assembled 
tomorrow at <i>Wigton</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Newcastle, Dec.</i> 21. Marshall <i>Wade</i> arriv'd here 
yesterday, and gave orders for the immediate march of 1000 foot, and 50 horse, to join his
royal highness the Duke of <i>Cumberland</i> in the neighbourhood of <i>Carlisle</i>. 
Those troops march'd accordingly from hence this morning, and will be tomorrow night at 
<i>Haltwesel</i>.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> Gazetter <i>extraordinary,</i> Dec. 26.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Dec.</i> 26.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">LEtters receiv'd yesterday by express from <i>Blichall</i> near 
<i>Carlisle</i> give an account, that upon the march from <i>Penrith</i> thither, his 
royal highness the Duke had receiv'd the news of the rebel army having quitted that place,
and left in it only 3 or 4 hundred men, who, according to the best intelligence, consisted
chiefly of their <i>English</i> recruits, and <i>Gordon</i> of <i>Glenbucket's</i> men, 
commanded by one <i>Hamilton</i>. The king's forces arriv'd within sight of the town the 
21st about noon, and Major Gen. <i>Bland</i> had invested it on the <i>Scotch</i> side 
with <i>St George</i>'s dragoons, and 300 men of <i>Bligh</i>'s regiment, with orders to 
prevent any passage over the bridge upon the river <i>Eden</i>, which leads directly to 
the <i>Scotch</i> gate. Major <i>Adams</i>, with 200 foot, was posted in the suburbs of 
the <i>English</i> gate, to prevent any of the garrison's escaping that way; Major 
<i>Meirac</i> at the <i>Irish</i> gate with the same orders, and Sir <i>Andrew Agnew</i> 
at the Sally Port with 300. All the horse, and the foot-guards, were canton'd round the 
town, at a mile or two distance. The rebels, who, were left, made a shew of intending to 
defend the place, firing their cannon upon everybody who appeared in sight of it. The 
artillery from <i>Whitehaven</i> was expected to arrive in a day or two at the army, and 
it was proposed to have a battery erected by the morning of the 24th; after which it was 
not doubted but his royal highness would be master of the town in 24 hours, in which he 
intended to leave a sufficient garrison. The rebels left their cannon behind them in 
<i>Carlisle</i>, excepting 3 pieces; and Major Gen. <i>Bland</i> had taken 16 carts laden 
with tents.
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  <Keyword>Petteril, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Caude<Note>Caldew</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Caldew, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Bother 
Gate<Note>English Gate</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>English Gate, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Caer Luel<Note>Carlisle</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Caer Lugubal<Note>Carlisle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Romans</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Caerleolum<Note>Carlisle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Carlisle</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.673
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>ancient Carlisle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Ancient Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A short description of the ancient City of CARLISLE.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>CARLISLE</i> has a most pleasant situation, being between three
rivers, having on the North side the <i>Eden</i>, on the East the <i>Petterell</i>, and on
the West the <i>Caude</i>. It is secured by a strong stone wall, a castle, and a citadel. 
'Tis of an oblong form from N. West to S. East, extending in a point to the &#x002A; 
South; the castle, which stands in the N. West extremity, is pretty large, and by the arms
(as Mr <i>Camden</i> infers) seems to have been built by K. <i>Richard</i> III. but the 
commentator on him tells us, that it is certain it was built by K. <i>William</i> II. for 
K. <i>Richard</i> III. in so troublesome and short a reign, could only repair it. The 
citadel is by the <i>Bother</i> gate, very strong, fortified with several orillons, or 
roundels, and built by K. <i>Henry</i> VIII.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>British</i> chronicle tells us, that it was first built by 
a petty king of this country, named <i>Luel</i>, or <i>Lugubal</i>, long before the 
<i>Romans</i> invaded <i>Britain</i>, and upon that account had the name of 
<i>Caer-Luel</i> or <i>Lugubal</i>. When the <i>Roman</i> legions, in the reign of the 
emperor <i>Claudius</i>, extending their conquests thus far Northward, they alter'd the 
name but very little, calling it <i>Luguballum</i>, or <i>Luguvallum</i>. The 
<i>Saxons</i> kept to the old name <i>Luel</i>. <i>Ptolemy</i> calls it <i>Leucopibia: 
Nennius, Caer Lualid</i>; the <i>Welch</i> writers, the city of <i>Duballus</i>, we 
<i>Carlile</i>; and the <i>Latins, Caerleolum</i>. Great pains are taken by some to find 
out the derivation of the name <i>Luguballum</i>; but none is so probable as this, that 
being situate just by the <i>Picts</i> wall or <i>Vallum</i>, and <i>Lugus</i>, or 
<i>Lucus</i>, signifying, in the language of the <i>Celtae</i> and <i>Britains</i>, a 
tower, it implies a tower or fort upon the wall, or <i>Vallum</i>. And tho' indeed there 
are little or no remains of the
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Stan-</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The catchword is not correct for the following page.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; (Or may be said to lie South and North, a part extending 
to the N. West.)
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Flemings</Keyword> <Keyword>fire, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Caldo 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.674
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">wall near this city standing, yet at <i>Stanwicks</i>, a small 
village just over the bridge, and in the channel of the river itself, there are plain 
remains of it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That this city flourished in the time of the <i>Romans</i>, 
appears evidently from many antiquities frequently dug up here, and the common mention of 
it in <i>Roman</i> authors.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Upon the departure of the <i>Romans</i>, it was ruin'd by the 
<i>Scots</i> and <i>Picts</i>, who spoil'd and ravag'd it, and it lay bury'd in its ruins 
till about the year of Christ 680, when <i>Egfrid</i> rebuilt it, and encompassed it with 
a fair stone wall; and having repaired the church, restor'd divine worship, placed in it a
college of secular priests, and gave it to St <i>Cuthbert</i>, bishop of 
<i>Landisfern</i>, and his successors, with all the lands 15 miles round.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Again, in the 8th and 9th centuries, the whole country was ruin'd 
by repeated incursions of the <i>Danes</i> and <i>Norwegians</i>, this city being laid 
quite desolate, some few ecclesiastics and chief inhabitants only excepted, and in this 
miserable state it continued 200 years. The <i>Norman</i> conquest, which happen'd in that
time, better'd not its condition, for <i>Wm</i> the conqueror took no farther notice of 
it, than by his writ to subject it, and the rest of the county to the see of 
<i>Durham</i>. But <i>Wm Rufus</i>, his son, returning from the <i>Scotch</i> wars, after 
he had settled a peace with that nation, made a visit to <i>Carlile</i>, and being pleased
with the situation, proceeded to repair the walls and castle, and rebuild the houses, 
sending thither first a colony of <i>Flemings</i>, (whom upon second thoughts he removed 
afterwards into <i>North Wales</i> and <i>Anglesey</i>) and then of <i>English</i> 
husbandmen out of the <i>South</i>, to teach them to till and improve their land, which 
before lay uncultivated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Carlile</i> being thus in some measure restored, K. 
<i>Henry</i> I. considering how good a barrier it might be made against the <i>Scots</i>, 
caused it to be well fortified, placed a garrison in it, dignified it with an episcopal 
see, and bestowed upon it many other privileges and emoluments, which his successors , 
even down so low as Q. <i>Elizabeth</i>, very much augmented. It was indeed often besieged
by the <i>Scots</i>, and twice taken, <i>viz.</i> in K. <i>Stephen's</i> and K. 
<i>John's</i> days, but recover'd again by their successors K. <i>Henry</i> II. and III. 
and tho' it was burnt by misfortune 14 <i>Richard</i> II. and near 1500 houses destroyed, 
with the cathedral and suburbs, yet by the munificence of the succeeding kings it was 
again restored, and much improv'd in strength and beauty.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is at present a wealthy and populous place, the houses are well
built, and city walled in, having three gates, <i>viz.</i> the <i>Caldo</i> or 
<i>Irish</i> gate on the S. West, the <i>Bother</i> or <i>English</i> gate on the South, 
and the <i>Rickard</i> or <i>Scotch</i> gate towards the North. It is govern'd by a mayor,
12 aldermen, two bailiffs, &amp;c. The assizes and sessions for the most part are held in 
this city.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It has but two parish churches, St <i>Mary's</i> and St 
<i>Cuthbert's</i>. St <i>Mary's</i> is the cathedral, and stands almost in the midst of 
the city, with a wall round it. &#x002A; The Eastern part, which is the newer, is a 
curious piece of workmanship; the choir, with the isles, is 71 foot broad, is an exact 
piece of architecture, having a stately East window of 48 foot in height, and 30 in 
breadth, adorned with pillars of curious workmanship. The roof is elegantly arched with 
wood, and embellished with the arms of <i>France</i> and <i>England</i> quarter'd, the 
<i>Piercy's, Lucy's Warren's, Mowbray's</i>, and many others. In the choir are monuments 
of three bishops of this see, <i>Bell, Robinson</i>, and <i>Smith</i>, who are bury'd 
there. The West end, which is the lower, and was anciently the parish-church, was also a 
spacious building before the rebellion in 1641, but was for the greatest part demolished 
by those violent reformers, and the materials made use of for the building of guard-houses
at every gate, erecting batteries in the castle, and setting themselves up private 
dwellings in the town; <i>tho' it has been observed, their posterity never enjoyed 
them.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This <i>observation</i> is made by the <i>reverend</i> compiler of
the <i>Magna Britannia antiqua et nova</i>, from whom the foregoing description is taken, 
except a correction of him with regard to the situation of the place, all our news papers 
following this writer (who might have informed himself better from honest <i>Speed</i>) 
having turned the city about and placed the <i>English</i> gate in the West and the 
<i>Irish</i> in the South.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This city was formerly esteemed the key of <i>England</i> against 
the <i>Scots</i> on the West side, as <i>Berwick</i> was on the East, and so far is a 
place of great importance. Notwithstanding it was well provided with cannon, ammunition, 
&amp;c. it was soon taken by the rebels, for which many causes are assigned [(<i>see</i>]
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The tour thro' <i>Great Britain</i> says, that "a great 
part of it was built by St <i>David</i>, K. of <i>Scotland</i>, who held this county, 
together with <i>Westmorland</i> and <i>Northumberland</i>, in vassalage from the crown of
<i>England</i>. He, and many of his successors, were great benefactors: but almost the 
whole nave, or west part of it, was demolished by the <i>Scots</i>, in the civil wars."
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.675
</Paragraph>
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<Filename>G7450675.jpg
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(see p.605 F) in private letters from thence, the writers of them 
mutually excusing their friends, and charging others with the whole blame, and even with 
cowardice. A time may come when it will be more easy to discover the truth, or at least 
more proper to publish these varying accounts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This city was surrender'd to the rebels Nov. 16, 1745, and taken 
by his royal highness the D. of Cumberland, after 48 hours battering the West curtain of 
the castle from Primrose Hill, on Dec. 30, about 400 rebels left there, on the precipitate
retreat of the main body to Scotland, surrendering to the king's mercy.
</Paragraph>
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</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">The map is a copy of John Speed's map, 1611.
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  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>siege, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Blackhall, St Cuthbert Without</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, 
Duke of</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>  <Keyword>battery, Carlisle</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.20
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Progress of the Rebels</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7460020.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">ACCOUNT <i>of the Motions of the</i> REBELS <i>and of the </i> 
KING'S FORCES, <i>from the</i> London Gazette, <i>with some Remarks. Continued from 
Vol.XV. p.626 and 667.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> London Gazetter, Dec. 31.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Dec.</i> 31. Some letters from the north mention, 
that the rebels remained in the town of <i>Carlisle</i> upon the 25th, and fired almost 
incessantly; that his royal highness had upon that day received six pieces of cannon 
expected from <i>Whitehaven</i>; and that every thing was preparing for beginning the 
atcack (sic) upon the place.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Dec.</i> 31. <i>at noon</i>. By letters of the 28th 
Inst. just received from his R.H. the duke of <i>Cumberland</i>'s army, there is advice, 
that they had then begun to batter the four gun battery of <i>Carlisle</i> with six 18 
pounders, and hoped to make a breach fit to give the assault by the next night.
</Paragraph>
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<Type>rule</Type>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From the</i> Gazette <i>extraordinary, Jan. 2. Published by 
authority.</i> Price 2d.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Jan.</i> 2. Last night a messenger arriv'd with 
letters from <i>Blackhall</i>, dated the 30th past, with the following account of the
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">sur
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<Title>Gents Mag 1746 p.21</Title>
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  <Keyword>siege, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Blichall<Note>Blackhall</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>white flag</Keyword> <Keyword>hostage</Keyword> <Keyword>rebellion, 
1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>English Gate, Carlisle</Keyword>
<Keyword>Blackhall, St Cuthbert Without</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>de 
Geogbegan</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Bligh, 
Brigadier</Keyword> <Keyword>Richmond, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Hamilton, John</Keyword>
<Keyword>Bury, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Conway, Colonel</Keyword> <Keyword>battery, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>artillery</Keyword> <Keyword>ammunition</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle, governor of</Keyword> <Keyword>Richmond, Duke of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lenox</Keyword>  <Keyword>Aubigny, Lieutenant General</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.21
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">surrender of the town and castle of <i>Carlisle</i> to his R.H. 
the duke of <i>Cumberland.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Blackhall</i>, a village near <i>Carlisle, Decemb.</i> 30, 
<i>call'd</i> Blichal <i>in the</i> Gazettes <i>of</i> Dec. 26 and 28 (<i>See</i> Vol.XV. 
p.626 G, <i>and</i> p.667 H) <i>which is added to this</i> Gazette <i>for the sake of 
perspicuity.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON the 29th it was found necessary to abate the firing from the 
battery, which had begun to play the day before, for want of shot, till towards evening, 
when a fresh supply arriving, it was renew'd very briskly for two hours, which shook the 
walls very much.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The same evening a fellow attempting to get out of the town, was 
taken by one of the advanced parties, and brought to the duke. He delivered two letters, 
one for his royal highness, the other for the commander of the <i>Dutch</i> troops 
suppos'd to be with his army. They were from a person stiling himself the commander of the
<i>French</i> artillery, and of the <i>French</i> garrison that was at, or might come to 
<i>Carlisle</i> and who subscribes his name <i>De Geogbegan</i> (sic), for the defence of 
the town and citadel; and the contents of them were to summon the commander of the 
<i>Dutch</i> to retire with his troops from the <i>English</i> army, under pretence of the
capitulation of <i>Tournay</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The night of the 29th was spent in raising a new battery of three 
18 pounders, which was completed by the morning; but on the first platoon of the old 
battery firing, the rebels hung out the white flag; whereupon the battery ceased, and they
call'd over the walls, that they had two hostages ready to be deliver'd at the 
<i>English</i> Gate, which is on the opposite side of the town, His R.H. then order'd Col.
<i>Conway</i> and Ld <i>Bury</i> to go and deliver the two messages mark'd (A) and (B) in 
writing, to be sign'd by Col. <i>Conway</i>. The second message being design'd as an 
answer to the person's letter who call'd himself a <i>Frenchman</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN about two hours they return's, and brought the paper mark'd (C)
signed by <i>John Hamilton</i>, whereupon they were sent back with the terms signed by the
duke of <i>Richmond</i>, by order of his R.H. as contained in the paper mark'd (D), and 
about four they brought the paper mark'd (E), sign'd also by <i>John Hamilton</i>; on 
which brigadier <i>Bligh</i> was order's immediately to take possession of the town, and 
he will have there <i>this &#x002A; night</i> 400 foot guards, and 700 marching foot, with
120 horse to patrole in the streets. His R.H. the duke will enter the town of 
<i>Carlisle</i> himself &#x002A; <i>to-morrow</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">&#x002A; THe words <i>this night</i>, and <i>to-morrow</i> 
being found very abstruse, as standing under the date <i>Whitehall, Jan.</i> 2. it was 
necessary to add the date above from <i>Blackhall, Dec.</i> 30, and to separate the 
account, which was most clear in itself, from the <i>Gazette</i> writer's narrative, with 
which it was blended, the terms unchanged.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Copy of his royal highness's message to the rebels at</i> 
Carlisle, <i>upon their hanging out a white flag on Monday morning,</i> Dec. 30, 1745.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(A) HIS royal highness will make no exchange of hostages with 
rebels, and desires they will let him know by me, what they mean by hanging out the white 
flag.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(B) To let the <i>French</i> officer know, if there is one in the 
town, that there are no <i>Dutch</i> troops here, but enough of the king's to chastise the
rebels, and those who dare to give them any assistance. Sign'd
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Col.</i> Conway, <i>aid de camp to his R.H. the duke.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(D) John Hamilton's <i>answer to his R.H. the duke's message to 
the rebels in</i> Carlisle, Dec. 30, 1745.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN answer to the short note sent by his royal highness prince 
<i>William</i>, D. of <i>Cumberland</i>, the governor in name of himself and all the 
officers and soldiers, gunners, and others belonging to the garrison, desires to know what
terms his R.H. will be pleased to give them, upon surrender of the city and castle of 
<i>Carlisle</i>, and which known, his R.H. shall be duly acquainted with the governor and 
garrison's last or ultimate resolution, the white flag being hung out on purpose to obtain
cessation of arms for concluding such a capitulation. This is to be given to his R.H.'s 
aid de camp.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sign'd <i>John Hamilton.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(D) <i>His Royal Highness's declaration to the rebels, sent by the
colonels</i> Conway <i>and Ld</i> Bury, <i>aid de camps to his R.H. after receiving</i> 
John Hamilton'<i>s letter,</i> Dec. 30.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ALL the terms his royal highness will or can grant to the rebel 
garrison of <i>Carlisle</i> are, that they shall not be put to the sword, but be reserv'd 
for the king's pleasure.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If they consent to these conditions, the governor and principal 
officers are to deliver themselves up immediately, and the castle, city, and all the gates
of the town, are to be taken possession of forthwith by the king's troops. All the small 
arms are to be lodged in the town guard room, and the rest of the garrison are to retire 
to the cathedral, where a guard is to be placed over them. No damage is to be done to the 
artillery, arms, or ammunition.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Head quarters at</i> Blackhall, Dec. 30. <i>Half an hour past 
two in the afternoon.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By his royal highness's command,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sign'd <i>Richmond, Lenox,</i> and <i>Aubigny,</i> Lieut. Gen. of 
his majesty's forces.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(E) <i>The rebels answer to the terms offer'd them by his royal 
highness,</i> Dec. 30, 1745.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE governor of <i>Carlisle</i>, and the hail officers comprising 
the garrison, agree to the terms of capitulation given in, and subscribed by order of his 
royal highness, by his grace the duke of <i>Richmond, Lenox,</i> and <i>Aubigny</i>, 
Lieut. Gen. of his majesty's forces, recommending themselves to his royal highness's 
clemency, and that his royal highness will be pleased to interpose for them with his 
majesty; and that the officers cloaths and baggage may be safe, with a competent time to 
be allow'd to the citizens of <i>Carlisle</i> to remove their beds, bed-cloaths, and other
houshold furniture impressed from
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1746 p.22</Title>
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<Date>1746</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.22
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">them for the use of the garrison in the castle. <i>The 30th of</i>
Dec. 1745, <i>at three o'clock in the afternoon. </i>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Title>Gents Mag 1746 p.23</Title>
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<Date>1746</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> 
<Keyword>prisoner</Keyword> <Keyword>Saunderson, John, Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Townley,
Francis, Colonel</Keyword> <Keyword>Moss, Peter, Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Dawson, James,
Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Fletcher, George, Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Blood, Andrew, 
Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Deacon, Thomas, Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Berwick, John, 
Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Deacon, Robert, Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Holker, John, 
Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Chadwick, Thomas, Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Furnival, 
Thomas, Lieutenant</Keyword>  <Keyword>Manchester Regiment</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.23
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
</Marginal>
1745 Rebellion, Prisoners at Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the London Gazette:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, Jan.</i> 7. The following is an account of the rebel
officers and soldiers, together with their artillery, taken by his royal highness the duke
of <i>Cumberland</i> at <i>Carlisle</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>LIST of the English rebel officers in the Manchester regiment 
taken in Carlisle</i>, 1745.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Col.</i>
<Line>Francis Townley, of Lancashire.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Capt</i>.
<Line>John Saunderson, of Northumberland.</Line>
<Line>Peter Moss, of Lancashire.</Line>
<Line>James Dawson, of ditto.</Line>
<Line>George Fletcher, of ditto.</Line>
<Line>Andrew Blood, of Yorkshire.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Lieuts</i>.
<Line>Thomas Deacon, of Lancashire.</Line>
<Line>John Berwick, of ditto.</Line>
<Line>Robert Deacon, of ditto.</Line>
<Line>John Holker, of ditto.</Line>
<Line>Thomas Chadwick, of Staffordshire.</Line>
<Line>Thomas Furnival, of Cheshire.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Ensigns</i>
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>cannon</Keyword> <Keyword>Gordon, Charles, Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Duke of 
Athol's Regiment</Keyword> <Keyword>Lord Ogilvie's Regiment</Keyword> <Keyword>Gordon, 
James, Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Colonel Grant's Regiment</Keyword> <Keyword>Ogilvie, 
Walter, Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Stewart, William, Lieutenant</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Colonel Roye Stewart's Regiment</Keyword> <Keyword>M'Grouther, Alex, 
Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Mitchel, Walter, Ensign</Keyword> <Keyword>Ramsey, George, 
Ensign</Keyword> <Keyword>Stratton, James</Keyword> <Keyword>Nicholson, James, 
Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Abernethy, Alexander, Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Burnet, 
John, Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Duke of Perth's Regiment</Keyword> <Keyword>M'Donald, 
Donald, Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Capock's Regiment</Keyword> <Keyword>Comerie, John, 
Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Syddek, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Maddock, Samuel, 
Ensign</Keyword> <Keyword>Cappock, James</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, pretend 
Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Hamilton, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Forbes, Robert, 
Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Lord Gordon's Regiment</Keyword> <Keyword>Gaylor, Charles, 
Ensign</Keyword> <Keyword>Deacon, Charles, Ensign</Keyword> <Keyword>Huret, John, 
Ensign</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilding, James, Ensign</Keyword> <Keyword>Betts, John, 
Ensign</Keyword>  <Keyword>Bradshaw, William, Ensign</Keyword>  <Keyword>cannon</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.24
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Ensigns</i>
<Line>Charles Deacon, of Lancashire.</Line>
<Line>Charles Gaylor, of ditto.</Line>
<Line>John Hurter, of Northumberland.</Line>
<Line>James Wilding, of Lancashire.</Line>
<Line>John Betts, of ditto.</Line>
<Line>William Bradshaw, of ditto.</Line>
<Line>Samuel Maddock, of Cheshire.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Adjut.</i>
<Line>Thomas Syddel, of Lancashire (<i>Barber</i>)</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Total of Officers.</i> 1 Colonel. 5 Captains. 6 Lieutenants. 7 
Ensigns. 1 Adjutant. And 93 non-commissioned rebel officers, drummers, and private men.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">James Cappock, of Lancashire, made by the Pretender Bishop of 
Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>LIST of the Scotch Rebel Officers taken in Carlisle, 1745.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">John Hamilton, of Aberdeenshire, late Governor. - Robert Forbes, 
of ditto, Capt. in Lord Lewis Gordon's regiment. - John Burnet, of ditto, Capt. in Col. 
Grant's regiment. - Alexander Abernethy, of ditto, Capt. in the D. of Perth's regiment. - 
Donald M'Donald, of Inverness-shire, Capt. in Capock's regiment. - John Comerie, of Braes 
of Athol, Capt. in the D. of Athol's regiment. - Charles Gordon, of Aberdeenshire, 
Lieutenant in in Lord Ogilvie's regiment. - James Gordon, of ditto, Lieut. in Col. Grant's
regiment. - Walter Ogilvie, of Bamffshire, Lieut. in Lord Lewis Gordon's regiment. - 
William Stewart, of ditto, Lieut. in Col. Roye Stewart's regiment. - Alex M'Grouther, of 
Perthshire, Lieut. in the D. of Perth's regiment. - Alex. M'Grouther, of ditto, Lieut. in 
ditto. - Walter Mitchel, of Aberdeenshire, Ensign in ditto. - George Ramsey, of ditto, 
Ensign in ditto. - James Stratton, of Berwickshire, Surgeon to the garrison. - James 
Nicholson, broke the capitulation by endeavouring to make his escape, Lieut. in the D. of 
Perth's regiment.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Total of Officers.</i> 1 Governor. 1 Surgeon. 6 Captains. 7 
Lieutenants. 3 Ensigns. And 256 non-commissioned rebel officers, Drummers, and private 
men.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>LIST of those stiling themselves French officers, taken at 
Carlisle, 1745.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sir Francis Geogean, of Thoulouse in France, Captain in Lally's 
regiment. - Strickland, of ditto, Col. no regiment. - Sir John Arbuthnot, of ditto, Capt. 
in Lord Drummond's regiment.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Private Men and Serjeants.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Pierre La Locke, of Dieppe in France, Serjeant in Lally's 
regiment. - Fra. Carpentier, of ditto, private man, in ditto. - Pierre Bourgogne, of 
Tourrat, private man, in ditto. - Jean Poussin. of Dieppe, private man in ditto. - Pierre 
Vickman, of ditto, private man, in ditto.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Total of those calling themselves French.</i> 3 Officers. 1 
Serjeant. 4. Private men.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>An Account of the Brass and Iron Ordinance of the Rebels taken 
in Carlise.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">6 brass one and half ponder guns with carriages. 1 brass octagon 
with a carriage. 3 brass four pounder guns with carriages. 4 brass cohorns. 2 royals.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS<Note>?</Note></PersonName>
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<Date>1746</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.30
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>irregular forces</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Irregular Forces</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7460030.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Essay on regular and irregular Forces.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AS some remarkable instances have happen'd of irregular troops 
routing well-disciplin'd, it may be worth while to enquire the causes. If war be a 
peculiar science, as all wise nations have understood it to be, that discipline which 
proves useless ought to be rejected, and a better substituted in its place.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">It
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<PersonName>GS<Note>?</Note></PersonName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>soldier, irregular</Keyword> <Keyword>mob</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of 
Killicranky</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Gladsmuir</Keyword> <Keyword>weapon</Keyword> 
<Keyword>sword</Keyword> <Keyword>gun</Keyword> <Keyword>shield</Keyword> <Keyword>battle 
axe</Keyword> <Keyword>bayonet</Keyword> <Keyword>musket</Keyword> <Keyword>pike</Keyword>
<Keyword>broad sword</Keyword> <Keyword>targe</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Sheriff 
Muir</Keyword> <Keyword>Highlanders</Keyword> <Keyword>Scots</Keyword> 
<Keyword>war</Keyword>  <Keyword>Argyle, Duke of</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.31
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7460031.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It would be needless to produce testimony from history, to shew 
that no assemblage of undisciplin'd mobs, how desperate soever, that fought with the same 
weapons, and had not other advantages, succeeded against an equal number of regular men.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The supreme being, in conducting the <i>Jews</i> from 
<i>AEgypt</i>, led them not by the way of the land of the <i>Philistines</i>, because the 
<i>Philistines</i> were men of war from their youth, regular and well-disciplin'd troops, 
and the <i>Jews</i> in no condition to fight them, and force a passage thro' their 
country. The same superiority is evident in all the wars made on that people; till 
<i>David</i> observing it, form'd the original militia into a standing army, and by that 
means became very successful in his future wars with that republic.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When, therefore, in the case of regular troops engaging with mobs,
the former are defeated, some reasons ought to be assign'd which, in my opinion, are 
chiefly reducible to the following: Superiority of numbers, misconduct of officers, 
particularly the general, surprize, temerity, cowardice, difference of weapons, and 
confusion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the battle of <i>Gilli-cranky</i>, the difference of weapons, 
confusion, and cowardice of the horse, were always assign'd as the principal causes of our
defeat.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the late affair at <i>Gladsmuir</i>, most of the troops had 
never been in action; wherefore to the reasons before named, cowardice and surprize ought 
to be join'd, tho' the last seems to be the greatest part of the charge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is particularly to be observ'd, that regular men can never 
fight well when reduced to the form of a mob, no more than a mob can fight like regular 
men. The former is a method of fighting which soldiers are not acquainted with, and the 
practice and lesson of their lives absolutely discharge it. 'Twill therefore be the 
constant aim of a tumultuous and cunning enemy to render discipline useless by introducing
confusion; if by a sudden shock, or desperate push they acquire this, certain victory is 
generally the consequence, they are the best fighters in disorder, their leaders 
sufficiently know this, and never fail to improve it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another essential cause is the difference of weapons, not so much 
the sword as the shield, which protects the assailant in cutting his way, and enables him 
to proceed with intrepidity, and strike terror. The success is ascribed to personal 
valour, and the agent is elated, while the execution performed by fire-arms is too general
to give the honour to any one agent. Hence the Highlanders acquire their fame, and presume
on greater bravery. Their swords indeed are manageable with much greater dexterity and 
smartness than ours, the three centres of motion, gravity, and magnitude uniting in them, 
which the weight of our blades, and the lightness of our hilts, separate too much.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As for the battle-axe, the inconveniency of wielding it renders it
of very little consequence but terror.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Much dependence has of late years been placed on the musket and 
bayonet, which are more manageable, and less embarassing than the long and unwieldy pike, 
and, for their double use, have been preferred to it. But in a close engagement the broad 
sword and target seem to have much the advantage of the musket and bayonet; since the 
point of the bayonet may be receiv'd upon the target on the left hand, while the weighty 
broad sword does the business on the right, the fighter without a shield having no guard 
against the stroke. For this reason a <i>Scotch</i> gentleman of considerable wealth, and 
great dealings as a merchant, proposed to raise and head a regiment to be instructed in a 
particular discipline, by which he would undertake to engage and overthrow any Highland 
regiment, notwithstanding their target. The method was for his men to sling the musket on 
the right shoulder, or under the strap of the left, lengthening the sling, that the musket
might be supported so as to lessen the weight, and by hanging at a balance, at a 
convenient length, might be push'd forward, like a battering ram, with the left hand, so 
that the point of the bayonet would come under the Highlander's right arm, out of the way 
of the target, and while he was aiming a stroke, our merchant's soldier was to defend 
himself by the guard of his sword in his right hand. A method not unlike this was followed
by the late duke of <i>Argyle</i>, when he push'd and entirely routed the rebels right 
wing at <i>Sherriff-muir</i>. Why the merchant's proposal was not accepted, or whether any
regard has been had to the method, I cannot say; but as the king's troops do not want of 
courage, it is a pity they should not serve themselves of every art for defence, as well 
as offence. (<i>See Vol. XV.</i> p.527.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is easier to point out difficulties than to remedy them. War is
a science I have but little study'd; but it seems beyond a doubt, that a constant and 
regular fire from the foot, with a vigorous support of the horse, would presently turn the
scales, against even Highlanders. Their shields are not impenetrable to bullets, and these
desperadoes, mad as they are, will chuse to shun death by flight, the moment that
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">they
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<Title>Gents Mag 1746 p.32</Title>
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<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS<Note>?</Note></PersonName>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Highlanders</Keyword> <Keyword>chain mail</Keyword> <Keyword>pistol</Keyword> 
<Keyword>soldier, irregular</Keyword>  <Keyword>Marlborough, Duke of</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.32
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7460032.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">they are convinced it is not to be avoided by standing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To prevent all future attempts of so dangerous a consequence, two 
or three regiments of loyal Highlanders might be rais'd, for the government's use, that 
may continue their own method of fighting, without going tho' the discipline of ours.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Some regiments of horse, instructed in the hussar manner of 
fighting, would likewise be highly serviceable on these contests. For I am of the D. of 
<i>Marlborough</i>'s opinion, that a few active regiments of horse would answer better to 
quell such tumults, than twice the number of foot.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>I am, Sir, Yours,</i> &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">G.S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 21, 1745.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P. S.</i> That the soldiers ought to be guarded with all manner
of defensive mail, not cumbersome to use, is certainly very commendable in a war of this 
nature, and to have pistols as well as the Highlanders, to the end that, when these madmen
find their purpose frustrated in hewing their way, they might shew their heels.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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Everard, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, Duke of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.43
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
</Marginal>
1745 Rebellion, Whitehaven</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">The Historical Chronicle for Wednesday 29 January 1746 has:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The inhabitants of Whitehaven, having distinguished themselves by 
the ready assistance given to the army under the duke of Cumberland, Sir Everard Faulkner,
by command of his R.H. wrote a letter of thanks to them on that account.
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Burn, J</PersonName>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>Tinkle 
Street<Note>Finkle Street ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>beacon, Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Langonby Bridge<Note>Langwathby 
Bridge</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>bridge, Langwathby</Keyword> <Keyword>Langonby 
Moor<Note>Langwathby Moor</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>battle, Temple 
Sowerby<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Perth, Duke of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Culgaith</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith Beacon, Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Langwathby Moor, Langwathby</Keyword> <Keyword>Langwathby Bridge,
Langwathby</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Orton, Orton S</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Temple Sowerby</Keyword> <Keyword>Eamont Bridge, Yanwath etc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Shap</Keyword> <Keyword>Stramongate Bridge, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Finkle 
Street, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal: Finkle Street</Keyword> <Keyword>bridge, 
Kendal</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.62
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
</Marginal>
1745 Rebellion</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7460062.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN, <i>Feb.</i> 10, 1745-6.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AS the intelligence convey'd to us by your magazine is very much 
depended upon, and may furnish materials for a more compleat history of the present 
troubles, it becomes every one, to furnish you with proper incidents.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In your Mag. for <i>December, p</i>.624 C, in the note, and 
<i>p</i>.625 F, you have given some account of the D. of <i>Perth</i>'s being attack'd at 
<i>Kendal</i>, and of his procedure afterwards till his joining the main body of the 
rebels; but as it is imperfect, I would supply its deficiencies with an exact 
representation of the affair.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 14. The D. of <i>Perth</i> with about 110 men, the 
vanguard of the rebels, dress'd in imitation of hussars, entred <i>Kendal</i> and pass'd 
quietly till they came to <i>Tinkle-street</i>, where the mob suddenly rising fell upon 
them, with clubs, stones, or any thing they could pick up in their hurry. The D.'s men 
made a short stand a little below the fish market, and fir'd several shot, by which four 
people received wounds of which they died. Of the rebels none were kill'd on the place, 
but four made prisoners, one of them <i>Perth</i>'s servant, who rid on a good horse, and 
had a mail behind him, which were secured. Then the rebels push'd forward as fast as their
horses could carry them near a quarter of a mile, till they came at the bridge, being 
pursued all the way by the enraged people, throwing stones, &amp;c. at them. Their rear 
made another stand here, and seem'd as if they would return, but a townsman, having crept 
privately to the end of the bridge, fir'd at the foremost, who immediately let his gun and
cloak fall, and could not turn his horse, but by the help of his companions he got off; 
however they buried 3 before they got to <i>Shap</i>, and about noon they proceeded on 
their march as far as <i>Eamont Bridge</i>, intending for <i>Penrith</i> that night, but 
perceiving that beacon on fire, they enquir'd at a public house the reason; the landlady 
told them it was to raise the country, and added, 'Gentlemen, I desire you for God's sake 
to go back, because all the hedges from here to <i>Penrith</i> are lin'd.' They follow'd 
her advice, and returned to <i>Shap</i>. Here they staid the remainder of the night, and 
<i>Perth</i> was in so great a fright, that he durst not keep his quarters, but removed to
another house near the middle of the town. Having forc'd a guide here, they set out early 
in the morning, but not daring to venture the <i>Penrith</i> road, they cross'd the 
<i>Eden</i> at a village call'd <i>Culgaith</i>, and intended to have pursu'd their route 
for <i>Scotland</i> along the East of that river: but <i>Penrith</i> people having notice 
of their march, sent a detachment of between 2 and 300 men mounted and arm'd, who crossing
the <i>Eden</i> at <i>Langonby</i> bridge, met the rebels on <i>Langonby</i> moor, who on 
some shot fired at them, thought fit to retreat, without disputing for a passage, by 
<i>Temple Sowerby</i>, being hotly pursu'd by the country people, from every side, and 
sometimes almost surrounded. ---
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">They once made a stand upon a plain open piece of ground, but the 
country people who were mostly on foot and badly armed, did not care to come too near 
them, except where they had hedges, walls or rocky ground to secure them from the horse. 
When the rebels saw that the country would not fight them, except upon their own ground, 
they once more mov'd forward, and when it was almost dark, were greatly distressed, for 
the countrymen dividing into small companies, were near them on every side, discharging 
guns and huzzaing, which made them often vary their course: About 7 o'clock they came to 
<i>Orton</i>, where the D. of <i>Perth</i> had lodged all night when the rebels marched 
southward, but he did not know the town, nor dursts enter it, till having first sent in to
take some prisoners, by whom he learnt that there were no soldiers or armed men in it. 
During this pursuit one of the rebels was taken and they took a country boy who had 
discharged his pistol 2 or 3 times at them, and seem'd determin'd to shoot him; but 
<i>Perth</i> dissuaded them, saying he was a pretty boy, and 'twould be a pity to kill 
him. The Eastern part of <i>Westmorland</i>, hearing the transactions of the day, and yt 
the rebels were lodged at <i>Orton</i>, resolved to serve their king and country, by 
taking or destroying these enemies of our peace. Accordingly <i>Appleby, Kirkby 
Stephen</i>, and indeed the country in general rose that night, and went to surround 
<i>Orton</i> as soon as they could, many of them being near before day, and determined to 
attack the town, but the rebels after a short repose having proceeded forward to 
<i>Kendal</i>, the country were disappointed of their design.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P.</i>625. <i>Col.</i>2. H. it is said by the <i>Gazette</i>, 
'the loss of the rebels could not be known, as it was quite dark before the skirmish was 
over.' I believe 'tis true, that no body does know the exact number of the kill'd. Five 
only being found dead upon the field, many suppose that no more were kill'd; I cannot 
positively assert the contrary; but as I was a very near eye witness of the action, one of
the rebels having been kill'd within a few yards of the place where I stood, I had perhaps
a fairer oppportunity of seeing what passed than any other person, whether member of the 
army or not; and do declare, that the second regular fire of the king's men in the field, 
which was made when the two bodies were about 50 yards distant from each other, did a 
great deal of execution among the rebels; for I suppose, some scores might fall, and I am 
sure they never rose again while I kept my station; and after this the rebels receiv'd a 
full fire from the king's men within a very few yards, which certainly must do very great 
execution, but as they were immediately involved in smoke I could not see; but as to the 
first I am positive that numbers were either kill'd or wounded, and their not being found 
is no objection to the truth of the thing, because they had time enough to carry them off.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">J. Burn.
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1745 Rebellion, Prisoners at Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Historical Chronicle <i>February</i> 1746.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Paragraph rend="quote">MONDAY 10.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The rebel officers taken at <i>Carlisle</i>, being 39, besides a 
<i>French</i> colonel engineer, and 4 others, were brought to town in 4 waggons and a 
coach, under a strong guard of soldiers; part of them were carried to <i>New Prison</i>, 
and the rest, among whom was <i>Hamilton</i> governor of <i>Carlisle</i>, to 
<i>Newgate</i>, except the <i>Frenchmen</i> who were conducted, the engineer in a coach, 
and the others in a waggon, to the <i>Marshalsea</i> prison; (the pretender's bishop of 
<i>Carlisle, Cappuch</i>, had been committed to <i>Chester</i> castle.) They were very 
rudely treated by the populace, who pelted them with dirt, and shew'd all other marks of 
abhorrence of their black designs.
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Cannon for Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Historical Chronicle, April 1746.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">WEDNESDAY 2.Twelve pieces of cannon 12 pounders were also order'd 
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1745 Rebellion, Carlisle</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Article accompanying a map of the Countries Adjacent to Carlisle 
shewing the Route of the Rebels by G Smith, published in the Gentleman's Magazine, London,
May 1746.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">A Letter to a friend, containing an account of the march of the 
rebels into England, description of the castle of Carlisle, and a dissertation on the old 
Roman wall; with respect to the map of it, and the adjacent country, the plan of Carlisle,
and the view of its castle, just publish'd in two sheets; the draughts of which were 
favourably received by the duke of Cumberland on his forming the attack on Carlisle 
castle; and now are dedicated to his royal highness; by G. Smith.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SIR,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SO many idle rumours of the march of the rebels into England, had 
been spread previous to the fact, that to flatter our indolence we presumed it to be 
impossible, and therefore took no measures to prevent it; we cloister'd up the light horse
and militia of both counties within the walls of Carlisle, and left the country to shift 
for itself; our nobility, except lord Lonsdale, did nothing, even those whose fortunes 
depended greatly on the route of the rebels, raised not a single man in the cause.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By letters from Scotland on Tuesday Nov. 5, we began to understand
that the long projected expedition was now actually undertaken, and our frontiers quite 
open and unguarded; the garrison of Carlisle were under no apprehensions, judging they 
would march past them as in the rebellion of 1715. We secreted our most valuable effects, 
and sent the ladies eastward from these miscreants, of whom we had most terrible 
representations, determined to abide them ourselves.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On Thursday the eastermost column had gained Stangarth side on the
English border, and we suspected their intention was to penetrate thro' the wastes of 
Beu-castle for Brampton, being the properest place to subsist so numerous a corps; but 
that night we learn'd that they had turn'd to the right for Longtown, which gave us hopes 
that they would continue their march for Row-cliff and pass the river Eden there, the 
dryness of the season having reduc'd that stream to a tolerable fording in several places 
below Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On Friday the middlemost column join'd them, and on Saturday their
hussars advanced to Stanwix bank, to take a view of the city; on which the 8 gun battery 
at B fir'd from the castle and they disappear'd. On Sunday they invested the city on all 
sides, having passed Eden at several fords below. The marq. of Tullibardin was driven with
his corps from Shaddan-gate by the four gun battery at D, and those on the north under the
duke of Perth remained in the village of Stanwix, where some houses received considerable 
damage from the continued fire of the eight gun battery.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The troops on the south side under the pretender's son were in 
like manner repuls'd by the citadel and turret guns. Being in want of materials for a 
siege a resolution was that night taken to remove to Brampton, and the quarter masters 
accordingly came into that place about midnight.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On Monday the 11th the prince's lifeguards, as they were called, 
came to Naworth Castle the earl of Carlisle's seat, and I went to see them, they behaved 
in general with much complaisance and were well-dress'd, good-looking men: they were very 
solicitous to see a map of England, and I carry'd them one on Tuesday morning, to try if I
could penetrate their intentions; but these were inscrutable; only I observed they made 
great enquiry about Wales, and afterwards about other places, artfully to disguise their 
aim; which however I am apt to think they scarce knew themselves.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The same morning capt. Hamilton, quarter-master general of the 
foot, came to Naworth, demanding billets for 6000 men: the guards look'd very blank at the
proposal, and began to secure their portables, and I soon found what a nest of thieves we 
were going to have.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">About noon several hundreds of a wretched, ill-looking, shabby 
crew pass'd by armed with targets, broad swords, muskets, &amp;c. and seemed very angry if
no deference was paid to their flag: that afternoon and all next day they spent in 
shooting sheep, geese, &amp;c. and robbing on the highway: tho' their chiefs express'd 
great dissatisfaction at their proceedings, yet they dar'd not restrain them for fear of 
putting them out of humour. Betwixt that and the 16th, I had some of their hussars, an 
audacious, insolent, lying rabble, and on Saturday the 16th six of the officers of the 
M'Phersons, who were by far the civilest of their foot, and pay'd for what they had in a 
genteel manner enough; it was not my business to expose their extravagant chimeras, but I 
found they were kept extremely ignorant of our affairs, by the artifice of their 
superiors. Some of them had their sons in his majesty's army, but were made to believe 
that all our regular forces were detained by the French in Flanders, and they already 
possessed London in their elevated ima-
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1745 Rebellion, Carlisle</Heading>
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1773.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[ima]ginations without drawing a sword.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The fate of Carlisle you must have heard from other hands, we are 
yet in doubt whether that ignominious surrender was caused by cowardice or treachery, or 
both; I think it most probable that it was lost thro' a presumption that it would never be
attack'd, and for want of a regular discipline among the men. The map exhibits that 
pretended battery which contributed to this false step, to which I refer you. The 
pretender's son was proclaimed at the cross, the keys of the city being carry'd to him at 
Brampton by the mayor and attendants; it should seem a necessary question how the keys of 
a garrison town, the custody of which was always till then committed to the governor, 
nominal or residential, came to be delivered into the mayor's hands for such a use at such
a time.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">During the pretended siege the garrison had a lad kill'd on the 
citadel by a musket shot, and one by the accidental firing of a piece on the walls, which 
was all their loss slain or wounded. What the rebels lost is not to be ascertain'd, a 
person of distinction was reported to be kill'd near Harraby, and bury'd with great 
solemnity at Wetheral; a principal engineer was seen to fall by a shot from the citadel at
the head of their pretended battery: doubtless they lost more, but I am apt to believe not
many, because they kept at too great a distance, and could not be discover'd for a very 
thick and uncommon mist which continued all the time; so that the garrison may be said to 
have fir'd in the dark, directing their guns only by the sound of their pipes or voices. 
Their own reports were not at all to be credited, some of them pretending that the cannon 
balls had hit them without hurting them, credat Judaeus Apella.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On Tuesday the 19th, about 100 horse more came to Brampton from 
Scotland, and the greatest part of the inhabitants of the country, tir'd out with finding 
subsistence for such a voracious crew, fled. I went to Halt-wesel, hearing that general 
Wade's army was in full march for our relief, determining to join him, but the day 
following that rout was countermanded, on hearing that the rebels were proceeding 
southward. Such was the position of our affairs, from the 5th till the 20th of November; a
long period of uneasiness and expence in carrying off and bringing back effects.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I must do the rebels the justice to say, that they never used so 
much as a single woman in the whole country with the least indecency, notwithstanding the 
crimes of that nature laid to their charge: 'Tis said that their prince had given strict 
orders to the contrary, and declared that every oficer should suffer as the criminal for 
actions of that nature, committed by any of the ruffians under him: whether true or not I 
cannot say.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">All the time they lay in this neighbourhood they were marching and
countermarching constantly, the better to conceal their numbers, which they reported to be
22000, but were only about one third of that number.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the time that the rebels left this neighbourhood, every day 
brought different accounts of them, which were all reported with so many improbable 
circumstances that they gained no credit. We too plainly perceiv'd that they had many 
well-wishers, who industriously conceal'd whatever might be to their prejudice, and 
exaggerated every circumstance in their favour. Sometimes it was reported that they were 
defeated, and presently afterwards that they were within a day's march of London, and that
the mob had taken arms to support them: Every thing began to be in confusion, for those 
who had nothing to lose were ready to break down the partition wall that separated 
properties; what contributed greatly to our uneasiness was that we could gain no 
intelligence that could be rely'd upon; the intercourse between Newcastle and Carlisle, 
being in a manner suspended after that city fell into the enemies hands. It was not long 
before several of the inhabitants of that and the neighbouring places, exasperated against
the tyranny of the Highland government, began to rouze themselves, necessity inspiring 
them with courage; associations were formed to regain their liberty, and a scheme laid to 
storm the castle, and destroy the rebel garrison; chimerical as this project may appear, 
it terrify'd the governor into an artful invitation of the mayor and aldermen to an 
entertainment within his precincts; which they accepted for fear of giving offence, and 
were immediately secur'd, tho' soon after released, on parole that they would encourage no
such attempt for the future; others were confined on suspicion, and every village in the 
neighbourhood of the city search'd for arms or ammunition by the rebels, who nevertheless 
were continually deserting as apprehensive of surprize. The governor neglected nothing to 
keep them in spirits,
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.235
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<Paragraph rend="quote">sometimes flattering them with expectations from Scotland, at 
other times from France, and when all this wou'd not do, he fir'd the guns round the 
batteries for joy of a pretended victory, got I know not where. I do assure you their joy,
ill grounded as it was, gave all real well-wishers to their country sufficient uneasiness,
especially as no certain intelligence could be obtained.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the mean time frequent skirmishes happen'd betwixt the citizens
and rebels, in all which the townsmen had the better, and made several prisoners, whom 
they sent to distant goals, whilst the governor, to prevent a general defection, seiz'd 
the fathers of the offenders, as if punishing them would atone for the fault of their 
sons. He likewise attempted several methods to remove the general odium which his party 
lay under, sometimes by fair words, and at other times by menaces, and locking up the 
gates, all which prov'd ineffectual; so that the whole extent of his government seem'd to 
be in a state of hostility and confusion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Affairs were in this situation 'till about the middle of December,
when the governor being appriz'd of the retreat of his partisans, seiz'd on the market, 
and fixed his own price on the commodities, ransacking the country people, under pretence 
of searching for letters, and impressing beds for the use of his garrison from the 
inhabitants.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">(to be continued.)
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Duke of Cumberland</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">WILLIAM DUKE OF CUMBERLAND.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Volumes 15 and 16, 1745-46, of the Gentleman's Magazine have many 
articles about the 1745 Rebellion. 1747 pp.240-242 is a report of the Battle of Culloden, 
with several pages about Civilizing the Highlanders and Punishing the Rebels, ...
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Letter relating to the Map and Plan of Carlisle, and the Retreat 
of the Rebels (Continued from p.235.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE rebels all this time were making forc'd marches to regain 
Scotland before his royal highness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The dread of the return of a mob of exasperated ruffians, 
disappointed of their grand project, and in want of all things, threw us into a general 
consternation:
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.301
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Penrith beacon was fir'd as a signal of distress, and the whole 
country thereupon flock'd southward to its relief. A party of about 120 rebels, which had 
been driven from Kendal before the rest came up, were intercepted in their flight, and 
pursued into Orton craigs; but they regain'd their main body, tho' with great difficulty, 
and after a very close pursuit, one only being taken.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As there were no officers among them, and the people were very 
ill-arm'd, 'twas judg'd extremely imprudent to hazard an action, especially as the 
distance of the duke's army could not certainly be known; so they separated to guard the 
avenues leading to their respective habitations, and left Penrith to shift for itself.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On Wednesday, Dec. 18, about midnight, by an express from his 
royal highness, we were summon'd to give all the assistance possible, by endeavouring to 
intercept the rebels, or any part of them, before they regain'd Carlisle. But they kept in
so compact a body that we throught the attempt impracticable, especially considering the 
difference of weapons and numbers; so they reach'd the city on Thursday night and Friday 
morning, excepting a few inconsiderable stragglers, who were secur'd.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Had it not been for the surrender of Carlisle, where they had now 
a comfortable retreat, and necessary supplies, they must have been extremely embarass'd, 
as the rains had now rendered the river Eden unfordable; but on the news of the Duke's 
marching from Penrith, they abandoned the city, and left the old governor, with about 400 
Highlanders, and the English auxiliaries, to garrison the castle, with a view to retard 
the pursuit, having suffer'd incredible fatigues in the course of their flight from Derby;
in which, had not a halt, of near 30 hours, been unhappily order'd to the king's troops, 
on the false notion of an invasion in Sussex, they would have been infallibly destroy'd. 
They forded Esk near Longtown, but lost some men by the rapidity of the current, seem'd to
be in great uneasiness at Graitna, and vented repeated menaces against England for its 
disloyalty and backwardness in so just a cause, threatning a return after being join'd by 
the forces which were then in Scotland for the service. As the principal topic of thes 
(sic) rebel conversation, while they prepared to attack Carlisle, was on the beauties of 
their prince, the valour of their men, the tyranny of the present government, the justness
of their cause, and their disregard of death; so now they were always boasting their skill
and capacity in making an unparallel'd retreat, and their great prudence in timeing it, so
as to prevent their being inclos'd between two fires.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His royal highness arrived before Carlisle on Saturday the 21st, 
and honour'd Blackhall by taking up his lodgings there, at the same house in which the 
pretender's son was quarter'd in his march round that city. His royal highness sent notice
privately to the well affected citizens to withdraw with their effects, and on Sunday 
Carlisle was again invested on all sides. On Monday, I sent his highness a plan of the 
city and castle of Carlisle, to which this is a copy, with my humble opinion where the 
batteries might be commodiously rais'd, to distress the town least, and the enemy most, by
firing on the west curtain from Primrose Bank, and endeavouring to break down the arch 
over the sally-port door, which was accordingly approv'd of, and put in execution.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As the army had left their trenching materials behind to 
facilitate the pursuit, the country was summon'd in with theirs, who with great alacrity 
flock'd to the place, and cast up the ditch at L, notwithstanding the fire from the 
garrison, which hurt not a single man, there being an advanc'd guard of soldiers to inform
the trenchers at every flash. On Thursday the 26th his royal highness went round to visit 
the works on the North side near Stanwix, and some friends of the rebels having driven a 
flock of sheep onto the Swifts, the garrison, under favour of some cannon placed on Eden 
bridge, made a sally, and brought several head into the Castle; flour was also furnish'd 
them from time to time, notwithstanding the prohibition, which oblig'd his royal highness 
to cut the aqueducts that drove the mills, to disappoint their supplies; the rebels burnt 
a barn and house near the English gate the same day. On Friday six eighteen pounders which
arrived from Whitehaven were brought from Rawcliff, and planted on the batteries, in order
to begin to play on Saturday at day-break, which they accordingly did, 3 against the angle
battery at C, and the other 3 against the 4 gun battery at D. 'Tis to be noted that as the
parapet of the castle wall was extremely low, and the gunners on that account greatly 
expos'd, the inhabitants had rais'd an artificial bulwark of wet turf to a considerable 
thickness, with proper
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.302
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<Paragraph rend="quote">embrasures for the cannon, before the first march of the rebels 
out of Scotland; a work sufficient to drown the shot of any pieces which the enemy cou'd 
bring along with them, the road they came. But these were presently thrown down by the 
repeated shocks of the eighteen pounders, and the rebels, expos'd to too brisk a fire, 
abandon'd the battery at D by noon, the army continuing to batter in breach all that 
afternoon and next day, besides the cohorns which were thrown from the ditch, at the end 
of Priestbeck bridge, as exhibited in the map, and which greatly incommoded the garrison. 
The wall by Sunday night began to totter, and three more cannon arriving they were erected
on a new battery at H, somewhat nearer, to play on the angle C; the other 5 were to batter
in breach (one of the six having burst). At the sight of this new battery the governor 
hung out a flag of truce, before any breach was effect'd, subsequent to which were the 
conditions publish'd in the Gazette, to which I refer, (see p.81)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">DESCRIPTION of CARLISLE castle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE castle of Carlisle is built on a rising ground, close to the 
North side of Hadrian's vallum, near the conflux of the Eden and Cauda. It was at first 
probably one of Agricola's stations, which Severus remov'd to the opposite bank of the 
Eden, for the better securing of his wall; for which reason it is omitted in the list of 
Pancirolus's garrisons (being none in his time) and Congevata, or Stanwix, substituted in 
its stead. It continued nevertheless a place of note, and is frequently mention'd, in the 
Itinerary of Antonine under the name of Lugo-vallum, ad vallum, deriv'd, as etymologists 
imagine, from the Celtic word LUGOS, a tower, and VALLUM, a trench, or rampart. But I 
rather conjecture that it was wrote Leucovallum, denoting a particular whiteness in the 
wall of this place, almost all the other walls in that country appearing red from the 
colour of the stone of which they are built. Egfrid, a king of Northumberland, seems to be
the first who built a castle here in the 7th century, but it was afterwards demolish'd by 
the Danes, and again restor'd by Rufus son of the Norman, for a safe-guard against the 
Scots. The munificence of succeeding kings added greatly to its strength, so that it was 
able to hold out a considerable time in the civil war;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">and might have been an impregnable barrier against the rebels, who
could not have lain long before it, even with the garrison of invalids, had they done 
their duty. It consists at present of an inner and outer fortification, both together 
making one triangular building: A figure least susceptible of improvement from modern 
fortification, but abundant amends is made for this defect by the thickness of its walls, 
the firmness of its mortar, and the distance of annoying batteries, those of his royal 
highness being 700 yards (about 300 beyond point blank) and the escalado being 
impracticable; besides the security of an inner castle of much less compass, of a 
pentagonal form, and incredible strength, especially against any cannon which the rebels 
had or cou'd bring by that road. Nevertheless it surrendered with the city, or immediately
after, at a time when his majesty's army was within two days march to relieve it. Quis 
talia fando, &amp;c. For the position of the batteries, and the number of guns, I refer 
you to the map and plan.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">While the rebels had this castle in possession, a project was 
formed by some of the city, after a surfeit of highland government, to seize it by 
surprize; a scheme feasible enough, as the governor lodg'd in the city, and as it was to 
be effected on a market day, when a curiosity to gaze drew the rebel garrison from their 
stronghold. But it was unluckily discover'd a little before the time fixed for the 
execution. Some of the projectors were secur'd, and other precautions taken, which 
unhappily prevented the entire destruction of the rebels in their flight back, and 
render'd the loss of the place so much the greater consequence, and never enough to be 
regretted.
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Bodotria</Keyword> <Keyword>roman wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Bewcastle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Caste-steeds<Note>Castlesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Antonine Wall, 
Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Netherby</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Castlesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's 
Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Yorkshire</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Domitian</Keyword> <Keyword>Brigantes</Keyword>
<Keyword>Britons</Keyword> <Keyword>Agricola</Keyword> <Keyword>Romans</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Antoninus Pius</Keyword> <Keyword>Caledonians</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword> <Keyword>Severus</Keyword> <Keyword>Dissertation on the Roman 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.357
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Dissertation on the Roman Wall</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7460357.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A Dissertation on the</i> Roman WALL, <i>with Remarks.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN the present situation of affairs, a plan of the method 
antiently practic'd by the vigilant <i>Romans</i> for securing the isthmus of 
<i>Britain</i>, with some remarks on it, will not I believe be unacceptable to the public.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Agricola</i>, lieutenant to the emperor <i>Domitian</i>, seems 
to be the first of the <i>Roman</i> generals that extended his conquests after the 
reduction of the <i>Brigantes</i> to this isthmus. Such of the <i>Britons</i> as escaped 
his arms, retreated behind the long chain of mountains on the skirts of <i>Yorkshire</i> 
and <i>Northumberland</i>. But these strong barriers of nature avail'd little against the 
persevering courage of the <i>Roman</i> soldiery; they carry'd on military roads, and 
supported them with garrisons, thro' the most inaccessible desarts of <i>Britain</i>, and 
united territories which the mountains had sever'd in vain. Whilst any land remain'd the 
<i>Britons</i> fled before the <i>Romans</i>, 'till getting beyond the isthmus at 
<i>Carlisle</i>, a more extended and hilly country, it afforded them not only a safer 
retreat, but the liberty of returning through defiles of thick and entangling forests, yet
unknown to the <i>Romans</i>. But it was not long that the natives could play this game, 
under the attentive eye of <i>Agricola</i>; he soon perceiv'd the inconvenience, and found
out a remedy. He fixed a series of stations in a line across the isthmus, at regular 
intervals, and, garrisoning them with what soldiery he could spare, proceeded with the 
rest to reduce the North. At <i>Bodotria</i> another isthmus occurr'd, much straiter than 
the first; this he fortify'd in like manner, and recall'd the soldiers to keep garrison 
there as in the former, marching to subdue the countries by the <i>Grampian</i> mountains.
But before he could complete his scheme, he was recall'd, and the <i>Caledonians</i>, 
resuming their independency, carry'd their arms to his first line of stations again.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Hadrian</i> afraid of the consequence, and with a view to 
suppress the nocturnal excursions of the enemy, through the intervals of <i>Agricola</i>'s
garrisons, which they frequently perform'd with astonishing celerity and silence, 
connected all these stations by a mud-wall, two aggers, a ditch, and military way.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Antoninus Pius</i> his successor found means to curb the 
insolence of the <i>Caledonians</i>, and confine them to their mountains once more, 
driving them beyond the second isthmus, and fortifying it with an admirable wall of 
hewn-stone from sea to sea, along the series of <i>Agricola</i>'s stations.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After his death <i>Britain</i> was again neglected, and the 
<i>Caledonians</i> overthrowing his wall stretched their limits to <i>Agricola</i>'s first
stations, and the wall was never more recover'd from them by the <i>Romans</i>. Whether 
the succeeding emperors disregarded such a conquest as useless, or whether it was not in 
their power to retake it, is of no consequence to determine; probably their attention to 
affairs on the continent, afforded little time for their securing <i>Britain</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After the death of <i>Antoninus, Severus</i> was the first of the 
<i>Roman</i> emperors that turn'd his eye to <i>Britain</i>, the island being well nigh 
lost by a general defection. He reduc'd them to obedience once more after several 
victories, promoted his boundaries to <i>Hadrian</i>'s wall, and built one of hewn stone 
at this isthmus, similar to <i>Antonine</i>'s, from sea to sea, which continu'd the limit 
of the <i>Roman</i> empire in <i>Britain</i>, 'till their final departure from the island.
But 'tis to be observ'd that he had several advanc'd stations as exploratory garrisons, 
for giving signals on any alarms, and preventing surprize: As at &#x002A; <i>Beu-castle, 
Netherby, Middleby</i>, &amp;c. (See the <i>map</i>), besides the principal encampments on
the wall, each of which appears to have consisted of 1000 foot and 150 horsemen, by the 
stone lately found at <i>Cast-steeds</i> and publish'd in the <i>Magazine</i> for 1741. 
p.650. <i>See also Mag.</i> 1742, p.30, 76, 135.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such was the vigilance, resolution, and military application of 
the conquerors of the world. They turn'd not their soldiers into an army of useless 
observation at the East end of the wall, when the West was ravag'd with thieves, nor, amid
their banquets, were they idle auditors of the oppression of their friends, without 
putting a hand to deliver them. Without any other qualifications but the virtues of a 
military face, and the sincerity of a <i>Roman</i> heart, they disregarded the 
inclemencies of a <i>British</i> air, nor dreaded the point of a <i>Caledonian</i> lance. 
Embroidery was no part of their garb, and took up no part of their time; as they dress'd 
not like mountebanks, they fought not like poltroons. Thus they liv'd, and dying left 
behind them such
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; <i>See Vol.</i>XII. p.132, 318, 368, 529.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's 
Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Romans</Keyword> <Keyword>Hexham, Northumberland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Newcastle upon Tyne, 
Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Tyne, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Highlanders</Keyword> <Keyword>Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Jedburgh, 
Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>siege, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Wade, George, Field 
Marshall</Keyword> <Keyword>Notitia Dignitatum</Keyword> <Keyword>Pancirolus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Antonine Itineraries</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Tunnocelum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Bowness-on-Solway</Keyword> <Keyword>Tinmouth, Northumberland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Itunocelum</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Itoncelum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ituna<Note>Eden</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ptolemy</Keyword> <Keyword>Bowness-on-Solway, Bowness</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors I
Aelia Classica</Keyword> <Keyword>Amboglana</Keyword> <Keyword>Ambleside</Keyword> 
<Keyword>placename, Ambleside</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors I Aelia Dacorum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Birdoswald, Waterhead</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Birdoswald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, 
roman</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.358
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7460358.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">standing monuments to perpetuate their memory, that we are at a 
loss which most to admire, the glory of their actions whilst alive, or their care of 
transmitting theme to posterity after their death.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I am none of those speculative visionaries that would call the 
wall from its ruins, tho' in imagination only; I am sensible it would ev'n be in a manner 
usless in the present practice of war. But had 6 or 7000 regular forces been plac'd in the
line of the wall, from <i>Hexham</i> to <i>Brampton</i> these, with the additional 
garrisons of <i>Carlisle</i> and <i>Newcastle</i>, and the rivers of <i>Tyne</i> and 
<i>Eden</i>, wou'd have effectively prevented the incursion of the rebels into 
<i>England</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The cavalry in the extremities, and the foot in the centre, might 
have united before the Highlanders cou'd get up, as the insuperable desarts on the skirts 
of <i>Northumberland</i> absolutely determined their march on leaving <i>Jedburgh</i>. His
majesty's forces, though timely appriz'd of it, never mov'd westward 'till <i>Carlisle</i>
had surrender'd, and ignominious as it was,'twas defended from <i>Saturday</i> noon 'till 
<i>Friday</i> morning. On the day after the king's troops under the marshal <i>Wade</i> 
march'd forwards to <i>Hexham</i>, in order to relieve us, and by that step gave the 
rebels two days march of them, in the prosecution of their journey to <i>London</i>, which
had actually been accomplish'd, had not his royal highness just prevented it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P. S.</i> In my description of the Roman wall, I have follow'd 
the <i>Notitia</i> of <i>Pancirolus</i>, as the most exact in the rout of the garrisons on
the wall, and carefully compared it with the <i>Itinerary</i> of <i>Antoninus</i>, tho' it
begins where <i>Cambden</i> and all other antiquaries, except <i>Horsley</i>, end, at the 
West sea, calling <i>Tuno celum, Bowness</i>, in place of <i>Tinmouth</i>, and so on. For 
<i>Cambden</i> and his adherents have made scarce a probability ev'n at conjecture with 
regard to them; for example <i>Tun-ocelum</i>, or <i>Itun-ocelum</i>, signifies a 
promontory at the mouth of the river <i>Ituna</i> (<i>Eden</i>, by <i>Ptolemy</i>, and all
who mention it,) such as <i>Bowness</i> is, and not <i>Tinmouth</i>, which has no highland
at all beside it, as <i>Ocelum</i> signifies. Besides, <i>Pancirolus</i> says it was 
garrison'd by the <i>AEl. Classica</i>, as stones found at <i>Bowness</i> import; now 
there are no stones, nor any wall carry'd within 4 miles of <i>Tinmouth</i>, and 
<i>Cambden</i> has not a single reason to support him, but a similitude of names, which 
proves nothing. Again <i>Amboglana</i>, <i>Cambden</i> translates, because of the likeness
of sound, <i>Ambleside</i>, a place in <i>Westmorland</i>, above 30 miles from any part of
the wall. Now <i>Pancirolus</i> says <i>Amboglana</i> was upon the wall, and garrison'd by
the <i>AElia Dacica</i>, as twenty stones dug up there import, and as <i>Pancirolus</i> 
affirms also, and therefore must be the great fort of <i>Burdoswald</i>, which is capable 
to contain 3000 men, with very signal ruins; and their altars expressly assent to 
<i>Pancirolus</i>, and say the <i>cohors AElia Dacica</i> garrison'd it; and so 'tis 
impossible to be <i>Ambleside</i> any more than <i>London</i>;- but of this more in a 
proper time. I beg pardon for dissenting from so great an antiquary, but my reasons will 
convince every unprejudic'd person
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1746 p.537</Title>
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<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>castle</Keyword> <Keyword>Naworth Castle, 
Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Naworth</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Irthing, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Amboglana</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.537
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman inscriptions</Keyword>  <Keyword>Birdoswald</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Inscriptions, Birdoswald</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7460537.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Send you herewith an inscription on a stone in the South East 
wall of <i>Naworth</i> garden, unpublish'd.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G746E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I send also the figures of two altars which were lately dug up at 
<i>Burd-Oswald</i> above 100 yards without the principal camp, Eastward, in a kind of old 
ruin, which was so destroy'd as to leave no conjecture what it might have been, and within
about 70 yards of the precipice where the Roman wall cross'd the river <i>Irthing</i>. I 
was sent for to read them, as I had given express orders not to deface any that might be 
found there. They seem both of the lower empire by the bad execution of the sculpture, 
and, I think, are to be read after the same manner, excepting tribunes names.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These altars are the more remarkable, as they make it past doubt 
that <i>Burd-Oswald</i>, was the Roman Amboglana, as asserted in the <i>July</i> Mag. 
p.358.
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<Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors I
Aelia Dacorum</Keyword> <Keyword>Postumiana</Keyword> <Keyword>Tetriciana</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Marcus Gallicius</Keyword> <Keyword>Probus 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.538
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Filename size="large">G746E03.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1<i>st</i>,
<Line><i>Jovi optimo maximo</i></Line>
<Line><i>Cohors prima Aelia Dacorum</i></Line>
<Line><i>Postumiana</i></Line>
<Line><i>Cui praeest Marcus</i></Line>
<Line><i>Gallicus</i></Line>
<Line><i>Tribunus</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G746E04.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2<i>d</i>,
<Line><i>Jovi optimo Maximo</i></Line>
<Line><i>Cohors prima AELia</i></Line>
<Line><i>Dacorum</i></Line>
<Line><i>Postumi-</i></Line>
<Line><i>ana cui praeest</i></Line>
<Line><i>Probus Au-</i></Line>
<Line><i>gendus</i></Line>
<Line><i>Tribunus.</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Postumiana</i> is remarkable, and seems to be an appellative 
annex'd to or assum'd by this cohort, from some distinguish'd officer of that name, as 
<i>Tetriciana</i> is, in one stone published by <i>Horsley</i> belonging to this garrison.
Why they call'd themselves <i>AElia Dacica</i> is accounted for before in a prior 
magazine. (<i>See</i> p.358.) The ligature in the first stone l. 2 l. A. has not been yet 
observ'd by any antiquarian, those of the same affinity discover'd are E, or _E for 
<i>le</i> or <i>el</i>, to which this must be now added, which renders their discovery 
more curious.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The little stone is the greatest rarity, and being situated behind
a bush escaped observation. I read it PEDITUM CENTUM QUINQUAGINTA BRITANNORUM. We never 
knew before this that the Romans indulg'd any national troops the favour of garrisoning 
their own territories; but here are 150 BRITISH foot assign'd to that use; whether that 
was at <i>Burd-Oswald</i>, or elsewhere appears not, because we are not postively sure 
whence some of these stones at <i>Naworth</i> came; many of them are certainly from 
<i>Burd-Oswald</i>, but to affirm all are so, wou'd be taking too much upon me, till 
future discoveries explain the matter.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For the sake of the lovers of antiquity, I take pains to rake into
these ruins, and shall be pleased if any service might thence ensue to the commonwealth of
learning.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GEO, SMITH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Aug.</i> 25, 1746.
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Westmorelandicus</PersonName>
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<Date>1746</Date>
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</Period>
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  <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Westmorland, character</Keyword> <Keyword>Jacobites</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Derbyshire</Keyword>  <Keyword>Sabbath breaking</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.598
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword>  <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
</Marginal>
1745 Rebellion, Westmorland</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7460598.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Beg leave, by your means, to publish a short vindication of the 
moral and political character of the county of <i>Westmoreland</i>, which the late 
troubles have given occasion to be evil spoken of.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. It was represented to his majesty's judges of assize, in their 
circuit last year, that five men in six of the county were <i>Jacobites</i>, and 
disaffected persons: whereas it is now well known, and the judges this year made us a 
compliment upon it, that in the rebels march the whole length of our county, southwards 
and northwards, not <i>one</i> person joined them: Which is more than most counties can 
say. from the <i>Orkneys</i> to the <i>Peak</i> in <i>Derbyshire.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. A certain person, of great rank and distinction, was pleased in
the public papers to represent the common people of <i>Westmoreland</i> to be as savage 
and inhuman as the rebels; and the reason was, because it was suggested, that <i>they</i> 
had taken a dead rebel out of his grave, and insulted his carcass. It is a pity he had not
been informed, that this was not done by the common people of the county of 
<i>Westmoreland</i>, but by the <i>new-rais'd</i> reg--ts. It would be unjust to retort 
the charge, and to draw a parallel betwixt the rebels, and some of the new reg--ts; 
because as the common people in general would not have been answerable, if the accusation 
had been true, for the crimes of two or three villains; so the <i>officers</i> cannot 
always insure the behaviour of every individual soldier.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. If it be affirmed that we are an evil and <i>adulterous</i> 
generation, we appeal to those three worthy mem--s, who came this summer upon our 
mountains - to catch birds, whether they would have been at the trouble and cost of 
bringing <i>ladies</i> of pleasure likewise along with them, for the space of near two 
hundred miles, if they had known or believed that there had been one wh-re in the county.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. As to the imputation of prophaneness and Sabbath-breaking, we 
appeal to them, whether in passing and repassing on Sundays, they ever observed any person
following his weekly employment on that day, save only the man with the cart, who carried 
their baggage: or to those other south-country gentlemen, who honoured us with their 
company on the same errand, whether thay did not on Sunday forenoon observe numbers of 
people passing and repassing to and from church, if they had time to look off at cards, in
one of the gardens in the town of ---.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>I am, Sir, &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WESTMORELANDICUS.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.60</Title>
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  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> 
<Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Castlesteads</Keyword> 
<Keyword>print</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.60
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  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword>  <Keyword>Castlesteads</Keyword>
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Roman Altar, Castlesteads</Heading>
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  <Relationship>see 1741 p.650</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7410650.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.223</Title>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.223
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  <Keyword>waywiser</Keyword>
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Waywiser</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7470223.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G747E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Method of fixing a new invented Machine for Land Measure; 
to be apply'd to the inside of the seat of a coach, chariot, &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">LET a flat piece of iron be placed on the axletree, as E E E in 
<i>Fig.</i> 2. in the margin; let a bar, of sufficient strength, go from thence into the 
seat of the coach, D D D; to the end of this bar, let the machine in form of <i>Fig.</i> 
3. be fixed with screws; let a lever be made to play free of the flat plate, by means of a
thin colet, as in rge figure; let a pin be put into the wheel, as at <i>d</i>, in such a 
manner as to strike the lever at S, by which means the other end at R will, by its contact
with the wire fastened to to the slifing part of the work within, move one tooth every 
revolution of the wheel, thereby discovering the true distance of places by the index on 
the dial. The spring W is to throw back the lever to its proper place, when by backing the
carriage it has been turned the contrary way.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In order to allow for the motion of the coach, the bar D D D must 
be fixt to the plate E E E by a shoulder screw, allowing a little play between, which will
answer any motion of the coach upwards or downwards, and by its natural turn from the 
centre allow for every side motion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another sort, design'd for the back of a coach, chaise, or single 
horse-chair wheels, may have two principal hands go from the centre, as in <i>Fig.</i> 3. 
When
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">these
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.224</Title>
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</Period>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.224
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7470224.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">these are placed behind the wheel, as in <i>Fig.</i> 1. the lever 
being moved by the pin as abovesaid, immediately moves a pin of the inside work.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A third sort having a single hand only in the centre, with a dial 
in all respects resembling <i>Fig.</i> 1. having four indexes; the first moves once round 
in a certain number of rods, the second in one mile, the third, or centre hand in 20 
miles, and the fourth in 500 miles. One of these will cost but 25 shillings, without a 
case, varnishing or silvering; but if varnished, and silvered in all respects as a clock 
dial, one guinea and a half. The others are from two to four guineas, and eight guineas if
with bells to strike the miles and quarters on pulling a string; one of which may be seen 
at Mr <i>Neale</i>'s, watchmaker in <i>Leadenhall-street</i>, who has a patent for making 
several astronomical machines, &amp;c. and where proposals at length may be had, or at St 
<i>John's Gate</i>.
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.246</Title>
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</Period>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>fire</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther, James, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>coal mine, 
fire</Keyword>  <Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword>  <Keyword>mine, Whitehaven</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.246
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>coal mine fire</Keyword>  <Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Coal Mine Fire, Whitehaven</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7470246.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehaven</i>, in <i>Cumberland</i>. One of the coalpits 
belonging to Sir <i>James Lowther</i> near this place, being set on fire by the 
carelessness of a boy, it burnt with great fury, and communicating itself to 6 pits, was 
become a very shocking scene, prodigious quantites of smoak, earth, pieces of timber, and 
materials used in the work, being continually thrown out, with an inconceivable noise, and
shaking of the earth, so that the inhabitants were in fear for their houses.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>clergyman</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, 
George, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, Daniel, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral,
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Rydal-Hall, 
Rydal</Keyword> <Keyword>Fletcher, Barbara</Keyword> <Keyword>Fletcher, Henry, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles I</Keyword> <Keyword>Civil 
War</Keyword> <Keyword>Routon Heath, Cheshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Rose Castle, 
Dalston</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Dalston</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles II</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.324
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>George Fleming</Keyword> <Keyword>Bishop of 
Carlisle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Obituary, Bishop Fleming</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7470324.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A</i> CHARACTER <i>of the late Lord Bishop of</i> CARLISLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON <i>Thursday</i>, the 2d of this instant <i>July</i> 1747, died 
at his palace at <i>Rose-Castle</i>, the Rt Rev. Father in God, Sir <i>George Fleming</i>,
Bart., Lord Bishop of <i>Carlisle</i>, in the 81st Year of his Age, and the 13th of his 
Consecration. He was born <i>June</i> 10, 166[ ], at the Family-Seat at <i>Rydal-Hall</i>,
in the County of <i>Westmorland</i>; being, in order of Birth, the fifth of eleven Sons, 
and the ninth of fifteen Children, of Sir <i>Daniel Fleming</i>, Knt, by <i>Barbara</i>, 
eldest Daughter of Sir <i>Henry Fletcher</i> of <i>Hutton</i>, in the County of 
<i>Cumberland</i>, Bart, who was slain valiantly fighting for King <i>Charles</i> I. 
<i>Sept.</i> 24, 1645, at <i>Routon Heath</i>, near <i>Chester</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The said Sir <i>Daniel</i>, who, in private Life, which he most 
affected, excelled most Men of his Rank and Fortune, had an Occasion given him, by a 
malicious Misrepreaentation of him to his then Sovereign King <i>Charles</i> II. to inform
his Majesty, which the most authentick Evidences enabled him to do, that eleven of his 
Ancestors had, for their good Services, been rewarded with the Honour of a Knighthood, 
since the <i>Norman</i> Conquest, when King <i>William</i> I. gave to his faithful 
Follower and Kinsman Sir <i>Michael le Fleming</i>, a considerable Estate, part of which 
has been transmitted down from him, in an uninterupted Succession, to the present 
Heir-male the twenty-first Generation. It was with equal Truth and Satisfaction that the 
same worthy Knight could aver, that as he himself had, in the most difficult and trying 
Times, inviolably adhered to the Constitution in Church and State, so not on of his 
Progenitors had, since the distant Epoche above-mention'd, been an Opposer of the Crown; 
not one, since the Reformation, had been a Papist, nor a Dissenter, in any Shape, from the
Church of <i>England</i>. Disposing of all his Sons in the most advantageous ways he 
could,
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">con-
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Glorious Revolution, 
1688</Keyword> <Keyword>William and Mary</Keyword> <Keyword>Aspatria</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Deanery of Carlisle, Carlisle</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.325
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">consistently with his Interest and Ability, he destin'd his fifth,
agreeably to his own Inclination, which he very early discover'd, to the Sacerdotal 
Function. To qualify him for that by a liberal Education, he entred him in <i>June</i> 
1688, in <i>Edmund-Hall</i>, in <i>Oxford</i>, (which was then govern'd by the celebrated 
Dr <i>John Mill</i>,) under the Tutorage of Dr <i>White Kennet</i>, afterwards Lord Bishop
of <i>Peterborough</i>. There did he first testify the pleasing Sense, which he ever after
retain'd, of the happy Revolution, among those Academicks, who printed congratulatory 
Verses on King <i>William</i>'s victorious Return from <i>Ireland</i>. Having pass'd thro'
his Degrees in Arts, he became domestick Chaplain to Dr <i>Tho. Smith</i>, then Lord 
Bishop of <i>Carlisle</i>, by whom he had been ordained and collated to the Vicarage of 
<i>Aspatria</i> in that Diocese, as he was soon afterto the second Prebend in the said 
Cathedral Church. In 1705, he was collated to the Arch-Deaconry, in 1727, was promoted to 
the Deanery, and in 1734, was advanced to the bishoprick of <i>Carlisle</i>; so that, in 
one and the same Diocese, he made a gradual Progress thro' all the Orders and Dignities of
the Church; and as, in each Step, his Merit preceded his Promotion, so did he adorn, as 
well as fill, his several successive Stations. He had not wore the Mitre two Years, when, 
on the Decease of his eldest and only surviving Brother, without Issue Male, he succeeded 
to the title of Baronet, and the paternal Estate od his ancient Family.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">-- With this Accession of Honour and Fortune, he was nevertheless 
that wellbred Gentleman he ever shew'd himself, in every Quality forming that Character, 
which was never more eminently united, than in him, with that of a Pious and truly 
Christian Prelate. As no one could conduct himself with a better regulated Tenderness and 
Affection, in the nearer Relations of LIfe, so could no one demean himself, with a more 
exact, and yet easy, Address, to all Ranks and Degrees of Mankind.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His Example, in which a Medium was nicely observ'd, with an 
Accuracy that descended to the minutest Article, was a constant Lesson of Instruction, and
his House, under its Influence, was the best School of Wisdom and Virtue. As he always 
preserv'd a Neatness about his Person, which was of itself comely and graceful, so, by a 
special Guard against Habits, and with a continual Presence of Mind, he kept himself 
intirely free from all little Peculiarities, in Words, Gestures, and Actions, which, tho' 
not criminal, in any moral Turpitude, would be better wanting in many, whom they 
distinguish, not to their Advantage. A certain Awefulness surrounded him, which would have
commanded more Fear, than Love, had it not been soften'd and sweeten'd with Affability. As
he cou'd address his Superiors and Equals, with all the Ceremony and Complaisance of 
Good-Breeding, so was he easy of Access, and of Discourse, to his Inferiors, to the lowest
of all; and never dismiss'd any, but with an attendant Liking and Approbation of him, even
when he denied a Request, which he could do with a better Grace, than many grant one. 
Never wanting to be advised, nor reminded, in what was fit and convenient for him to do on
any Occasion, he had as much Resolution, as Ability, to be directed by his own Judgment, 
and was ever cautious, tho' not jealous of Imposition. As he hardly ever bestow'd his 
Preferments thro' Dint of Solicitation, or the Intervention of any powerful Interest, but 
was always pre-determin'd in his own Breast; so did he double every Favour by his Manner 
of conferring it, and seemingly shared, with the Person he obliged, in his Pleasure and 
Satisfaction. His Tongue was ever as ready to encourage the Afflicted, as his Hand was to 
relieve the Indigent; and as no Object of Compassion ever presented itself to him in vain,
so did no Design, favourable to Religion, Learning, or Publick-Good, ever fail, on the 
first Application, of his generous Assistance. With a Revenue, not more than adequate to 
his Expences, which he ballanced with a most laudable Oeconomy, he was frugal without 
Parsimony, and liberal without Profusion; and, whilst he put its just Value on Money, he 
esteem'd it, not for its own Sake, but for the good Uses of it, and as it enabled him to 
gratify his ample and ardent Desires, in Acts of Charity, Beneficience, and Hospitality, 
which consum'd his Income, as it accrued, and might seem to require, and would, but with 
his Managemant, a much larger Fund.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">-- Though his Sensations were quick and strong, and his Temper 
naturally warm; yet, what was therefore the more meritorious, Raeson constantly maintain'd
its proper Sway over his Passions; and a settled Equanimity, founded on the Basis of Piety
and Prudence, still shew'd itself, in one uniform Appearance, amdist all the various 
Events and Occurrences of his LIfe. As he was not elated with Acquisitions, so was he not 
dejected with Losses, but bore both with an even and steady Spirit; and tho' no one could 
possess a Blessing with a more true and thankful Sense of its Worth and Importance, yet 
could no one resign it with more Patience, or reconcile himself to the Want of it with 
more Acquiescence and Alacrity. This amiable Moderation, as well amidst the Enjoyments, as
the Sufferings, of the World, was never more its own Reward in any Man, than in this 
excellent Prelate, who, by means of it, under God, enjoy'd all along a sound Mind in a 
sound Body, the Sum Total of human Wishes in the present State. In this Tranquillity, tho'
in his last Years he had to conflict with Incident of a most affecting Nature, did Old-age
come upon him:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">-- It came gently, and alone, unattended by those Infirmities, 
which often make Life a Burden long before its End.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">-- Tho' his Frame had never been a robust one, but owed its 
Duration, under divine Providence, to his own prudent Care of it, all his Senses, his 
Sight, Hearing, &amp;c. continu'd unimpair'd, and their Organs discharg'd their respective
Functions, without any Helps of Art; whilst his Intellects, his Apprehension, Judgment, 
and Memory, remain'd good, as they always had been, to the very last. When,
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>clergyman</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, 
George, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>coal mine, fire</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword> 
<Keyword>mine, Whitehaven</Keyword>  <Keyword>firedamp</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.326
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<Paragraph rend="quote">notwithstanding, conscious, under a strong Perception of an inward
Decay, that his Stamina were just worn out, he saw, with an Heart still cheerful, his 
approaching Dissolution. Having set his House in Order, and deliberately adjusted both his
Secular and Spritiual Concerns, he neither express'd a Desire of Continuance, nor of 
Departure, but, attentive to the glorious Prospect before him, waited, with a Religious 
Indifference and Resignation, till his Change came. Tho' that could not be so sudden as to
surprize him unprepar'd, yet was it so remarkably so, that, without being confined to his 
Bed, he had but just risen from off his Knees, in joining with his Family, which he 
punctually did Four Times a Day, in the publick Devotions of the Church, - when he most 
signally verified the Psalmist's Reflection, that 'tho' Men be so strong, yt they come to 
Fourscore Years, yet so soon then does their Strength pass away, and they are gone!' 
Death, tho' it could not have been terrible to him in any Form, arrested him, as it 
pleas'd God, in the kindliest, - unpreceded by Sickness, - unaccompanied by Agony:- He 
expir'd, without a Groan, calm and serene, and his Soul, exulting on the Wing to its 
Happiness in view, left, when it took its Flight, his Countenance in a Smile.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">-- In the justest Application of that beautiful Allusion, has this
admirable Prelate 'gone to his Grave in a full Age, like as a Shock of Corn cometh in, in 
its Season.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">-- Drawing the Curtains about him in that Bed of Dust, I leave him
to repose, till the general Resurrection, without adding more to this brief and imperfect 
Eulogium, but that, as, in him, human Society has lost one of its most valuable Members, -
the Church of <i>England</i> one of its chiefest Ornaments, - his present Majesty one of 
his most firm and faithful Subjects, - so have his Clergy lost the best Diocesan, his 
Children the best Father, his Servants the best Master, the Poor their best Benefactor,- 
and Numbers of Men their best Friend, - who regret his Death, and revere his Memory.
</Paragraph>
<Instruction>
<Type>rule</Type>
</Instruction>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>fire damp</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Fire Damp</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Extract of a Letter from</i> Whitehaven, May 16.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A False account having been put into the news papers about several
of our coal pits near this town being on fire, and burning in the most dreadful
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">manner,
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.327</Title>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>coal mine, fire</Keyword> <Keyword>fire</Keyword> <Keyword>fire damp</Keyword> 
<Keyword>methane</Keyword> <Keyword>explosion</Keyword> <Keyword>Isle of Man</Keyword> 
<Keyword>lighthouse</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther, James, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword>  <Keyword>mine, Whitehaven</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.327
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7470327.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">manner, it may be proper to publish the truth. - Some of the 
coal-pits near this town are probably the deepest of any in the world, and therefore 
subject to fire-damps; so that, if a great deal of foul or inflammable air, by neglect or 
mischance, is collected together under ground, and is set on fire, it goes off with a very
great explosion, and does great damage to what it meets with in its way to vent itself at 
the pit's mouth. - Where the foul air is very strong, as it is often at the sinking of new
pits, it is brought up in pipes along the sides of the pit into the open air, and a 
candle, or lighted paper, being put to the end of the pipe, it will break out into a 
flame, one or two feet in breadth, and several feet in height, more or less, according to 
the quantity of foul air that is vented, and will burn day and night for months and years.
The flame of it may easily be seen at the Isle of Man, which is ten leagues off, and 
affords a better light to shipping than the light-house; and yet may be generally 
extinguished by laying a wet sail over it. - Sir <i>James Lowther</i>, to whom this 
colliery belongs, had thoughts of making a fire-engine with it, had there been occasion 
for one where it arises: it therefore may be esteemed one of the greatest natural 
curiosities which is any where to be met with &#x2020;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This colliery is the most curious and extensive in its kind; it 
hath been wrought above 100 years, and above a million sterling hath been expended in 
carrying it on; some parts of the works are carried under the sea, and are 200 yards 
deeper than the surface of the sea, which is probably nearer to the earth's center than 
any miners have penetrated in any other place.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the 6th of <i>April</i> last, by means of some defect in the 
partitions, or pipes to carry off the foul air, there happened a very great explosion, 
which beat down a good deal of the partitions, and some of the stops under ground, and a 
part of the coal took fire by the damp, which kept burning as it issued out of the 
crevices, and several other blasts or explosions happened for a day or two, but not so 
violent. For several days afterwards there was no explosion, nor any thing to be observed,
but a little smoak and a sulphureous smell at one or two of the pits, till the 20th of 
<i>April</i>, when there were two more explosions, and two more on the 22d, some of which 
were so violent, the blast carried all that was loose before it, and threw up to the top 
of the pit, tho' 160 yards deep, a strong wooden stage, covered with earth, clay, stones, 
&amp;c. and let down to stop the air going down the pit, and to resist a smaller 
explosion; since that day such methods have been taken, that there has been no explosion, 
and nothing to be observed at the top of the pit but a little smoak, and a sulphureous 
smell, so that there can be at worst but a small fire, if any, which there is little doubt
will soon be extinguished. It has pleased God, this whole affair, which was set forth in 
so terrible a manner (<i>see p.</i>246 E) has not cost the life or limb of any one person.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; This fire-damp, or thick mine air, may be contained in 
bladders, and has been sent in that manner to <i>London</i>, &amp;c. It is a true kind of 
air, tho' inflammable, being a subtile and permanently elastic fluid, which is easily 
rarified by heat, and condensed by cold, as may be proved by holding a bladder not quite 
fill'd with it to the fire. By its elastic spring it also expands itself as soon as the 
pressure of the incumbent atmosphere is taken off; thus the bladders, which were not quite
fill'd with it at the bottom of a deep pit, are violently distended when brought to the 
top in a lighter air. The same may be demonstrated by putting some of it in a bladder 
close tied, under the receiver of an air-pump, and exhausting some of the air contained in
the receiver.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In regard to its inflammability, contrary to gun-powder, it will 
not take fire at a red-hot iron, or at the sparks made by the collision of a flint and 
steel, but is readily kindled by a lighted candle, or any other flame; and if pressed out 
of a bladder thro' a pipe stopple, and so set on fire, it continues burning at the end of 
the stopple as long as it is pressed out. But if the flame of a candle be suddenly 
introduced into a bladder fill'd with it, so as to fire it all at once, it goes off with a
considerable explosion like gun-powder; and thus resembles what the miners call a blast; 
which sometimes proves destructive to them, when a large quantity of this inflammable air 
is collected together in the mines, and there, by some accident, set on fire.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.384</Title>
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<Date>1747</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Cross Fell, Culgaith</Keyword> <Keyword>Journey up to Crossfell 
Mountain</Keyword> <Keyword>snow</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennines</Keyword> <Keyword>British 
Alps<Note>Pennines</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.384
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Cross Fell</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Journey to Cross Fell</Heading>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A Journey up to</i> Cross-fell <i>Mountain</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE following account of <i>Cross-fell</i>, will entertain such of
your readers whose genius inclines them to the description of romantic scenes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A mountain that is generally ten months bury'd in snow, and eleven
in clouds, cannot fail of exciting the attention and curiosity of a traveller.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That immense ridge of mountains, which are reputed the <i>British 
Alps</i>, make their first appearance in <i>Derbyshire</i>, and are thence continu'd in 
one chain of different elevations to the river <i>Tweed</i>. The <i>Lancashire</i> and 
<i>Copland</i> heights, with those in <i>Yorkshire</i> and <i>Durham</i>, being only 
detach'd parts of this great body, such as are remarkably eminent have particular names 
assign'd them, whilst the general ridge bears one appellation for several miles together.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cross-fell</i>, tho' distinguished in none of our county maps, 
is most singularly eminent, whether you regard its height, or the immense base it stands 
on, being above 20 miles in circumference; in some parts the rise is very leisurely and 
gradual, in others more rugged and perpendicular, emitting considerable streams to both 
seas. This insensible ascent removes its top to a very great distance from the inhabited 
plains, and being in a manner encompassed with other desolate and barren mountains, it 
retains the snow much longer than any other we can see in <i>Britain</i>, there being some
who affirm that it has continued sometimes for seven whole years together.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Ald-</i>
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Aldstone<Note>Alston</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Alston</Keyword> <Keyword>guide,
Cross Fell</Keyword> <Keyword>map, errors</Keyword> <Keyword>Nent, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Tine<Note>South Tyne</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>South Tyne, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Blackaburn<Note>Black Burn</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Black 
Burn<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Roderic Heights<Note>Rotherhope Fell 
?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Rotherhope Fell, Alston Moor</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Greencastleloch<Note>Greencastle Tarn</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Greencastle Tarn,
Alston Moor</Keyword> <Keyword>Middle Gill</Keyword> <Keyword>swallow hole</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Noah's Flood</Keyword> <Keyword>tormentil</Keyword> <Keyword>waterfall, Alston 
Moor</Keyword> <Keyword>shielings</Keyword> <Keyword>Blackburn Shop, 
Ousby<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Bulmans Cleugh</Keyword> <Keyword>lead 
mines</Keyword> <Keyword>fairy rings</Keyword> <Keyword>Skiddaw, Underskiddaw</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Criffel, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Pen-y-ghent, North Yorkshire</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ingleborough, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Cheviot Hills, 
Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>height, mountain</Keyword> <Keyword>barometer</Keyword> 
<Keyword>placename, Cross Fell</Keyword> <Keyword>demons</Keyword> 
<Keyword>drought</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cross Fell, Culgaith</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.385
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Aldstone</i> is the nearest town where one can get a safe 
conductor to cross these almost impervious wastes, a country extremely ill represented in 
all our maps yet published, not to mention their exhibiting the towns on the wrong side of
the river [<i>Nint</i>]. About two in the afternoon we set forward three in company, and 
two who join'd us afterwards, out of the same curiosity. We pass'd the river <i>Tine</i> 
near its confluence with <i>Blackaburn</i>, beyond which this immense waste begins, and 
could plainly perceive the alteration of air in riding a few miles. On the top of 
<i>Roderic</i> heights is a pretty large lake, call'd <i>Green-castle-loch</i>, which 
receives no visible feeder, but emits a small stream northward to the said burn; nor is 
there any vestige of a castle, from which it could be presum'd to borrow the name. The 
Swallows, those incontestable remains of <i>Noah</i>'s deluge, begin here to be very 
frequent. Some of these are 30 or 40 yards in diameter, and near as much deep, perfectly 
circular, but contain no water at any season, the ground having gradually fallen in at the
sinking of the waters; but where they have happen'd amid rocks, the holes are left open to
incredible depths. This naturally accounts for those surprizing phaenomena in the 
<i>Pyrenean</i> and <i>Narbone</i> mountains, and our <i>Elden-hole</i> in 
<i>Derbyshire</i>, whose depths have never been ascertained with the longest lines.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the descent of <i>Roderic-fell</i> there is plenty of herbage, 
but few plants, save the scorpioides arvensis, and tormentil.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the bottom of this height <i>Blackaburn</i> is divided into two
branches, the eastermost tumbling over a precipice of 40 perpendicular yards, which makes 
a most wild, surprizing cascade.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From this rivulet we are to account the rise of <i>Cross-fell</i>.
We were now so much environ'd with large and extended morasses, rocks and mountains, that 
they exhibited a very frightful appearance, not the vestige of a house, except some old 
shiels, where in former ages the people had resorted like the Asiatic Tartars to graze 
their cattle in summer, a practice now quite disus'd. There were a few sheep, but no deer,
that we could see, tho' there are several on the heights; and notwithstanding the 
extraordinary drought, the water follow'd our horses footsteps for miles together, except 
where the ground was perfectly rotten. At a place call'd <i>Bulmans cleugh</i> there have 
been formerly lead-works, now left off. We had now ascended gradually about 3 miles, thro'
very broken morassy wastes, when the mountain began to rise in three very formidable 
ascents, very steep, in the manner of mount <i>Lebanon</i>, pil'd one above another, with 
large and extensive plains to each of them, and loose shivery stones on ye brows, very 
troublesome to the horses which we now were obliged sometimes to quit. This continu'd for 
near 2 miles more, when we got on the edge of the highest, which forms a capacious plain 
of several hundred acres, if you reckon from the East ascent; but of such a barren soil, 
that there was not so much as a single leaf of grass, herb or plant to be found in so 
large a plain, exclusive of a few of those rings attributed to fairies, some of which are 
perfect circles of the <i>Gramen gluinis variis</i>, in botany, ascrib'd by 
<i>Linnaeus</i> in his description of the <i>Baltic</i> isles to a particular quality of 
its affecting the dirtiest soil, where no other grass can survive. This immense plain has 
no verdure, therefore, but a venerably grey aspect from the moss or down, and even this 
can hardly draw a subsistence to support itself; so inconceivably barren is this 
distinguish'd eminence. The West side towards the <i>Cumberland</i> plains is more rocky 
and steep than the way we ascended. Great part of six counties were to be seen, and 
notwithstanding our height, there seemed to be 4 or 5 mountains that disputed 
preheminence, the rest all look'd far below us. These were <i>Skiddaw</i> in the West of 
<i>Cumberland</i>, <i>Criffield</i> in <i>Scotland</i>, <i>Pennygent</i> and 
<i>Ingleborough</i> in <i>Yorkshire</i>, and the highest <i>Cheviot</i> in 
<i>Northumberland</i>. I computed the diameter of our visible horizon to exceed 120 miles,
60 each way from the center. The mountains in <i>Cleveland</i> by the east sea were very 
fair, and the West sea sufficiently discoverable. As to the perpendicular height of the 
mountain, I could not so well judge, having no barometer, and the top suffers too much by 
refraction to be ascertain'd on geometrical principles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whether it takes its name <i>Cross-fell</i> from its transverse 
situation to the common run of that ridge, or from a papistical conjuring a cross to 
dislodge the aerial daemons, which that religion has ascribed to this desolate mountain, I
take not upon me to determine.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P. S.</i> Being the 13th of <i>August</i>, and a long drought, 
and hot season, we were not able to find any least relicks of snow, in places most likely 
for it; which is very extraordinary.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
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  <Keyword>Caudebec Fells<Note>Caldbeck Fells</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Caldbeck Fells, 
Caldbeck</Keyword> <Keyword>black lead mine, Seathwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Mosedale, 
Mungrisdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Swinsted<Note>Swineside</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Swineside, Mungrisdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Journey to Caudebec Fells</Keyword> 
<Keyword>British Alps<Note>Pennines</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Pennines</Keyword> 
<Keyword>wadd mine<Note>black lead mine</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>sunshine, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.522
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Caldbeck Fells</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Journey to Caldbeck Fells</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A Journey to</i> CAUDEBEC FELLS, <i>with a Map and Description 
of the same.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ONE curiosity is apt to excite another; after visiting 
<i>Cross-fells</i>, &#x2020; my inclinations led me to examine those of <i>Caudebeck</i>, 
that lateral detachment of the <i>British Alps</i>, which overspreads great part of 
<i>Cumberland</i>; distinguished by insuperable precipices, and tow'ring peaks, and 
exhibiting landskapes of a quite different and more romantic air than any part of the 
general ridge, and of nearer affinity to the <i>Switzerland</i> Alps. My intention in this
journey was to visit the <i>Wadd-mines</i>, the peculiar product of these mountains, and 
no where else discovered on the globe; but as they are kept close shut up, and the weather
was extremely unfavourable, I deferred that examination to a more proper time, and 
contented myself with the varieties in the neighbourhood of <i>Mose-dale</i>; here I found
villages in the narrow bottoms, that feel no more benefit from the solar rays for two 
months about the winter solstice, than the old <i>Cimmerians</i>, or the <i>Laplanders</i>
who inhabit about the North Cape of <i>Norway</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Swinsted</i> on <i>Cauda</i> is a strong instance that the 
property of the Artic circle is not confined to those unhappy regions which lie within 23 
degrees of the pole, especially with regard to the solar light.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These mountains differ not only in figure, but are very dissimilar
in property to the main body, being dry, smooth, and more agreeably verdant, where 
precipices occur not. The rocks upon which they are built, being of a fissile absorbent 
nature, serving to imbibe the descending rains, which are thrown off from the more compact
strata of the general ridge, and take broken and uneven courses, through the loose and 
spongy texture of their outward covering, forming sometimes morasses, but more frequently 
rotten bogs, and sinuous mires of difficult passage
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Of which see the description, p.384-5.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">No
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 opp p.524
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Caldbeck Fells</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Caldbeck Fells</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Map, uncoloured engraving, perspective view, Caudbeck Fells ie 
Caldbeck Fells, scale about 1+ miles to 1 inch, published by the Gentleman's Magazine, 
London, 1747.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh, sheet = 21x12.5cm; scale = 1 to 78000?
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Caldbeck</Keyword> <Keyword>Cauda<Note>Caldew, River</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Caldew, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>black maiden hair</Keyword> <Keyword>moss</Keyword> 
<Keyword>brush moss</Keyword> <Keyword>sundew</Keyword> <Keyword>wood sorrel</Keyword> 
<Keyword>birch</Keyword> <Keyword>oak</Keyword> <Keyword>mountain ash</Keyword> 
<Keyword>raven</Keyword> <Keyword>minerals</Keyword> <Keyword>slate</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roof slate</Keyword> <Keyword>lapis calaminaris</Keyword> <Keyword>Brandle Gill 
Beck<Note>Grainsgill Beck</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Grainsgill Beck</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mosedale, Mungrisdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Bouscale Tarn<Note>Bowscale 
Tarn</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Bowscale Tarn, Mungrisdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Tarn 
Sike<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>stars at midday</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lendermaken<Note>Glenderamackin, River</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Glenderamackin, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Souter Fell<Note>Souther Fell</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Souther 
Fell, Mungrisdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Saddleback, Threlkeld</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Blencarter<Note>Hallsfell Top</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hallsfell Top, 
Threlkeld</Keyword> <Keyword>ghost, Souther Fell</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 
Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>proverb</Keyword> 
<Keyword>lead</Keyword> <Keyword>arsenic</Keyword> <Keyword>copperas</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.523
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">No such disagreeable objects interrupt the traveller here; if he 
guards against the precipices, he has no other danger to encounter.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The most common plants which I observed are,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Adianthum nigrum officinarum</i> (<i>of</i> Ray) black maiden 
hair.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Lujula, acetosa sylvestris</i>, wood or mountain sorrel.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Muscus squammosus montanus repens, sabinae folio</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Muscus clavatus juniperinis foliis reflexis, clavis 
singularibus sine pediculis</i>. Several mosses of the capsulated kind.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Brush moss.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Rorella longifolia perennis</i>, and other sun-dews.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The shrubs rising from the latices of the rocks, are dwarf birch, 
dwarf mountain oak, of so untractable a genius that no soil will meliorate it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Fraxinus sylvestris, ornus montana</i>, wild mountain ash, with
red fruit. I do not remember to have seen this tree in the South, nearer than 
<i>Derbyshire</i>; it differs both in size and leaf from the service tree, of which 
species it is, according to the botanists, and is a very beautiful one when the fruit is 
ripe; the superstitious use it against witchcraft.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The only bird peculiar to these rocks is the raven.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is a received <i>Cumberland</i> proverb, that the mountains of 
<i>Caudebeck</i> are worth all <i>England</i> besides, but it has not yet been verify'd by
experience; and if we may be allow'd to conjecture from the nature of their stones, found 
in the rivulets and quarries, it may be difficult to say when they will. Most of their 
lapilli are a fluor of the stalactite kind, or a sparry talc resembling white flint, 
variegated with hexagonal crystalline spars, whose points will cut glass like the adamant,
but immediately lose that property from their fragil quality. Others are impregnated with 
the marcasite of lead, but so blended with an arsenical sulphur that they evaporate in the
process of separation, and others are of the copperas kind; all of them containing such 
heterogeneal qualities in their composition, as never to yield a proper gratification for 
the tryal. Their quarries, also, only abound with a fissile blue-ish slate, useful for the
covering of their houses, but very remote from the metalline nature: Indeed in 
<i>Brandlegill-beck</i>, and the Northern descents, copper has been formerly dug, but the 
mines are long since worn out; hereabouts the <i>lapis calaminaris</i> is also found.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Under mount <i>Skiddow</i> is the head of the river <i>Cauda</i>; 
it issues thro' a narrow trough, and takes its winding course with great rapidity to 
<i>Mosedale</i>, where it turns northward for <i>Carlisle</i>. Near two miles above that 
village (<i>Mosedale</i>) it receives a small rivulet from <i>Bouscale-tarn</i>, a lake 
near a mile in circumference, on the side of a high mountain, so strangely surrounded with
a more eminent amphitheatrical ridge of quarry rocks, that it is excluded the benefit of 
the sun for at least four months, in the middle of winter; but this is not its only 
singularity. Several of the most credible inhabitants thereabouts, affirming that they 
frequently see the stars in it at mid-day; but in order to discover that phaenomenon, the 
firmament must be perfectly clear, the air stable, and the water unagitated. These 
circumstances not concurring at the time I was there, depriv'd me of the pleasure of that 
sight, and of recommending it to the naturalists upon my own ocular evidence, which I 
regret the want of, as I question if the like has been any where else observed. The 
spectator must be situated at least 200 yards above the lake, and as much below the summit
of the semi-ambient ridge; and as there are other high mountains, which in that position 
may break and deaden the solar rays, I can only give an implicit credit to the power of 
their agency, 'till I am convinc'd of their effects, and am qualified to send it better 
recommended to the publick.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At <i>Grisedale</i> the water turns bothways, so that in a sudden 
shower you may with your foot only, send the rain-water, either to <i>Carlisle</i> or 
<i>Cockermouth</i>, by the channels of <i>Cauda</i> or <i>Lender-maken</i>. This last 
springs under <i>Saddle back</i>, a <i>Parnassian</i> eminence, with two prominent peaks; 
the most northerly is called <i>Blencarter</i>, a suprizingly high precipice of the quarry
kind.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Souter-fell</i> is a distinguish'd mountain of itself, 
encompass'd quite round with a <i>turbinated</i> trough, thro' which the 
<i>Lender-maken</i> is convey'd. The West and North sides are barricadoed with rocks, the 
East is more plain but withal steep, and seemingly 900 yards in height, but every where of
difficult access. It was on this <i>Fell</i> that the astonishing phaenomenon appear'd to 
exhibit itself, which in 1735, 1737 and 1745 made so much noise in the North, that I went 
on purpose to examine the spectators, who asserted the fact, and continue in their 
assertion very positively to this day.
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Threlkeld</Keyword> <Keyword>ghost, Souther Fell</Keyword> <Keyword>rebellion, 
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<Keyword>meteor</Keyword> <Keyword>witchcraft</Keyword> <Keyword>Caldbeck Fells, 
Caldbeck</Keyword> <Keyword>midsummer eve</Keyword> <Keyword>Wiltonhill, 
Mungrisdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Souterfellside, Southerfell</Keyword> <Keyword>Southerfell,
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.524
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Souther Fell</Keyword>  <Keyword>ghosts</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Souther Fell</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">On <i>Midsummer</i> eve 1735, <i>Wm Lancaster</i>'s servant 
related that he saw the East side of <i>Souter-fell</i>, towards the top, covered with a 
regular marching army for above an hour together; he said they consisted of distinct 
bodies of troops, which appeared to proceed from an eminence in the North end, and march'd
over a nitch in the top, [mark'd A and B in my drawing] but as no other person in the 
neighbourhood had seen the like, he was discredited and laugh'd at. Two years after on 
<i>Midsummer</i> eve also, betwixt the hours of eight and nine, <i>Wm Lancaster</i> 
himself imagined that several gentlemen were following their horses at a distance, as if 
they had been hunting, and taking them for such, pay'd no regard to it, till about ten 
minutes after, again turning his head towards the place, they appeared to be mounted, and 
a vast army following, five in rank, crowding over at the same place, where the servant 
said he saw them two years before. He then call'd his family, who all agreed in the same 
opinion; and what was most extraordinary, he frequently observed that some one of the five
would quit rank, and seem to stand in a fronting posture, as if he was observing and 
regulating the order of their march, or taking account of the numbers, and after some time
appear'd to return full gallop to the station he had left, which they never fail'd to do 
as often as they quitted their lines, and the figure that did so, was generally one of the
middlemost men in the rank. As it grew later, they seem'd more regardless of discipline, 
and rather had the appearance of people riding from a market, than an army, tho' they 
continued crowding on, and marching off, as long as they had light to see them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This phaenomenon was no more seen 'till the <i>Midsummer</i> eve, 
which preceded the rebellion, when they were determined to call more families to be 
witness of this sight, and accordingly went to <i>Wilton-hill</i> and 
<i>Souter-fell-side</i>, till they conven'd about 26 persons, who all affirm they then saw
the same appearance, but not conducted with the usual regularity as the preceding ones, 
having the likeness of carriages interspersed; however it did not appear to be less real, 
for some of the company were so affected with it as in the morning to climb the mountain, 
through an idle expectation of finding horse-shoes, after so numerous an army, but they 
saw not the vestige or print of a foot.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Wm Lancaster</i>, indeed, told me that he never concluded they 
were real beings, because of the impracticability of a march over the precipices, where 
they seem'd to come on; that the night was extremely serene; that horse and man upon 
strict looking at appear'd to be but one being, rather than two distinct ones; they were 
nothing like any clouds or vapours, which he had ever perceiv'd elsewhere; that their 
number was incredible, for they fill'd lengthways near half a mile, and continued so in a 
swift march for above an hour, and much longer he thinks if night had kept off.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This whole story has so much the air of a romance, that it seem'd 
fitter for <i>Amadis de Gaul</i>, or <i>Glanville's system of Witches</i>, than the 
repository of the learned; but as the country was full of it, I only give a verbatim from 
the original relation of a people, that could have no end in imposing on their 
fellow-creatures, and are of good repute in the place where they live.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is my real opinion, that they apprehended they saw such 
appearances, but how an undulating lambent meteor could affect the optics of so many 
people is difficult to say. No doubt fancy will extend to miraculous heights in persons 
dispos'd to indulge it; and whether there might not be a concurrence of that, to assist 
the vapour, I will not dispute, because three difficulties seem to occur, worthy of 
solution &#x2020;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1<i>st</i>, Why a lambent agitated meteor should appear to stop at
certain intervals, and return with augmented velocity to reassume the forsaken place.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2<i>d</i>, Why it should for a very long time preserve so regular 
a system, as to appear still five in a line.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3<i>d</i>. Why one particular evening in the year, only, exhibited
the unusual meteor for three times, at so long intervals.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As these are at present beyond my philosophy to explain, it may be
an amusement to such as will give themselves the trouble of enquiry, having neither added 
nor diminished to the
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; To this relation we may add that in the spring of the 
year 1707, early in a serene still morning, was observed by two persons, one of the name 
of <i>Churchill</i>, who were walking from one village to another in 
<i>Leicestershire</i>, a like appearance of an army marching along, till going behind a 
great hill, it disappeared.- The forms of pikes and carbines were distinguishable, the 
march was not entirely in one direction, but was at the first like the junction of two 
armies, and the meeting of generals.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.525</Title>
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<Content>
<Date>1747</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Caudebec Fells<Note>Caldbeck Fells</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Caldbeck Fells, 
Caldbeck</Keyword>  <Keyword>county map</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.525
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7470525.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">accounts given me. Those who treat it as a mere illusion or 
<i>deceptio visus</i>, should assign reasons for so large a fascination in above 20 
persons; probably one, indeed, might serve to aggrandize the fancy of others, but I should
think they could not be so universally deceiv'd without some stamina of the likeness 
exhibited on the mountain from a meteor, or some unknown cause.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is singularly remarkable, that most of all these mountains have
their precipices fronting the West and Northwest, which is a strong collateral proof of 
the Earth's motion, because the diurnal revolution would naturally throw off all the loose
strata in its fluid state to the opposite quarter, and the concurring suffrage of 
travellers in the same properties of foreign mountains, where reasons are not obvious for 
their being otherwise, much strengthens the argument.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I shall reserve my further observations in my surveys of the 
several parts of <i>England</i> for your new intended maps. Those which have of late 
appeared are entirely old things, and not worth looking on; for tho' you mention but 
eleven parks omitted in that of <i>Berks</i>, I can affirm there are no less than 
fourteen; and in their map of <i>Bucks</i>, I could not imagine that a noble duke's seat 
so near <i>London</i> and the present road to the shire town should be omitted; so that I 
need not wonder at their losing credit every day.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>I am, Sir, &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.583</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George<Note>?</Note></PersonName>
<PersonName>GS<Note>?</Note></PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1747</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>wadd<Note>black lead</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>black lead</Keyword> 
<Keyword>black lead mine, Seathwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Seathwaite, Borrowdale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Nicolson, Bishop</Keyword>  <Keyword>smuggler</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.583
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>black lead mine</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Black Lead Mine</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7470583.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SIR,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Am very glad that such remarks as I have been able to make, are 
so agreeable to your readers. - For their satisfaction I must inform you, that <i>wadd 
mines</i> in the <i>Cumberland</i> Dialect, signifies the <i>black-lead mines</i>, being 
synonymous terms. Their cause and nature has employ'd the great Bp <i>Nicolson</i> in two 
manuscript letters, whose opinion, with my own, I intended to transmit to you; but as I 
could not have the opportunity of seeing them myself, I defer publication till a better 
opportunity. We are positive the whole world affords not another, nor does it appear the 
<i>Romans</i> ever knew of this. It was accidentally discover'd by a tree blown up by the 
roots in a tempest.-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The produce has nothing in common with lead but the name, not 
being fusible in any fire. The mines are seldom opened, except a great demand require it; 
tho' notwithstanding the vigilance of the owners, it may be procured from the smugglers 
thereabouts; it sells at 6s. 6d. per lb. generally.-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The inclemency of the weather, and rocks of so formidable ascent, 
prevented my intention to see them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.597</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>surveyor</Role>
<Role>map maker</Role>
<PersonName>Cave, F<Note>?</Note></PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1747</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>map</Keyword> <Keyword>waywiser</Keyword> <Keyword>county map</Keyword> 
<Keyword>meridian, London</Keyword>  <Keyword>meridian, Edinburgh</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.597
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>county</Keyword>  <Keyword>map</Keyword>
</Marginal>
County Maps</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7470597.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>An Account of</i> preparations <i>made by</i> F. CAVE, 
<i>for a new set of</i> COUNTY MAPS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IT having long been the desire of all lovers of geographical 
exactness to see a more correct set of county maps than any hitherto published, he has had
for some years past in view such an attempt, thinking it also a matter of concern that our
own country should not be more truly described. As he talked of the <i>Magazine</i> above 
four years before he began it, so this scheme was no secret; and some persons, according 
to what now appears, being more eager to get the start, than solicitous to obtain such 
improvements as he proposed, it may not be improper to make publick what he has done 
towards this desirable and elaborate work, and then give some instances that <i>Haste</i> 
in <i>this</i> affair is inconsistent with <i>Accuracy</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. Many journies have been taken with the measuring wheel, at no 
trifling expence, thro' various parts of the kingdom, for the purpose before mentioned, 
together, indeed, with the pleasures of seeing countries, men and cities; in which 
journies various enquiries were made, the course of roads and distances of places noted, 
cities measured, and towns plann'd.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. He has further been at the charge of particular observations 
and surveys by different persons, eminently skilled in the business, in order to adjust 
the junctions of counties, take the angles &amp;c of roads, and bearings of the sea coast.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. It being necessary, for fixing the true situation of place 
throughout <i>England</i>, to determine the difference of the meridians of <i>London</i> 
and <i>Edinburgh</i>, (which had not been before done,) an ingenious gentleman, moved by a
zeal for the truth of the work, more than a view to <i>self-interest</i>, was pleased to 
go to <i>Edinburgh</i> in the year 1746, solely for that end. He waited for a fine day, 
took his observations at the castle there, and
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">car-
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.598</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>surveyor</Role>
<Role>map maker</Role>
<PersonName>Cave, F<Note>?</Note></PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1747</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>map</Keyword> <Keyword>county map</Keyword> <Keyword>map, copying</Keyword> 
<Keyword>map, errors</Keyword>  <Keyword>Bedfordshire, map</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.598
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7470598.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">carried forward his meridian thro' the south of <i>Scotland</i> 
into the north of <i>England</i>, and sent up the particulars to <i>St John's Gate</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. The same gentleman has almost ever since been making and 
communicating his observations, which, being inspected, have given pleasure to competent 
judges; and it is a further satisfaction to find, from some of his rough notes and 
drawings inserted in the <i>Magazine</i>, (as well as from other pieces published by 
himself,) that its learned readers have (to say nothing to offend his modesty) not the 
least distrust of his judgment and accuracy. We shall therefore, as desired, insert some 
more of his remarks in the <i>Mag.</i> for <i>Jan.</i> 1748.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By these methods, and by the kind intimations sent by gentlemen 
from different parts, Mr <i>C.</i> will be able, if not to obtain absolute exactness, at 
least to supply some defects and to avoid a great number of errors, committed by those 
<i>all-sufficient</i> and <i>sage</i> adventurers, who dreaming of mountains behind their 
counters, imagine that a good map may be made without stirring out of <i>London</i>; and 
that, if they purchase two or three old maps, and deliver them to a neat engraver, all the
business is done; but people of common parts only think it absolutely necessary that a 
geographer should spend some time in travelling and nice observation, in order to know 
which map to follow, and to insert the roads with any degree of exactness. However, it 
must be left ot the public, whether by examinations on the spot, and a little more thought
than has been shewn in the late performances, several contingent improvements may not be 
made to the best maps of counties.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are indeed a kind of <i>Universal Undertakers</i>, that 
fancy themselves equal to every thing, but do nothing right. He has no reason to be 
displeased at the start which such have got, nor to envy them the credit and profit of it.
On the contrary, tho' he has taken so much pains, he will freely instruct them how to 
correect one great error of errors, the <i>Bedfordshire</i> map, against the next 
impression. - As the writing on the plate may be rubbed out, they must erase half a dozen 
towns, and re-ingrave them in a quite different order; and if they please to ask pardon of
the public for exhibiting so confused a jumble, he will proceed to finish his tour and 
enquiries in the county, and publish a correct map of the whole, for them accurately to 
survey and copy in a garret.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mention was made in the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> for 
<i>September</i> and <i>November</i>, of the number of parks (14), and places (120) 
omitted in their map of <i>Berks</i>; and with regard to their map of 
<i>Buckinghamshire</i>, the world was therein informed, that the editor should not have 
omitted the coach and turnpike road to the county town, nor a duke's seat within 20 miles 
of <i>London</i>, and where the map was empty. - As to their <i>Bedfordshire</i>, at first
view the distortion of the great <i>Watling-street</i> road, (obvious to every traveller,)
also of the adjacent towns, but above all the false situations of places at the north 
corner, immediately appeared; and upon further inspection a number of errors and defects. 
By the following copy of a small part of this little county of <i>Bedfordshire</i>, the 
reader will have a sufficient idea of the <i>industry</i> and <i>skill</i> of <i>two</i> 
new sets of map-undertakers, and magazine-compilers, their maps being alike except a small
difference in the scale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P>S></i> In their last map for <i>December</i>, the first 
glance discovered places set at above two thirds less distance than they are in reality.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The north corner of</i> Bedfordshire, <i>as it appears from a 
view of the county</i>.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G747E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The north corner of</i> Bedfordshire, <i>as it stands in the 
two</i> Magazine <i>maps of it, from pretended accurate surveys</i>.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G747E03.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such is the information to be expected in these <i>new</i> maps; 
and the description of the counties is of the like kind, scarce one in ten of the fair 
days being right.
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.599</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>surveyor</Role>
<Role>map maker</Role>
<PersonName>Cave, F<Note>?</Note></PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1747</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>map</Keyword> <Keyword>county map</Keyword> <Keyword>Bedfordshire, 
map</Keyword> <Keyword>Kitchin, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Buckinghamshire, map</Keyword> 
<Keyword>London Magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Hinton, John</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.599
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7470599.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is hoped, therefore, that such gentlemen as have made any 
geographical remarks, or have any partial surveys, will be pleased to contribute their 
assistance and observations to this work, directing to E. CAVE. at St <i>John's Gate</i>, 
who will gratefully acknowledge the favour.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">N.B. <i>The intimation of the survey of a large lake, in the hands
of a person of distinction, is received, and may be of use; but we have seen before, that 
part of the history of it which was sent</i>.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Type>comment</Type>
<Paragraph rend="text">A map of Bedfordshire by Thomas Kitchin was published in the 
Universal Magazine, by John Hinton, London, 1747; and in the London Magazine, November 
1747.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">A map of Buckingham-Shire by Thomas Kitchin was published in the 
Universal Magazine, by John Hinton, London, 1747; appearing in the London Magazine in July
1748.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>ghost</Keyword> <Keyword>apparition</Keyword> <Keyword>Souther Fell, 
Mungrisdale</Keyword>  <Keyword>meteor</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.611
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Souther Fell</Keyword>  <Keyword>apparation</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Ghosts of Souther Fell</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7470611.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Downs, Jan.</i> 3, 1748.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If you have had no Remarks sent you on the two following subjects,
by publishing the observations of a sailor, you may perhaps please some of your readers 
ashore.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">II. <i>On the</i> APPARITION <i>at</i> Souterfells, &amp;c. 
(<i>see Gent. Mag.</i> Nov. 1747.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HAving observed the learned author's account and suggestion that 
these strange appearances might be only <i>Meteors</i>, I cannot but remark that our 
modern <i>men of learning</i>, having ta-
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">ken
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<Title>Gents Mag 1747 p.612</Title>
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  <Keyword>ghost</Keyword> <Keyword>apparition</Keyword> <Keyword>Souther Fell, 
Mungrisdale</Keyword>  <Keyword>Devil, The</Keyword>  <Keyword>demons</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1747 p.612
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[ta]ken it into their heads to imagine there is no <i>hell</i>, at
least that its punishments are not eternal, and that the devil, if there is such a being, 
hath nothing to do with the world; and, consequently, that there can be no such things as 
spirits. Whenever <i>these</i> immaterial beings are constrained to act in a more open 
manner than they chuse (for 'tis not th[e] interest of the <i>devil</i> to have it known 
there is such a <i>being</i>) these wise men are forced either to deny the facts, by 
accusing the relators of falshood, folly, or credulity, or impute them to other causes. 
Yet there is an <i>old book</i>, which I shall not name, lest it should be ranked with 
<i>Glanville</i>, or <i>Amadis de Gaul</i>; for in that <i>old book</i> the <i>Sabeans</i>
and <i>Chaldeans</i> could not steal cattle, lightning kill some sheep, a high wind blow 
down a house, nor a man be troubled with boils, but all is imputed to the Devil; whereas, 
our modern philosophers would have found a thousand other causes for those misfortunes, in
order to excuse that being. Shall I add, that that <i>old book</i>, to give a slight idea 
of the number of Daemons, asserts, that seven were cast out of one woman, and a legion 
from a man, &amp;c. But, leaving that <i>old book</i> to itself, let us suppose one of our
philosophers to see a regiment of dragoons reviewed in <i>Hyde-Park</i>: If asked <i>what 
they were?</i> might he not truly answer, that <i>they were a company of spirits, confined
for a time to inhabit material bodies of different forms and textures?</i> And was he 
asked the same question, on sight of a number of animalcules, visible only thro' the 
assistance of microscopes, would not the same answer be a truth, tho' the bodies of these 
animalcules are almost as rarified as themselves? Nay, do we not know that there are 
several insects that change their shapes at times? Where then is the absurdity in 
supposing it possible for some spirits to appear for a short time in bodies still more 
refined, and capable of what shape they please, and when? And were this not the case, as 
who can prove it is not? is not the regularity of a regiment of men's exercise a greater 
wonder than that of spirits, who may well be supposed much wiser than mortal beings, who 
are more confined by their bodies than they? In short, if there are really a vast 
multitude of immaterial beings concerned in the affairs of the world as the said <i>old 
book</i> seems to assert, is not the denying their existence as great an absurdity as was 
theirs who denied the antipodes, because they had never seen them? And would not the 
allowing of such beings be a much easier and truer way to account for such appearances, 
than that of meteors, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P. S.</i> It is pleasant to observe, that, notwithstanding the 
endeavours to discredit the being of spirits, there is hardly a person in <i>England</i> 
(I believe I may say the world) but hath either heard or seen one himself, or been 
acquainted with those that have: and was this rightly attended to, such apparitions would 
be reckoned no more supernatural than it is to see an <i>American</i> or 
<i>East-Indian</i>; the one being as much a work of creation as the other. But, because 
spirits are beings something above us, and we cannot account for all their actions, 
therefore we think there are no such things; but Death shall remove us from our material 
bodies, when we may perhaps view more fellow spirits than ever we saw fellow-mortals.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>survey</Keyword> <Keyword>Survey of the North West Coast of England</Keyword> 
<Keyword>meridian</Keyword> <Keyword>Jupiter, moons</Keyword> <Keyword>longitude</Keyword>
<Keyword>Moll, Herman</Keyword> <Keyword>pole star</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent 
Mouth</Keyword> <Keyword>magnetic deviation</Keyword> <Keyword>North</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Edward I Monument, Burgh by Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Burgh Marsh, Burgh by 
Sands</Keyword>  <Keyword>Solway Bay</Keyword>  <Keyword>surveying</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.3
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Survey of the NW coast</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Cumberland Coast Survey</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7480003.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<References>
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</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">EXTRACT <i>of a Letter giving an Account of a</i> Survey <i>of the
N.West Coast of</i> England, <i>in</i> August 1746, <i>at our Expence</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR</i>,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I WAS made extremely sensible of the want of correct maps in the 
course of my <i>survey</i>; in my opinion, the nation ought to encourage general meridians
thro' <i>Britain</i> at least from <i>Berwick</i> to the south coast of <i>England</i>, as
has been done in <i>France</i>. Geography gains ground fast, and by a few observations of 
the eclipses of <i>Jupiter</i>'s satellites, made at different places by proper 
observators, our longitudes might all be corrected. The principle objection, I own, is the
great expence of the work; but it well known that <i>Moll</i>'s little erroneous trifles, 
built altogether on copy, took very well, and certainly in a more curious age, correct 
ones would not need encouragement.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was my business every night to prepare meridians, by the 
north-pole, in case of mistakes by the needle, after allowance made for the position of 
the pole-star from the point of the earth's produc'd axis, against my mornings works. I 
could not find, that the points of <i>Darwent</i> mouth bore near so much west as suppos'd
in the present maps, the makers of which, I imagine, depended on the magnetical meridian 
more than the solar one.-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And, indeed, as the difference of the magnetical and solar 
meridians is very near 18&#x00B0; on this coast, it is not to be wonder'd that surveys, 
following the needle, should throw all promontories so much south of west, as seems to be 
the case, in constructing on these principles; the magnetical being a false meridian, tho'
sailors use it for a true one.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Observations by the magnetical needle uncorrected by the solar, 
are at least about 1&#x00BD; point west of the north. It has encreased on this coast since
1715 from 14&#x00B0; to 17&#x00B0; 30', where it is now, but is still encreasing.- I have 
marked the position of the sands from the best intelligence - Tho' the sea coast is most 
useful to be taken as it appears, for the service of mariners, yet it is great pity that 
public encouragement is not offer'd for accurate maps of the land also.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I began, at the monument on <i>Burgh Marsh</i>, to measure off the
<i>Solway</i> bay; and as the ground was very low, I took several bases of triangles, to 
measure the opposite shore, and fix its
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">principal
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1748 p.4</Title>
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<Date>1746</Date>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>surveying</Keyword> <Keyword>base line, surveying</Keyword> <Keyword>Skiddaw, 
Underskiddaw</Keyword> <Keyword>Criffel, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Burnswark, 
Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Burgh Marsh, Burgh by Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Brumburgh, 
Bowness</Keyword> <Keyword>Bowness-on-Solway, Bowness</Keyword> <Keyword>Solway 
Bay</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Bowness</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Fishgarth<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>lighthouse, Workington</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>Uln<Note>Ellen, River</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Eln<Note>Ellen, River</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Ulhn<Note>Ellen, 
River</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Ellen, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Ellen 
Foot<Note>Maryport</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Uln 
Dale<Note>Uldale</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Uldale, Ireby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ireby</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Uldale</Keyword> <Keyword>Ellenborough, 
Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Flimby, Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>salt pans, 
Flimby</Keyword> <Keyword>Flimby Parks<Note>Flimby Great Wood</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Flimby Great Wood, Flimby</Keyword> <Keyword>Boin<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Darwent Mouth<Note>Derwent Mouth</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent 
Mouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent, River</Keyword> <Keyword>canal, Workington to 
Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>Port of Workington, 
Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>harbour, Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>sea mark</Keyword> 
<Keyword>St Michael, Workington<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>How Michael Chapel (St 
Michael, Workington<Note>St Michael, Workington (2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>How Michael<Note>Chapel Hill</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Chapel Hill, Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>coasts, Cumbria</Keyword> 
<Keyword>print</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.4
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7480004.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">principal points. For general heights to keep constantly in my 
eye, I fixed on three remarkable mountains, as judging they might be seen thro' the 
greatest part of the extent of my survey; these were <i>Skiddow</i> in <i>Cumberland</i>, 
<i>Criffield</i>, and <i>Burnswark</i> in <i>Scotland</i>, which appeared, as in the 
draughts. The distances were determined thus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I measured a base line on <i>Burgh Marsh</i>, after correcting the
magnetical meridian; this was directed to a tree on an eminence near <i>Drumbugh</i>, as 
judging it the longest course in a plain. I carefully examined every angle from each of 
these stations, and fix'd the several places as specified in my draught. It took me up 
some time to get proper assistants, and fix <i>Skiddow</i>, one of my principal aims; the 
ground besides being very troublesome, by reason of the frequent creeks and quicksands, so
that I could reach no farther than <i>Bowness</i> on the 27th at night. From the monument 
the coast is extremely low on the <i>English</i> side, and a fine pasture 
till<i>Drumbugh</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At <i>Bowness</i> I took a new meridian to ascertian the truth of 
my triangles. It is properly so called from the bend of the coast at this promontory, 
which is the most remarkable one on the <i>Solway</i> bay, at least on the <i>English</i> 
side. It is to be remark'd that the river <i>Eden</i> has of late years kept almost close 
under the <i>Scotch</i> shore, but its course is constantly varying by the rapidity of 
land floods at low ebbs, thro' such a soft and slimy sand, that no chart can be given with
certainty of its fesh water course; besides, the sands are extremely uncertain and 
dangerous to enter upon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At <i>Fishgarth</i> I measur'd a fresh base at low ebb, to adjust 
<i>Workington</i> light-house, and proceeded forward by <i>Uln</i> or <i>Eln</i> foot. 
Maps are divided how to spell this river, but it seems most reasonable <i>Uln</i> or 
<i>Ulhn</i>, because above <i>Ierby</i>, where this water flows, the dale or valley is 
call'd <i>Uln dale</i>, and the church <i>Uln-dale</i> church. Again from 
<i>Ellenborough</i>, near its mouth, one would be induced to write it <i>Ellon</i>, and 
'tis commonly called at its exit <i>Eln-foot</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From <i>Eln-foot</i> the shore is a fine hard sand, and the coast 
above at some distance high and woody, particularly above <i>Flimby</i>, a little village 
with salt-pans; these woods are call'd <i>Flimby</i> parks, and the country assumes a 
better aspect.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When we get to a single house call'd the <i>Boin</i>, the coast 
elbows round, and the whole track from thence to <i>Darwent</i> mouth is a low benty soil,
so broken with rabbets, that 'tis almost impossible to ride it after night falls.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The river <i>Darwent</i> is the second for magnitude in 
<i>Cumberland</i>; it might be made navigable to <i>Cockermouth</i>, by cutting thro' some
grounds, and erecting locks; for it admits ships of tolerable burthen for coasters to 
<i>Workington</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Workington</i> seems a town of pretty trade, above 50 vessels 
belong to it, and the harbour dilates above the pier, which breaks the extreme violence of
tides by westerly winds, and affords a good harbour; but as it lay out of my limit I 
pass'd the <i>Darwent</i> in a boat, and proceeded to follow the course of the coast. On 
the opposite side we came up with the light-house and high land which we had seen for 
several miles; they are principal sea-marks for <i>Workington</i> harbour, and the 
<i>Scotch</i> coast, which appears exactly as I have drawn it.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G748E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Appearance of <i>How-michael</i> chapel H, and <i>Workington</i> 
light house L, for 16 miles along the coast.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>surveying</Keyword> <Keyword>coasts, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Grune Point, 
Silloth-on-Solway</Keyword> <Keyword>Isle of Man</Keyword> <Keyword>Harrington</Keyword> 
<Keyword>salt pans, Harrington</Keyword> <Keyword>salt pans, Lowca</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Leuco<Note>Lowca</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Lowca</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>coal</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven Harbour, 
Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>harbour, Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees Head, St 
Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees Lighthouse, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>market, St 
Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees School, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Calder, River</Keyword>
<Keyword>Calder Foot, St Bridget Beckermet</Keyword> <Keyword>Drigg Rock, Irish 
Sea</Keyword> <Keyword>crabs</Keyword> <Keyword>lobsters</Keyword> 
<Keyword>oysters</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.5
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The land was now high again, but skirted with low, benty ground 
for rabbet warrens, with which the whole coast from the <i>Grune</i> abounds; but makes a 
very bad appearance, because the eye is presently taken off by the height of the banks on 
your left hand, which of themselves form a very indifferent landskip.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I had now lost <i>Skiddow</i> and <i>Burnswark, Criffield</i> only
remainded on the <i>Scotch</i> shore, but the <i>Isle of Man</i> was visible enough, tho' 
the horizon was hazy, and the sea very rough.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At <i>Harrington</i> salt-pans, and before, the coast from bad 
grew worse and worse; the rocks, or stones equal to rocks, grew insupportable for either 
horse or foot. I order'd the horses up land at foot-ways cut from the pans along very 
steep, rocky brows, finding the coast now impracticable for riding, and walk'd under the 
shocking precipices, where no mortal could have gone in spring tides, because the sea 
washes them to a great height. The sea was then full and stormy, and I often felt its 
sprinklings, broke into drops by the violent shock upon the low rocks, on whose top was 
all the path we had.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Both <i>Harrington</i> salt-pans, which are now wrought, and the 
old ones of <i>Leuco</i>, which are tumbling into ruins every spring tide, are shockingly 
situated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After a fine coast and inland, we came to <i>Whitehaven</i>, which
is a thriving and well-built town; it exceeds <i>Carlisle</i> in extent about &#x2153;, 
but is thrice as populous. The streets are extremely straight and regular in most places; 
there is a general appearance of industry amongst the inhabitants, and the hurry and 
bustle which accompanies their trade seems to be natural and easy. The vast supply of 
coals in this neighbourhood has rais'd this port from a fishing town to be the next after 
<i>Bristol</i> and <i>Leverpool</i> on the west sea, and the roads leading to it are equal
to the best turnpikes about <i>London</i>, and are every-day improving, and carrying 
forward. Its situation is low in comparison of the great height of the coast on all side 
of it, and the harbour barricado'd with several piers to bridle the fury of the west 
winds, to which it is greatly expos'd. Here the country puts on a much better appearance, 
and a fine vale encircles <i>Bees-head</i> from <i>Whitehaven</i> to the little brook 
below <i>Sea-cote</i>, full of pleasant villages, and country seats; so that if you have 
no accident by the way in so long a journey, you will not repent visiting 
<i>Whitehaven</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is a small fort at the outer pier, to command the harbour, 
of no great strength by situation; there seems wanting a lower battery on the pier itself.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the 30th we reached <i>Bees-head</i>, where is a light-house, 
but, in my opinion, the cradle is too much sunk within the battlements to afford a 
serviceable light to sailors; the point indeed is so prodigiously exposed, that a greater 
elevation would occasion a far greater consumption of fire; but coals are so plentiful in 
this neighbourhood, the expence ought not to be regarded, as 'tis the first land that 
sailors from the west endeavour to make. They compute it 10 leagues from this promontory 
to the <i>Isle of Man</i>, I make it more by connecting of triangles, to the <i>Paps of 
Man</i>, whither I took my aim.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The town or village of <i>St Bees</i> is pleasantly situated in a 
vale, where they suppose the sea formerly flowed; here is a good free-school, and a fine 
retreat for youth; it is equal to several market towns in bigness, but the market of 
<i>Whitehaven</i> has attracted the business, and left <i>St Bees</i> a village only.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From hence we found the sand and shingle very loose and chaffy, 
which occasions great labour to the traveller till we came to the <i>Caldar</i>, a stream 
running, thro' very romantic prospects, into the sea, without any harbour. At about a mile
distant from <i>Caldar</i> mouth is a very dangerous rock, only seen at extreme low ebbs. 
It is called <i>Drig-rock</i> and in the course of seven years has only been observed 
twice.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Here is abundance of all kinds of crabs and lobsters, and other 
testaceous fish, and the largest oysters of <i>Britain</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>To be continued</i>)
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>snow</Keyword> <Keyword>Liddel, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Liddale<Note>Liddel</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Esk, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Lyne,
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirtle, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Teviot, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>floods</Keyword>  <Keyword>fords</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.152
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>northern rivers</Keyword>  <Keyword>snow</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Northern Rivers, Snow</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7480152.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Carlisle, Apr.</i> 16.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THESE rivers, the <i>Kirtle, Esk, Liddale, Tiviot</i> and 
<i>Line</i>, have their <i>rise</i>, and a great part of their <i>course</i> among bleak 
and desolate mountains.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By the hot and dry weather in the last autumn, they were lower 
than ever known, and the earth was heated to an uncommon degree.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For this reason, although the snows in <i>Feb</i>. were heaped 
upon the mountains, by strong winds intensely cold, yet there was a ground thaw in the 
plains.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This constant drift of snow on the mountains, and intense cold of 
the air, consolidated the flakes in their descent, and a long succession of these 
congealed every standing pool, or mill dam in the channel to the bottom. - So that the 
intermediate channel became dry.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But soon after the ice had reach'd the bottom of these pools, the 
ground thaw began insensibly to waste it away, and thus the waters of the river gradually 
rose; tho' in <i>Esk</i>, which has but few pools no sensible increase of waters might 
ensue, as was the case.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But in <i>Line</i>, which, tho' less than <i>Esk</i>, has more 
pools, a deep channel, and slow course, it was otherwise; for although, by the cause above
assigned, the few fords that it has were passed by persons on foot, dry shod; yet within a
few hours, there was so great a swell, that they were dangerous to horsemen.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The different courses of the freezing air, and the situation of 
the mountains, with respect to the several rivers, were the cause why this circumstance 
did not happen all on the same day. And that several adjoyning rivers did not freeze must 
be attributed to their running through a more level, and, therefore, a warmer country; and
for the same reason some parts of the <i>Esk</i> might have little ice, as it is not all 
surrounded by mountains.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours &amp;c. A.B.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1748</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Coning Garth<Note>Cunningarth</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cunningarth, 
Westward</Keyword> <Keyword>Old Carlisle, Westward</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Olenacum</Keyword> <Keyword>Ala Herculea<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Notitia Dignitatum</Keyword> <Keyword>Triton</Keyword> <Keyword>Ala Augusta 
Gallorum Proculeiana</Keyword>  <Keyword>print</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.179
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>antiquities</Keyword>  <Keyword>Coning Garth</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Antique Figures</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7480179.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I SEnd you some pieces of antiquity, which I lately discovered in 
the wall and adjoining houses of an obscure farm at <i>Coning-garth</i>, about 2 short 
miles southward from <i>Wigton</i>, in <i>Cumberland</i>, and not far from a large Roman 
encampment, called <i>Old Carlisle</i>, on the military way leading to 
<i>Ellenborough</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Old Carlisle</i> has been variously understood by antiquaries; 
but Mr <i>Horsley</i>'s opinion, that it was the <i>Roman Olenacum</i>, seems to have the 
greatest weight, where the <i>Ala Herculea</i> encamp'd at the time of the <i>Notitia</i>.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G748E05.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FIG. I. is a Triton; the stone is about 2 1/2 foot by 16 inches; 
whether there has been any figure on the other sides cannot be learn'd, as 'tis built in 
the wall; it is in full demi-relievo, and tolerably well executed, at least much better 
than many sculptures of those times, but 'tis imperfect; below the tail has been another 
figure, but the stone is broke off; and, facing the Triton a third also defac'd and 
imperfect.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G748E06.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FIG. II. is the corner stone of a stable, or barn, at the very 
foundation, probably a pedestal to a funeral monument. The figures on it resemble scales, 
or waves, and whether it has been a plinth for the Triton, and the whole a sepulchral 
pillar, is not now to be determin'd.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FIG III. is an inscription, now placed horizontally, as the upper 
lintel of a window near the Triton, by which it seems probable that the <i>Ala Augusta</i>
had some time garrison'd this place; it is of the funeral kind, and dedicated to the 
<i>Dis Manibus</i>. I hope the curious will oblige us with their reading and 
interpretation of it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FIG. IV. is a view of a stone, which I take to be the capital of 
the whole monument; the length of the plinth is 17 1/2 inches, breadth 12, height 7 
inches, of which 2 are edg'd away in a slope moulding, and the spheroid on the plinth is 
20 inches
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">high,
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Coning Garth<Note>Cunningarth</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cunningarth, 
Westward</Keyword>  <Keyword>Old Carlisle, Westward</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.180
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7480180.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">high, 14 inches diameter one way, and 12 the other, exactly equal 
to the breadth of the base, and wrought over with a kind of net-work, probably taken from 
the cone of a fir-apple. Its most singular curiosity is, that plinth and spheroid make but
one entire stone, contrary to the custom of the moderns spiking their globes. I am 
persuaded if the whole funeral obelisk had been entire, it would have been one of the most
curious of the kind yet discovered. At present it lies in a back yard, useless and 
disregarded.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> G.S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>meridian</Keyword> <Keyword>surveying</Keyword> <Keyword>map</Keyword> 
<Keyword>county map</Keyword> <Keyword>Edinburgh, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Burnswark, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.205
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>meridian</Keyword>  <Keyword>county maps</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Meridian</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7480205.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Extract of a</i> JOURNEY <i>to</i> EDINBURGH, &amp;c. <i>to 
survey those parts, and settle a Meridian, undertaken</i> Oct. 1746 <i>at our expence, for
the avoiding of old errors, and proceeding on true principles in our County Maps.</i> (See
p.3, 4, 5.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AS it was necessary to have the meridian of <i>Edinburgh</i> 
castle trac'd out before the winter was too far advanced, I lost no time, but having 
provided materials, I set out for that city, hoping to get it carry'd forward on one line 
before the snow fell; but to my great surprize found the middle ridge of mountains in 
<i>Tweedale</i> for several miles bury'd in a monstrous depth of it, and still falling in 
great quantities all day long over the lowest part of that ridge, which is the high way 
leading to <i>Edinburgh</i>; but as I was set out, I determined to proceed some way or 
other to settle the question. When I came near <i>Edinburgh</i>, the climate sem'd to be 
altered, at least 10 degrees, in respect of the mountains which we had left. I got to that
city in the forenoon, but was obliged to stay till next day before I could take the sun's 
meridian; but then happily accomplished it at the castle, and without loss of time 
proceeded for the top of <i>Braid Craigs</i>, over which my line directed me to a 
remarkable eminence in them. From these rocks I could carry it not above a mile, being cut
short by the advanced skirt of the eastermost height of <i>Pentland</i>, and a very hazy 
horizon. <i>Kinghorn</i> on the <i>Fife</i> coast, and the eastern declivity of the 
eastermost <i>Lomund</i>, two very high mountains on the east of <i>Fife</i>, are on the 
meridian northward; this and the castle kept me firm to my line, but I soon lost them, and
found that I should be carry'd thro' impervious mosses and mountains; I therefore 
continued to west, carefull noting the quantity of my deviating angles, from mountain to 
mountain, till I gained the summit of <i>Erric stone brae</i>, from whose top I could see 
<i>Burnswark</i>, in the plains of <i>Annandale</i>; on the next morning having by favour 
of the moon rid four hours before day-break, to reach <i>Burnswark</i> by the
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">sun's
</Paragraph>
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<Date>1748</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
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</ObjectName>
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  <Keyword>meridian</Keyword> <Keyword>surveying</Keyword> <Keyword>map</Keyword> 
<Keyword>county map</Keyword> <Keyword>Criffel, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees Head, 
St Bees</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.206
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7480206.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">sun's rise, when our view is generally most extended, because of 
the fewer vapours, I effected it by the time I proposed, and found, to my vast surprise, a
great variation from what geographers have made the meridian of <i>Annan</i> and 
<i>Edinburgh</i>.- I have constructed the plan of the road, and laid down the meridian, 
with the proper longitudes, of <i>Criffel</i> and <i>Bees-head</i>.- You will perceive 
from the plan what pains I have taken in this survey, in laying down mountains, rivers, 
villages, &amp;c.-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Title>Gents Mag 1748 p.255</Title>
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<PersonName>Gentleman's Magazine</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Stalbrigiensis</PersonName>
</Person>
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  <Keyword>weather forecasting</Keyword> <Keyword>Rational Account of the 
Weather</Keyword> <Keyword>Shepherd of Banbury's Rules</Keyword> <Keyword>shepherd, 
weather</Keyword> <Keyword>Pointer, Rev</Keyword> <Keyword>Claridge, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>plagiarism</Keyword>  <Keyword>rain</Keyword>  <Keyword>wind</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.255
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>weather</Keyword>  <Keyword>shepherd's lore, plagiarized</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Weather, and Shepherds</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>Signs prognostic of the Weather.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A Rational Account of the Weather by the Rev. Mr</i> POINTER, 
was published in 1738; and <i>The Shepherd of Banbury's Rules</i>, &amp;c. <i>by</i> JOHN 
CLARIDGE, in 1744.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Observations of the Shepherd contained in the latter Treatise,
are said to be grounded on no less than 40 years experience; but by comparing them with 
those contained in the former account, I find almost all his observations to be 
transcrib'd <i>verbatim</i> from it: and in order to shew this more clearly, I have sent 
you both their observations, which you may distinguish by different characters.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SHEPHERD.) 1. SUN. If the sun rise red and fiery, - wind and rain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">POINTER.) 1. <i>If the sun at his rising looks red, &amp;c. the 
air is thickning: and, if the clouds look red at sun-rise, there will be a very great 
tempest.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. If cloudy, and it soon decrease, - certain fair weather. 
<i>Shepherd.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. <i>If the clouds are driven from the sun-rising, and pass away 
to the west, it is a sign of fair weather.</i> Pointer.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. CLOUDS small and round, like a dappley-grey, with a north wind,
- fair weather for 2 or 3 days.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. <i>Clouds appearing like white fleeces of wool, scattered about
in the sky, are another sign of fair weather.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. Large like rocks, - great showers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. <i>Clouds appearing like rocks or towers, signify great 
showers.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">5. If small clouds increase, much rain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">5. <i>If small clouds grow bigger and bigger in an hour or two, 
they signify a great deal of rain.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">6. If large clouds decrease, - fair weather.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">6. <i>If great clouds separate, waste off, and grow smaller and 
smaller, this signifies fair weather.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">7. MISTS. If they rise from low ground, and soon vanish, - fair 
weather.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">7. <i>If the mists arise out of ponds and rivers, and there vanish
away</i> (i.e. <i>are either exhal'd or subside) they signify fair weather.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">8. If they rise to the hill tops, - rain in a day or two.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">8. <i>But if from thence they are attracted to the tops of hills, 
'tis like there will be rain suddenly, either the same day, or commonly within two or 
three days.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">9. A general mist before the sun rises, near the full moon, - fair
weather.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">9. <i>If before the sun-rising it will be a general mist (both on 
the hills and vales) near the full moon, it signifies fair weather.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">10. If in the new moon, - rain in the old.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">10. <i>But if such a mist be in the new of the moon, it signifies 
rain in the old of the moon.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">11. If in the old, - rain in the new.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">11. <i>But in the old of the moon, it signifies rain in the 
new.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">12. WINDS. Observe that in eight years time there is as much south
west wind as north east, and consequently as many wet years as dry.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">12. <i>It has been an observation made by some, that have been 
very curious observers of the weather for many years, that in eight years time there is as
much south and west wind, as north and east wind; and consequently as many wet years as 
dry.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">13. When the wind turns to N. E. and it continues two days without
rain, and does not turn south the third day, nor rain the third day, it is likely to 
continue N. E. for 8 or 9 days, all fair, and then to come to the south again.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">13. First, <i>For the N. E. wind: When the wind turns to this 
point, and continues 2 days without rain, and turns not southward the third day, nor 
rains, then it is like to continue N. E. for 8 or 9 days without rain, and then return 
into the S.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">14. If it turn again out of the S. to the N. E. and continues in 
the N. E. 2 days without rain, and neither turns S. nor rains the third day, it is like to
continue N. E. for 2 or 3 months. The wind will finish these turns in 3 weeks.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">14. <i>If the wind turn out of S. to the N. E. again, and continue
in that point without rain for 2 days, and turn not S. the third day, nor rain the third 
day, iot is like to continue N. E. for 2 months, or 3 for the most part. the wind will 
finish these turns towards the N. in 3 weeks.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">15. S. W. WINDS. After a northerly wind for the most part of 2 
months or more, and then coming south, there are usually 3 or 4 fair days at first, and 
then on the 4th or 5th day comes rain, or else the wind turns north again, and continues 
dry.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">15. 2dly. <i>For the S. W. winds: When the wind has been in the 
north for two months or more for the most part, and comes to the south, usually there are 
3 or 4 fair days at first, and then the 4th or 5th day comes rain, or else the wind turns 
north, and continues dry still.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">16. If it returns to the south within a day or two without rain, 
and turn northward with rain, and return to the south, &#x002A; in one or two days, as 
before (&#x002A; <i>the first or second day.</i> Pointer.) two or three times together 
after this
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">sort,
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<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>  <Keyword>weather</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1748 p.256</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Stalbrigiensis</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1748</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>weather forecasting</Keyword> <Keyword>Rational Account of the 
Weather</Keyword> <Keyword>Shepherd of Banbury's Rules</Keyword> 
<Keyword>shepherd</Keyword> <Keyword>rain</Keyword> <Keyword>wind</Keyword> 
<Keyword>clouds</Keyword>  <Keyword>rainbow</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.256
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7480256.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">sort, then it is likely to be in the south, or south-west, 2 or 3 
months together, as it was in the north before. - The winds will finish these turns in a 
fortnight.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">16. <i>If it returns.</i> &amp;c. (verbatim)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">17. Fair weather for a week, with a southern wind, is like to 
produce a great drought; if there has been much rain out of the south before. The wind 
usually turns from north to south, with a quiet wind without rain, but returns to the 
north with a strong wind and rain; the strongest winds are, when it turns from south to 
north by west.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>N. B.</i> When the north wind first clears the air (which is 
usually once a week) be sure of a fair day or two.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">17 <i>If it be fair weather out of the south for a week together 
(which is not usual) it is like to be a great drought, when it has been a long time of 
rain out of the south before. Usually the wind turns from the north to the south quietly 
without rain, but comes back again into the north with a strong wind and rain. - The 
greatest winds, which blow down houses and trees, usually come out of the south by the 
west into the north, which drives away rain, and clears the air.</i> Pointer.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">18. CLOUDS. In summer or harvest, when the wind has been south 2 
or 3 &#x002A; days, and it grows very hot, and you see clouds rise with great white tops, 
like towers, as if one were upon top of another, and join'd together with black on the 
&#x2020; nether side, there will be thunder and rain suddenly. <i>Shepherd.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">18. <i>When the wind in the summer time has,</i> &amp;c. &#x002A; 
<i>days together.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; <i>nether side, then it is like to be thunder and rain 
suddenly in many places.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">19. If two such clouds arise, one on either hand, it is time to 
make haste to shelter.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">19. <i>If there arise two such clouds with thunder in them, the 
one on the one side of you, and the other on the other, then beware.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">20. If you see a cloud rise against the wind, or side wind, when 
that cloud comes up to you, the wind will blow tha same way that the cloud came. And the 
same rule holds of a clear place, when all the sky is equally thick, except on clear edge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">20. <i>Not in</i> Pointer's <i>account.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">21. Sudden rain never lasts long: but when the air grows thick by 
degrees, and the sun, moon, and stars shine dimmer and dimmer, then it is like to rain six
hours usually.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">21. <i>When a shower comes suddenly, 'tis like to be fair weather 
again in the space of half an hour, or an hour: and when the air grows thick by degrees, 
and the sun shines duller and duller, till it shines not at all, or the moon or stars by 
night, then it is likely to rain six hours usually.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">22. if it begin to rain from the south, with a high wind for two 
or three hours, and the wind falls, &#x002A; but the rain continues, it is like to rain 
twelve hours or more, and does usually rain &#x2021; till a strong north wind clears the 
air. These long rains seldom hold above &#x2016; twelve hours, or happen above once a 
year.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">22. <i>When it begins,</i> &amp;c. (verbatim)
<Line>&#x002A; <i>(and it continues raining still)</i></Line>
<Line>&#x2021; <i>Till a strong wind arises to clear the air.</i></Line>
<Line>&#x2016; <i>above twenty-four hours, or seldom happen,</i></Line>
<Line>&amp;c.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">23. If it begins to rain an hour or two &#x002A; before 
sun-rising, it is like to be fair before noon, and &#x2020; so continue that day; but if 
the rain begin an hour or two after sun-rising, it is like to rain &#x2021; all that day, 
except the rainbow be seen before it rains.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">23.
<Line>&#x002A; before day.</Line>
<Line>&#x2020; to hold so all the rest of the day.</Line>
<Line>&#x2021; most of the day after.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">24. SPRING and SUMMER. If the last 18 days of <i>February</i>, and
10 days of <i>March</i>, be for the most part rainy, then the spring and summer quarters 
are like to be so too: and I never knew a great drought but it enter'd in that season.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">25. WINTER. If the latter end of <i>October</i> and beginning of 
<i>November</i> be for the most part warm and rainy, then <i>January</i> and 
<i>February</i> are like to be open and mild.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>These</i> 3 <i>last observations not in</i> Pointer.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From this comparative view, any one may, at first sight, see 
whether these observations, ascrib'd to the <i>Shepherd of Banbury</i> are really deduc'd 
from no less than 40 years experience, or not rather transcrib'd from Mr <i>Pointer</i>'s 
account, in which are great many curious observations, besides these that have been 
borrow'd from him.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And as to the Shepherd's book, it must be acknowledg'd to be well 
written; and the publisher's remarks are judicious, rational, and useful.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>I am, Sir, Yours,</i> &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">STALBRIGIENSIS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>May</i> 28, 1748.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1748 p.291</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1748</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>How Point<Note>Herd Hill</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Herd Hill, 
Bowness<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Scargavel Point, Bowness</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cardronac Bay<Note>Moricambe</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>quicksand</Keyword> 
<Keyword>sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Moricambe, Holme East Waver</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ptolemy</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Skinburness</Keyword> <Keyword>Skinburness, 
Silloth-on-Solway</Keyword> <Keyword>brandy sloops</Keyword> <Keyword>smuggling</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cardronac<Note>Cardurnock</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cardurnock, Bowness</Keyword>
<Keyword>Holm Abbey<Note>Abbey Town</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Abbey Town, Holme 
Abbey</Keyword> <Keyword>Grune Point, Silloth-on-Solway</Keyword> <Keyword>Chapel of the 
Grune, Silloth-on-Solway</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Silloth-on-Solway</Keyword> 
<Keyword>drainage</Keyword> <Keyword>inns</Keyword> <Keyword>Allonby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Beckfoot, Holme St Cuthbert</Keyword> <Keyword>coasts, Cumbria</Keyword> 
<Keyword>market, Allonby</Keyword> <Keyword>sea mark</Keyword> <Keyword>leading 
line</Keyword> <Keyword>Hill House, Salta</Keyword> <Keyword>Dubmill House</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dubmill, Allonby</Keyword> <Keyword>Workington Bar</Keyword> <Keyword>Port of 
Workington, Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>harbour, Workington</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Howmichael chapel (St Michael, Workington<Note>St Michael, Workington 
(2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, Workington<Note>2</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>Bees Head<Note>St Bees 
Head</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees Head, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Swap, 
The<Note>Dubmill Swap</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Skiddaw, Underskiddaw</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dubmill Swap, Solway Firth</Keyword> <Keyword>Solway Firth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>rabbit warren</Keyword>  <Keyword>surveying</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.291
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G748E04.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DESCRIPTION <i>of the</i> Cumberland <i>Coast; a new Survey,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Continued from page 5.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FROM <i>Bowness</i> the coast continues high for about a mile 
westward to <i>How</i> point, when it falls low again, winding by <i>Scargevil-head</i>, 
till we come to <i>Cardronac</i> bay, which is a very dangerous one, being full of 
shifting quicksands, by reason of the rivers and land waters; these, after rains, hurry 
the sand into a loose sludge, which must be wash'd with several tides before it 
consolidates afresh, so that no traveller, or even the inhabitants, can pass it with 
certainty at all times.-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This bay is by some suppos'd the <i>Mori-cambe</i> of 
<i>Ptolemy</i>, but I rather think it to be <i>Ken</i> sands. There has been an old castle
at the cote of <i>Skinburn-naze</i>, probably to guard the bay; a deep creek flows up to 
it rendering it navigable, so that brandy sloops drive on a strong trade here, because of 
the impossibility of an officer getting at them, especially from the <i>Cardronac</i> 
side.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the south side of the bay lies <i>Holm-abbey</i>, eminent for 
the residence of the princes of <i>Scotland</i>; it resembles the escurial in 
<i>Spain</i>, having been both a palace and a monastery; but the description of 
<i>Virgil's Tenedos</i> may be now applied to it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>- <i>Dives opum</i> Priami <i>dum regna manebant.</i></Line>
<Line><i>Nunc deserta quidem.</i></Line>
<Line>AEn. 2.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cardronac</i> is an insignificant village in a wretched 
country, almost quite invironed with sea and morasses.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>Grune</i> is a remarkable head of land, whose position the 
common maps have widely mistaken. It is now only a rabbet warren, and hardly any vestige 
left where an ancient chapel stood, called the chapel of the <i>Grune</i>; the whole is a 
low beachy coast. The <i>Dutch</i> would make a gainful acquisition by diking of this bay,
was it in <i>Holland</i>, for the tide recedes so far as one may pass it in any place for 
several hours together.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From hence the coast inclines more southerly, but is so extremely 
poor, that one could not meet with a single public house, or any refreshment, from 
<i>Holm-abby</i>, where I lodg'd the fourth night, to <i>Allonby</i> on the coast, where 
night overtook us again. This whole coast, till you come at a house called 
<i>Beckfoot</i>, is full of sandy hills, blown and rais'd by the winds, and are very 
tiresome travelling upon -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Allonby</i> is grown from a petty village to have a kind of 
market, especially in the summer; it stretches along the coast in a straggling manner, but
is tolerably well built, and has a considerable concourse for bathing in the sea.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Hill-house</i> is a sea-mark, because it stands pretty high, 
and is made use of in the same manner almost as <i>Dubmill-house</i>, to avoid dangerous 
sand, which stretches almost from <i>Workington</i>-bar to the <i>Scotch</i> coast. When 
<i>Howmichael</i> chapel and the saddle on <i>Bees head</i> are in one line, you may avoid
the <i>Swap</i>; and when <i>Dubmill-house</i> and mount <i>Skiddow</i> are in a line, you
are on the tail of <i>Dubmill</i> swap, and so may turn down the <i>Salway</i>; 'tis about
half a mile broad.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Hence
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<Identification>
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  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1748 p.292</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1748</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>rabbit warren</Keyword> <Keyword>surveying</Keyword> <Keyword>Blue Dial, 
Oughterside and Allerby</Keyword> <Keyword>Bankend Point, Maryport</Keyword> 
<Keyword>starfish</Keyword> <Keyword>periwnkle</Keyword> <Keyword>Skinburness, 
Silloth-on-Solway</Keyword> <Keyword>sea holly</Keyword> <Keyword>rest harrow</Keyword> 
<Keyword>perch</Keyword> <Keyword>sea mark</Keyword> <Keyword>Ravenglass Harbour, 
Ravenglass</Keyword> <Keyword>harbour, Ravenglass</Keyword> <Keyword>Esk, 
River<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Muncaster Castle, Muncaster</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Muncaster</Keyword> <Keyword>preventive officer</Keyword> 
<Keyword>customs office</Keyword> <Keyword>smuggling</Keyword> <Keyword>market, 
Ravenglass</Keyword> <Keyword>Ravenglass, Muncaster</Keyword> <Keyword>Stubb Place, 
Bootle</Keyword> <Keyword>base line, surveying</Keyword> <Keyword>Southfield Bank, 
Whicham<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Skiddaw, Underskiddaw</Keyword> 
<Keyword>print</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.292
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7480292.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Hence we have a low coast till you pass the <i>Blue-dial</i>; then
the shore begins to be banky, and rises by degrees to the <i>Bankend</i> point, with a 
skirt of low ground under the banks, for rabbet warrens. The sea-sand is full of stones, 
some pretty large. On this shore I saw the star-fish, the concha, periwnkle, and pectines,
and hardly any other kind. The coast, all along from <i>Skinburn-naze</i>, is entangled 
with sea-holly, and very few other herbs, save the serpyllum and rest-harrow.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Ravenglass</i> is but a small town, consisting of single row of
houses in an isthmus, so surrounded with water, that travellers are sometimes oblig'd to 
wait four or five hours before they can get to it, without riding almost up to the 
mountains. If there was occasion for it, a very small matter would render it 
unapproachable.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>Perch</i> is a word us'd here for the mouth of a harbour; 
there is a long pole rais'd in the middle of the channel of <i>Ravenglass</i> harbour for 
a post of direction; to such as these candles and lanthorns are affix'd, for night guides 
in most places.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This harbour is extremely ill represented on all maps; certainly 
no geographer has ever inspected it: Three tolerable streams empty themselves into it, 
whose names and course you have in the draught.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of all the three streams, <i>Esk</i> is the farthest navigable, 
even a great way above <i>Moncaster hall</i>, Sir <i>Joseph Pennington</i>'s seat, quite 
to the mountains, for vessels of tolerable burthen.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Notwithstanding the government keeps a preventing officer at this 
town, he is so flood-lock'd, that he must often be an idle spectator of that foul practice
of smuggling, without having it in his power to prevent it. 'Tis surprizing, that there is
not a station boat allowed, that might enable him to go out at all times, to inspect 
vessels of that kind, for few others ever call here; from the sea-side is a very shocking 
landskip of fells and precipices, bare and quite void of soil to westward, as is observed 
thro' the world (<i>See vol</i>. xvii. <i>p</i>.525) so that whilst the east side affords 
fine pasturage, the west will hardly support a goat. Amidst these precipices, shocking as 
they are, many beautiful narrow vales are interspers'd, and kept so warm, that they 
produce a fine breed of large cattle, contrary to the usual custom of mountains.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Had the rebels retreated this way, as was once apprehended, they 
must have perished for want of subsistence, but they understood the country better.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Was it not for its weekly market, <i>Ravenglass</i> would decline;
but that, and the merchants of <i>Whitehaven</i> useing it sometimes as a building place 
for vessels, because materials are cheaper, contribute to its preservation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Getting to <i>Stubb-place</i>, I renew'd my observations to the 
<i>Isle of Man</i>, and <i>Bees-head</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Under <i>Bankend</i> I also made observations to three several 
places in the <i>Man</i>, and three other places.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I measured a fresh base line to fix <i>Southfield</i> point, on a 
very stoney shore of 88 chains. Off this head a sailor assured me that a very large stone,
as big or bigger than his vessel, lies about three miles from land, bare at low ebbs, that
he has seen it several times, and has sail'd very near it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">VIEW <i>of Mount</i> Skiddow <i>and the neighbouring Fells 
from</i> Ierby.
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G748E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
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<Type>comment</Type>
<Paragraph rend="text">The draught referred to in paragraph 4 has not been traced.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1748 opp p.313</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>engraver</Role>
<PersonName>Jefferys, T</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1748</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>eclipse map</Keyword> <Keyword>map</Keyword> <Keyword>Geography of the Great 
Solar Eclipse of July 14, 1748</Keyword>  <Keyword>eclipse, 1748</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 opp p.313
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>map</Keyword>  <Keyword>eclipse, 1748</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Eclipse, 17 July 1748</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">SM19EW.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The GEOGRAPHY of the Great Solar Eclipse of July, 14. MDCCXLVIII. 
EXHIBITING an accurate Map of all the Earth in which it will be Visible, with the NORTH 
POLE, according to the latest Discoveries, BY G. Smith Esqr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">T. Jefferys Sculp.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Westmorland and Cumberland are not in the path of the total 
eclipse, but are close.
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>White, Robert</PersonName>
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<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>MD</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1748</Date>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.313
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>eclipse, 1748</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Eclipse, 17 July 1748</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7480313.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Notes relevant to the map of the eclipse (none directly from 
Cumbria).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Had the pleasure and satisfaction of making some observations of
the great solar eclipse, on the 14th instant, at <i>Grantham</i>, in <i>Lincolnshire</i>, 
by a good pendulum clock rectify'd to the apparent time, and the application of a smoak'd 
glass to the focus of a telescope of 10 feet in length. I perceiv'd the moon's first 
impression on the sun's limb, or the beginning of the eclipse, at 1 m. past 9; soon after,
the sky being tolerably clear, I darken'd a room fit for observation, into which I let in,
through my telescope, the image of the sun, which I received upon a pastboard made of 
white paper, having a proper number of white circles projected on it. By this means, I 
observed very carefully several beautiful phases or appearances, that the moon's shadow 
made upon the sun's image, and particularly that most remarkable one at the time of the 
nearest appropinquation of their centers, or middle of the eclipse, which happened at 31 
m. past 10. The duodecimal parts, or digits eclipsed, I measured 10&#x00B0; 4'; the exact 
time of the end I could not observe, the sun being quite clouded; but by comparing several
phases of the shadow decreasing with the intervals of time between them I imagine it might
happen about 6 m. past 12. If you please to give this a place in your Magazine, you will 
very much oblige your most humble servant,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Grantham, July</i> 22, 1748. RO. WHITE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Luffwick</i>, near <i>Thrapston</i>, in 
<i>Northamptonshire</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE sun's eclipse was accurately observ'd here as follows; which 
if you please to insert, it may oblige your astronomical readers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Table>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell>Apparent Time.</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell>D</Cell><Cell>H</Cell><Cell>'</Cell><Cell>"</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Began 
<i>July</i></Cell><Cell>13</Cell><Cell>21</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>00</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Greatest 
obscuration</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>22</Cell><Cell>33</Cell><Cell>00</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>End ---</Cell><Cell>14</Cell><Cell>00</Cell><Cell>5</Cell><Cell>25</Cell></Row>
</Table>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Digits eclips'd 10 1/3
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Latitude 52&#x00B0; 27' 30"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours,</i> M.D.
</Paragraph>
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<Date>1748</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Derby, Derbyshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Preston, Lancashire</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lancaster, Lancashire</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.562
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Derby to Windermere</Keyword>
</Marginal>
From Derby to Windermere</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7480562.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">LETTER <i>from</i> Carlisle, June 9, 1746.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FROM <i>Derby</i> we rode 12 miles, the latter part of them over 
the desolate hills of the <i>Peak</i> to ... <i>Matlock</i> ... <i>Derwent</i> ... 
<i>Chatsworth</i> ... <i>Buxton</i> ... <i>Pool's-hole</i> ... <i>Mary Q. of Scots 
Pillar</i> ... <i>Dislay</i> ... <i>Manchester</i> ... <i>Wigan</i>... and passing thro' 
<i>Preston</i>, were lead out of our way by our guide, so that, quite lost in the dark, we
wandered about all night, and over many strange places, had several disagreeable falls 
with our horses, but at last arrived late at <i>Lancaster</i>, at the dawn of
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">day,
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>char</Keyword> <Keyword>Windermere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>groaning, 
a</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>guide</Keyword> <Keyword>Belle Isle, 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Bowness-on-Windermere<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>fishing</Keyword> <Keyword>boating</Keyword> <Keyword>fish, Windermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Magna Britannia et Hibernia, Antiqua et Nova</Keyword> <Keyword>pike</Keyword> 
<Keyword>potted charr</Keyword> <Keyword>Keningston Mere<Note>Coniston 
Water</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Coniston Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Winander 
Mere<Note>Windermere lake</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1748 p.563
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Windermere</Keyword>  <Keyword>charr</Keyword>
</Marginal>

</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7480563.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">day, held a merry conversation with a large party of fair ones, 
who were returning home from a groaning, - then went quietly to bed, and rested untill 
nine in the morning. When we came to <i>Kendal</i>, 16 miles further, we enquired after 
<i>Windermere-lake</i>, we soon procured a guide, then quitted the high-road, and rode 12 
miles over some of the wildest hills in <i>Great-Britain</i>. We came upon a high 
promontory that gave us at once a full view of the bright lake; which, spreading itself 
under us, in the midst of the mountains, presented one of the most glorious appearances 
that ever struck the eye of a traveller with transport. It measures 11 miles in length, 
and two in breadth, and is surrounded, on all sides, with rocks, woods, and inclosures. In
some places the crags appear through the trees hanging over the water, in other places 
little valleys are seen opening between the hills, through which small torrents empty 
themselves into the lake; and, in all places, the border quite round shows itself delicate
and beautiful. In the midst of the lake rise several islands covered with trees, which 
greatly adorn the prospect. We stayed here sometime to contemplate this surprising scene, 
and then descended to a small village, but neat, on the verge of the lake, where we 
procured nets, hired boats, and spent the day on this delightful water, either in fishing 
or rowing about from island to island, and place to place, exploring the great variety of 
beauties which surrounded us on all sides. There is one island in this lake containing 30 
acres, with an house and garden; as it is the largest, so it is the most admired: but we 
visited another, which, though much smaller, is greatly more romantic; it is covered all 
over with trees, and edged all round with rocks; at one end rises a mount to a very 
considerable height above water, on the top of which is a table and seats, cut out of the 
rock, agreeably shaded with trees. From this enchanting spot we command a large part of 
the lake; which, together with the country that incloses it, yields a prospect surpassing 
all that ever attracted my observation. <i>Powis-castle</i> (<i>See p.</i>357.) does not 
exhibit a view more amazing, nor winds more delicate. The transparent waters of the lake 
extend themselves many miles before us, round which shade rises above shade, rock above 
rock, hill above hill, and mountain above mountain, even to the clouds, forming the most 
stupendous theatre, presenting the most sublime scenes that human sight can possibly make 
room for.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>I am yours, &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(Most of our histories mention that this lake, besides almost all 
other <i>British</i> fish, is remarkable for the <i>Charr</i>, a fish rarely found but in 
this county: The <i>Magna Britannia, Nova &amp; Antiqua</i>. Vol.ii. p.1306. gives us the 
following particulars: "The <i>charr</i> is found in but one part of this mere, the 
<i>pike</i> destroying them in the other. This fish is about a quarter of a yard long, and
thought to be a sort of <i>golden Alpine trout</i>. The male, which is called a <i>milling
charr</i>, is the largest, has a red belly, and flesh somewhat white; the female 
<i>charr</i> is not so red on the belly, but the flesh very red, and, when potted, is 
delicious meat. Of these great quantities are yearly sent to <i>London</i> from 
<i>Kendal</i> and <i>Lancaster</i>. They are caught also in <i>Keningston mere</i>, which 
is about five miles long, and one broad, lying at the foot of <i>Keningston fells</i>, 
about five miles distant, tho' not in such plenty, but 'tis said, that the <i>charr</i> 
caught there are fairer and more serviceable than those of <i>Winander mere,</i>" - So far
the <i>Magna Britannia</i>, which, together with <i>Campden</i>, has furnished the 
pretended <i>Tours</i> published by some great <i>travellers at home</i>, who, if they had
ever been in the counties they describe, could not have published such gross falsities.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Davis, John</PersonName>
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<Date>1749</Date>
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</Period>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 plate
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>sun dogs</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Sun Dogs</Heading>
<References>
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<PersonName>Davis, John</PersonName>
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<Date>1749</Date>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.202
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>sun dogs</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Sun Dogs, Cumberland</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7490202.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FIG. VI. <i>explained in an ingenious Letter from a new 
Corresppondent.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AT six this morning, our air being replete with icy particles, we 
observed, round the real sun, two halos, represented in the figure by CGD and EFH, very 
strong and rainbow-like; the border next the sun of the interior halo was red, of the 
exterior violet, but the lower parts of them the horizon intercepted. On each side of the 
real sun, and of the same altitude, appear'd two parahelia, or mock suns, thro' which the 
interior halo pass'd; on whose top, at G, was a small part of a white circle, with 
luminous rays darting from it, much resembling a radiated coronet. The Northermost 
parhelion, A, had a long splendid tail, comet-like, opposite to the sun, which, as we 
observ'd it
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">gra-
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Davis, John</PersonName>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.203
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">gradually diminish'd, a tail, at the same time, as gradually 
extending from the Southermost parhelion B (which before had none) till both A's and B's 
tails appear'd of equal length: A while after a white cloud mov'd apparently into the 
place of the parhelion A, so that it disappear'd, but the clouds moving off, A recover'd 
its lustre again, and then also its tail, by degrees, extended to the same length as at 
first, whilst B's tail gradually decreas'd, till it again appear'd without one. All this 
time the rainbow colours of the two halos became less vivid, and turn'd whitish; then, 
touching the top of the exterior halo, there appear'd a broken one IK, deeply tinged with 
the colours of the rainbow, wch seemed to respect the zenith Z for its center; the 
interior limb whereof, nearest Z, was tinged with violet, the exterior with red; at this 
juncture, the radiated coronet, to whose base the imperfect halo I K seem'd concentric, 
disappeared, but the deep tincture of the imperfect halo partly fading, it appear'd again,
tho' not with its former splendour. The lustre of the two parhelia was sometimes stronger,
sometimes fainter; now tinged with rainbow colours, again quite lucid; as A's lustre 
diminish'd, B's increas'd; and as A's tail either decreas'd, or increas'd, B appear'd 
either with or without a tail. In short, the regular variations and changes made such a 
beautiful appearance that words cannot paint it. A little after 7, a black cloud veil'd 
the face of the real sun, when the mock sun A quickly disappear'd, and B as quickly 
redoubled its own lustre and length of tail, but presently grew so faint and weak, by the 
approach of a white cloud, as scarcely to be visible, the cloud being past, it recover'd a
little; clouds again succeeding, the whole disappear'd. A little before 8 it was again 
clear round the sun, when the interior halo CGD again appear'd quite white, except some 
rays of a yellowish tincture at top, but the two parhelia, and the exterior halos were 
quite vanished.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>I am, Sir, Yours</i> &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">JOHN DAVIS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cumberland, May</i> 4.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.152
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>font</Keyword>  <Keyword>Bridekirk</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bridekirk Font</Heading>
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<Filename>G749E01.jpg
</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Caption p.152:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FIG V. The view of an ancient font at Bridekirk in Cumberland, 
with a Runic inscription, of which we expect a further account.
</Paragraph>
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Britannia et Hibernia, Antiqua et Nova</Keyword> <Keyword>aegoceri</Keyword> <Keyword>sea 
goat</Keyword> <Keyword>Capricorn</Keyword> <Keyword>amphisbaena</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.217
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>font</Keyword>  <Keyword>Bridekirk</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bridekirk Font</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7490217.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A Description of</i> FIG. V. <i>in the </i> Miscellaneous Plate
<i>in last</i> Magazine.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THIS curious piece of antiquity was dug up in the ruins of 
<i>Papcastle</i>, near <i>Cockermouth</i>, in <i>Cumberland</i>, among other antique 
remains. The author of <i>Magna Britannia</i>, &amp;c. says, "What use it was made for, 
does not appear, but 'tis now used for a baptismal font (called by St <i>Austin sacrarium 
regenerationis</i>, the sacred laver of regeneration, and, probably, it was design'd for 
one." He adds, that it is of green stone, but it is really a <i>whitish free-stone</i>. 
(<i>See Vol.</i>XII. <i>p.</i>319 a greater mistake of this writer.) It stands in a square
pedestal, about 8 inches high in the upright, and about three more in the perpendicular of
the slope; this supports another of about 20 inches more, pretty near a cube hollow'd, 
being 22 inches on the South and North sides, and 20 on the other two.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It faces the porch door of <i>Bridekirk</i>, is lined with lead, 
and perforated at bottom to take off the baptismal water, and must be at least 900 years 
standing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The front, or South side, engraving is betwixt 3 fillets; the 
uppermost, I imagine, contains two <i>AEgoceri</i>, or sea-goats, the ancient 
representation of <i>Capricorn</i>, in whose sign the sun was at the birth of 
<i>Christ</i>, and, probably, alludes to that; the middle fillet has a festoon of grapes, 
&amp;c. and a human figure catching at a cluster, perhaps, to intimate the mystery of the 
passion, or of the Eucharist, and the advantages accruing to the partaker.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Betwixt that and the third fillet is the inscription, and below a 
female figure with a cup, probably, in her hand; and some festoons.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The East side has only two fillets, the uppermost contains an 
Amphisbaena, or a hydra rather, with two heads, one bent down over its body to the ground,
the other erect, with a branch proceeding from its mouth, which in its process divides 
into three; the first head may denote the depression and extinction of the Mosaic scheme, 
the other the erection of the Christian one, and the mystery of the Trinity may be 
express's in the branch dividing into three, and both may be represented by the hydra.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The second fillet has a tree, and <i>Joseph</i> and <i>Mary</i>, I
suppose, with the child, as <i>Joseph</i> is call'd a <i>fruitful branch</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The North side confirms my conjectures on that of the South, where
the two coelestial signs of <i>Capricorn</i> and <i>Sagittary</i> are represented; 
<i>Sagittary</i> is the concluding sign of the year, as <i>Capricorn</i> the initial one 
with regard to the solar return; intimating that the religion which sprung from the person
born when the sun was in <i>Capricorn</i>, would continue to the consummation of things, 
or till the sun had gone into <i>Sagittary</i>, their emblem of the last period.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The fillet below, on the same side, has an allusion to the 
slaughter of the babes at <i>Bethlehem</i>, and a devotee in a religious posture kneeling,
and taking hold of the true tree of life, notwithstanding the loss of her child, as the 
only means of her future acceptace and happiness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The West side is in the same taste, but the figures wasted by 
time.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The learned Bp <i>Nicolson</i> supposes the Runic inscription 
should be read thus.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line></Line>
<Line><i>And to dis men red wor tanen men brogten.</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In ENGLISH
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Here <i>Ekard</i>was converted, and to this man's example were <i>Danishmen</i> 
brought.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He conjectures that <i>Ekard</i> was a <i>Danish</i> general, who 
being baptized at this font, was the occasion of many of his officers and soldiers 
becoming Christians.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Bishop is of opinion that the figures by way of embellishment,
are only the fancy of the workman; but I am persuaded that they have an emblematical 
meaning, which can at this time only be conjectured.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">(&#x002A; <i>Perhaps this reading may help to explain the 
Inscription found at the Duke of</i> Bedford'<i>s, which is in the same plate.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1749 p.281</Title>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.281
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Derwentwater estates</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Lord Derwentwater's Estates</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Historical Chronicle, June 1749.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TUESDAY 13.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The king ... gave the royal assent to the following bills, ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For vesting the forfeited estates of James late E.of Derwentwater,
and Charles Ratclciffe, dec'd, in trustees for an absolute estate of inheritance for the 
benefit of Greenwich hospital, and for raising certain sums of money out of the said 
estates for relief of the children of the said Charles Ratcliffe.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Snow in Summer</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Extract of a letter from the North.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">June 3. Snow lay till 7 in the morning, particularly near 
Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">June 15. A great snow fell on mount Skiddow, and lay till 3 in the
afternoon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>An</i> INSCRIPTION <i>found on a small portable</i> ALTAR 
<i>at</i> Burgh on the Sands, <i>in</i> Cumberland. <i>in the house of one</i> John 
Hodgson. - A reading of it is desired.
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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Storms, Cockermouth</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cockermouth, Cumberland, September</i> 3.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN the night between the 22d and 23d ult. in the midst of the most
terrible lightning and thunder that ever was seen and heard; a large rock near the tops of
the mountain was rent assunder; out of which came so great a deluge of water, and with 
such violence and rapidity, as carried all before it, such as solid stones of incredible 
weight, houses, barns, mills, &amp;c. and even erased their very foundations, so that you 
cannot now tell where they stood; the mill stones are carried some hundred yards from the 
mill, and tossed upon the rubbish and sand, the quantity of which is so great that it has 
laid waste a great tract of arable and meadow land, which will for the future be for
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">ever
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<Identification>
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  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>  <Keyword>weather</Keyword>
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</Classification>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1749 p.390</Title>
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<Content>
<Date>1749</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>storm, 1749</Keyword> <Keyword>flood, 1749</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cockermouth</Keyword>  <Keyword>Derwent, River</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.390
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="large">G7490390.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ever spoil'd, being as deep in some places as the tops of trees.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It would surpass all credit to give you every particular 
circumstance of this surprizing cataract, which still continues to discharge a large 
quantity of water of such a strange nature as to tincture all the river <i>Derwent</i>, 
quite down to the sea, which must be near twenty miles. The damage done to the hay, corn, 
and proprietors of the neighbouring fields and houses, is computed at near 4000<i>l</i>.
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<Title>Gents Mag 1749 p.403</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1749</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>cross slab</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle 
Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Benson, 
Mr</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.403
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Inscription and Cross Slab, Carlisle</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7490403.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE underwritten was a cenotaph found below the Bishop's throne, 
in <i>Carlisle</i> (cathedral.) It is about 6 foot 5 inches long, 11 inches wide, two of 
which are slop'd away all round, on each side, and the end; this slope measures 4 inches 
and 3 quarters in the slant, and there is four inches more in the whole of a perpendicular
depth, which makes the entire substance. It has had an antique Roman-catholic cross on the
top, with this inscription,
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G749E03.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If your learned correspondents cannot make it out, I shall use my 
small endeavours to give some satisfaction, tho' it is certainly incomplete itself.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following inscription is on a stone 2 foot 5 inches long, 12 
inches broad at one end, and 9 at the other, and was found in digging Mr <i>Benson</i>'s 
cellar in the year 1744, six foot deep under ground; its explanation shall be attempted 
another time.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G749E04.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> G. SMITH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Wigton, July</i> 11, 1749
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>fine art</Keyword>
</Classification>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1749 p.534</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Rusticus, Robert</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1749</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>perspective views</Keyword> <Keyword>viewer, perspective views</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>zograscope</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.534
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>perspective views</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Viewer for Perspective Views</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7490534.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Am confined by old age to a country solitude, where your 
magazines are one of my principal amusements. As you are pleased often to embellish them 
with perspective views, and it is said, thay are seen to great advantage with a diagonal 
mirrour, or concave glass: if you please to give us a description of the machine, proper 
for viewing such prints, with the dimensions of the mirror, and diameter, and radius, of 
the glass, either concave or convex, with the manner of placing the glasses and prints, 
and such plain directions for construction of the whole, as may enable a country mecanick 
to make it, you will much oblige many of your country readers; none more than
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours</i>, ROB. RUSTICUS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P.S.</i> If you please to mention the name, and place of abode,
of an artist in <i>London</i>, from whom the glasses may be had, with the usual price, it 
will be an addition to your favour.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ANSWER.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THERE are several methods of constructing the optical machine, for
viewing landscapes and perspectives, but that, represented by the figures annexed, seems 
to be most convenient, as it keeps the pictures, with all the apparatus, together, and is 
portable without danger.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fig. I. A is a box, 4, 5, or 6 inches deep, 2 feet long, and about
18 inches wide, <i>b b</i> are two brackets of thin wainscot, turning on hinges at 
<i>c</i>, and fastened in the position, in which they are represented, by a small hasp at 
2, so as to keep the lid, or cover, of the box <i>d d</i>, in a perpendicular direction. 
<i>a</i> is a plain speculum, or common looking glass, fstened, by an hinge, to the box 
lid, near the edge at 3, and kept in a diagonal position, or so as to make an angle of 45 
degrees with the horizon, by the sloped tops of the brackets; 4 is a print which is to be 
viewed in the
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">ma-
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
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<ObjectName>
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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1749 p.535</Title>
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<Content>
<Date>1749</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>perspective views</Keyword> <Keyword>viewer, perspective views</Keyword> 
<Keyword>zograscope</Keyword> <Keyword>polyterpic table</Keyword> <Keyword>print</Keyword>

</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.535
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G749E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[ma]chine. There is an aperture in the lid of the box as is 
represented at 5. Figure II. in which is fixed a convex lens, opposite to the center of 
the mirrour. The lens must be a sufficient diameter to be looked thro' with both eyes at 
once, and must have such a degree of convexity, as that there be just half the distance of
its focus between it and the center of the mirrour, over-against which it is placed; 
therefore as the distance between the vertical plane <i>d d</i>, Fig. I. in which the lens
is fixed, and the center of the mirrour <i>a</i> will be in proportion to the size of the 
mirrour, the degree of convexity of the lens must be determined by the size of the 
mirrour, or <i>vice versa</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The distance of the print 4, from the mirrour will be determined 
by the size of the box, but in this no great exactness is necessary, that distance which 
is just sufficient to cause the mirrour to take in the whole print, and no more, is the 
best.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The picture being reflected from the mirrour appears greatly 
relieved, and in a vertical position to an eye placed at the lens. When the machine is to 
be laid by, the pictures are put into the box, the brackets, being unhasped, shut down 
upon them, folding one over the other, the mirrour falls flat to the inside of the 
box-lid, and is fastened there by a button, the lid then shuts down, and all are locked up
together.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A concave mirrour shews perspectives, &amp;c. to equal, if not 
greater advantage, by reflexion, if they are placed in the focus, without any other 
apparatus: but those that are large enough for this purpose are sold at a high price.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P.S.</i> Any of the optical shops will furnish the glasses; if 
your friend knows not any, on receiving a letter by post, and an order on the carrier, 
care shall be taken to supply them.
</Paragraph>
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<Heading rend="red">Commentary</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">A closely related device is the polyterpic table invented by John 
Buchanan about 1817, in the collection of the Royal Scottish Museum, Chamber Street, 
Edinburgh, item H.KNJ6. This is described in:-
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Reference>Wright, Elizabeth F: 1989: John H Buchanan's Newly Iinvented Polyterpic Table: 
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: vol.119: pp.371-376</Reference>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">The polyterpic table seems just to be a furniture version of the 
zograscope, which has just a lens and mirror on a stand, for viewing perspective views. 
Also see:-
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Reference>: 1995: Light from the Dark Room: National Galleries of Scotland:: exhibition 
catalogue</Reference>
<Reference>Chaldecott, J A: 1953: Zograscope or Optical Diagonal Machine: Annals of 
Science: vol.9: pp.315-322</Reference>
</References>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>polyterpic table</Keyword> <Keyword>zograscope</Keyword> <Keyword>perspective 
views</Keyword>  <Keyword>Buchanan, John H</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1749 p.550</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1749</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>cross slab</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle 
Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword>  <Keyword>church, Carlisle</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.550
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7490550.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 6, 1749.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN your <i>Mag.</i> for <i>Sept.</i> last, meeting with an 
inscription found in the cathedral of <i>Carlisle</i>, with an invitation to those that 
would make it our, I have
</Paragraph>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Z</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Gemsege, Paul</PersonName>
<PersonName>Pegge, Samuel</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1749</Date>
<Period>
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</Period>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>cross slab</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle 
Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>fitz Roger, 
Eve/Emma</Keyword> <Keyword>fitz Roger, William</Keyword> <Keyword>de Torci, Sir</Keyword>
<Keyword>de Forcy, Sir</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1749 p.551
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7490551.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">adventured upon it; and, after my small skill in these matters, 
think that it is to be read thus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">: : IC JACIT EVA QUONDA UXOR WILLI FIL ROGERI
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">i.e. <i>Hic jacet</i> Eva <i>quondam uxor</i> Wilhelmi Filli 
Rogerii. Here lieth Eve heretofore the wife of <i>William Fitz-Roger</i>. - The 
obliterated H at the beginning of <i>Hic</i>, the final M thrown off in <i>quondam</i>, 
and the abbreviations in <i>Willi.</i> and <i>Fil.</i> sufficiently justify your 
correspondent's observation, that it is certainly incomplete in itself.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I dare say, the curious part of your readers would be obliged to 
the same hand for a draught of the antique Roman Catholick cross on the top of the stone, 
taken with the same exactness, as the letters are exhibited. For though they have mostly 
some general likeness, yet is there a great variety in their form. Besides, a sketch of 
the covering stone, with the cross embossed (I suppose) on it, and the engraved 
inscriptiom, with the hollowed under-stone, would give more satisfaction to the enquirer, 
than twenty paragraphs, though work'd up with the utmost perspicuity, can inform the 
understanding.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I shall defer giving any thoughts of the other inscription, or 
entering any farther into the present, till I shall see how far my sentiments here suit 
with those of better judgments: of which, doubtless, you receive many, from the number and
variety of your ingenious correspondents.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> Z. &amp;.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>To</i> GEO. SMITH <i>Esq</i>;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR</i>,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WIthout any design of forestalling your own interpretations 
(which, on the contrary, I am in hopes you will favour us with) I have adventur'd to try 
my skill in enucleating the two inscriptions you were pleas'd to communicate to the world 
in <i>September</i> last.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I perceive you think the first inscription to be imperfect, but, 
unless you have some valid reason for thinking so, from an ocular inspection of the stone,
I should believe it complete as it is, it affording a good, and, in my opinion, an entire 
sense.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HIC JACIT EMA QUONDA UXOR WILLIELMI FILII ROGERI
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In <i>English</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Here lies <i>Emma</i> late wife of <i>William</i> son of 
<i>Roger</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At that time of day, before sirnames were in vogue, this was the 
usual method of describing persons, <i>Wills, fil, Rogeri, Johes, Fil, Stephani</i>, 
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dates also were then but too often omitted, and for these two 
reasons I incline to esteem the inscription perfect.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The other inscription: I read thus
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DEOR DE TORCI MIL.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">and explain it, DEOR (or perhaps THEOR) DE TORCI knight. <i>De 
Torci</i> or <i>de Forcy</i>, was one of the great men that came into <i>England</i> with 
<i>Wm</i> the <i>Conqueror</i>, (<i>See the roll of Battle Abbey</i>) and the Family 
continu'd here flourishing long after.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>I am Yors, &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PAUL GEMSEGE.
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G7500027.txt">

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<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
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<Date>1750</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1750 p.27
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>hypocaust</Keyword>  <Keyword>Netherby</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Netherby Hypocaust</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7500027.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Draught of an ancient</i> Roman <i>Sweating-Stove</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Send you inclosed the draught of an Hypocaustum, or Bath, 
discover'd at <i>Netherby</i>, 10 miles north from <i>Carlisle</i>. You may compare it 
with another at <i>Cast-steeds</i> communicated to you (<i>See Vol</i>. xi. <i>p</i>.650, 
<i>Vol</i>. xii <i>p</i>.30, 31, and <i>Vol</i>. xvii. <i>p.</i>.60.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The rooms mark'd <i>c</i> were the sudatories, or sweating places,
where the people retired after bathing. <i>a, a</i> were for exercise, &amp;c. That mark'd
<i>f</i>, a bath for ablution; a necessary part of the Heathen theology in the worship of 
Fortune, to whom the altar is conecrated, which is also in another part of your Magazines 
(<i>See Vol.</i> X. <i>p</i>.171.) The communicating funnels (<i>b</i>) supply'd the fire 
with fresh pabulum of air, and at the same time the pipes (<i>d</i>) heated the 
sudatories.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">G. SMITH.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G750E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>N.B.</i> Most of the rooms were floor'd with a small thick 
flag, laid in cement, with three courses of pavement below.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>see 1741 p.650</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7410650.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>
<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>see 1742 p.30</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7420030.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>
<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>see 1747 p.60</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7470060.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<Script id="G7500186.txt">

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<Title>Gents Mag 1750 p.186</Title>
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<Date>1750</Date>
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Egremont</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<RelatedScript>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1750 p.186
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>road repairs</Keyword>  <Keyword>Egremont etc</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roads, Egremont</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">The Historical Chronicle for April 1750, Wednesday 11 has the royal
assent given to bills for:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For repairing and widening the roads leading from Egremont to 
Duddon bridge, Santon bridge, and Salt-house, in the county of Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
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<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

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<Script id="G7500344.txt">

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<Title>Gents Mag 1750 p.344</Title>
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<Role>publisher</Role>
<PersonName>Gentleman's Magazine</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Place>
<Country>England</Country>
<County>Cumbria<Note>Cumberland</Note></County>
<Parish>Wigton</Parish>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.20 p.344, 1750:-
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>meteor</Keyword>  <Keyword>Wigton</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Meteor over Wigton etc</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7500344.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Letter from</i> Wigtoun.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE extraordinary meteor mentioned in the <i>Newcastle paper, 
&amp;c.</i>, appeared over the <i>Solway</i> firth, directing its course South Eastward, 
the wind W.S.W. passed to the East of <i>Wigton</i>, seemed to be over <i>Carlisle</i>, 
and passed <i>Newcastle</i> also: but in order to account for its appearing at so many 
places, near the same time, it must have been kindled in the higher regions of the 
atmosphere, and been vastly higher than people imagined, whose computation was about 30 
yards only, whereas it seems to have been as many miles at least, else it could not have 
appeared, almost over every place that we yet hear of; its tail and other appearances 
wou'd vary with the circumstances of its inflammability and motion. <i>Yours,</i> G.S.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G750E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
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<Script id="G7510040.txt">

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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>theft</Keyword> <Keyword>black lead</Keyword> <Keyword>Seathwaite, 
Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>black lead mine, Seathwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>White, 
Daniel</Keyword>  <Keyword>Dixon, Mr</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1751 p.40
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>black lead</Keyword>  <Keyword>theft</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Theft of Black Lead</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7510040.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Keswick, Cumberland, Jan.</i> 11. A gang of villains, 
accustomed to steal wadt, or black lead ore from the mine at <i>Borrowdale</i>, (the only 
one in <i>Europe</i>, see Vol. xvii. p.583) to the value of at least 1000<i>l.</i> yearly,
attacked on the 11th past, at night, the house of Mr <i>White</i>, steward of the mine, 
with fire arms, but losing one of their number by the fire from the place, the rest fled, 
but had the assurance to go and make oath before a justice that <i>White</i> and his men 
had murdered one <i>Daniel Wright</i> on which the accused surrender'd and were admitted 
to bail; one of the rogues afterwards impeached the rest, who all fled except one 
<i>Dixon</i>, who is committed to the county gaol.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Script id="G751Map1.txt">

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<Title>Gents Mag 1751 opp p.51</Title>
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<Content>
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<Role>map maker</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1751</Date>
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<KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 3rd qtr 18th 
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<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>description</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7510051.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1751 opp p.51
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>black lead mines</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Black Lead Mines</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Map, uncoloured engraving, Map of the Black Lead Mines in 
Cumberland, and area, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, probably by George Smith, with an 
article by GS, published by the Gentleman's Magazine, 1751.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The map includes Cockermouth, Keswick, Borrowdale etc, south to 
Seathwaite.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">GM13.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MAP of the BLACK LEAD MINES &amp;c. in CUMBERLAND See p.51. 
Vol.XXI.
</Paragraph>
<Aspect>
  <Type>map type  </Type>
  <Keyword>LakesMap  </Keyword>
  <Keyword>Gents Mag 1751<Note>Geology</Note>  </Keyword>
</Aspect>
<Paragraph rend="text">The magazine title page, May 1751, which is p.191, explains the 
extra images: '... a Map of the Black Lead Mines in Cumberland, in which is tracked Mr 
Smith's journey, related p.51. A Representation of several ancient Coins found about 
Porchester Castle, near Portsmouth; and an uncommon Fish called a Bourse ...'
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
</Instruction>
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<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

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<Script id="G7510051.txt">

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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Wad, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Orthwaite, Ireby</Keyword> <Keyword>Skiddaw, 
Underskiddaw</Keyword> <Keyword>Royal Oak, Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Keswick</Keyword> 
<Keyword>slate quarries</Keyword> <Keyword>Seathwaite, Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>black
lead mine, Seathwaite</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 3rd qtr 18th 
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</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1751 p.51
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>black lead mines</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Black Lead Mines</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Report of a visit to the black lead mines above Seathwaite, by GS, 
George Smith, published in the Gentleman's Magazine, London, February 1751.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G7510051.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE Gentleman's Magazine: For FEBRUARY 1751.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE public attention has been drawn to the black lead mines, in 
Cumberland, call'd the Wad, by the account of their having been plundered, which has 
lately appear'd in the papers: but as yet they have not been described, and though it is 
not known that there is any other mine of the same kind in the world, yet, I believe, they
have never been visited with a view to natural history, except by myself, and some 
gentlemen who went with me. I, therefore, send you the following narrative of our journey 
and discoveries, which, I hope, will be acceptable to your readers. Yours, &amp;c. G.S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Had long intended a journey to the Wad, and had often been 
prevented from effecting it by unfavourable weather, and other accidents; but in the 
beginning of Aug. 1749, I set out from Wigton, in company with two or three friends, and 
had appointed others to meet us from Cockermouth, who waited only for my message to set 
out; for as this expedition had been long projected, they had determined to bear me 
company.- From Wigton, in about 3 hours, we arrived at Orthwaite, a small village under 
mount Skiddow: (See Vol.XVIII. p.292). A sudden storm of rain obliged us to take shelter 
in a little alehouse at this place, and an uninterrupted series of bad weather kept us 
prisoners near a week; however as the neighbouring clergymen charitably visited us every 
day, we did not much suffer by our confinement. Here the gentlemen from Cockermouth joined
us on the first fair morning; and the afternoon being clear we agreed to meet the next 
morning at the Royal Oak in Keswic, a market town, on the south side of Skiddow. This 
mountain, which I had visited the year before, and of which I have already given you some 
account (See V.XVIII. p.4) is a fissile absorbing slate: This slate is flaked off with a 
kind of wedge, peculiarly adapted to the work, in quarries near the top of the mountain, 
and is conveyed down to the plain by laborers, in a machine so contrived as to be carried 
upon the shoulder, the man walking upright: In these machines each man carries as much as 
would load a Cumberland cart, but having by long use learnt to improve the advantage 
afforded by the declivity of the mountain, they descend with little labour, and less 
hazard.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Skiddow is undoubtedly one of the highest mountains in Britain, 
the declivity from the white-water dash, at the foot, to the summit, measures near 5000 
yards, but the perpendicular height cannot be much more then one fourth of that measure. 
The neighbouring mountains are all very high, and the greater part terminate in craggy 
precipices, that
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G7510052.txt">

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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
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</Period>
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</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Skiddaw, Underskiddaw</Keyword> <Keyword>black lead</Keyword> <Keyword>Vale of 
Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Basingthwaite<Note>Bassenthwaite Lake</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bassenthwaite Lake</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>blackberry</Keyword> <Keyword>myrtle</Keyword> <Keyword>mossberry</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wythop</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Lord's Island, Derwent
Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Lady Island, Derwent Water</Keyword> <Keyword>road, Keswick to 
Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Bowder Stone, Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>hazel</Keyword> 
<Keyword>St Andrew, Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>black lead
mine, Seathwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Seathwaite, Borrowdale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>thwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Thwaite</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Widehope Fells<Note>Wythop Fells</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wythop Fells</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwentwater, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Barrowdale<Note>Borrowdale</Note></Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1751 p.52
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G7510052.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">have the appearance of huge fragments of rock, irregularly heaped 
on one another; but in the prospect round, nature has lavished such variety of beauty as 
can scarce be believed upon report, or imagined by the most luxuriant fancy. The plains of
Basingthwaite, watered by a fine lake, appear like a paradise to the West; and the islands
that lie interspersed among the windings of Darwent, and the lake of Keswic, exceed 
description; beyond these, to the South, lie the mountains of Barrowdale, which are yet 
higher than Skiddow: The western seas, the Isle of Man, all the South coast of Scotland, 
and the mountains of Pennygent and Ingleborough, in Yorkshire, diversify other parts of 
this delightful landscape. The spot upon which I stood is one intire shiver of slate, and 
the precipice to the westward is frightful. The plants of Skiddow are the myrtle berries, 
generally called blackberries, the vitis idaea of Dioscorides, mossberries, great variety 
of mosses, and among others the muscus squammosus pulcher digitatus of Tournefort.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On Friday morning, pursuant to our appointment, we set out from 
Orthwaite [1], and our Cockermouth friends fell in with us before we reached Keswic; so 
that we stay'd there no longer than was necessary to hire a guide, and consequently I had 
no time for critical examination. It is distant from Orthwaite 7 computed miles, and forms
the west side of the base of Skiddow; it is skirted with the lake of Basingthwaite, which 
is about one mile wide and 5 miles long, and on the opposite side Widehope fells, with 
their impending woods, form a very pleasing and romantic appearance. The town seems to be 
ancient, and the poorer inhabitants subsist chiefly by stealing, or clandestinely buying 
of those that steal, the black-lead, which they sell to Jews and other hawkers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Near Keswic is also another lake about two miles broad, and 4 
miles long, in which several beautiful islands are interspersed, but not inhabited by 
German miners, as was asserted by a worthy brother of yours lately defunct [2]. When I saw
them they were so many Ortygias, or islands of Calypso, covered with beautiful woods, 
which were then felling.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On one of these, called Lady Island, Ld Derwentwater had formerly 
a castle, now in ruins, intended to prevent the depredations which were frequently 
committed by the Scots before the union.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We left Keswic at 9 in the morning, and wou'd have proceeded by 
water, and sent our horses overland, but this way of travelling wou'd have cost us more 
time than we cou'd afford. On our left, in the way from Keswic, a ridge of rude craggy 
rocks extended near 4 miles; on our right was Keswic lake, and beyond it a group of 
pyramidical hills, which formed an uncommon appearance. At the head of Keswic lake, the 
Darwent is contracted to a narrow river, and runs between two precipices, covered with 
wood to the top, the perpendicular height of which is 800 yards. On approaching this place
we imagined it to be our ne plus ultra, but our guide soon convinced us that we were 
mistaken. On the West side of the Darwent in this Herculean streight, and directly under 
one of these stupendous precipices lies the village of Grange. The white prominent rocks, 
which were discovered at an immense height, thro' the apertures of the wood, would have 
filled a poetical imagination with the ideas of the Dryades, the Bacchum in remotis, and 
other fables of antiquity. Here we were obliged many times to alight, the gut being very 
rocky, and the mountains would indeed have been impassable, if the river had not made a 
way.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We had now reached the Bowder stone of Barrowdale, which is much 
the largest stone in England, being at least equal in size to a first rate man of war; it 
lies close by the road side, on the right hand, and seems to have been a fragment detached
from the impending precipice above, by lightening or some other accident. From hence we 
had good road thro' groves of hazel, which in this vale, as there is no occasion for 
hedges, grow very large, and bear excellent nuts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Before we came to Barrowdale chapel, which is situated on the 
left, the valley expands, and the two streams divide, which form the Darwent by their 
union. The area of Barrowdale chapel
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Xno>7510052.1</Xno>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Thwait is the Saxon word for pasture, and the preposition is an 
appellative, sometimes derived from a proper name, and sometimes from a quality; thus 
Mik-wait, or Mickle-thwait is great pasture, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Xno>7510052.2</Xno>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The writer means the Universal, or London Magazine; for both have 
given descriptions of this country, so void of truth, that they are, as to those parts, 
felo de se.- They have not the right number of churches in Carlisle, and both make large 
and fair towns, where there are not three houses together.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>trade</Keyword>  <Keyword>miner</Keyword>
</Classification>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1751 p.53</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Place>
<Country>England</Country>
<County>Cumbria<Note>Cumberland</Note></County>
<Parish>Borrowdale</Parish>
<PlaceName>Seathwaite</PlaceName>
</Place>
<Date>1751</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>black lead</Keyword> <Keyword>ruddle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Unnesterre<Note>Honister Crag</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Finisterre<Note>Honister 
Crag</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Honister Crag, Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Seatoller 
Fell, Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>savine</Keyword> <Keyword>juniper</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Juniperus communis</Keyword> <Keyword>Seathwaite, Borrowdale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bowyer</Keyword>  <Keyword>black lead mine, Seathwaite</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1751 p.53
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G7510053.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">is scarce equal to that of a pigeon cote, and its height much 
less. We now entered another narrow valley, which winded thro' mountains that were totally
barren, and in about an hour we arrived at Seathwaite, which is just under the mines, and,
as near as I can compute, about 10 miles distant from Keswic. The scene that now presented
itself was the most frightful that can be conceived; we had a mountain to climb for above 
700 yards, in a direction so nearly perpendicular, that we were in doubt whether we should
attempt it; however, recovering our resolution, we left our horses at a little house that 
stood by itself, on the utmost verge of the county, and approached the mountain. The 
precipices were surprisingly variegated with apices, prominences, spouting jets of water, 
cataracts, and rivers that were precipitated from the cliffs with an alarming noise.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">One of these rivers we passed, over a wretched foot-bridge, and 
soon after began to climb; we had not ascended far before we perceived some persons at a 
great distance above us, who seemed to be very busy, tho' we could not distinguish what 
they were doing; as soon as they saw us, they hastily left their work, and were running 
away, but by a signal made by our guide, who probably was but too well acquainted with 
them, they returned, to the number of 18. We came up to them after an hour of painful and 
laborious travelling, and perceived them to be digging with mattocks, and other 
instruments, in a great heap of clay and rubbish, where mines had been formerly wrought; 
but tho' they were now neglected by the proprietors, as affording nothing worth the 
search, yet these fellows could generally clear 6 or 8 shillings a day, and sometimes 
more.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The black lead is found in heavy lumps, some of which are hard, 
gritty, and of small value, others soft and of a fine texture. The hill in which it is 
found is a dirty brittle clay, interspersed with springs, and in some places shivers of 
the rock. The hazel grows in great plenty from the bottom to the height of above 300 
yards, but all the upper part is utterly barren.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The mineral has not any of the properties of metal, for it will 
not fuse but calcine in an intense fire: before its value was discovered the farmers used 
it as those of the S. counties do ruddle, to mark their sheep; it is not the petroleum, 
the melanteria, nor the pinguitis of the ancients, nor does it agree with any description 
in Pliny, or Aldrovandus.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">About 150 yards above this rubbish is the miner's lodge, to which 
the ascent is very steep, and here the facts related in the news papers must have 
happen'd, if at all, for the principal heap of rubbish, where several fellows and girls 
were then at work, is within pistol shot of the hut.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We had now reached the summit of the black lead hill, but were 
astonished to perceive a large plain to the West, and from thence another craggy ascent of
500 yards as near as I could guess.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The whole mountain is called Unnisterre, or, as I suppose, 
Finisterre, for such it appears to be; myself and only one more of our company determined 
to climb this second precipice, and in about another hour we gained the summit: The scene 
was terrifying, not an herb was to be seen, but wild savine, growing in the interstices of
the naked rocks; the horrid projection of vast promontories; the vicinity of the clouds, 
the thunder of the explosions in the slate quarries, the dreadful solitude, the distance 
of the plain below, and the mountains heaped on mountains that were piled around us, 
desolate, and waste, like the ruins of a world which we only had survived, excited such 
ideas of horror as are not to be expressed. We turned from this fearful prospect afraid 
even of ourselves, and bidding an everlasting farewel to so perilous an elevation, we 
descended to our companions, repassed the mines, got to Seathwayte, were chearfully 
regaled by an honest farmer in his puris naturalibus, returned to Keswic about 9 at night,
and got home by 11.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This expedition, which we happily accomplished, was last year 
attempted by the ingenious Mr Bowyer, but he got no higher than the chapel. I would have 
gone with him, notwithstanding the fatigue and danger that I had already experienced, but 
some business obliged me to decline the happiness of his company, which would have been a 
compensation for both.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. The lumps of black-lead found in the rubbish seldom exceed 
half a pound in weight, but those found in the mines are said to weigh six or seven 
pounds, they work forward for it, and the pits resemble quarries or gravel pits.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We shall soon give a Map of this place, the only one that was ever
drawn.
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>religion</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>archaeology</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1751 p.112</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1751</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mungo, Dearham</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Dearham</Keyword>  <Keyword>Dearham</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gemsege, Paul</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 3rd qtr 18th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1751 p.112
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword>  <Keyword>Dearham Church</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Inscription, Dearham</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7510112.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>An</i> INSCRIPTION <i>in</i> Deerham <i>Church window, near</i>
Workington <i>in</i> Cumberland, <i>Communicated by the Vicar to </i> G. S. <i>Esq; who 
desires Mr</i> GEMSEGE, <i>from his great Knowledge in the Lapidary Stile, or any 
Gentleman of that Taste, to give the Publick their Opinion about it.</i>
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G751E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>continued</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7510254.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
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<Script id="G7510200.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G7510200.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>  <Keyword>weather</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>events</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1751 p.200</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1749</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1740s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>flood, 1749</Keyword> <Keyword>St John's in the Vale, St John's Castlerigg 
etc</Keyword> <Keyword>thunder</Keyword> <Keyword>lightning</Keyword> <Keyword>water 
spout</Keyword> <Keyword>Legburthet Fells<Note>High Fells, St John's Castlerigg 
etc</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>High Fells, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Catcheety Gill<Note>Mill Gill ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Mill 
Gill<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>mill, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mose Beck<Note>Mosedale Beck</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Mosedale Beck</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Derwent, River</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<ScriptSection><Division>
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century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>see also</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7540464.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1751 p.200
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>flood, 1749</Keyword>  <Keyword>St John's in the Vale</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Floods, St John's in the Vale</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7510200.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Account of a surprising Inundation in the Valley of</i> St 
John's <i>near</i> Keswick <i>in</i> Cumberland. (See Map in this Mag.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON the 22d of <i>August</i> 1749, there was the most terrible 
thunder, and incessant lightning, ever known in that part in the memory of man, the 
preceding afternoon having been extreme hot and sultry. The inhabitants of the vale heard 
a strange buzzing noise, like the working of a maltmill, or wind in the tops of trees, for
two hours together, before the breaking of the clouds, which was accompanied by the 
water-fall. From the havock it made in so short a time (for it was all over in less than 
two hours) it must have far exceeded any thunder shower ever seen; most probably it was a 
spout, or large body of water, which by the lightning incessantly rarefying the air, broke
at once on the tops of the mountains, and so descended upon the valley below, about three 
miles long, half a mile broad, and lying nearly E. and W. closed in on the S. and N. side,
with prodigious high, steep, rocky mountains. <i>Legburthet Fells</i> on the N. side had 
almost the whole cataract, and the spout did not extend above a mile in length, and 
swelling chiefly four small brooks; but to that amazing degreee, that the greatest of 
them, called <i>Catcheety Gill</i>, swept away a mill and a kiln in five minutes, leaving 
the place where they stood covered with huge rocks and rubbish, 3 or 4 yards deep; so that
one of the mill stones cannot be found. In the violence of the storm, the mountain tumbled
so fast down, as to choak up the old course of this brook, the water forcing its way 
through shivery rock, and now runs there in a chasm 4 yards wide, and betwixt eight and 
nine deep. These brooks have lodged such quantities of gravel and sand on their bordering 
meadows, that they can never be recovered. Many vast pieces of rock have been carried a 
considerable way into the fields, larger than a team of ten horses can move; one of these 
measured nineteen yards about. The damages alone to the grounds, houses, highways, &amp;c.
are by some computed at 1000, by others at 1500 pounds. One of the said brooks, called 
<i>Mose</i> or <i>Mosedale Beck</i>, which rises near the source of the others, but runs 
North from the other side of <i>Legburthet Fells</i>, continues still foul and muddy, 
probably from having worked its channel into some mineral substance, which gives it the 
colour of water gushed from lead mines, and is so strong as to tinge the river 
<i>Derwent</i>, even at the sea, near twenty miles form their meeting.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">I have not found a map in this volume of the magazine; but -
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Script id="G7510254.txt">

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<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>religion</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>archaeology</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1751 p.254</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Gemsege, Paul</PersonName>
<PersonName>Pegge, Samuel</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1751</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mungo, Dearham</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Dearham</Keyword> <Keyword>Dearham</Keyword> <Keyword>Goding, Geofry</Keyword> 
<Keyword>stained glass</Keyword>  <Keyword>window</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


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  <Relationship>list, 3rd qtr 18th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>continued from</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7510112.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1751 p.254
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gemsege's interpretation</Keyword>
</Marginal>

</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7510254.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>To</i> GEORGE SMITH, <i>Esq</i>;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR</i>,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HAving been long absent on a journey, it was not in my power, till
now, to give you my sentiments on the inscription you are pleased to propose in a late 
Magazine.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I lay it down as a rule, that there is no <i>stroke</i> in these 
short abbreviated inscriptions, which is not of significance, consequently we must in the 
first place resolve the ligatures; which being done, I take the letters to be,
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G751E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is an appearance of the <i>Saxon</i> character, particularly
in the [G], but as it is well known that letters of that form were in use in the north as 
late as 1361, (See Mr <i>Drake</i>'s <i>Eboracum</i> p.497.) this will be no objection to 
my referring the inscription to the second century, as you will see I shall do in the 
sequel; and much less, since you may observe a strong inclination to the more modern form 
in the [reverse D] and [G] the third and fifth letters.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Tis uncertain whether I shall give you that satisfaction you seem
to expect from me, in the interpretation I am now going to offer of this imperfect legend;
but 'tis much at your service, such as it is, with an entire submission to your better 
judgment, and the voice of the learned.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The glazing and painting of windows in our churches being formerly
a work attended with great costs and charges, nothing was more common than for 
benefactions to the fabric of churches and chapels to run in that course. I could multiply
examples of this sort, but shall content myself with two authorities, one relating to the 
south, and the other to the north part of the kingdom. See <i>Somner's Antiq. of Canterb. 
appendix</i> p.69. <i>Drake's Eboracum</i> p.339, 340, 529. Wherefore observing this 
epigraph to be in a church window, I conceive the 4 first letters to be the last syllable 
of the <i>Latin</i> word <i>fenestras</i>, and the inscription to be imperfect at the 
beginning. If this be so, and the inscription be in the church, and not in the chancel, 
(which in my opinion would vary the case extremely) I explain it thus;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Has fenestras T RAS Galfridus G V D N L reparavit Anno Domini 
MCL&#x00B0;</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In <i>English</i>, <i>Geofry Goding</i> repair'd these windows in 
the year 1150.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Two or three particulars in this interpretation you will expect I 
should account for, which I thus briefly attempt.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GVD
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Paul Gemsege is Samuel Pegge 1704-96.
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptIdentity>G7510255.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>religion</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>archaeology</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1751 p.255</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Gemsege, Paul</PersonName>
<PersonName>Pegge, Samuel</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1751</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mungo, Dearham</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Dearham</Keyword>  <Keyword>Dearham</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1751 p.255
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7510255.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GVDNL. 'Tis an usual practice in inscriptions to drop the vowel 
that should precede a <i>mute</i>; see Sir <i>Andrew Fountaine's Tables of the Anglo-Saxon
Coins</i>, and Dr <i>Hick's Thesaurus, Eadmund</i> xvii. 25. <i>AEthelstan</i> ii. 
<i>AEthelred</i> ii. 3. <i>Eadward</i> iii. 21. <i>inc</i> or <i>ing</i> is a vulgar 
termination in our <i>English</i> names; see the same author <i>Cnut</i> ix. 
<i>Aethelred</i> viii. and you have an authority for the C being unfinish'd in one 
transverse stroke at top, <i>Eadmund</i> xviii. insomuch that this is no other than the 
common name of <i>Goding</i>, or <i>Gooding</i>, so frequent in the north.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">R. There is a dot or point between the legs of this letter, that 
seems to denote the abbreviation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A. The stroke at the head of this letter shews the abbreviation 
plainly.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[triangle]. This is a very arbitrary mark; how it should stand for
M, I cannot imagine, and yet it can be nothing else in this case.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[square]. This form of an O you will find in Sir <i>Andrew 
Fountaine's</i> alphabet, and others of a sharp lozenge figure both in him and 
<i>Bouterovius</i>. It is plac'd in your type at the top of the L very apositely, to 
express the last letter of the word <i>quinquagesimo</i>, which in a numeral would stand 
in that manner, thus L&#x00B0;.<i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> PAUL GEMSEGE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>June</i> 8, 1751.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1752 p.90</Title>
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<Date>1752</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>road, Carlisle to Edinburgh<Note>?</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1752 p.90
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>road repairs, to Carlisle and North</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roads, Carlisle</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">The Historical Chronicle for February 1752, Saturday 22:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3000 l. are granted by parliament for making a road to Carlisle, 
and into Scotland.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1752 p.105</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Swinhow, Francis</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1752</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>roman
fort, Carvoran</Keyword>  <Keyword>Amboglanna</Keyword>  <Keyword>Magna</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1752 p.105
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword>  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Inscriptions, Hadrian's Wall</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7520105.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN a journey to the north of <i>England</i>, in <i>August</i> 
last, I had the opportunity of observing some of the remains of the <i>Roman</i> walls in 
that country, and of particularly examining several of the ruined stations belonging to 
them. I had no thoughts, then, of troubling you, or any one else, with my sentiments 
concerning any pieces of antiquity; my intention, at that time, reaching not farther than 
my own amusement. If I had, I might in some respects, perhaps, have been more exact; but I
believe, I may venture to say, that in the copies of the following inscriptions no mistake
has been committed that is material. I met with them at <i>Burdoswald</i> and 
<i>Carrvoran</i>, formerly the stations of <i>Amboglanna</i> and <i>Magna</i>; and since 
they have not, as far as I know, been yet made publick; if you think proper to insert them
in your <i>Magazine</i>, they and the observations upon them are at your service.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>See</i> VOL.XVI. p 358)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>I am yours, &amp;c.</i> FRANCIS SWINHOW.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Coll. of Edinburgh,</i> 13 <i>Jan</i>. 1752.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">OBSER-
</Paragraph>
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<Date>1752</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Birdoswald, 
Waterhead</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors I Aelia Dacorum</Keyword> <Keyword>Postumius</Keyword>
<Keyword>Gordian</Keyword> <Keyword>Tetriciana</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Marcus Callecus</Keyword> <Keyword>Superstes</Keyword> <Keyword>Marcus 
Coelius</Keyword>  <Keyword>print</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1752 p.106
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7520106.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OBSERVATIONS <i>on five</i> Roman <i>inscriptions after the manner
of Mr</i> Horsley.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G752E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jovi Optimo Maximo - Cohors prima AElia Dacorum - Postumiana - 
cui praeest Marcus - Callecus</i> (Caelius) <i>- Superstes</i> Tribunus.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G752E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jovi Optimo Maximo - Cohors prima AElia - Dacorum - 
Postumiana.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I, II. THE two first are standing in the yard belonging to the 
farm house at <i>Burdoswald</i>. I understood from the people of the place, that they had 
dug them up about four or five years ago, within about a stone's throw of the wall of 
<i>Severus</i>, and a little to the east of the station. They are both to <i>Jupiter the 
best and greatest</i>, by the <i>Cohors prima AElia Dacorum</i>, which <i>Cohort</i> is 
well known to have been stationed at this place. The letters do not seem very well cut, 
and yet are not so rude and uncouth, as they are in many other inscriptions. They are, 
however, very differently disposed in them, tho' the stones seem to have been inscribed 
within a few years of one another. In the first the <i>O</i> is in the belly of the 
<i>C</i> in <i>Cohors</i>, and the <i>E</i> and <i>L</i> in the same line are joined 
together by a ligature; and <i>DAC</i> is put for <i>Dacorum</i>. In the second there is 
no such inequality of the letters, and the word <i>Dacorum</i> has been at its full 
length. The reason of this I take to be, that in the second the name of the commander of 
the <i>Cohort</i> has been shorter, than in the first, where it seems to consist of three 
distinct words, to make room for which, the stones being of the same size, what fills up 
the second and third line in the other is in this crowded into the second. Hence it 
appears that this <i>Cohort</i> must have had two commanders, at least (tho' the name of 
one of them we do not know) during the seven (<i>a</i>) years of <i>Postumius</i>'s power 
over the western parts of the empire. For I make no doubt that the third line in the 
first, and the fourth in the second inscription is to be read <i>Postumiana</i>, and that 
the <i>Cohort</i> has this appellation from its taking part with <i>Postumius</i> one of 
the thirty tyrants, whose government was acknowledged thro' all <i>Gaul</i> and 
<i>Britain</i>, and whose coins are frequently found in our island. We have a short 
account of him and his son in <i>Trebellius Pollio</i> (<i>b</i>). In other inscriptions 
we find this <i>Cohort</i> called <i>Gordiana</i> (<i>c</i>) from the emperor 
<i>Gordian</i>, and <i>Tetriciana</i> is given us only by Mr <i>Horsley</i> (<i>d</i>), 
and I think it is well supported by the two inscriptions that we are now considering, 
which, and those two just now referred to, seem mutually to throw light upon and confirm 
each other. The name of the commander in the first inscription seems to have been 
<i>Marcus Callecus Superstes</i>, or perhaps <i>Marcus Coelius Superstes</i>; for it is 
not unlikely, that the first appearance of an <i>L</i> has been really an <i>E</i>, and I 
am apt to think that I have made some mistake in the fifth letter. But, be this as it 
will, tho' in the next line with only <i>RS</i>, it does not seem to be too hasty a 
supposition, that the word has been <i>Superstes</i>, as before the <i>R</i> there is just
space enough for the four first letters, and after it for the three last. We have the same
<i>Cognomen</i> in other inscriptions (<i>e</i>); and <i>Marcus Coelius Superstes</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>a</i>) <i>Hic vir in bello fortissimus, &amp;c. talem se 
praebuit per anos septem, ut Gallias instauraverit &amp;c.</i> Trebell. Poll. Trigint. 
Tyrann.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>b</i>) <i>Ibid.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>c</i>) <i>See</i> Cambden, <i>pag</i>.1039, <i>and</i> 
Horsley's Britannia Romana, <i>Cumberland</i> VII, and VIII.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>d</i>) <i>Ibid p</i>.253.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>e</i>) <i>See</i> Gruter; Gordon's <i>Itenarium Septentrionale
pl</i>.33, <i>fig</i>.1. <i>p</i>.75; <i>and</i> Horsleys's <i>Brit. Rom. 
Northumberland</i>, xxxvi, <i>and</i> lxxxvi.
</Paragraph>
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<Date>1752</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gallienus</Keyword> <Keyword>Postumius</Keyword> <Keyword>gravestone</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cohors IV Breucorum<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Carvoran, 
Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors IIII Brittonum Antoninia</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword>  <Keyword>Viator</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1752 p.107
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7520107.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>perstes</i> is a name that occurs in <i>Gruter</i> (<i>f</i>).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The appellation <i>Postumiana</i> ascertains the time of these 
inscriptions, for <i>Gallienus</i> began to reign alone about the year 259, which, as 
appears from <i>Trebellius Pollio</i>, was before <i>Postumius</i> was made emperor in 
<i>Gaul</i> (<i>g</i>). We may therefore reasonably suppose the time of these inscriptions
to have been between the years 260 and 267 or 268. I chose <i>Tribunus</i> to compleat the
first inscription, because in other inscriptions, this <i>Cohort</i> appears to have been 
commanded, not by a <i>Praefect</i>, but by a <i>Tribune</i> (<i>h</i>). Of these stones I
have only taken the planes, on which the inscriptions are, as I saw nothing else 
observable in them. The ligature of the <i>EC</i>, if I have taken that part of the first 
inscription right, is worth observing.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G752E03.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dis</i> Manibus - - - <i>Et - Stipendiroum Annorum decem - 
Frater</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">III. This stone lies upon a wall just by a gate at a little 
distance from the station westward. The letters are well cut, and are deep in the stone. 
Half of it, if not more, seems to be broken off; so that very little can be known about 
it, which is a great pity. However, it plainly appears to have been a sepulchral; but of 
the <i>DM</i> for <i>Dis Manibus</i> the <i>D</i> only is left on the top. An inscription 
in <i>Gruter</i> tells us of a <i>Cohors Bracarum</i> that was once in <i>Britain</i> 
(<i>i</i>); but that the same <i>Cohort</i> is intended here under the name 
<i>Braecarum</i>, I will not say. All that can be said about it is, that the person, to 
whom that belonged, seems to have served ten years in the army, and that it has been 
erected to him by his brother. For <i>STAX</i> seems to denote <i>Stipendiorum Annorum 
decem</i>; and the last four broken letters of the last line plainly appear either to have
stood for <i>Frater</i>, or to hev been part of the whole word. The stroke near the 
<i>T</i>, in the last line but one, seems only to be an accidental scratch upon the stone.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G752E04.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>--- Centuriae Marii</i> Cohortis quartae Brittonum 
<i>Antoniniae viator</i> - Hoc <i>Sepulchrum faciendum</i> curavit.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IV. This and the following I met with at the farm house at 
<i>Carrvoran</i>, at or near which they were found a few years since. This, I make no 
doubt, is sepulchral. At first, indeed, from the centurial mark at the beginning, one 
might be apt to take it for an inscription of the centurial kind. But where there are 
spaces between two diverging lines, or ridges on the borders of inscribed stones, they are
always on the middle of the borders; from whence it appears, that what is now first cannot
have been the original beginning of the inscription; and that about two lines may well be 
supposed to have been broken off from the upper part of it, which probably have contained 
the name of the deceased, and his rank in the army. What remains shews his belonging to 
the century of one, the three first letters of whose name were <i>MAR</i>, as 
<i>Marius</i> or <i>Marcus</i> &amp;c. What was next in the first remaining line is broken
off; and so is something from the two succeeding ones. This leaves us not a little in the 
dark; and yet, I think, we have reason to conclude, and with some degree of probability 
too, that the <i>Cohort</i>, to which the deceased belonged, was the <i>Cohors quarta 
Brittonum Antoninia</i>. Mr <i>Horsley</i>, in his collection of sculptures and 
inscriptions, has given us a part of the body of an altar erected by one of this <i>Cohort
(k)</i>. He is not, indeed, certain at what particular place it was found; but he is 
inclined to believe, that it was somewhere hereabouts, which occasioned his placing it in 
the order he has (<i>l</i>). It was of Mr <i>Warburton</i>'s collection, and taken to the 
library at <i>Durham</i>. The inscription, under consideration, suits well with this 
reading, and better, I think, than with any other. For, if we suppose any other 
<i>Cohort</i> intended, it must have been entirely included in what is wanting of the 
first remaining line; the consequence of which will be, that the letters in the second 
remaining line are the first of the proper name of the person, who took care to have the 
monument erected: and on this supposition we shall have <i>Viator</i> in the third, as 
signifying this office. For the <i>Viator</i> is well known to have been a kind of beadle,
that attended several of the civil magistrates (<i>m</i>). It occurs in many inscriptions 
in <i>Gruter</i>, as denoting this officer; but not above two or three of them
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>f</i>) <i>Pag.</i> dcccxlvi. 13. <i>See also</i> Boissard, 
<i>Tom.</i> IV. 73.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>g</i>) <i>Cumque liudibriis et belluationi vacaret</i> 
(Gallienus) &amp;c. <i>Galli --- Postumium ad imperium vocarunt</i>. Treb. Poll. Gallieni 
duo.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>h</i>) <i>See</i> Cambden, Horsey.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>i</i>) <i>P.</i> ccccxiv. 8.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>k</i>) <i>Northumberland</i>, lxxvi.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>l</i>) <i>Pag</i>.233.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>m</i>) <i>See</i> Rosini <i>Antiquit. Roman. cum notis</i> 
Dempsteri <i>p</i>.540 <i>et</i> 542, <i>and</i> Kennet's <i>Roman Antiquities, p</i>.116,
120.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Paragraph rend="quote">are
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  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Magna</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Carvoran</Keyword> <Keyword>Notitia 
Dignitatum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>Hammia</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Aimma Mater</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Dea 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1752 p.108
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<Paragraph rend="quote">are found out of <i>Italy</i>. On this account, I would rather 
read <i>Viator</i> as a proper name, of which we have several instances in the same 
author. Nor is it altogether needless to observe, that, if we take it in this sense, we 
may easily suppose the rest of the line to have been filled up with some letters relating 
to his own, or his father's name, with <i>F</i> for <i>Filius</i>, or some such thing; 
whereas, were we to take <i>Viator</i> for the officer, we should be quite at a loss to 
guess what made up the rest of the line. These considerations have had so much weight with
me, that I have ventured to put under the inscription the reading, to which, indeed, the 
lost spaces in each of the remaining lines are not unsuitable. The last line is very 
obscure, and confused. As to the first faint appearance of a letter in it, I do not know 
whether to consider it as one, or as an accidental scratch upon the stone. However, the 
whole might have been <i>H.S.F.C.</i> for <i>Hoc sepulchrum faciendum curavit</i>; as it 
is common enough in other inscriptions. The <i>Cohors quarta Brittonum Antoninia</i> was, 
perhaps, stationed at <i>Magna</i> before the writing of the <i>Notitia</i>.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">V. This is a portable altar, the capital and base of which I did 
not take, as I saw nothing remarkable in them. The inscription is curious and well worth 
observing, if it be only for the sake of the word <i>Hammia</i>, which is not to be met 
with in any other. I at first thought it to have been the name of some local deity; but 
that the <i>Syrian Goddess</i>, or <i>Mother of the Gods</i>, is intended by it, I do not 
now at all question. For it seems plainly to be of <i>Hebrew</i> or <i>Syriac</i>, from 
&#x05DD;&#x05D0; <i>Eem</i>, or &#x05D0;&#x05DD;&#x05D9;&#x05D0; <i>Aimma, Mater (n)</i>. 
And <i>Hesychius</i> gives us the same signification of both 
&#x0391;&#x03BC;&#x03BC;&#x03B9;&#x03B1; and &#x0391;&#x03BC;&#x03BC;&#x03AC;&#x03C2;. The
<i>H</i>, or aspiration, indeed, has been superadded. Mr <i>Horsley</i> has an inscription
to the same goddess under the name of <i>Dea Suria</i>, which, he is inclined to believe, 
formerly belonged to <i>Little Chesters (p)</i>. it is also mentioned in <i>Cambden 
(q)</i>. <i>Cybele, Rhea, Ceres, Tellus, Dea Syria, Dea mater</i>, are all well known to 
have been names belonging to the same deity. The person, by whom this altar was dedicated,
appears to have been one <i>Sabinus</i>, or <i>Sabineius</i>; but I prefer the latter 
name, which, tho' not so common as the other, we have in <i>Gruter (r)</i>; for in the 
next line to <i>SABT</i> there seems ot have been a letter before the <i>E</i>; and there 
is room enough after it for three letters more. This conjecture, perhaps, may not be a 
little confirmed by observing that the solitary <i>E</i> could never have belonged to the 
word <i>Fecit</i>, because we never meet with this word upon altars, without <i>Ex Voto, 
Ex Imperio</i>, or some such thing preceeding it; and it is impossible that this should 
have been the case here. Very probably, there was originally added in another line, tho' 
now obliterated, the letters <i>V.S.L.M.</i> or some others, yt are commonly met with in 
inscriptions of the like kind. I take this altar to have been inscribed in the time of the
decliine of the <i>Roman</i> power in <i>Britain</i>; for the letters are rudely cut, the 
stone is of very coarse grit, and <i>DEE</i> is used instead of <i>Deae</i>; all of which 
are marks of the low empire.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To the above observations it may not be amiss to subjoin the two 
following articles, tho' not of much importance.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At a well near <i>Walton</i>, not far from <i>Carrvoran</i>, I saw
the under part of a broken altar. Mr <i>Horsley</i> has mentioned it (s); but it seems to 
have been unobserved by him, as having still remaining upon it very distinctly, the 
letters <i>V.S.L.M.</i> for <i>Votum sobuit libens merito</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the <i>House Steeds</i>, near the chief row of sculptures and 
inscriptions, there lies a thin flat stone, of an oblong figure. Thinking it might have 
something upon it, I raised it up, and examined it, and found upon one of its longest 
edges the letters <i>MARII</i> plainly cut, besides the obscure appearances of several 
others. I am apt to think it part of the centurial kind, and that it has been a part of 
the wall of the station. It seems not to have been taken notice of before.
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  <Keyword>black lead</Keyword> <Keyword>black lead mine, Seathwaite</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Seathwaite, Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Banks, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Shepheard, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Kingstonhall, Dorset</Keyword> 
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Black Lead Mines, Security</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Reports from Parliament:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... also a petition from <i>John Banks</i> of <i>Kingstonhall, 
Dorsetshire</i>, Esq; and <i>John Shepheard</i> of <i>Ireland</i>, Esq; setting forth, 
that they are now in actual possession of all those mines or wad-holes, of wad, or black 
cawke, commonly called black lead, lying in a very steep, craggy, and desolate mountain, 
and situated amongst several other mountains of great length and extent in the county of 
<i>Cumberland</i> (See VOL.xxi. p.53.) and by reason of this desolate and mountainous 
situation, the said mines are exposed to constant theft and robbery; and therefore praying
a bill for more effectual securing the said mines, and for punishing the unlawful 
breaking, entering, and carrying away the black lead, &amp;c. ...
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  <Keyword>Little Salkeld, Hunsonby</Keyword> <Keyword>print</Keyword> <Keyword>Long Meg 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1752 opp p.311
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  <Keyword>Long Meg and Her Daughters</Keyword>
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Long Meg and Her Daughters</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Print, uncoloured engraving, Long Meg and her Daughters, near 
Little Salkeld, Hunsonby, Cumberland, published by the Gentleman's Magazine, 1752.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">LONG MEG and her DAUGHTERS, near Little Salkeld, Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh: 21x12cm.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1752 p.311
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Long Meg and Her Daughters</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Wigton July 1712.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Went some days ago to examine that curious remain of British 
antiquities called Long Meg and her Daughters, about which it must be acknowledged all 
conjectures are extremely uncertain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">They are situated upon an eminence on the east side of the river 
Eden, near a mile from it, above a village called Little Salkeld; this eminence appeared 
to have been all moor formerly, but now about half ye stones are within inclosures, placed
in an orbicular form, in some places double. I make 70 principal ones, but there are 1 or 
2 more disputable; several lie flat on the surface, their greatest eminence not exceeding 
a foot, others yet less, and others perpendicular to the horizon; the highest of those in 
the circular range does not much exceed 3 yards, nor is it more than 4 wide, and 2 deep; 
but none of them have a regularity of shape, though the constructors seem to have aimed at
a parallelopipedon. Long Meg herself is near four yards high, and about 40 yards from the 
ring, towards the southwest, but leans much, it being of what they call the free-stone 
kind, is more regular than those in the circle, and is formed like a pyramid on a 
rhomboidal base, each side being near two yards at the bottom, but a good deal narrower at
the top. (What I mean by the base is only the ground plan of the stone itself, for as to 
what is in architecture called base, it has none but earth). The others in the orbicular 
range are of no kind of stone to be found in that neighbourhood, and the four facing the 
cardinal points are by far the largest and most bulky of the whole ring; they contain at 
least 648 solid feet or about 13 London cartloads, and, unless they are a composition, 
(which I am much induced to believe) no account can be given what carriages could have 
brought them there, nor by what means they could be placed erect when they came. It is to 
be noted that these measures are only what appeared above groound; we have reason to 
suspect that at last a yard is left in the earth, which will make the whole amount to a 
prodigious weight more. Others are erect, but not of such enormous size, and others, as I 
said before, lie flat along, not thrown down, as I think, but so placed either by choice 
or design, and some of these are also very large. In diameter the ring may be 80 yards or 
more, and the circle is pretty regular, but how they came there and their destination is 
the important question.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">I am, Sir, Yours, &amp;c. G.S.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.22 p.372, 1752:-
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Further Remarks upon long</i> Meg <i>and her</i> DAUGHTERS. 
(<i>see p.</i>311.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE Vulgar notion that the largest of these stones has breasts, 
and resembles the remainder of a female statue, is caused by the whimsical irregularity of
the figure, in which a fervid imagination may discover a resemblance of almost any thing; 
as various figures are discovered in burning coals, veins of marble, and floating clouds, 
which cannot possibly be pointed out to another, tho' to another
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<Paragraph rend="quote">with-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.22 p.373, 1752:-
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">without being pointed out, they would necessarily be visible if 
they had any existence in the fire, marble, or cloud, and were not merely creatures of the
imagination.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It can scarce be conceived that the position of these stones, is 
the effect of the flood, or any other mere natural cause because they are placed in a 
regular figure, and the regularity of the figure is at least a probable proof of design.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The substance of those stones, except the tallest, which is not 
however the largest, is a compound of small pebbles sufficiently indured to run together 
with coarse sand, and such other ingredients, as rendered the whole mass fusible at 
different times, before the last stratum grew too hard to admit a coalition of the next, 
and the ebulitions of this matter, as it was not confined by any mould, probably produced 
the excrescences on the outside of the mass; a conjecture, which appears the more 
probable, as the largest are least reducible to regular solids.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">They appear to have suffered but little change by the weather, 
though their situation is remarkably bleak; for they are almost as impenetrable as the 
porphyry of the ancients, of which they bear some resemblance, but are not near so fine. 
The mill stone grit is the most like them of any natural substance now known, but this 
tho' the most similar, is greatly different.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">What was the opinion of the <i>Romans</i> concerning them is not 
to be known from any of their writings, which time has delivered down to us: that part of 
<i>Tacitus</i> which relates to <i>Britain</i>, and which wou'd therefore have been most 
valued by us, being in all probability irrecoverably lost.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I am inclined to believe that these stones, those on 
<i>Salisbury</i> plain, and those in <i>Oxfordshire</i>, are the remains of three temples 
of the Druids, certain priests who taught the <i>Pythagorean</i> doctrine in <i>Gaul</i> 
and <i>Britain</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But by the <i>Pythagorean</i> doctrine, I do not mean the 
Metempsychosis, which was falsely attributed to <i>Pythagoras</i> by the ancients, who 
were led into an erroneous opinion of his doctrine by its obscurity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Metempsychosis was an opinion known only in the <i>East</i>, 
when <i>Pythagoras</i> fled from <i>Greece</i> into <i>Italy</i>. He taught the unity of 
the divine nature, and that God, as he was equally present in all places, was to be 
worshipped only <i>sub dio</i>, and not in any building; he opposed all sacrifice as being
the effect of error and superstition, supposing it to be impossible that the blood of an 
innocent creature could atone for the crimes of one that was guilty; and he taught that 
the soul in the future state, was to be reunited to the same body from which it had been 
dismissed by death, and rewarded or punished as its moral conduct, had been good or ill.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This doctrine before it had been corrupted, some of the immediate 
disciples of <i>Pythagoras</i> brought into <i>Britain</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Et vos barbaricos ritus, moremque sinistrum</Line>
<Line>Scarorum Druidae positis repetistis ab armis,</Line>
<Line>Solis posse Deos et caeli sidera vobis</Line>
<Line>Aut solis nescire datum: nemora alta remotis</Line>
<Line>Incolitus lucis vobis auctoribus umbrae</Line>
<Line>Non tacitas Erebi sedes, ditisque profundi</Line>
<Line>Pallida regna petunt: regit idem soiritus artus</Line>
<Line>Orbealio: longae canimus si cognita vitae</Line>
<Line>Mors media est. certe populi, quos descicit Arctos</Line>
<Line>Felices errore suo, quos ille timorum</Line>
<Line>Maximus haud urget metus</Line>
<Line><i>Pharsal. L.i.</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The temples of these Druids were in dark woods, and it is 
remarkable that here as well as <i>Stone-Henge</i>, and in <i>Oxfordshire</i>, trees, have
been frequently dug up, the grove having long since disappeared, tho' the temple which it 
inclosed, has survived even tradition itself.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It will appear the more probable that this circle of stone was a 
temple, if it be considered that among the <i>Egyptians</i> a circle was an emblem of 
deity, that <i>Pythagoras</i> receiv'd his education in <i>Egypt</i> and might probably 
communicate this symbol to his disciples who might teach it to the druids. The tallest 
might be intended for the station of the chief pontiff, and might be placed out of the 
circle, that he might view the whole assembly. The four other principle stones, at the 
four cardinal points, possibly were intended for four of the inferior priests who looking 
each toward the congregation, might repeat the moral precepts of their chief, one after 
the other, that they might be the better heard by the whole circle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Upon this view of the Druidical Doctrines amd worship, they appear
to approach so near to christianity, that it is less difficult to account for the 
readiness with which the gospel was received in <i>Britain</i>. Nor will either the zeal 
or the success of the converts, be any longer deemed miraculous or incredible, if it is to
be considered that they were only reviving in greater purity, doctrines which were already
regarded with veneration as the religion of their ancestors.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">G. S.
</Paragraph>
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Gentleman's Magazine vol.12 p.374, 1752:-
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="large">G7520374.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR</i>,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR G.S. in his account of <i>Long Meg &amp;c.</i> - being of the 
same opinion as others concerning <i>Stonehenge</i>, that they are a composition, by the 
improbability of being brought there by carriages, and the superior difficulty of raising 
them, has induc'd me to make the following observations, to evince the practicableness of 
these works, though so stupendous.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the history of <i>New-Spain</i> we have an account of stones of
a prodigious size brought 12 and 15 leagues, through vallies and over mountains, by main 
strength, and without the use of iron. And in <i>Tindal</i>'s translation of <i>Rapin</i> 
is as follows; "during the march <i>Caesar</i>, receiving the melancholy news that his 
fleet was destroyed by a violent storm." - To prevent the like misfortune again, as soon 
as the ships were refitted, he employs his soldiers night and day, to draw them by 
strength of arms into the middle of his camp. This work notwithstanding the difficulty of 
it, was finished in 10 days.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The said ships carried 150 men each from which their tonnage may 
be inferr'd."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The great bells of <i>Moscow, Pekin, Nanking</i>, and 
<i>Erfurd</i> in <i>Upper Saxony</i>, are also instances of vast weights being moveable. 
And I am of opinion that the rocking stone on the altar at <i>Stonehenge</i>, which, by my
mensuration, weighs upwards of 16 ton could be replaced (if the uprights were whole) by 
the same means as the great bell at <i>Christ Church, Oxford</i>, which weighs about 8 
ton, was raised to the great height it hangs.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I have been casually inform'd, that we have 3 cranes about 
<i>London</i>, that will purchase 10 ton each, and do verily believe, that if any publick 
work required it, we are as capable of erecting a <i>Stonehenge</i>, as the <i>Druids</i> 
were
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours &amp;c.</i> MECHANICUS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. The pyramids of <i>Egypt</i>, I tahe to be an incontestable 
proof of what I advance, <i>viz.</i> The practicableness of bringing and raising stones of
an amazing size.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1752 p.420
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>marking sheep</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Smit Marks</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7520420.jpgq
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Transactions in the last Session of Parliament; ...</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Feb.</i> 3. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Several resolutions from the committe [ways and means] to which 
the several petitions relating to marking sheep with pitch and tar, were referred, being 
reported, were ordered to be considered on a subsequent day; they were considered 
accordingly <i>Feb.</i> 14, in a committee of the whole house, and were dropt; petitions 
having been presented against it from <i>Westmoreland</i> and <i>Yorkshire</i>; and Mr 
<i>Th-n-n</i>, having fully shewn that the regulations in the bill were quite needless, 
and would therefore have a bad effect in that part of the kingdom.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1753 p.270
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</Marginal>
Inscription, Kirkby Thore</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7530270.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. There are two <i>Roman</i> inscriptions at a country village,
call'd <i>Kirkby Thore</i> in <i>Westmorland</i>, which never yet have been published; the
one, in a stone wall near the house of the Rev. Mr <i>Atkinson</i>, rector of the church, 
beginning with <i>ANTONIA</i> &amp;c. The other in a stone wall belonging to Dr 
<i>Green</i> against the <i>Town street</i>, beginning with the words <i>JOVI SERAPI</i>, 
&amp;c. but I had not time to copy them, tho' legible enough. There are likewise other 
<i>Roman</i> letters and sculptures, upon several of the door lintels, in the same town, 
which Mr <i>Horseley</i> has omitted.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Headston Howe, Dec.</i> 16 1752.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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Beckermet<Note>perhaps</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>toll gate, St Bridget 
Beckermet<Note>perhaps</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1753 p.342
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Riots, Whitehaven</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehaven</i> in <i>Cumberland, July</i> 10. On <i>Wednesday 
June</i> 20, in the night, a tumultuous, rabble of 4 or 500 people, pull'd down and 
destroyed the turnpike at <i>Balder Bridge</i> (which they have done twice before within 
these two years) threatning the lives, and to burn the houses, of some of the neighbouring
gentlemen.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Paragraph rend="text">Print, uncoloured engraving, View of the Bridge over the Lone, ie 
Devil's Bridge, Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmorland, published by the Gentleman's Magazine, 1753.
</Paragraph>
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</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">A View of the Bridge over the LONE, near / Kirkby Lonsdale in 
Westmorland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh: 21x12cm.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1753 p.355
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HAving lately had an opportunity of viewing the bridge at 
<i>Willington</i>, over the river <i>Lone</i>, near <i>Kirkby Lonsdale</i>, which for its 
antiquity and excellent workmanship exceeds any in the N. of <i>England</i>, and as it may
add a little to your history of bridges, I thought it would not be unacceptable. It is the
opinion of some judicious persons that this bridge has been a work of the <i>Romans</i>, 
but I rather think it to be of later date. 'Tis all built of a fine free stone, truly 
squared, and almost all of a size, the joints are so firm and even that in some places 
they are hardly to be discovered, and the arches are really admirable. Whatever we moderns
may think of ourselves, or whatever mean ideas we may have of these dark ages, here is 
both strength and beauty.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The arches are all turned with mouldings at the edges, and 3 
gutters in the middle, near 8 inches square, as is partly shewn at B, but to give a 
plainer idea of it, at A is a section of the arch, supposed to be cut in the middle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To be short, the whole design hath been executed with the utmost 
exactness both for strenth and beauty. The water under the arch at C, is five yards deep 
in summer, when the river is very low, and in winter 'tis almost as deep again, and vastly
rapid. <i>(See the Plate.)</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> S. PARROT.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Willington is probably Whittington, a nearby parish in Lancashire
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G753E01.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON <i>May</i> 24, about half an hour after six o'clock in the 
morning, the air being replete with watery particles of a pale duskish colour, and the 
atmosphere seeming to be equally spread with a very fine lamina, smooth and evenly 
suspended, there appeared a coloured halo above the sun (see the above representation) 
very fair and distinct, for a considerable time. The inner half of the semicircle was of a
reddish, and the outer half of a light yellow colour, the bright spots on either side the 
sun terminated in far distant points, like the shadow of the earth in an eclipse of the 
moon; the corona, or inverted circle, was not so visible as one I observed a few years 
since: the bright spots disappeared first, then the vivid colour of the iris faded by 
degrees, extending itself to a stupendous arch <i>before</i> it totally disappeared.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have had very hot droughty weather, and still continues ever 
since the appearance of the halo. - The barometer unusually low, rising and falling almost
every day a little, but low in the main from what might be expected this hot season.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> S. PARROT.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Near <i>Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmorland, June</i> 5.
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.24 p.41, 1754:-
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>Edward Cave</Keyword>
</Marginal>
In Memory of Mr Cave</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">VERSES <i>to the Memory of Mr</i> CAVE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>ACcept, good man, this last exequial sigh,</Line>
<Line>The tear expressive of the social tye;</Line>
<Line>To science, art, to <i>Britain</i> lost and me,</Line>
<Line>Remorseless stroke of fate's severe decree!</Line>
<Line>Yet shall thy fame thro' future ages bloom,</Line>
<Line>Avert destruction, and defy the tomb,</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>O may this honest heart-approving lay</Line>
<Line>Yet catch thee mounting to the realmes of day!</Line>
<Line>E'er long, thy bard must share the same decree,</Line>
<Line>And want the tribute he bestows on thee;</Line>
<Line>Then join'd congenial on the heav'nly shore,</Line>
<Line>Disease, and age, and death, shall be no more.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">G. SMITH.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>accident</Keyword> <Keyword>bell frame</Keyword> <Keyword>Callop 
Monday</Keyword> <Keyword>market, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>fair, Kirkby 
Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Kirkby 
Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>placenames</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hughstat<Note>Hugh Seat</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hugh Seat, 
Mallerstang</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton Morvel<Note>Hugh Seat</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Swale, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Rother, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Helbeck Fell, 
Helbeck</Keyword> <Keyword>Wild Boar Fell, Mallerstang</Keyword> <Keyword>Brough</Keyword>
<Keyword>constable, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>population, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword>
<Keyword>population, estimating</Keyword> <Keyword>Pontem indignatus Araxes<Note>Eden, 
River</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>bridge, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Kirkby 
Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>St John or St Stephen, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>bells</Keyword> <Keyword>ring of bells, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Musgrave Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, 
Thomas, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Harcla, Andrew de</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Earl 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1754 p.230
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Kirkby Stephen</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AS I continued some days at <i>Kirkby Stephen</i>, in 
<i>Westmoreland</i>, I made some occasional observations, which, if you think proper, you 
may communicate to the publick, <i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE etymon of the name is easily traced, as <i>bye</i> is the old 
<i>Saxon</i> word for a village, so that <i>Kirkby</i> is church town; and 
<i>Kirkby-Kendal</i>, and <i>Kirkby-Stephen</i>, signify the church towns of <i>Kendal</i>
and <i>Stephen</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The village is situated on the west bank of the river <i>Eden</i>,
which takes its rise from <i>Hughstat</i> mountain, about six miles higher up, on the 
skirts of <i>Yorkshire</i>, near the sources of the <i>Swale</i> and the <i>Rother</i>. 
This mountain is falsely called <i>Hutton Morvel</i> in most maps, and indeed, none of 
these desolate places have been laid down with any tolerable degree of exactness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The whole village consists of one single street, indifferently 
built, which lies nearly north and south, opening on <i>Helbec</i> mountain at one 
extremity, and <i>Wildbore</i> at the other. There was once a fine market place, 70 yards 
wide, and near 100 long, but by some strange inattention to publick utility, houses have 
been suffered to be built on it, and others afterwards to be built before them. The market
is on <i>Monday</i>, and as the stocking manufacture supplies the principal trade, this 
traffic is the first at the market; it generally begins about six and is over by eight in 
the morning. Tho' the situation of <i>Kirkby-Stephen</i> is under bleak and barren 
mountains, yet the communication with several of their own dales, and with 
<i>Yorkshire</i>, along the river heads, affords a pretty considerable market; an 
advantage which <i>Brough</i>, near <i>Stainmore</i>, has lost for want of such 
connection.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Three fairs are also held at this place, one on the first 
<i>Thursday</i> after <i>Whitsontide</i>, chiefly to supply new married persons with 
household goods and furniture; another on the 18th of <i>Oct.</i> for cattle; and the 
third, which is much superior to the other two, on the <i>Monday</i> preceding <i>Fastens 
Even</i>, (or <i>Shrove Tuesday</i>), called every where in the north <i>Callop 
Monday</i>, from an immemorial custom there, of dining that day on eggs and collops.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The town has no magistrate but a petty constable; the people in 
general are hospitable, their manners are plain and open, their constitution vigorous, and
their apprehension quick.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As to the number of inhabitants, I am of opinion that the number 
of the licens'd publick houses will give a tolerable estimate, if the proportion allowed 
be as one to ten; thus <i>Kirkby-Stephen</i> has 20, <i>Appleby</i> 29, <i>Penrith</i> 52,
<i>Carlisle</i> near 70, <i>Wigton</i> 23. It will perhaps be necessary to alter this 
proportion with respect to towns that abound with manufactures; but as these are easily 
distinguished, and the licensed houses all over the kingdom are necessarily known, 
estimates may be made without expence, and by a method which, as I remember, has not been 
thought of before.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The river <i>Eden</i>, which below <i>Carlisle</i> becomes the 
<i>Pontem indignatus Araxes</i> of <i>Virgil</i>, admits here of all varieties of bridges,
even of stepping stones; and as the whole town, or rather whole county, is one bed of 
limestone, we may observe most amazing varieties in the cradle of the river, wrought by 
time and the constant force of a rapid current.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The church of <i>Kirkby-Stephen</i> is low, and the porch looks 
like a hole into a hermit's cell; the steeple is square, about 18 yards high, and has four
bells of a considerable size, but not well proportioned to each other; the oldest bears 
date 1631, and the newest, which is also much the largest, 1749; the carpenter that new 
fram'd them when this was put up, having made his bargain for the old frame, it happened 
that as he was throwing down the last piece, a nail which he had not perceived caught hold
of his cloaths, and the piece of timber being heavy, drew him after it, from a window 
being 15 yards high, and dash'd his brains out against some of the pieces he had thrown 
out before; an accident which was the more regretted as it happened on a <i>Saturday</i> 
night, when the man had just compleated his job, and was in haste to return with the money
to his wife and family at <i>Appleby</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The steeple is built on limestone rock, and there is a new 
geometrical stair case turned round a cylindrical column, which leads into a decent 
gallery at the west end of the church, of good workmanship.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the east end near the chancel adjoining to the south wall, is 
the burying place of the <i>Musgrave</i> family; the inscription runs round the stone.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Near the middle, betwixt this and the cemetery for the 
<i>Wharton</i> family, is the effigy in stone of the famous <i>Andrew Herclay</i>, earl of
<i>Carlisle</i>, who was
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">beheaded
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Wharton Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Harcla, 
Andrew de</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby 
Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>St John or St Stephen, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward
II</Keyword> <Keyword>Byland Abbey, Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Byland 
Abbey</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Hecley 
Castle<Note>Hartley Castle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hartley Castle, Hartley</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Hartley</Keyword> <Keyword>monument, Wharton</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalston 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1754 p.231
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">beheaded by <i>Edward</i> the second, upon pretence of having 
betray'd the <i>English</i> army at <i>Byland Abbey</i> near <i>York</i>, into the hands 
of <i>Bruce</i>, king of <i>Scots</i>; <i>Edward</i> himself escaped with great 
difficulty, and is said to have attainted this nobleman, only to transfer the ignominy of 
his own misconduct to another, The figure lies at length, with the head supported on a 
kind of urn or helmet, for 'tis much broken and disfigured, and the feet on a lion, 
without any inscription, tradition only having preserv'd the name; and his castle in this 
neighbourhood, though now in ruins, being still called <i>Hecley-castle</i>; to this 
estate the <i>Musgrave</i> family must have succeeded soon after, as their lease is 
between 2 and 300 years old, and I think the battle of <i>Byland Abbey</i> is generally 
fixed to 1326, by the <i>Scotch</i> annals.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In an isle rail'd off near this monument, northward, is the vault 
of the honourable family of <i>Wharton</i>, which is now extinct, thro' the misconduct of 
the last possessor, remarkable for great natural abilities misapplied; there are some 
monuments, but the inscription was broken off at the east end; however, by the helf (sic) 
of a friend, I join'd the pieces, and found the whole as follows:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Round the rim on the side edge at at top, the letters raised, with
an effigy at large of himself and his two ladies.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line><i>Thomas Whartonus</i> jacet hic et utraque conjuns</Line>
<Line><i>Elinora</i> suum hinc habet <i>Anna</i> locum,</Line>
<Line>En tibi terra tuum carnes ac ossa resumem</Line>
<Line>Coelos animas tu Deus alme tuum.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>On the east end underneath,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Gens <i>Whartonus</i> genus dat honores dextera victrix</Line>
<Line>In <i>Scotos, Stapletona</i> domus mihi quam dedit uxor</Line>
<Line><i>Elionora</i> jacet ter bina prole parentem</Line>
<Line>Binam adimut teneris, binam juvenilibus annis</Line>
<Line>Fata mihi dat, nominavi bina superstes</Line>
<Line><i>Anna</i> secunda uxor [oe]lebri est de gente &#x2020; <i>Salopum</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; <i>Shrewsbury.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The reader will easily discover the puerility of the performance, 
as well with respect to the language as the poetry; but such as it is, it should be 
preserved in your <i>Magazine</i>, for a few years more will render it quite illegible on 
the stone.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This inscription has no date, but the person whom it commemorates 
is known to have been governor of <i>Carlisle</i> in the 33d of <i>Henry</i> VIII. to have
beaten the <i>Scots</i> with a very few men the year following, in conjunction with Sir 
<i>Wm Musgrave</i>, and to have taken <i>Dumfrize</i>, for which services he was made 
baron of <i>Wharton</i>, a place which I shall have occasion to mention in my next. He 
died anno 1568, in the 10th year of Q <i>Elizabeth</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This family and that of the <i>Musgrave</i>'s were celebrated 
defenders of the northern frontiers for many years before the <i>Scotch</i> succession; 
the <i>Wharton</i> family liberally endow'd <i>Kirkby-Stephen</i> with a free school, but 
the salary is sequester'd by the purchaser of the family estate, till the trustees admit 
his choice of a master.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P.S.</i> There is also an isle and vault of the <i>Dalston</i> 
family, but without any effigies, date, or character.
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
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<Keyword>print</Keyword> <Keyword>Clough Head, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1754 opp p.465
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>flood, 1749</Keyword>  <Keyword>St John's in the Vale</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Floods, St John's in the Vale</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Print, uncoloured engraving, illustrating the storm, floods, etc in
St John's in the Vale, St John's Castlerigg and Wythburn, Westmorland, 1749, engraved by M
Darly, published by the Gentleman's Magazine, 1754.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh = 21x12cm.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The view looks towards the East; the two background hills are 
Clough Head and Great Dodd.
</Paragraph>
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John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Dreadful Storm in Cumberland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>road, Ambleside to Keswick<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>erosion</Keyword> 
<Keyword>stone wall, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Skiddaw, 
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<Keyword>Threlcot (Threlkeld<Note>Threlkeld</Note></Keyword> <Keyword></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Threlkeld</Keyword> <Keyword>Lady Rocks<Note>Lady's Rake ?</Note></Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1754 p.464
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>floods, 1749</Keyword>  <Keyword>St John's in the Vale</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Floods, St John's in the Vale</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dreadful Storm in</i> Cumberland
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THERE happened about four years ago a most dreadful storm of 
thunder and ligtening (sic), in these parts, which bursting over the mountains, was 
attended with such a torrent of rain, as considerably changed the face of the country, and
did incredible damage, in the vale below
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The vale is called St John's Vale, and as I lately passed through 
it, I took a draught of the mountains, as they now appear, which I send you, with a more 
particular account of the storm, than has been yet published.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The precipices on the left of this vale, as you pass along the 
road D from Keswic to Ambleside, very much resemble volcano's, and look as if they were 
half burnt. The ascent is for several miles covered with rude fragments of different sizes
and figure, which storms and torrents have torn from the native rock, and is ploughed into
many hollows, down which the cataracts have poured, when a water cloud has been broken at 
the top, which very frequently happens, and produces such rain, as the inhabitants of 
level countries have never seen.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Above these precipices other mountains, still higher, terminate 
the view, and the vale below is a narrow, but fertile spot, the inhabitants of which, 
have, from time to time, removed the loose stones, which were driven down upon them, and 
formed them, by degrees, into a fence, against the fury of other inundations.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The hollows, or channels which wind down the declivity, and when I
saw them were dry, become gradually wider, and more shallow, as they descend to that part 
of the mountain which is less steep; the waters in proportion as they spread, lose their 
force, cover a larger tract, and fall with less rapidity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the afternoon, which preceded the storm, it was perceived to 
thunder and lighten incessantly beyond Skiddow, (see v.18 p.291.) is one of our highest 
mountains, the cloud from which the tempest proceeded, came at length, up to the mountain,
but not being high enough to pass over it, divided, one half of it went away north east, 
and meeting with no opposition, it discharged a great quantity of water, on the plains of 
Wigton, and Carlisle, over which, it hovered till about nine o'clock at night, and then 
moved farther in the same direction, but so slowly that its explosions were not out of 
hearing till two in the morning.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The other half went through a vale called Threlcot, and over the 
rocks on one side of Keswic, called Lady Rocks, meeting no opposition till it came to the 
mountains which bound St John's vale, and by these it was stopped. It became every moment 
more dense, by the accession of vapours, which being still in motion, pressed upon it, and
soon after it poured down a torrent of rain, which lasted eight hours. The thunder still 
continued, and the darkness which might almost be felt, became more dreadful by the 
flashes which broke it at short intervals with a sulphureous light; to the noise of the 
thunder, was added that of the cataracts, and of the fragments of the rock, which they 
drove before them; the fences were overturned in a moment, the fields covered with the 
ruins of the mountains, under which, the cottages were first crushed, and then swept away 
by the torrent. The inhabitants, who were scarce less astonished and terrified, than they 
would have been at the sound of the last trumpet, and the dissolution of nature, ran 
together from under the roofs that sheltered them, less they should be beaten in upon 
their heads, and finding the waters rush down all round them in an impetuous deluge, which
had already covered the ground, such of them as were able, climbed the neighbouring trees,
and others got on the tops of hay stacks, where they sat exposed, at once, to the 
lightening and the rain, discovering by the light of every flash, some new ruin, and every
moment ex-
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Vale, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>stone wall, St John's Castlerigg 
etc</Keyword> <Keyword>haystack</Keyword> <Keyword>road, Ambleside to 
Keswick<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>erosion</Keyword> <Keyword>mill, St John's 
Castlerigg etc</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1754 p.465
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[ex]pecting that the trees to which they had fled for safety, 
should be torn up by the roots, and the hay overturned by the innundation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is perhaps impossible, for the strongest imagination to 
accumulate circumstances of greater horror, and these were produced by a concurrence of 
various causes, which perhaps may happen no more. I have therefore been particular in my 
account, in hopes that you will preserve it to posterity, and the rather as I find in the 
memorials of your royal society, and of the academies abroad, that such events are never 
thought below their notice.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Cockermouth, Cumberland, October 3, 1754. Yours &amp;c. G.S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Description of the PLATE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A, a farm house that was abandoned that night.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">B, a mill that was demolished.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">C, stacks and trees where a farmer saved himself and his family.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">D, the high road from Keswic to Ambleside.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">E cataracts of stone and water over-turning the wall G in many 
places.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">F, high mountains about a mile in acclivity beyond the rugged hill
H H, which furnished water to fill the channels and which stopped the tempestuous cloud.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Q Q Q channels formed by the descending conflux of waters from the
mountains F F.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1754 opp p.505
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Christianbury Crag</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Christianbury Crag</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Print, uncoloured engraving, Christenbury Crags ie Christianbury 
Crag, Bewcastle, Cumberland, published by the Gentleman's Magazine, 1754.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh = 21x12cm.
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Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>St Cuthbert, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>inn, 
Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Limekiln, Bewcastle<Note>possibly</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Old Rectory, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Flatt, Bewcastle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Line<Note>White Lyne</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>White Lyne</Keyword> 
<Keyword>placename, Christianbury Crag</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1754 p.505
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Christianbury Crag</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Journey to Christianbury Crag</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AS you frequently entertain your readers with topographical 
curiosities, I send you a view and description of a natural rock in <i>Cumberland</i>, 
called <i>Christen-bury Craiggs</i>. &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The rock is situated at the top of a mountain, very difficult of 
access, at which I had often looked through my telescope from a place three and twenty 
miles distant. The view at length so much excited my curiosity, that I determined to 
gratify it by a nearer examination; however, as it was early in the spring when I first 
formed this resolution, and as the ways are scarce passable, even in summer, I waited till
the beginning of <i>August</i>, and then set out on my expedition.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I took a guide with me to <i>Beu-Castle</i>, a parish on the 
northward extremity of <i>Cumberland</i>, in which there is neither town nor village, but 
a few wretched huts only, which are widely scattered in a desolate country. After a 
journey of 20 miles, sometimes wading an hour together in water up to the horses girts, 
though the bottom was tolerably sound, we came to the church. At a small distance I 
discovered a hedge alehouse, which I knew must serve me for an inn, but when I entered it 
I was not more disgusted with the dirt and darkness of the room into which I was 
introduced, the floor of bare earth, and the bed less eligible than clean straw, than I 
was with the noisy mirth of some boors who had been drinking till the were drunk. However,
as I knew it was bootless to complain, I appeared, as well as I could, to be content, that
I might not displease my host. The clergyman, indeed, was so obliging as to offer me his 
room at the parsonage, but as I was unwilling to give trouble, I declined it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the evening I acquainted mine host with the intent of my 
journey, and at my request he procured me another guide, who undertook to conduct me up 
the mountain to the craiggs. When I rose at four o'clock the next morning, I found him 
ready. The weather was extremely bright and serene, which greatly favoured my purpose, and
after we had proceeded about two miles, we came to a place where there were a few more 
hovels, called the Flat. After some talk with my guide, I discovered that he was very 
diffident of the success of our expedition, and of his own ability to procure me safe 
conduct; and therefore, as we were now in sight of the precipices, I hired a boy that kept
sheep upon them to walk with us, at least as far as we could use our horses. By his 
direction we came into an hollow, through which the river <i>Line</i> runs, among 
innumerable precipices. In this hollow we were obliged often to cross the water to avoid 
the falls, and going sometimes on one side, and sometimes on the other, we made about a 
mile of winding way, and at length came into a kind of plain,
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; <i>Bury</i>, in the <i>Saxon</i> language, signifies 
mansion, or mannor, and perhaps the converts to christianity in the north might assemble 
here to be undiscovered. - Hence the name Christen-bury.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">one
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  <Keyword>Christianbury Crag, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Flatt, Bewcastle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>moss troopers</Keyword> <Keyword>Micklehow</Keyword> <Keyword>wild cat</Keyword>

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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1754 p.506
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">one side of which was bounded by by the declivity of the mountain,
which we then began to ascend; soon after we had reached that part which was level with 
the base of the craigs, we found ourselves environed with a syrtes, which, as 
<i>Milton</i> says, was neither sea nor good dry land; here we were obliged to dismount, 
and having tied our horses by the bridles, we proceeded on foot: To tie them was, indeed, 
an unnecessary precaution, for the poor creatures, by a natural instinctive sagacity, were
as sensible of their danger as we, and stood motionless where we left them. We now walked 
above a mile and a half over a tract of ground full of holes filled with boggy substance, 
which in this country is called a moss; we were here in perpetual terror lest it should 
give way under our feet, or lest some cloud, being stopped by the rocks, should bury us in
a fog, and not only disappoint my curiosity, but prevent the recovery of our horses. 
However, we still went forward, and came to a place that was covered with moss of another 
kind. This lay above the ground in little heaps, about a foot over, called hassocks, which
were full of holes, like an honey comb; the long irregular strides which we were obliged 
to take, to avoid these hassocks, made this part of my journey extreamly fatiguing. When 
we came within about a quarter of a mile of the base of the rock, we entered all on a 
sudden upon the finest grass plat that nature can produce; the ascent over this green is 
very gradual, and it has the appearance of a fine artifical slope. The rocks, upon a near 
view, appear very rude and romantic; they are broken by innumerable fissures that go quite
from top to bottom in a perpendicular direction; most of them are from 10 to 15 yards 
high; it is not difficult to walk on the top of them, nor in many places to step from one 
to another; some of them, however, project considerable over the side of the mountain, and
upon these it would be dangerous to stand; they cover about three acres of ground, and 
bear some resemblance to <i>Stone Henge</i>, particularly in the difficulty of numbering 
them, which I attempted several times, but could never produce tha same sum. To the caves 
among these rocks the moss troopers formerly retreated for security, and of late years on 
<i>Micklehow</i>, and a favourite mistress, took up their abode here for two or three 
seasons.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It has at present no inhabitants but wild cats, of which there are
many, the largest I ever saw.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In our descent, notwithstanding the skill of the guides, we came a
full mile west of our horses, which we at last found by the help of my compass; they stood
trembling by one another, and had not strirred a step either in search of food or freedom;
we led them down the brow, and thus ended the adventure of <i>Christenbury Craig</i>, 
which at a distance has all the appearance of one of those enchanted castles that are 
described in the heroic romances of the middle ages.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The mountain is on the skirts of <i>Northumberland</i>, and the 
rocks are upon its summit. In the calmest day there is a surprizing draught of bleak air 
into <i>Northumberland wastes</i>, which are the most shocking desarts that I ever saw in 
<i>Britain</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If the rottenness of the soil on which these rocks stand be 
considered, perhaps it will not be thought an improbable conjecture that the whole summit 
of the mountain was once of the same height with the rocks, but that the wind and rains 
having by degrees washed and driven the softer parts down from the stone, they were formed
into a bog below, and the rock left naked above.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The rocky part itself, however, appears to waste, the interstices 
being filled with a white sand, which is carried away in drifts, and great quantities of 
which is found in all the neighbouring places, whence it is carried to market, and sold 
for sharpening scythes and such other offices, for which it is much better than any other.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Description of the</i> PLATE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The view is taken from the S. The rocks as they now stand are 
represented at B. At Y is an inaccesible craig, which will probably fall off as the wind 
wastes it at Q. The grass plat on the summit of the mountain is at A. At W the wastes in 
<i>Northumb</i>. C the hassocks. R The quagmires on the top of the precipice. SS The 
declivity to the river <i>Line</i>. D D where we left our horses.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1754 p.534:-
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>fire ball</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Fire Ball</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7540534.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A fire ball to save coals</i>. - With a ton of soft, mellow 
clay, free from stones, work up three or four bushels of small sifted sea coal; make this 
composition into cakes about three or four inches square, and let them be thoroughly 
dried. When the fire burns clear, place three or four of them in front of it, and they 
will soon become red, glowing with a clear and strong heat till they are consumed. A ton 
may be made for 10<i>s.</i> and will go father (sic) than a chaldron and a half of coals.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.24 p.567, 1754:-
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ... G. S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P.S.</i> The method mentioned in your last, p.534, of using 
fire balls to save coals, has been long practised by the wretched inhabitants of the 
coasts of <i>Cumberland</i> and <i>Northumberland</i>: They roll a ball of clay in the 
small coal which is found on the surface of their declivities, and this they call crow 
coal; but as they have no better fuel to kindle the ball, and keep it glowing it is a poor
succedaneum for sea coal, and the fires thus made are scarce worthy of the name.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1754 p.571
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Cumberland Weather</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Extract of a Letter from</i> Cumberland, <i>dated</i> Dec. 10.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OUR weather here has been remarkable inconstant: Frosts and snow 
before <i>Christmas</i> are phenomena unknown to the plains of <i>Cumberland</i>, tho' no 
county has more of them, nor of longer duration, than the mountains. The snow covered our 
hills in <i>October</i>, and by degrees approached our plains, so that about the 30th it 
cover'd the surface near an inch, but immmediately dissolved, and produced great land 
floods. The thermometer, which never had fallen below 40, on the 29th of <i>November</i> 
fell to 30, but at noon rose to 36; on <i>Monday, Dec</i>. 2, it was at 40 in the morning,
and 44 at noon, and has continued from 36 to 49, where it is now at noon of <i>Dec</i>. 
10. The rains are heavy, the floods all out, and just now there is the appearance of a 
frost again.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the night of <i>Wednesday, Dec</i>. 4, it thundered and 
lightened very much: We have had wet weather ever since; and last night from eleven to one
in the morning, it thundered and lightened again with great violance; an accident the more
remarkable, as in this county thunder and lightening, even in summer, are very rare.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Our epidemic distempers have been a swelling of the gums and jaws,
inflamations of the tonsills, rigid contractions of the mastoid muscle, so as to render 
mastication extremely painful, and quinseys: It has no where proved fatal, but has 
submitted to the usual remedies for a cold.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">My thermometer is within doors, in a chamber over the back 
parlour, where a fire is very seldom made, and the wall faces the south east; from the 
whole of my observations, compared with yours, I am persuaded you are always colder at 
<i>London</i> in winter than we.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>I am, Sir, yours, &amp;c</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">G. SMITH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. It has lightened again all this night, with excessive rains, 
thunder far west; thermometer this morning at 44, an unsettled sky, wind, &amp;c,
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.25 p.5, 1755:-
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Extract of a Letter from</i> Cumberland, <i>dated</i> Jan. 11, 
1755.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SINCE the 10th of last month the weather here has been remarkably 
serene and calm, with scarce a breath of air; the thermometer has not varied more than 
from 34 to 40; 40 being its height at noon, and 34 its height at night, and in the 
morning; but this morning it became hazy, and so much warmer, that the thermometer is up 
at 40; tho' 'tis yet early.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Our husbandry goes forward without
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">inter-
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.25 p.6, 1755:-
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">intermission, as the ground is in fine order from the dryness and 
warmness of the season, which is besides remarkably healthy in these parts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">During the lightnings mentioned in your last Mag. (<i>See Vol.</i>
xxiv. p.571) 3 men were walking thro' St <i>John</i>'s vale, over which the clouds, being 
pent in betwixt the high mountains, hung pretty low, and the lightnings were very 
frequent. The vale is about 500 yards wide, and two miles long, and after they had walked 
about a mile, one of them complained suddenly of uncommon oppression in his lungs, and 
presently afterwards dropt down dead. After some uneffectual attempts to recover and 
remove him, the survivors being alarmed by the approach of night, and the encrease of the 
tempest, went on as fast as they could. Soon after one of these made the same complaint, 
and almost instantly fell down dead, as the other had done: The third was now struck with 
astonishment and terror, and solicitude for himself suppressed for the present his concern
for others; he immediately began to run, and expected every step to be his last, as he 
felt the same oppression on his breast, which every moment increased, however this went 
off after he had gone about a quarter of a mile, and he ran into to the first house pale, 
trembling, and exhaused, and as soon as he could speak directed the people to seek and 
succour his companions, whom they soon found, but all attempts to recover them proved 
ineffectual. G.S.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.25 p.56, 1755:-
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="large">G7550056.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Extract of a Letter from</i> Wigton <i>in</i> Cumberland, 
<i>dated Feb.</i> 15.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE thermometer here has varied only from 35 to 40, since the 
commencement of this month. We have here a severe frost, but no snow, though 
<i>Scotland</i> seems loaded. Our last year's bill of mortality decreased from 40 to 11, 
two were infants; the computed number of inhabitants is 5000, so that we have this year 
lost but 1 in 500.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We should be sorry to find any gentleman with draw his useful 
thermometrical observations, from an apprehension that they are disregarded; on the 
contrary they are highly acceptable, as from such observations only, we are likely to any 
precision in the theory of atmospheres.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.25 p.103, 1755:-
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Account of Weather and Diseases in</i> Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SINCE my last the weather has continued much as before, lowring, 
dark, and frosty, but not intensely cold. The thermometer never fell below 31 in 
<i>February</i>, nor indeed much lower in any other part of the winter. - Since 
<i>March</i> commenced we have had cold easterly winds, but not high, and some sprinklings
of snow, which dissolv'd as it fell; the thermometer has never been below 35, and on the 
5th was up at 48. Rheumatic pains begin to affect us as much, and obstinate swellings of 
the gums, which in children have generally broke; in adults they have affected the teeth 
and jaws, and sometimes the larinx and uvula. Stomatic complaints have been also frequent,
flatulencies, nauseas, inflammatory pains, and bilious vomittings, which have been 
followed by hysterics, watchings, and troublesome dreams; intermittents seem also to come 
on as the season advances, which is indeed but slowly.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.25 p.115, 1755:-
</Paragraph>
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</Marginal>
Obscure Phrases</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE superiority of your collection, the consequent extent of its 
sale, evidently depend on the multiplicity and variety of your correspondents; by these 
you are enabled to gratify curiosity with novelty, and without these you would be 
compelled to act like your imitators, if they deserve even that name, who copy books long 
since published, and transcribe into their collection what they find in others, without 
adding any new matter, contracting it into a more comprehensive view, or correcting any 
accidental defect. For my own part, I never fail to find several articles that afford me 
entertainment; but have of late been particularly gratified in my favourite subject of 
Antiquities. The pieces signed <i>Gemsege</i> are excellent of their kind, and, I think, 
of greater utility than is generally thought, or indeed than appears upon the first view. 
His interpretation of antient inscriptions throws great light upon those parts of history 
that are left in obscurity by other writers. To instance in one particular out of many; he
has by a very small part of an inscription, and a date, discovered <i>Aughton</i> steeple 
to be a precatory offering for the pilgrimage of grace, of which neither <i>Fabian, 
Fuller, Rapin</i>, or <i>Dugdale</i> seem to have had any knowledge, notwithstanding their
accuracy, diligence, and penetration. By his explication of adages and phrases, which time
would probably render inscrutable in a few years, the knowledge of old customs is 
preserved, and the language illustrated. I therefore, with many others, most earnestly 
wish that he would proceed to explain such other <i>British</i> inscriptions as can be 
procured, and such other <i>British</i> expressions as are frequently uttered, tho' seldom
understood; and to convince him that associates will be wanting, I will venture to propose
a conjecture or two of my own, and shall hope for his approbation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Spick and span new</i>, is an expression, the meaning of which 
is obvious, tho' the words want explanation; and which, I presume, are a corruption of of 
the <i>Italian, Spiccata da la Spanna</i>, snatched from the hand; <i>opus ablatum 
incude</i>; or according to another expression of our own, <i>Fresh from the mint</i>; in 
all which the same idea is conveyed by a different metaphor. It is well known that our 
langauge abounds with <i>Italicisms</i>, and it is probable the expression before us was 
coined when the <i>English</i> were as much bigotted to <i>Italian</i> fashions, as they 
now are to those of the <i>French</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is another expression much used by the vulgar, wherein the 
sense and words are equally obscure: The expression I mean is, <i>An't please the 
pigs</i>, in which there is a peculiarity of dialect, a corruption of a word, and a common
figure called metonymy: For in the first place, <i>an</i> in the midland counties is used 
for <i>if</i>; and <i>pigs</i> is most assuredly a corruption of <i>Pyx</i>, (from 
<i>Pyxis</i> and &#x03A0;&#x03C5;&#x03BE;&#x03AF;&#x03C2;) a vessel in which the host is 
kept in <i>Roman Catholic</i> countries. In the last place the vessel is substitued for 
the host itself, by an easy metonymy, in the same manner as when we speak of the <i>sense 
of the house</i>, we do not mean to ascribe sense to <i>bricks and stones</i>, but to a 
certain number of representatives. The expression, therefore, means no more than <i>Deo 
volente</i>, or as it is translated into modern <i>English</i> by coachmen and carriers, 
<i>God willing</i>. G.S.
</Paragraph>
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Hold<Note>roman fort, Redlands Bank</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Redlands 
Bank</Keyword> <Keyword>Maiden Castle, Stainmore</Keyword> <Keyword>Machel, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1755 p.198
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN, <i>Hemingburgh, April</i> 26.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WE meet with a short account in some historians of the <i>Maiden 
Castle</i>, and <i>Maiden Way</i>, in the county of <i>Westmoreland</i>, both which are 
affirm'd to be <i>Roman</i>. (<i>See particularly Magna Brit. Westmoreland, p.</i> 23) 
Likewise, in a MS. history of that county by the Rev. Mr <i>Thomas Machel</i>, rector of 
<i>Kirkby-Thor</i>, we have further mention of the <i>Maiden Hold</i> on 
<i>Speedy-Moor</i>, near <i>Crackenthorpe</i>. Now, Sir, I would gladly be informed by 
some of your antiquarian correspondents, in your next Magazine, whence arose the above 
denomination. <i>Yours, &amp;c</i> Lasenbyensis.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE first conception, in investigating the original of the names 
<i>Maiden-Castle, Maiden-Way</i>, and <i>Maiden-Hold</i>, in the county of 
<i>Westmoreland</i>, in answer to your correspondent's quere, p.198, is this, that the 
first and last places being apparently places of strength, as may be judged by their 
names, which import a fortification of some kind, might be so called from their 
impregnability, as never having been taken by an enemy; just as we read in <i>Hall's 
Chronicles</i>, that over the one of the gates of the city of <i>Tournay, Temp. Henry</i> 
VIII. was written <i>Jamais ton ne a perdue ton pucellage</i>, <i>Thou hast never lost thy
maidenhead</i>. And as the motto of <i>Waterford</i> in <i>Ireland</i> formerly imported, 
<i>Intacta manet Waterfordia</i>, where <i>intacta</i> means <i>virginea</i>, as <i>Hor. 
Od.</i> i. 7. and <i>Juv</i>. vi. 163, &amp; <i>annot Ovid Art. Am.</i> i. 677. But then 
this interpretation is not so applicable to a road, or the <i>Maiden-way</i>, the other 
place mentioned in the query, wherefore admitting, upon the suggestion of the proposer, 
that all three places were known to the <i>Romans</i>, I rather incline to think, that the
first part of these compounds may be of a <i>British</i> original; that the ancient 
<i>Britons</i> in their time had been settled in these places; that the <i>Romans</i>, 
upon theur arrival, finding them proper stations, and ready to their hands, continued to 
make use of them, and retained the
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Hold<Note>roman fort, Redlands Bank</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Redlands 
Bank</Keyword> <Keyword>Maiden Castle, Stainmore</Keyword> <Keyword>Gallaco</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1755 p.273
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<Paragraph rend="quote">old names, as they did in most other places; and that by this 
means the old <i>British</i> names were transmitted to the <i>Saxons</i>, who retained 
them likewise, affixing only the appleatives of <i>castle, way</i>, and <i>hold</i>, as 
respectively necessary.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But the question still recurs, what is the meaning of the word 
<i>Maiden</i>, in these names? There is some difficulty in this, as we may learn from Dr 
<i>Gale</i>, where he writes, 'Sub opidum vidimus magnam aream profunde vallatam, quam 
incolae vocant <i>Maiden Bowr</i>. Quid fuit majoribus nostris Britannis <i>Maiden</i>, 
non ausus sum asserere, sed in <i>Bowr</i> latere videtur <i>Burgus</i>. Plurima tamen 
sunt nobis loca, quae nomen <i>Maiden</i> sibi prefixum gerunt, omnia a vias militares 
sita. Sunt ex istis <i>Maiden Castle</i> juxta Durnovariam (<i>Dorchester</i>) aliud 
<i>Maiden Castle</i> juxta Lavatra {<i>Bowes</i>), at via illa ipsa quae a Gallaco 
(<i>Whelp Castle</i>) as vallum ducit, dicitur <i>Maiden Way</i>.' Dr <i>Gale</i>'s 
<i>Comment. on the Itinerary, p.</i>61. <i>Geoffrey</i> of <i>Monmouth</i> also tells us, 
that <i>Ebranius</i> build (sic) the city of <i>Abelud</i>, towards <i>Albania</i>, and 
the town of mount <i>Agned</i>, call'd at this time the <i>Castle of maidens</i>, or the 
<i>mountain of sorrow</i>. Lib. ii. c. 7. But to risque a conjecture upon a point so 
obscure, perhaps it may come from the <i>British</i> word <i>mad, pulcher</i>, or 
beautiful; hence may come the <i>Anglo Saxon</i> words [maid] and [maiden], <i>virgo</i>, 
which in that case answer exactly to our present expressions, <i>a fair one</i>, and in 
the plural, <i>the fair</i>, a sense undoubtly very well accommodated to all the three 
places, both to the road, and to the two fortifications. The river <i>Medway</i> was 
called by the <i>Saxons</i> [Med-wage], or [Med-weage], and Mr <i>Baxter</i>, in his 
Glossary, p.162, says 'Britannis ita dicitur tanquam <i>Mad &#x0171;og &#x0171;isc</i> vel
<i>pulcher fluctus aquae</i>,' where <i>mad</i> evidently signifies <i>pulcher</i>, though
I think this very learned man is greatly mistaken in deducing the latter part of the name 
from <i>&#x0171;og &#x0171;isc</i>, for it comes from the <i>British</i> word 
<i>&#x0171;y</i>, which signifies <i>water</i>. This the <i>Saxons</i> pronounced more 
gutterally [wage] or [weage], from whence was formed the Latin <i>vaga</i>; and the 
<i>English</i>, since the conquest, have softened the <i>g</i> again, and are come to call
it <i>way</i>, just as they have several rivers in <i>England</i>, as in <i>Wye, 
Weybridge, Weymouth, &amp;c.</i> and this I think a much more natural etymology,as to the 
latter part of the compound, than that offered by Mr <i>Baxter</i>; and that 
<i>&#x0171;y</i> signifies <i>water</i>, appears from a thousand derivations in that 
author, but see particularly <i>Ed. Lhuyd's Adversaria</i> there, p.265.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But to return to what we were upon, Dr <i>Gale</i>, speaking of 
<i>Vagniacae</i>, which he, with others, very preposterously fixes at <i>Maidstone</i>, 
writes thus, p.75: 'Ad <i>Maidston</i> (olim, ut dixi, <i>Medweagston</i>) duo confluunt 
amnes, quorum unus appellatur <i>Medway</i>, ab ultima hujus vocabuli parte, sume videtur 
nomen <i>Vagniacae</i>. Sed quid sit <i>med</i> me prorsus latet. Fluvius certe nobilis 
qui hic praetervolat in <i>Pentingeri</i> tabulis, aut opidum as ejus ripas situm, vocatur
<i>Madus</i>, idemque vocabulum sese offert in aliis multis apud nos exterosque, ubi 
semper denotare <i>amnem</i> videtur, nimirum in <i>Med</i> loco, (com. <i>Lancaster</i>) 
<i>Medoaco</i> (inter Venetos) Meduana (le Mayn qui urbem Andegavensem alluit) &amp;c. But
this pasage abounds with mistakes, [so] to say nothing further here of his placing 
<i>Vagniacae</i> at <i>Maidston</i>, which I think I can demonstrate was at 
<i>Swanscomb</i>, 'tis not likely that <i>Vagniacae</i> should be so called from the 
latter part of the name of the river <i>Medway</i>. The town was called <i>Madus</i>, and 
the river was denominated from it, <i>Medwey</i>; that is, the river of the town of 
<i>Med</i> or <i>Madus</i>; and consequently if <i>Vagniacae</i> was to have been named 
from this station, it would have been denominated not from the last, but the first 
syllable of the word <i>Medwey</i>, that is from <i>Madus</i>. The word <i>Med</i>, he 
thinks, may signify a <i>river</i>, but this surely is equally improbable; for pray 
observe what an absurd sense this would produce, the <i>river water</i>, for that, 
according to him, would be the import of the name, he having before allowed, that the 
latter part of the composition signifies a river; these are his words, 'Britannis 
<i>Wye</i> et <i>Wey</i>, latinis <i>Vaga</i>, nomen multorum apud nos fluviorum.' To have
done with Dr <i>Gale</i>, <i>Medway</i> is the river of the town <i>Madus</i>, and 
<i>Madus</i> I imagine, was so called from <i>mad</i>, beautiful, as taking its name from 
the agreeableness of its situation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr <i>Baxter</i>, in the place above cited, for I must, with your 
leave, bestow one word upon him, is so far right, as upon the supposition of 
<i>Vagniacae</i> being <i>Maidstone</i>, to deduce that name from the former rather than 
the latter part of the compound <i>Medwey</i>; but then it is not likely that 
<i>Vagniacae</i> in the Itinerary should be a corruption of <i>Maduiacis</i>, as he 
supposes, but what is worse, <i>Vagniacae</i> is not <i>Maidstone</i>, insomuch
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1755 p.274
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<Paragraph rend="quote">that there is not the least ground for imagining any such 
corruption. And thus, tho' I willingly adopt the sense he gives us of the <i>British</i> 
word <i>mad</i>, I cannot agree with him that there is any such name as <i>Maduiacis</i>. 
But as I do not propose to enter farther into this matter at this time, I shall here take 
my leave, being Sir, <i>Yours, &amp;c.</i>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">P. GEMSEGE.
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<County>Cumbria<Note>Cumberland</Note></County>
<Parish>Westward</Parish>
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<Keyword>roman fort, Old Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Stukeley, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Castra Exploratorum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Antonine Itineraries</Keyword> <Keyword>Olenacum</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Aelius Septimianus</Keyword> <Keyword>Rusticus</Keyword> 
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Roman Altar, Old Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AS you have often obliged the public with accounts of 
<i>British</i> and <i>Roman</i> antiquities, which have been discovered in various parts 
of this island, I send you the best drawing I could make of two <i>Roman</i> altars and a 
trough, which were very lately found by some workmen as they were digging for the 
foundation of a ring wall against the common at old <i>Carlisle</i>, about 200 yards east 
of a <i>Roman</i> legionary garrison. The Agger's praetorium, ditches, and roads belonging
to this station are still to be traced by their remains on this uncultivated common, and 
the <i>Alae Auxiliariae</i> appears by many scattered ruins to have encamped eastward a 
long way.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Some doubt has been made what was the antient name of this place. 
Mr <i>Cambden</i> gives it no name, though he calls it a famous city: It is indeed most 
probable that he never saw it, for there are no remains of building besides the fort, of 
which the wall is here and there still to be seen, and some wretched huts, which seem to 
have been cobbled up by private soldiers, merely to shelter them from the weather, for the
remains of them are of very bad stone, though there is a good quarry at a little distance,
to which recourse would certainly have been had if any regular edifices had been raised 
for more durable purposes, many of which there must have been to constitute a city.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr <i>Stukeley</i> supposes it have been the <i>Castra 
Exploratorum</i>, but this also is a very improbable conjecture, for it cannot be thought 
that <i>Antonine</i> would have begun his itinerary for <i>London</i> here, and computed 
12 stadia to <i>Bowness</i>, 12 to <i>Carlisle</i>, and 20 to <i>Penrith</i>, and so on, 
because this rout, as is plain from the map, is far from being the shortest way, which the
<i>Romans</i>, who were eminent for accuracy and expedition, always took.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr <i>Horsley</i>, with much greater appearance of truth, supposes
this place to be the antient <i>Olenacum</i>, and to be garrisoned by the <i>Alae 
Herculeana</i>. This question, however, would probably be ascertained, if the remainder of
the stone, Fig. I. can be found, for which I have directed diligent search to be made, 
because on this fragment will be seen the name of the cohort which should immediately 
precede the words <i>cui praeest</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The date of this stone is ascertained, as it is said to be 
consecrated by one <i>AElius Septimianus Rusticus</i>, a praefect in the consulship of 
<i>Maternus</i> and <i>Bradua</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The other stone, Fig. II. is also incompleat, but this seems to 
have been mutilated at the side by the <i>Romans</i> themselves, for there are marks of 
their pick all over it. It is dedicated to the health of <i>Septimus Severus</i>, the 
great triumpher over <i>Britain</i>, and builder of the stone wall, the ruins of which 
1500 years have not mouldered away.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fig. III. is a trough to the use of which I confess myself wholly 
a stranger, and should be glad to see the conjectures of some of your ingenious 
correspondents on the subject.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The altars, Fig. I. and II. are about two feet high, and 15 inches
thick; there is no fire place on the top of them, nor any sacrificial vessels on the 
sides, yet the workmanship is not contemptible. The trough is 22 inches long, 14 wide, and
six deep; the rim is about 4 inches and an half; the letters are about 3 inches, very 
legible, none of them being defaced.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The inscriptions I read thus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Fig. I. <i>Cui</i> praeest AElius Septimianus Rusticus 
praef<i>ectus</i> Materno et Bradua Co<i>nsulibus</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fig. II. Jovi <i>Optimo</i> m<i>aximo pro</i> Sal<i>ute 
Imperatoris</i> Septi<i>mi</i> Severi M<i>arcus</i> Aur<i>elius</i> Anto<i>ninus</i>.
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Smith, George</PersonName>
<PersonName>GS</PersonName>
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<Date>1756</Date>
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Westward</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Old Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>roman road, 
Plumpton to Ellenborough</Keyword> <Keyword>Plumpton Fort<Note>roman fort, Old 
Penrith</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Old Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Cast 
Steeds<Note>roman fort, Castlesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Castlesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Old Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Voreda</Keyword> <Keyword>Brementuracum</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1755 p.361
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">If the other fragments are found, they shall be communicated by
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sir, yours, &amp;c</i> G.S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. There is an high <i>Roman</i> road, which has never yet been 
taken notice of, leading in a streight line from <i>Plumpton fort</i> to 
<i>Ellenborough</i>; the stations upon it are four, <i>Plumpton fort, Cast Steeds</i> on 
<i>Broadfield, Old Carlisle</i> near <i>Wigton</i>, and <i>Ellenborough</i>; their names I
conjecture to have been <i>Voreda, Brementuracum, Olenacum,</i> and <i>Virosidum</i>. 
There is also a streight <i>Roman</i> road from <i>Virosidum</i> by <i>Abbey-holm</i> to 
<i>Carlisle</i>.
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</Marginal>
Earthquake, Windermere</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7560008.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Regarding the Lisbon earthquake:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Kirkby Lonsdale</i>, in <i>Westmoreland</i>, Nov. 1.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THe lake called <i>Wymansdel-Meare</i>, so famous for the 
<i>Char-fish</i>, was agitated in a very extraordinary manner; for in an instant the 
waters rose seven feet, and again as soon subsided; so that two fishermen who were in a 
boat near the edge of the lake, repairing their fishing tackle, found themselves by one 
wave carried into it a considerable way, and were so astonished with the sudden 
transportation, as to declare they expected nothing less than the general consummation.
</Paragraph>
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>weather</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>
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Meteorological Journals</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Also on this page is one of a series of monthly reports of the 
weather at London, and somewhere near Carlisle, Cumberland:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Each magazine entry includes the last few days of the preceding 
month and all except the last few days of the current month. One year has been chosen 
(1756, for no special reason) to show the weather in Cumberland, and the style of 
reporting. The first monthly report in 1756 has the last few days of December 1755, and 
most of January 1756:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 25 to 31 December 1755, 1 to 24 January 1756.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G756E03.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">The earthquake that caused troubled waters on Windermere was the 
Lisbon earthquake 1 November 1755, which is described elsewhere in the Gentleman's 
Magazine with other articles about earthquakes in general.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The weather is reported for London and Carlisle month by month; 
each magazine entry includes the last few days of the preceding month and all except the 
last few days of the current month. One year has been chosen, for no special reason, to 
show the weather in Cumberland. The first month of 1757 has the data for the end of 
December 1756.
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</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 25 to 31 January and 1 to 23 February 1756.
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="large">G756E06.jpg
</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1756 p.104, March
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 24 to 29 February and 1 to 25 March 1756.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G756E07.jpg
</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 26 to 31 March and 1 to 24 April 1756.
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<References>
<Filename size="large">G756E08.jpg
</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 25 to 30 April and 1 to 24 May 1756.
</Paragraph>
<References>
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</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 25 to 31 May and 1 to 24 June 1756.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 25 to 30 June and 1 to 23 July 1756.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 24 to 31 July and 1 to 23 August 1756.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1756 opp p.414
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Comet 1756</Heading>
<References>
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</Filename>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1756 p.413</Title>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1756 p.413
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>comet, 1759</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Comet 1756</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7560413.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>Precepts to determine the Course of the Comet.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Precepts for determining, from one single Observation, the 
whole apparent course of the expected Comet, with directions in what part of the Heavens 
to look for it every Month in the Year.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON a large sheet of pasteboard describe a circle ten inches 
radius, to represent the earth's orbit round the sun, as in <i>Fig.</i> 1. which divide 
into 360 degrees, and distinguish the signs by their proper characters. Then. with the 
sun, or center, as a focus, and the true perihelion place and distance, draw a parabola 
like that deduced from the observations of the comet of 1682, and thereon mark every 4th 
days motion from the perihelion, on either side, and draw a line of the nodes; these 
elements, as also the inclination of the orbit, may be found in Dr <i>Halley</i>'s table 
or list of comets.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G756E05.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Set off the cosine of the inclination on perpendiculars to the 
line of the nodes, towards the several fourth days marks or points in the parabola; these 
will form the projection of the parabola, or comet's trajectory, on the plane of the 
ecliptic, over which the comet is at any time perpendicular.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To find the comet's place at any time, count how long it is before
or after its perihelion, and mark the place in the projection of the parabola: lay one 
edge of a parallel ruler through that point, and also through the point of the earth's 
place in its orbit at that time, and the other edge passing thro' the sun, will cut the 
earth's orbit at the comet's geocentric place.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The tangent of the inclination, taking the perpendicular from the 
comet'splace to the line of the nodes as radius, is the tangent of its apparent latitude, 
making the curtate distance of the comet from the earth, the radius.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For expedition thus: draw two lines, making an angle of 17d. 56m. 
equal to the inclination. On one of them set off the perpendicular from the comet's 
projected place, and raise aperpendicualr to the other; or, which is the same, from the 
comet's real place in the parabola, and let fall a perpendicular, which will be the 
tangent of its geocentric latitude.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">One observation of a known comet will, by the help of such a 
scheme, determine, in good measure, its whole course: for, from the earth's place in its 
orbit draw the observed longitude of the comet, and where that cuts the projection of the 
parabola, there is the comet's place; to which if the observed latitude agrees, it 
confirms it. Then, the other <i>data</i> being already known, and one place given, its 
whole course may be traced.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G756E04.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1756 p.414, September
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 24 to 31 August and 1 to 23 September 1756.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G756E13.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1756 opp p.431
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</Marginal>
Roman Altar</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G756E01.jpg
</Filename>
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<PersonName>Tomlinson, T</PersonName>
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<Date>1756</Date>
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</Period>
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<Keyword>Smith, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Antonine Itineraries</Keyword> <Keyword>Castra 
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</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1756 p.431
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword>  <Keyword>Old Carlisle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Altar, Old Carlisle</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7560431.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr</i> URBAN, <i>Wigton, July</i> 16, 1756.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE INCLOSED (<i>see the plate</i>) is an exact copy of the 
inscription on a votive altar, and a draught of the stone, which was lately dug up near 
<i>Old Carlisle</i>, as it is called by the neighbouring inhabitants.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Antoninus</i> fixes the <i>Castra Exploratorum</i> some where 
near this place: indeed the situation of these antient ruins renders the name very proper;
for the <i>station</i> has been on a hill, which commands a free prospect of the country, 
and therefore extremely convenient for spying an enemy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This stone was found a few yards distant from the place where the 
two fragments of the altars were dug up, whose inscriptions were copied by the late Mr 
<i>Smith</i>, in your <i>Magazine</i>. (<i>See</i> Altar <i>Gen. Index to the first 20 
volumes</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> T. TOMLINSON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Notice the reference to George Smith.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1756 p.462, October
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 24 to 30 September and 1 to 23 October 1756.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G756E14.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1756 p.510, November
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 24 to 31 October and 1 to 23 November 1756.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G756E15.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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</ObjectName>
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</Identification>


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</Period>
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</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1756 p.624
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Jupiter's moons</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Moons of Jupiter</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G756E16.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">The moons of Jupiter can be used to determine longitude; they are 
an accurate measure of the time at the prime meridian.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1756 p.855, December
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 24 to 30 November and 1 to 23 December 1756.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G756E17.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1757 p.8, January
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Weather for 24 to 31 December 1756, and 1 to 23 January 1757.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G757E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Includes the end of December 1756.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1757 opp p.220
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Roman Altar, near Carlisle</Heading>
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</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Two imperfect ROMAN ALTARS, discovered in 1755, near CARLISLE
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  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> 
<Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Old Carlisle, 
Westward<Note>?</Note></Keyword>  <Keyword>Septimus Severus</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1757 p.220
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN, <i>Wigton, April</i> 8.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ENclosed I have sent you an exact draught of the two imperfect 
altars which were dug up near <i>Carlisle</i> in 1755. As the workmanship, notwithstanding
their present mutilated condition, is far from being contemptible; and as the prints you 
gave us of them in your Magazine for <i>August</i> 1755, were not such just copies of the 
originals, nor the inscriptions so correct as I could have wished to have seen them, 
these, I thought, might not be unacceptable to the curious.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Fig</i>. I. This inscription is sadly defaced, and there is 
something uncommon in the shape of the letters, especially the <i>A s</i> and <i>M s</i>. 
But, were it not differing from better judgment, I should be for reading it thus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">(<i>Jovi</i>) <i>Optimo maximo</i> / <i>Pro Salute L. 
Septimii</i> / <i>Severi et</i> (or <i>item</i>) <i>Mar. Aur. Antonini.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The other (<i>Fig</i> II.) as far as perfect, is legible enough; 
and the reading in your Mag. I take to be the true one; though the imperfect letter in the
second line, which ought to be <i>S</i>, to make the <i>Septiminus</i>, seems rather to be
the tail of an J.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i> T. T.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1757 opp p.584</Title>
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<Role>map maker</Role>
<PersonName>Jefferys, Thomas</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1757</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<Keyword>Cumbria<Note>Cumberland</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cumbria<Note>Westmorland</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cumbria<Note>Lancashire</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1757 opp p.584
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>England and Wales</Keyword>
</Marginal>
England and Wales</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">A New Map of England and Wales, by Thomas Jefferys, published in 
the Gentleman's Magazine, London, 1757.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">GNT8Cm.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A New MAP of ENGLAND and WALES By Thos. Jefferys Geographer to his
Royal Highness the Prince of WALES.
</Paragraph>
<Aspect>
  <Type>map type  </Type>
  <Keyword>LakesMap  </Keyword>
  <Keyword>Jefferys 1757  </Keyword>
</Aspect>
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<Identification>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1758 p.427</Title>
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<Content>
<Date>1756</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1760s</Keyword>
</Period>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>storm, 1756</Keyword> <Keyword>hurricane</Keyword> <Keyword>Wigton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>salt water</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1758 p.427
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>storm, 1756</Keyword>  <Keyword>Wigton</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Storms, Wigton</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Sumary of the content of article XXIV in Philosophical 
Transactions, published by the Royal Society, vol.50 part 1,1757.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7580427.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">XXIV. An account of the effects of a storm at <i>Wigton</i> in 
<i>Cumberland</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On <i>Dec.</i> 6, 1756, about 11 o'clock at night, a violent 
hurricane began, which lasted till near three in the morning; it swept away many stacks of
hay and corn, unroofed many houses, and laid several in ruins, tore up some trees by the 
roots, and snapt others off in the middle, scattering the branches in fragments over the 
adjacent fields; some were twisted almost round, others split down to the root. Every 
herb, plant, and flower, to a considerable distance has its leaves withered , shrivelled 
up, and turned black; the leaves on the trees on the weather side were in the same 
condition, and the ever-greens only escaped. The alteration produced in the plants, 
leaves, and flowers, was at first supposed to be the effect of lightning, but it was 
afterwards found that though little rain had fallen during the storm, yet these vegetables
were covered with a dew as salt as sea water, and retained a saline taste for near a week.
It was then conjectured that the withered appearance of the leaves and herbage was the 
effect of this salt dew, as the same is known to happen to the leaves of hedges and trees,
near the coast on that side next the sea, after a strong wind in that direction, which is 
supposed to bring the sea-water with it, the leaves next the land retaining their verdure.
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<PersonName>Gemsege, Paul</PersonName>
<PersonName>Pegge, Samuel</PersonName>
</Person>
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<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1750s</Keyword>
</Period>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> 
<Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Overborough</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Over Burrow, Lancashire</Keyword> <Keyword>Rauthmell</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Antiquitates Bremetonacenses</Keyword> <Keyword>Bremetonaca</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Antonine Itineraries</Keyword> <Keyword>Fenwick</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Gale, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sangus</Keyword> <Keyword>Hercules</Keyword> <Keyword>Trebius, Numerius</Keyword>
<Keyword>Atta</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1759 p.407
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword>  <Keyword>Overborough</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Altar, Overborough</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7590407.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR <i>Rauthmell</i>, in his <i>Antiquitates Bremetonacenses</i>, 
seems to have sufficiently proved, that <i>Overborough</i> is the <i>Bremetonaca</i>, or 
<i>Bremetonacae</i>, of <i>Antoninus</i>. Amongst his others proofs, he has produced a 
<i>Roman</i> altar, found in an old building near <i>Overborough</i>, and given to him by 
Mr <i>Fenwick</i>, which is exceeding <i>a propos</i>, since Mr <i>Cambden</i>, who first 
imagined this place might be <i>Bremetonaca</i>, had vouched, in proof of it, certain 
<i>inscriptions upon stones</i>, and Dr <i>Gale</i> and Mr <i>Horsley</i>, from 
<i>Cambden</i>, had taken notice of the same. The inscription upon this altar Mr 
<i>Rauthmell</i> has caused to be engraved, but is, in my opinion, extremely unfortunate 
in reading and interpreting it; indeed he is but a bad writer, and, I think, no better an 
antiquarian. The inscription is,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">DEOSAN / GONTR / EBIVAT / TAPOSV.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Which he divides, reads, and explains on this manner: (2) DEO 
SAncto MOGONTI REstituta Bonae jam Valetudini ATTA POSuit Votum. But who can make MOGONTI 
of NGONT? Nor is there any reason why <i>Atta</i> should be supposed to be a woman, as he 
conjectures. (3) <i>Poneres votum</i>, I doubt, is not <i>Latin</i>; but what is worst, 
you may at this rate make any thing of any thing. To interpret rebiv, (letters unpointed, 
and in the middle of an inscription <i>REstituta Bonae tam Valetudini</i>, is a proceeding
so arbitrary, and so little supported by the <i>Roman</i> inscriptions in being, that one 
may be allowed to say, there is no exampleof the like; and indeed were three or four words
together to be expressed by initials on the marbles, the inscription would be so obscure 
and unintelligible, even in the age it was written, that no reader, at least no vulgar 
reader, would ever be able to comprehend it. Such inscriptions would rather tend to puzzle
than instruct a reader. Setting aside, therefore, all he has amassed together about the 
god <i>Magon</i>, or <i>Mogon</i>, whom he supposes to be a <i>British</i> deity, 
answering to the <i>Sun</i>, or <i>Apollo</i>, the god of physic or health, and afterwards
to have been adopted and worshipped by the <i>Romans</i> at this station. (4) I am 
entirely for trying a new method of reading and interpreting this inscription; and if I 
may but be allowed to suppose that the S at the top of the first V, which, I imagine, was 
written thus, V<sup>s</sup>, has been either worn out, or overlooked, (which, I assure 
you, was a very easy thing for Mr <i>Rauthmell</i> to do) the whole will be very natural, 
plain, and easy, when distinguished thus.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">DEO. SAN / GON. TR / EBIV<sup>S</sup>. AT / TA. POSV.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That is, in words at length DEO SANGO Numerius TREBIVS ATTA 
POSVit.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now, in favour of the emendation, I have to observe, that there 
seems to have been a substantial reason for the alligation of the V and S; for otherwise 
the name of the votary ATTA could not have been commodiously divided; if the S had been 
cut at large, there could only have been the A in that line.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This <i>Sangus</i>, or <i>Sancus</i>, for he is written both ways,
was originally a <i>Sabine</i> deity, but afterwards was in great request at <i>Rome</i>. 
According to <i>Varro</i>, he was the same as <i>Hercules</i>, and consequently was a 
proper diety for a soldier to honour. He was the principal deity of the <i>Sabines</i>, is
mentioned by many authors, but is peculiarly famous on account of the mistake committed by
<i>Justin Martyr</i>, (5) <i>Tertullian</i>, (6) and others, in respect of him. The 
mistake was this: these fathers charged the <i>Romans</i> with dignifying the great 
impostor <i>Simon Magus</i> with a statue and inscription, which statue, <i>Justin 
Martyr</i> says, was erected in the <i>Tiber</i>, between two bridges, and bore this 
<i>Latin</i> inscription, <i>Simoni Deo Sancto</i>. But now,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(1) Mr <i>Rauthmell</i> makes a Nominative to be 
<i>Bremetonacae</i>, but Dr <i>Gale</i>, in his commentary on <i>Antoninus</i>, supposes 
it to be rather <i>Bremetonaca</i>. The ablative in the author, <i>Bremetonacis</i>, will 
admit of either. <i>Cambden</i> gives it in the singular, <i>Bremetonacum</i>, not 
correctly. <i>N.B.</i> It is also written <i>Bremetonaca</i>. Dr <i>Fulk</i>, in the 2d 
edit. of <i>Burton</i>'s comment on <i>Antoninus</i>, places <i>Bremetonaca</i> at 
<i>Trentham</i> in <i>Staffordshire</i>, very absurdly.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(2) See p.96.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(3) See p.67.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(4) See p.96.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(5) <i>Justin Mart.</i> Apolog. I.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(6) <i>Tertullian</i> Apolog. c. xiii.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Overborough</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Over Burrow, Lancashire</Keyword> <Keyword>Atta</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1759 p.408
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7590408.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">in the year 1574 (sic), a stone was dug up in an island of that 
river, inscribed <i>Semoni Sanco Deo Fideo, &amp;c.</i> from whence it is evident, in the 
opinion of most, that those fathers misread and misinterpreted this stone, it being the 
individual stone and inscription which they had beheld. <i>See Hevercamp ad Tertull. 
Apolog.</i> c. xiii. the annotators on <i>Ovid</i>'s <i>Fasti</i>, Lib. vi. 213. seq. in 
<i>Burman</i>'s edition, and Dr <i>Thirlby</i>, in his edition of <i>Justin Martyr</i>. I 
do not remember, at present, to have found any mention of the <i>Trebian</i> family at 
<i>Rome</i>, but <i>Atta</i> is a legitimate <i>Roman</i> name, as appears from these 
lines of <i>Horace</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Recta nec ne crocum floresque perambulet</i> Attae 
<i>Fabula, si dubitem, clament periisse pudorem Cuncti pene patres.</i> Hor. 2. Epist i. 
79.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This was <i>Titus Quinctius Atta</i>, a comic poet. The word 
<i>Atta</i>, which was a cognomen also in the <i>Sempronian</i> family, (7) and, as 
appears from this inscription, in the <i>Trebian</i>, signifies, according to <i>Pompeius 
Festus</i>, in <i>voce</i>, a <i>lame</i> person.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Amongst the authors that mention the god <i>Sangus</i>, are 
<i>Paulus</i> and <i>Festus</i>, in the word <i>Sanqualis avis</i>, which they interpret 
<i>Ossifraga</i>, or the osprey, testifying that this bird was under the protection of 
<i>Sangus</i>. On one side of the altar in question there is the figure of a bird, which 
doubtless was intended for the <i>Sanqualis Avis</i>. Mr <i>Rauthmell</i> fluctuates 
stragely about it: first, he does not know what to make of it; then he says, (8) it 
<i>appears</i> to him to be the portraiture of an owl; and afterwards, that it certainly 
has, in his opinion, the resemblance of an owl. An owl it is, unquestionably, in his type,
and the owl, and not the osprey, was the <i>Sanqualis</i>, or <i>Sanqualiss Avis</i>, in 
the opinion of the mason that cut this stone; for it must be remembered, that authors are 
not well agreed as to the <i>Sanqualis Avis</i>. See <i>Pliny</i>, lib. x. c. 7. However, 
that our mason, who intended to exhibit the <i>Sanqualis Avis</i>, was mistaken in giving 
us the owl for it, I make no manner of doubt.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P. GEMSEGE,
</Paragraph>
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<Role>map maker</Role>
<PersonName>Gibson, J</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1760</Date>
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</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<Keyword>Cumbria<Note>Lancashire</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Wales</Keyword> 
<Keyword>England</Keyword> <Keyword>Isle of Man</Keyword> <Keyword>Ireland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>chart</Keyword> <Keyword>Correct Chart of the Irish Sea</Keyword> <Keyword>Irish 
Sea</Keyword>  <Keyword>invasion, Ireland</Keyword>  <Keyword>coasts, Cumbria</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1760 opp p.108
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Irish Sea</Keyword>  <Keyword>M Thurot</Keyword>  <Keyword>invasion</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Thurot in the Irish Sea</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Chart, uncoloured engraving, A Correct Chart of the Irish Sea, 
scale about 43 miles to 1 inch, engraved by J Gibson, published by the Gentleman's 
Magazine, 1760.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">GM20Cm.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A Correct Chart of the IRISH SEA, &amp;C. exhibiting a View of the
several Islands &amp; Bays lately touch'd at by M. THUROT, in his Attempt upon IRELAND
</Paragraph>
<Aspect>
  <Type>map type  </Type>
  <Keyword>LakesMap  </Keyword>
  <Keyword>Gibson 1760<Note>EandW</Note>  </Keyword>
</Aspect>
<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh, sheet = 21x25.5cm; wxh, map = 181x233mm approx; scale: 1
to 2700000?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The expedition of M Thurot, and a biography, is described in the 
Magazine, pp.107-112; and includes nothing of direct relevance to Cumbria.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1760 p.317</Title>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>WF</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1760</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1760s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Walker, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Seathwaite, 
Dunnerdale-with-Seathwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>costume</Keyword> <Keyword>clogs</Keyword> 
<Keyword>wool</Keyword>  <Keyword>spinning</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1760 p.317
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Robert Walker</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Robert Walker of Seathwaite</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7600317.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">These letters were also published in the Annual Register 1760, and 
are believed to be about Robert Walker of Seathwaite. BUT: the letters refer to Mr W of L?
L for Lancashire?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>THE following Letters being authentic, deserve, I think, to be 
inserted, as a remarkable Instance of the happy Effects of indefatigable and cheerful 
Industry. I have only to put the initial Letters of the names mentioned and am</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>To Mr ----</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>C---ne, July</i> 26, 1754.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Was the other day upon a party of pleasure about five or six 
miles from this place, where I met with a very striking object, and of a nature not very 
common. Going into a clergyman's house (of whom I had frequently heard, but with whom I 
had never any personal acquaintance) I found him sitting at the head of a long square 
table, such as commonly used in this country by the lower class of people, dressed in a 
course blue frock, trimmed with black horn buttons; a check'd shirt, a leather strap about
his neck for a stock, a course apron, and pair of great heavy wooden sol'd shoes, plated 
with iron to preserve them (what we call clogs in these parts) with a child upon his knee 
eating his breakfast: His wife, and the remainder of his family, which consists of nine 
children, were some of them employed on waiting on each other, the rest in teazing and 
spinning wool, at which trade he himself is a great proficient: And, moreover, when it is 
made ready for sale, will lug it by 16 or 32 pounds weight at a time upon his back, and on
foot seven or eight miles to market, even in the depth of winter. I was not much suprized 
at all this, as you may possibly be, having
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">heard
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1760 p.318</Title>
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<PersonName>WF</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Cooperson, Timothy</PersonName>
<PersonName>TC</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1760</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1760s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>Walker, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Seathwaite, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1760 p.318
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7600318.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">heard a good deal of it related before. But I must confess myself 
astonished at the alacrity and good humour that appeared both in the clergyman and his 
wife, and more so, at the sense and ingenuity of the clergyman himself. My curiosity 
tempted me to make an enquiry into his benefice, with all his temporalities, of which he 
gave me, I really believe, a true and just account; and they are as follows. His fix'd 
salary (which has of late years been augmented by Queen <i>Anne</i>'s bounty dropping into
it) is now between 10 or 11, or near 11<i>l.</i> a year. About this time he visits his 
neighbours, who are very fond of him, and they present him with a fleece or two of wool 
each, which gratuities he tells me may amount in the whole to the value of 3<i>l.</i> the 
remainder of his income, and all his temporalities consist in some small matter of cash he
had left him, as a legacy I believe, and what is very surprizing, of some which he has 
spared out of his income, besides maintaining his family, which is now placed out at 
interest, and which interest, when added to his benefice, and the gratuities 
above-mentioned, will not make the whole 20<i>l. per annum</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It amazes me to think how he procures a maintenance for such a 
family, out of so small a matter; and yet he does it to the admiration of all that know 
him; his industry causes him to be loved by his flock, his honesty to be trusted, his 
function to be respected by them, and his genius to be admired by every one.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W.F.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HOW glad I am to find poor Mr <i>W</i>---'s affecting 
circumstances so deservedly taken notice of, which are so well known in these parts, that 
upon application to any reputable person hereabouts, you will be told, he is as honest, 
worthy, well-meaning, industrious a poor clergyman, as any in these northern parts. Last 
<i>Saturday</i>, on delivering yours to Mr <i>W</i>---, at his house at <i>L</i>-----, 
would you believe it? I found him at one of the most servile of this country's 
employments, which, out of regard to persons of our profession I shall forbear to mention:
His good moral conduct and meek behaviour among his neighbours, has gain's him an uncommon
respect; and were it not for some trifling presents they make him of hay, wool, and the 
like, he could never pretend to maintain a sickly wife, and seven or eight chargeable 
small children, out of the poor income of his yearly salary. His family throughout, not 
excepting himself, is cloathed with stuff of his own manufacturing, and if I add that 
necessity has put him upon working them out of the fleece, even to the making them up into
wearing apparel, it is but what I have been credibly told, and upon the strongest evidence
of ocular demonstration have good reason to believe it. Yet, notwithstanding the 
narrowness of Mr <i>W</i>---'s circumstances, I don't apprehend that his family wants the 
common necessaries of life; but what will not the fear of want put a man upon doing? and 
how commendable is honest industry to prevent such a terror? By his frugality and good 
management, he keeps the wolf from the door as we say; and if he advances a little in the 
world, it is owing more to his own care, than to any thing else he has to rely upon; I 
don't find his inclination is running after further preferment: He is settled amongst a 
people that are happy amongst themselves, and lives in the greatest unanimity and 
friendship with them. and I believe the minister and people are exceedingly satisfied with
each other; and, indeed, how should they be dissatisfied when they have a person of such 
known worth and probity for their pastor? A man, who, for his candour and meekness, his 
sober, chaste, and virtuous conversation, his soundness in principle and practice, is an 
ornament to his profession, and an honour to the country he is in, and bear with me if I 
say, the plainness of his dress, the sanctity of his manners, the simplicity of his 
doctrine, and the vehemence of his expression, have a sort of resemblance to the pure 
practice of primitive christianity. I have been now at <i>B---n</i> near five years, and 
never once have heard any one speak an ill word of Mr <i>W</i>---; but what is hardly to 
be met withal in a clergyman of the like circumstances, all treat him with the greatest 
respect, good nature, and humanity; and this must be certainly owing to the purity of his 
morals, and innocence of his life. Nay, Mr <i>W</i>---'s character is so well established 
in the neighbourhood, that I'll venture to say, the best and worthiest genetleman 
hereabouts take a pleasure in doing him any favour he requests.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">T.[C].
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>January</i> 31, 1755.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">TC is probably Timothy Cooperson, vicar of Broughton in Furness.
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>RW</PersonName>
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Dunnerdale-with-Seathwaite</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1760 p.319
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7600319.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From Mr</i> C--- <i>of</i> Lancaster <i>to the Rev. Mr.</i> 
B---.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Feb.</i> 4, 1755.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">UPon my return hither, I wrote to Mr <i>W---</i> of <i>L---</i>, 
the poor clergyman you mentioned to me, desiring he would send me a particular account of 
his curacy, and the number of his family, and from him I have just received the following 
answer. I also wrote to Mr <i>C---</i>, a clergyman who lives in the neighbourhood of Mr 
<i>W---</i>, to let me know Mr <i>W---</i>'s character, and how he behaved, &amp;c. which 
he has done in the letter I here inclose. Mr <i>C---</i> is a person of great worth and 
integrity, so that I can depend upon the truth of his letter. You will, I doubt not from 
these papers, be of opinion that Mr <i>W---</i> is not unworthy the regard you have been 
pleased to shew him, and that he deserves encouragement.If I can give you any farther 
information in this affair, or can be in any way serviceable in paying Mr <i>W---</i> what
you are so kind to collect for him, I shall, with pleasure, observe any directions you 
shall give; for I know not a more deserving object than he is, though we have numbers of 
poor clergymen in these parts; nor a more charitabale office that a person can be employed
in.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>From Mr</i> W---.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>SIR,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours of the 16th instant was communicated to me by Mr 
<i>C---</i>, and I should have returned an immediate answer but the hand of providence 
then lying heavy upon an amiable pledge of conjugal endearment, hath since taken from me a
promising girl, which the disconsolate mother too pensively laments the loss of, though we
have yet eight living, all healthy hopeful children, whose names and ages are as follows. 
<i>Zaccheus</i> aged almost 18 years; <i>Elizabeth</i>, 16 years and 10 months; 
<i>Mary</i> 15 years; <i>Moses</i> 13 years and 3 months; <i>Sarah</i> 10 years and 3 
months; <i>Mabel</i> 8 years and 3 months; <i>William Tyson</i> 3 years and 8 months; and 
<i>Anne Esther</i> one year and three months; besides <i>Anne</i> who died, [2] years and 
6 months ago, and was then aged between 9 and 10, and <i>Eleanor</i> who died the 23rd 
instant <i>January</i>, aged 6 years and 10 months. <i>Zaccheus</i> the eldest child is 
now learning the trade of a tanner, and has two years and half of his apprenticeship to 
serve. The annual income of my chapel at present, as near as I can compute it, may amount 
to 17<i>l.</i> ten of which is paid in cash, <i>viz.</i> 5<i>l.</i> from the governors of 
the bounty of Queen <i>Anne</i>, and 5<i>l.</i> from <i>W.P.</i> Esq; of P---, out of the 
annual rents, he being lord of the manor, and 3<i>l.</i> from the several inhabitants of 
<i>L--</i>, settled upon their tenements as a rent charge, the house and gardens I value 
at 4<i>l.</i> yearly, and not worth more, and I believe the surplice fees and voluntary 
contributions one year with another may be worth 3<i>l.</i> but as the inhabitants are few
in number, and the fees are very low, this last mentioned sum consists chiefly in free 
will offerings.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I am situated greatly to my satisfaction with regard to the 
conduct and behaviour of my auditory. who not only live in happy ignorance of the follies 
and vices of the age, but in mutual peace and good will one with another, and are 
seeminlgy (and I hope really too) sincere Christians, and sound members of the established
church, not one dissenter of any denomination being amongst them all. I got to the value 
of 40<i>l.</i> for my wife's fortune, but had no real estate or cash of my own, being the 
youngest son of 12 children, born of obscure parents; and though my income has been but 
small, and my family large, yet by a providential blessing upon my own diligent 
endeavours, the kindness of friends, and a cheap country to live in, we have always had 
the necessaries of life. - By what I have written (which is a true and exact account to 
the best of my knowledge) I hope you will not think your favours to me out of the late Dr 
<i>Stratford</i>'s effects quite miss-bestowed; for which I must ever gratefully own 
myself, Sir, your most obliged and most obedient humble servant,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">R. W. <i>Curate of</i> L---.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>To Mr</i> C--- <i>of</i> Lancaster.
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G7600520.txt">

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<Title>Gents Mag 1760 p.520</Title>
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<Content>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Dixon, Robert</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1760</Date>
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</Period>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>water spout</Keyword> <Keyword>flood, 1760</Keyword> <Keyword>storm, 
1760</Keyword> <Keyword>rain</Keyword> <Keyword>Brackenthwaite, Buttermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Grassmere<Note>Grasmoor</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Grasmoor, Buttermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Skiddaw, Underskiddaw</Keyword> <Keyword>Liza Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Hope 
Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Habcorton<Note>Hobcarton</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hobcarton 
Gill</Keyword> <Keyword>Larton<Note>High Lorton</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>High Lorton, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1760 p.520
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>water spout</Keyword>  <Keyword>Brackenthwaite</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Waterspout, Brackenthwaite</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7600520.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>An authentic Account of a Water-Spout, which mostly fell 
upon</i> Brackenthwaite <i>in the County of</i> Cumberland, <i>on</i> Sept. 19, 1760; 
<i>by an Eye-witness</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE village of <i>Brackenthwaite</i>, which is part of a large 
valley extending from N. to S. about five miles in length, and one and a half in breadth, 
is bounded on the E. by a ridge of very lofty mountains, running from N. to S. the 
southermost of which, <i>Grassmere</i>, is reputed the highest in <i>England</i>, except 
<i>Skeddow</i>: its top is quite level, and exceeding spacious, so as almost to equal its 
base; northward of it there are three others, which rise regularly, and unite in one 
narrow summit, somewhat lower than <i>Grassmere</i>; with the extremity of which it is 
connected by a narrow inclined plain. Down the gullies, between these mountains, descend 
three small brooks, <i>Lizza, Hopebeck</i>, and <i>Habcorton</i>, in streams little more 
than sufficient to turn an ordinary mill; the first of these enters the plain about the 
middle; the second at the most northern part of <i>Brackenthwaite</i>; and the third 
farther northward, at the village of <i>Larton</i>. On the summit, which is common to all 
the three mountains, and forms as it were their joint top, seems to have been one of the 
breakings, or falls of water, as all the three brooks were affected by it, nearly all in 
the same degree. But what made the mischief produced by the others less condsiderable than
that by the <i>Lizza</i>, was a second spout on the extremity of the top of 
<i>Grassmere</i>, the whole of whose waters fell into its channel. This second was the 
chief cause of the damage which ensued in
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the
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<Identification>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Dixon, Robert</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1760</Date>
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<Keyword>Grassmere<Note>Grasmoor</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Grasmoor, Buttermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Skiddaw, Underskiddaw</Keyword> <Keyword>Liza Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Hope 
Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Habcorton<Note>Hobcarton</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hobcarton 
Gill</Keyword> <Keyword>Larton<Note>High Lorton</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>High Lorton, 
Lorton</Keyword> <Keyword>erosion</Keyword> <Keyword>Cocker, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Crummock Water</Keyword> <Keyword>High Liza Bridge, 
Brackenthwaite<Note>probably</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Low Liza Bridge, 
Brackenthwaite<Note>probably</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1760 p.521
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the valley, not only by producing a much greater quantity of water
than the other, but principally by the vast quantity of rubbish which it brought along 
with it, the whole side of the mountain, down which it rushed with inconceivable rapidity,
being covered with vast heaps of stones, beds of gravel, sand,and earth, which lying loose
were easily carried away with so impetuous a torrent. Such a mixture, carried with the 
velocity which it must necessarily acquire down a slope of a mile in length, and so steep 
as to make an angle of 60 degrees with the horizon, could not but make terrible havock in 
the valley. The channel of the brook being rocky, and its bank rising to a considerable 
height on each side from the place of the water of the second spout's falling into 
<i>Lizza</i>, and mixing with that of the other down to the plain, it was so far kept 
within pretty good bounds; but it was no sooner freed from these restraints, than it made 
the most dreadful devastation. Of the first field it entered, it has swept away both the 
soil and the gravel quite to the rock; and the second, consisting of ten or twelve acres, 
is entirely burried under a sand-bank of such a thickness, as never to be removed. Instead
of the old channel, which did not exceed five or six feet in breadth, and one in depth, a 
new one is now made at least 18 or 20 yards in breadth, and one and half deep. 
Notwithstanding which, it overflowed its bank on each side, in such a prodigious stream, 
as to be able, at the distance of a quarter of a mile, to wash away a remarkably thick and
strong wall; and what is more wonderful, on the other side, even where, on the smooth 
surface of the meadow, there seemed nothing to resist its progress, in some places, to 
tear up vast masses of earth, which can no where be found, so as to leave a pit of two 
yards and half in depth, and of 800 or 1000 yards in area. Several other pits, it is 
thought, were made, and afterwards filled up again with stones and sand, otherwise it is 
difficult to imagine how the vast quantities of stone, which composed the walls near the 
brook, not one of which is remaining, should have disappeared.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such was the ruin it made in the meadows and arable ground, when 
at full liberty to spread itself. But it was no sooner, by the inclination of the ground, 
reduced within more scanty limits, than it began to rage with redoubled fury. Two meadows 
were entirely taken away, and a bed of sand left in their place, Its course being 
afterward through a wood, not a tree within its reach was left standing. Two stone 
bridges, well built and exceedingly strong, were carried away with the torrent, and not 
one remnant of the materials which composed them to be found: nay, what is more strange, a
causeway of prodigious breadth, supported by a most enormous bank of earth, which is 
remembered these hundred years, has been swept from its foundation, and its place left 
floated by the stream. In short, nothing which fell in its way was able to resist it; but 
earth, trees, hedges, stones, walls, bridges, piers and mounds were swept away, till it 
reached the place where the brook discharges itself into the river <i>Cocker</i>. Here an 
end was put to its fury; for though the channel of the river was far from being capacious 
enough to receive the whole of the water, on account of the vast level plain on each side,
its overflowings did no damage, as it could only deluge to be stagnant. Happily no houses 
were within its reach, though one very narrowly escaped, the ground being all carried away
to a considerable depth within two yards of it, where the solid rock began, on which the 
house was founded; and a mill escaped, only by the channel's accidentally diverting its 
force from it to the opposite bank, which was all torn to pieces.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I endeavoured, but in vain, to get <i>data</i> sufficient on which
to build a calculation of the quantity of water which came down; for, as it happened at 
midnight, neither the time of its continuance could be ascertained, nor could it be 
determined whether it was constant and regular or variable. A clergyman in the 
neighbourhood was of opinion, that all the water of <i>Crummack</i>, an adjacent lake of 
two square miles surface, and very deep, could not have done half so much harm. It is 
certain, indeed, from one circumstance, that it must have been very great; as the water 
remained the next morning, in a widow's cottage, twelve feet perpendicular above the 
ordinary surface of the water, and at the distance of thirty yards from the brook; and as 
the ground was lower on the opposite bank to the distance of fifty yards, there must have 
been a stream of at least 4 or 5 yards deep, and 80 or 90 in breadth; and this
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">where
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<PersonName>Dixon, Robert</PersonName>
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<Keyword>Hope Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Habcorton<Note>Hobcarton</Note></Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1760 p.522
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<Paragraph rend="quote">where it run with the greatest rapidity at the foot of the 
mountain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The effects of the brooks of <i>Hopebeck</i> and <i>Habcorton</i> 
need not to be so particularly described, being of the same kind with the other, only 
inferior in degree, both on account of their being swelled by one of the spouts only, 
&amp; their channels being deeper. However, the damage done by those, tho' inferior to the
other, was by no means inconsiderable. One circumstance relative to that of 
<i>Hopebeck</i> may perhaps deserve to be mentioned: having burst its banks just at the 
place of crossing the highway, it continued its course along a lane to a considerable 
distance before it found a passage into the fields; and when the brook subsided, and the 
supply failed, much water remained stagnant in the hollows of the lane, particularly one 
before the door of a house, situated on the road. At this the people, not knowing how it 
could possibly come there, were greatly surprized; but much more, when they found in it a 
very fine dish of trout.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">With regard to the physical cause of this uncommon phaenomenon, 
there are some circumstances preceding it which seem irrenconcileable with either of the 
two theories I have seen. The cause assigned in the first theory, <i>viz.</i> various and 
contrary winds, could not be the real cause, as there was very little wind all the day 
preceding the event; what there was came constantly from the same quarter, and it entirely
ceased in the evening. Neither was there more probability in the other cause's operation, 
<i>viz.</i> an extraordinary rarefraction of the air by igneous meteors, as there was not 
the least lightning seen, or thunder heard, nor any other diagnostic of the atmosphere's 
being charged with a more than ordinary stock of sulphureous exhalations, and nitrous 
acids at that time.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ROB. DIXON.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1761 p.72
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Mallerstang</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Mallerstang Valley</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Description of a</i> VALLEY <i>in</i> Westmoreland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FEW are perhaps acquainted with that dreary part of 
<i>Westmoreland</i> which borders on <i>Yorkshire</i>. Indeed its forbidding aspect, 
composed of lofty mountains, whose craggy summits seem formed of rocks thrown together by 
the hand of discord, and frightful deserts laid waste by the piercing storms of the north,
tends to extinguish curiosity, and prevent travellers from seeking the recesses of a 
country, which promise only labour and fatigue. The roads, or rather paths, between the 
mountains that lead into those sequester'd retreats, are often frightful beyond 
description. One particularly, about a mile from <i>Wildbore Fell</i>, deserves notice. 
The tract which runs along the side of a mountain almost perpendicular, is not above six 
feet wide. Above, enormous projections of rock hang over the head of the traveller, and 
threaten to crush him by their fall; while far below, a rapid torrent tumbles headlong 
into the valley, and with its bellowing noise, excites a terror in the mind that language 
cannot paint. Not a shrub nor blade of grass enlivens the prospect; the whole side of the 
mountain appearing as if blasted by lightening, and the place where black despair has 
fixed her dire aboad.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But notwithstanding the general aspect of the country is so 
frightful, and the roads in some parts remarkably dangerous, yet between these mountains 
are valleys equally remarkable for their beauty and fertility. In one of these, a 
particular friend, who many years since retreaed from the noise and hurry of the world, 
has fix'd his habitation; and to visit once more that valuable man, before I was overtaken
by the night of death, induced me, last summer, to undertake the journey, which occasioned
the trouble of this letter.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The valley in which my friend lives, is of a circular form, about 
a mile in diameter, and surrounded by prodigious mountains, whose tops, except those to 
the south, are hidden in the clouds. Between these mountains are two breaches, the only 
passages into this delightful valley, one on the west, the other on the south. Through the
latter, a large stream of water flows from a lake situated on the south side of the 
valley, and supplied by two cataracts, which tumble from rock to rock down the sides of 
the mountains. The declivity of the northern hills being exposed to the prolific rays of 
the sun, produces plenty of corn, and the cultivated parts are bounded by trees, whose 
lovely verdure, contrasted with the golden ears of waving corn, and the glowing blossoms 
of flowery shrubs in the fences of the corn fields, exhibits the most delightful prospect.
The greatest part of the valley itself, is divided into fields of pasture, in which 
abundance of cattle and sheep are constantly fed. The lake above-mention'd is well stored 
with fish of various kinds, and the several small islands interspersed in it, add greatly 
to the beauty of this luxuriant retreat, which affords every thing necessary to render 
life agreeable.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">One of the cascades that supply the lake with water, rushes down 
the mountain's side, in a fine sheet of water, foaming among the rocks till it reaches the
valley, and from thence glides along a stony channel into the lake. The other is much 
less, and its declivity not so rapid; but its various falls and windings among the rocks, 
render it more pleasing to the sight than the former. Facing this small cascade, at the 
foot of the northern mountains, my friend's house is situated; and near it are too (sic) 
farm-houses, and about a dozen cottages, the dwellings of husbandmen, the only inhabitants
of this unfrequented vale. But the declivity of the southern mountains which face north, 
and thence enjoy the benefit of the solar rays only a small part of the year, exhibit a 
picture of desolation, a dreary waste of naked rocks and tremendous precipices, whose 
forbidding spect forms a striking contrast to the luxuriant parts, and renders the 
prospect more pleasing and delightful.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Perhaps this sequester'd dale exhibits a more pleasing 
representation of the antient patriarchal life, that can any where else be seen: my 
friend, who is the sole owner of the valley, is considered as the protector of his 
tenants, nay more, as their father. They listen with pleasure to his orders, and gladly 
follow his steps in the paths of virtue. Every <i>Sunday</i> morning all the
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">in-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1761 p.73
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">inhabitants, unless prevented by sickness, repair to a small 
chapel, where divine service is devoutly performed by a reverend divine, who, after 
labouring many years in the vineyard of his master, and learning from experience, that 
merit alone is not always sufficient to procure preferment, has found at least a pleasing 
retreat, where his hours are spent in tranquillity and peace, and he enjoys the heart-felt
pleasure of beholding the precepts of his great master practised by his flock, and his 
preaching attended with the desired success.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such is the tranquillity, such a happiness that reigns in this 
pleasing solitude; and could the votaries of noisy mirth and riotous intemperance be 
prevailed upon to visit this calm retreat, and behold the true content and unalloyed 
delights these peasants enjoy, they would, I am persuaded, be convinced, that they have 
pursued only the shadow of pleasure, who has here fixed her throne.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For my own part, I must confess that I left this happy valley with
regret, and tho' age has impaired my faculties, and almost dried up the fountains of life,
yet I beheld with pleasure their innocent diversions, and could hardly forbear joining in 
their rural pastimes. "Happy mortals (I said to myself) you enjoy that satisfaction which 
the rich, the great, the ambitious, and the powerful, seek in vain amidst the crowds of a 
splendid court, and the gay assemblies of a populous city. And after gliding thus serenely
down the stream of life, you will pass, with equal serenity, through the straits of death,
into the boundless ocean of a happy eternity."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Forgive the loquacity of an old man, who, though he can no longer 
hope to share in the pleasures of the world, rejoices in the happiness of others; and is 
desirous, even on the verge of life, to do every thing in his power to promote it, and to 
spend his last breath in the service of virtue.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>St Paul's Coffee-house,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 6, 1761. J. HARRIS.
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  <Keyword>Ingleborough, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Bentham, North 
Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Horton, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Ribblesdale, North
Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Clapham, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>peat</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Chapel in the Dale, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Selside, North 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1761 p.126
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Ingleborough</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Journey to Ingleborough</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I Have long been an attentive reader of your Magazine, and have 
been particulary pleased with that part of your work, in which the natural curiosities of 
remarkable places are described. In your Mag. for <i>July</i> last, (<i>See p.</i>316) a 
correspndent from <i>Wakefield</i> expresses a desire that some person who resides near 
<i>Ingleborough</i> in <i>Yorkshire</i>, would communicate to the public an account of the
uncommon curiosities which are found in the environs of that place. As you have yet 
published nothing on the subject, I send you the following account, and hope ot will at 
least excite some more able hand to send you a better.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">INGLEBOROUGH is situated in the west riding of the county of 
<i>York</i>; the westerly and northerly part of it lies in the parish of <i>Bentham</i>; 
the easterly in the parish of <i>Horton</i> in <i>Pibbledale</i> (sic); the southerly in 
the parish of <i>Clapham</i>. It is likewise a part of four manors. The manor of 
<i>Ingleton</i>, to the west; belonging to ----- <i>Parker</i>, Esq; the manor of Newby, 
to the co-heirs of the late duke of <i>Montagu</i>; the manor of <i>Clapham</i>, to 
<i>Josias Morley</i>, Esq; and the manor of <i>Austwick</i>, to <i>James Shuttleworth</i>,
Esq. It is a mountain, singularly eminent, whether you regard its height, or the immediate
base upon which it stands. It is near 20 miles in circumference, and has <i>Clapham</i>, a
church town, to the south; <i>Ingleton</i> to the west; <i>Chapel in the Dale</i> to the 
north; and <i>Selside</i>, a small hamlet, to the east; from each of which places the 
rsie, in some parts, is even and gradual; in others, rugged and perpendicular. In this 
mountain rise considerable streams, which at length fall into the <i>Irish Sea</i>. The 
land round the bottom is fine fruitful pasture, interspersed with many acres of lime-stone
rocks. As you ascend the mountain, the land is more barren, and under the surface is 
peat-moss, in many places two or three yards deep, which the country people cut up, and 
dry for burning, instead of coal. As the mountain rises, it becomes more rugged and 
perpendicular, and is
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  <Keyword>Ingleborough, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>geology, 
Ingleborough</Keyword> <Keyword>greet stone</Keyword> <Keyword>beacon, 
Ingleborough</Keyword> <Keyword>Whernside, Dent</Keyword> <Keyword>Pen-y-ghent, North 
Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster, Lancashire</Keyword> <Keyword>pothole</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Noah's Flood</Keyword> <Keyword>Allan Pott, North Yorkshire</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ribble, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Blackside Cove, North Yorkshire</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sir William's Cove, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Atkinson's Chamber, North 
Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Long Kin East Pot, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Long 
Kin West, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Johnson's Jacket Hole, North 
Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Gaper Gill, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Lune, 
River</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1761 p.127
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<Paragraph rend="quote">at length so steep that it cannot be ascended without great 
difficulty, and in some places not at all. In many parts there are fine quarries of slate,
which the neighbouring inhabitants use to cover their houses, but no lime-stones; yet, 
near the base, no stones but lime-stones are to be found. The loose stones near the summit
the people call <i>greet stone</i>. The foot of the mountain abounds with fine springs on 
every side, and on the west side there is a very remarkable spring near the summit. The 
top is very level, but so dry and barren that it affords little grass, the rock being but 
barely covered with earth. It is said to be about a mile in circumference, and several 
persons now living say, that they have seen races upon it. Upon that part of the top, 
facing <i>Lancaster</i> and the <i>Irish Sea</i>, there are still to be seen the 
dimensions of an house, and the remains of what the country people call a <i>beacon, 
viz.</i> a place erected with stones, three or four yards high, ascended with stone 
stairs; which served in old time, as old people tell us, to alarm the country, upon the 
approach of an enemy, a person always being kept there upon watch, in the time of war, who
was to give notice in the night, by fire, to other watchmen placed upon other mountains 
within view, of which there are many, particularly <i>Whernside, Woefall, Camfell, 
Pennygent</i>, and <i>Pennlehill</i>. There are likewise discoverable a great many other 
mountains in <i>Westmoreland</i> and <i>Cumberland</i>, besides the town of 
<i>Lancaster</i>, from which it is distant about 20 miles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The west and north sides are most steep and rocky; there is, one 
part to the south, where you may ascend on horseback; but whether the work of nature, or 
of art, I cannot say. A part of the said mountain jutts out to the north east near a mile,
but somewhat below the summit; this part is called <i>Park-fell</i>; another part jutts 
out in the same manner, near a mile, towards the east,and is called <i>Simon-fell</i>; 
there is likewise another part towards the south, called <i>Little Ingleborough</i>; the 
summits of all which are much lower than the top of the mountain itself.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Near the base, there are holes or chasms called swallows, supposed
to be the remains of <i>Noah's</i> deluge; they are among the lime-stone rocks, and are 
open to an incredible depth. The springs towards the east all come together, and fall into
one of these swallows, or holes, called <i>Allan Pott</i>; and after passing under the 
earth about a mile, thay burst out again, and flow into the river <i>Ribble</i>, whose 
head, or spring, is but a little further up the valley. The depth of this swallow, or 
hole, could never be ascertained; it is about 20 poles in circumference, not perfectly 
circular, but rather oval. In wet foggy weather, it sends out a smoak, or mist, which may 
be seen a considerable distance. Not far from this hole, nearly north, is another hole, 
which may be easily descended. In some places the roof is 4 or 5 yards high, and its width
is the same; in other places not above a yard; and was it not for the run of water, it is 
not to be known how far you might walk, by the help of a candle, or other light. There is 
likewise another hole, or chasm, a little west from the other two, which cannot be 
descended without difficulty: You are no sooner entered than you have a subterraneous 
passage, sometimes wide and spacious, sometimes so narrow you are obliged to make use of 
both hands, as well as feet, to crawl a considerable way; and as I was informed, some 
persons have gone several hundred yards, and might have gone much further, durst they have
ventured. There are a great many more holes, or caverns, well worth the notice of a 
traveller: some dry, some having a continual run of water; such as <i>Blackside Cove, Sir 
William's Cove, Atkinson's Chamber, &amp;c.</i> all whose curiosities are more than I can 
describe.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is likewise, partly south-east, a small rivulet, which falls
into a place considerably deep, called <i>Long-Kin</i>; there is likewise another swallow,
or hole, called <i>Johnson's Jacket-hole</i>,a place resembling a funnel in shape, but 
vastly deep; a stone being thrown into it, makes a rumbling noise, and may be heard a 
considerable time; there is also another, called <i>Gaper-Gill</i>, into which a good many
springs fall in one stream, and after a subterraneous passage of upwards of a mile, break 
out again, and wind thro' <i>Clapham</i>; then afterwards a winding course of several 
miles, this stream joins the river <i>Lon</i>, or <i>Lune</i>; and, passing by the town of
<i>Lancaster</i>, it falls into the <i>Irish Sea</i>: There likewise, both on the west and
north sides, a great many springs, which all fall into such cavities, and bursting out 
again, towards the base of the said mountain, fall likewise into the <i>Irish Sea</i>, by 
the town of <i>Lancaster</i>; and what seemed very remarkable to me, there was not one 
rivulet running from
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  <Keyword>Ingleborough, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>greet stone</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Horton, North Yorkshire</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1761 p.128
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the base of the mountain that had not a considerable subterraneous
passage. All the springs arose towards the summit, amongst the <i>greet-stones</i> and 
sunk or fell into some hole, as soon as they descended to the lime-stone rocks; where 
passing under ground for some way, they burst out again towards the base. There is 
likewise, to the west and north, a great many swallows or holes, some vastly deep and 
frightful, others more shallow, all astonishing, with a long range of the most beautiful 
rocks that ever adorned a prospect, rising in a manner perpendicularly up to an immense 
height.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the valley above <i>Horton</i>, near the base of this mountain,
I observed a large heap or pile of <i>greet-stones</i> all thrown promiscuously together, 
without any appearance of building or workmanship, which yet cannot be reasonably thought 
to be the work of nature; few stones are to be found near it, though 'tis computed to 
contain 400 of that country cart load of stones, or upwards. There is liekwise another at 
the base north-east, in resemblance much the same, but scarce so large, and I was informed
of several others up and down the country. Now if any of your correspondents will favour 
me with their thoughts how, and upon what account, they have been laid there, they will 
highly oblige your humble servant, and constant reader,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PASTOR.
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  <Keyword>Whitehaven Harbour, Whitehaven</Keyword>  <Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1761 p.138
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Whitehaven Harbour</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Whitehaven Harbour</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">The Historical Chronicle for March 1761, Thursday 19 has the royal 
assent given to the bill for:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For enlarging the harbour of Whitehaven.
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  <Keyword>Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>black lead mine, Seathwaite</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>salt spring, Borrowdale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ennerdale, Ennerdale and Kinniside</Keyword> <Keyword>Buttermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Loweswater</Keyword>  <Keyword>Lorton Vale, Lorton</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1761 p.500
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Cumberland places</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Other Places in Cumberland</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cockermouth, Oct.</i> 19.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN the plan of a little tour sketched out by one of your 
correspondents in your Mag. for last <i>April</i>, I cannot but be surprized that, among 
the other towns of <i>Cumberland</i>, he should omit <i>Keswick</i> and its environs. 
Nature has with such a liberal hand lavish'd her graces on this sweet retirement, that 
here seems to be an assemblage of every thing that is beautiful, from every rural scene in
the universe. Some of its finest groves have indeed been cut down within these few years; 
but in vain should I attempt to describe the beauties which remain, which cannot be 
experienced but by an actual survey.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It would be unpardonable not to mention the <i>Black lead mine</i>
at the head of the valley of <i>Borrodale</i>, as being one of the greatest curiosities in
<i>England</i>, or perhaps in <i>Europe</i> &#x002A;: Neither ought the <i>salt spring</i>
to be past by, being very near the edge of the road, at the head of the lake. I have 
mentioned this part of the country chiefly on account of the prospects, with which every 
traveller, who has any taste for the wild and romantic, cannot but be highly delighted; 
the vallies of <i>Ennerdale, Buttermeer, Loweswater</i>, and <i>Lorton</i>, furnish us 
with some others of the same nature; but not quite so beautiful or extensive. But to the 
antiquarian I should point out several other as
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; See a particular description of them, illustrated with a 
map of the country, in <i>February</i>, 1751.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">worthy
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<Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Netherby</Keyword> <Keyword>Scaleby
Castle, Scaleby</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Scaleby</Keyword> <Keyword>Brampton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lanercost Priory, Lanercost</Keyword> <Keyword>Corby<Note>Great 
Corby</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Great Corby, Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>St Constantine's 
Cells, Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>Isis Parlish<Note>Giant's Caves</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Giant's Caves, Langwathby</Keyword> <Keyword>Eimot<Note>Eamont</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Eamont, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword> <Keyword>spa 
water</Keyword> <Keyword>Little Salkeld, Hunsonby</Keyword> <Keyword>Long Meg and Her 
Daughters, Hunsonby</Keyword> <Keyword>Solway Firth</Keyword> <Keyword>petrifying 
spring</Keyword> <Keyword>spring, Uldale</Keyword> <Keyword>mines</Keyword> <Keyword>lead 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1761 p.501
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<Paragraph rend="quote">worthy of notice, such as <i>Eleborough</i>, near <i>Maryport</i>,
where may be seen several pieces of <i>Roman</i> antiquities: And <i>Wigton</i>, near 
which place appear the <i>Vestigia</i> of that famous <i>Roman</i> station, which has for 
many years gone by the name of <i>Old Carlisle</i>, where have been found a great number 
of very valuable antiquities, as votive altars, inscriptions, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When our traveller has visited <i>Carlisle</i>, no doubt but he 
will have a desire to see what remains of the <i>Picts</i> wall, in this county. Many 
pieces of antiquity are to be seen at <i>Netherby, Scaleby Castle, Brampton, 
Lanercost</i>, and <i>Irthington</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Corby</i> is remarkable for the pleasantness of its situation; 
and, opposite to it, on the other side of the <i>Eden, Wetherall</i>, where are some rooms
dug out of the solid rock, in a place very difficult of ascent, supposed to have been the 
habitation of some hermit; or, perhaps, places of security for the <i>Monks</i> &#x2020; 
to retire to in time of danger. Near <i>Penrith</i>, a little below the confluence of 
<i>Eimot</i> and <i>Eden</i>, is also a large grotto dug out of the rock, said to have 
been once a place of some strength, known by the name of <i>Isis Parlish</i>. And at 
<i>Little Salkeld</i>, not very far from thence, may be seen that great curiosity called 
<i>Long Meg and her Daughters</i> &#x002A;, not perhaps well accounted for by any of our 
antiquarians.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When speaking of prospects, I ought to have mentioned that vastly 
extensive and much admired one from <i>Warnal</i>, which takes in all the low country, and
bounded on the north by <i>Solway Frith</i>, and a fine chain of <i>Scottish</i> 
mountains. Not far from hence, near --- <i>Denton</i>'s, Esquire, is a petrifying spring. 
There is also another in the estate of Sir <i>Wm Dalston</i>, at <i>Uldale</i>, out of 
which have been taken several large and extremely curious petrifactions of moss, leaves, 
roots, &amp;c. but it does appear that this mutation would be produced in any substance 
put therein, but in a rotation of a prodigious number of years. In some parts of the 
county are some <i>mineral waters</i>, much resorted to at the season, and several rich 
mines of <i>lead</i>, some <i>copper</i>, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Though I have been a little more particular than your 
correspondent, yet a traveller, who makes it his business to enquire, will find many more 
things well worth his observation. However, from what I have said, it may appear that 
<i>Cumberland</i> is as well worth visiting, on several accounts, as most other counties 
in <i>England</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A.B.
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; From the neighbouring monastery.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; See a representation and description of them in 
<i>July</i> 1752, p.310-11.
</Paragraph>
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Lancashire into Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Shap Fells, Shap Rural</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Stanwix Bank, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Esk, River</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1766 p.166
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Lancashire to Scotland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Account of a Journey from Lancashire into Scotland</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7660166.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman to a Lady, giving an 
account of his Journey from</i> Lancashire <i>into</i> Scotland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MADAM,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I take the liberty to send to your Ladyship, the account I 
promised of my journey into <i>Scotland</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Lancaster</i> and <i>Kendal</i> are the two first towns I came 
to, that I had not seen before, they are both well built, and well situated; from the 
latter I went fourteen miles over mountains as difficult to pass as the <i>Alps</i> are 
represented, but there are several natural cascades, some of an immense height tumbling 
from one rock upon another, that make the scene altogether pleasing and romantic.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the summit of the last of these hills, there appears an easy 
ascent beyond the valley, Lord <i>Lonsdale</i>'s house and park, and a large extent of his
estates, beautifully interspersed with woods, water, and rich pasture, and meadow grounds,
which still seem more delightful, because of the immediate transition, from barren rocks 
to one of the richest vales imaginable. Not far from hence I crossed a bridge, just below 
which the river divides, one part falling down a cascade into a seprentine stream, the 
other into a strait canal, planted on each side with a row of high elms, that form an arch
over it. Adjoining it is a gentleman's seat, with a park and terrace lying to the water, 
but the owner has left it to live in a town. I lay at <i>Penrith</i>, and from thence rode
to <i>Carlisle</i>, over a fine country, not quite open, nor too much enclosed, so well 
cultivated, that all the prospects look chearful, and are set off by having the mountains 
every where in view.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Carlisle</i> is a very pretty town, sweetly situated, there is 
a hill beyond it, that affords a most glorious prospect, having a great river, a noble 
bridge, and fine meadows below, and, on the hill opposite the town, surrounded with trees,
and gardens, above which on a green bank, stands the castle; four miles from hence, the 
<i>Esk</i> divides the two kingdoms, the stream of which is so rapid, that we found some 
difficulty in passing it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The first thing I observed in <i>Scotland</i>, was a group of 
women washing in the middle of a large pond, with their cloaths tucked up so high, that 
they were naked to the tops of their thighs; upon taking a near view, and asking them some
questions, it amazed me to find in so short a space, so great an alteration in the 
persons, language, and manners of the people. The roads I found very good, being in most 
places raised, with ditches on each side to drain them; but at <i>Annan</i> a royal 
burrough, the first town I came to, I had a sad presage of the accommodations I was to 
expect in the inns; they being worse than such cottages where you see written over the 
door, <i>lodging and small beer for foot travellers.</i> ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Further travels, in Scotland, are not copied.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Script id="G766Map1.txt">

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  <Keyword>transport</Keyword>  <Keyword>road</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>strip map</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1766 opp p.466</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>map maker</Role>
<PersonName>Gibson, John</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1766</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1760s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>road map</Keyword> <Keyword>map</Keyword> <Keyword>England</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cumbria<Note>Westmorland</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cumbria<Note>Cumberland</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>England</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Staffordshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Cheshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancashire</Keyword>
<Keyword>Cumbria<Note>Lancashire</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Northumberland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Correct Map of the Road from London to Carlisle and 
The Road from Carlisle to Berwick</Keyword> <Keyword>road, Lancaster to Carlisle</Keyword>
<Keyword>road, Carlisle to Berwick</Keyword>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1766 opp p.466
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>road map</Keyword> <Keyword>road, London to Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>road, 
Carlisle to Berwick</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roads to Carlisle</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">GB01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Road strip map, uncoloured engraving, A Correct Map of the Road 
from London to Carlisle and The Road from Carlisle to Berwick, scale roughly 3.5 miles to 
1 inch, by John Gibson, published by the Gentleman's Magazine, London, 1765-66.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A Correct MAP of the ROAD from LONDON to CARLISLE, commencing / at
Darlaston Bridge, in the CHESTER ROAD.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The ROAD from CARLISLE to BERWICK.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">NB. The Distances are from the Royal Exchange.
</Paragraph>
<Aspect>
  <Type>map type  </Type>
  <Keyword>LakesMap  </Keyword>
  <Keyword>Gibson 1766<Note>Roads</Note>  </Keyword>
</Aspect>
<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh, sheet = 31x20cm; wxh, map = 286x172mm; scale: 1 to 
240000? estimate.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">London to Carlisle - from Darlaston Bridge, Staffordshire; through 
Cheshire; to Lancaster, Lancashire; then Burton, Kendal, Shap, Westmorland; to Penrith and
Carlisle, Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Carlisle to Berwick - from Carlisle, Cumberland; across Kershope 
Burn near Kirkby Hill, and through Jedburgh, Kelso, Scotland; to Berwick, Northumberland.
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G7660581.txt">

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  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1766 p.581</Title>
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<Date>1766</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1760s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Land Tax</Keyword> <Keyword>arable farming</Keyword> <Keyword>climate</Keyword>

</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
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century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT8Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1766 p.581
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Land Tax</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cumberland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Land Tax, Cumberland</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7660581.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Land-Tax explained and considered.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE Land-Tax seems by some to be a subject very little understood.
When the parliamentary settlement was made (upon the faith and credit of which, nine 
tenths of the land in <i>England</i> has since been bought) certain poor counties were to 
pay a certain sum, when the lad (sic) tax was at 4<i>s.</i> in the pound; which land in 
those counties was rated at a certain purvey, to provide the said certain sum; so that a 
purchaser, from the purvey of the land he was contracting for, could ascertain how much he
must pay when the land tax is at 4<i>s.</i>, in the pound (for every purvey in the county 
raises 100<i>l.</i>) therefore, for instance say, as the purvey of the estate in question 
is to 100<i>l.</i> one general purvey, so is the proportion he is to pay, to the sum to be
raised by the county when the land tax is 4<i>s.</i> in the pound; in other words, the 
purchaser must pay so many crowns as the county rasies hundred pounds.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We will call this an exemption from the land-tax (perhaps not 
6<i>d.</i> in the pound upon the value) I say the purchaser paid for this exemption, and 
bought it on the faith of Parliament, as stockholders bought their stock, upon the faith 
that they would not be taxed, altho' they are as liable to it, as these lands; and the 
usual price of these lands, if freehold, is forty years purchase.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Again, he that bought lands in the counties that pay land-tax, 
bought them lower in proportion, from 25 to 35 years purchase upon the gross rent, the 
neat (sic) income being what a purchase considers, and the lands bought 25 year purchase, 
produce no more nett, than those bought at 40 years purchase <i>per cent,</i> on the 
purchase-money; this is well known to Gentlemen in the House, who have lands of both 
sorts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Hence it is plain, that if a law should pass, for the whole nation
to pay a tax of 2<i>s.</i> in the pound, exempted lands would immediately sink 10 <i>per 
cent.</i> in value, and the 4<i>s.</i> land that is eased of 2<i>s.</i> would rise 10 
<i>per cent.</i> in value, just as a tax of 2<i>s.</i> in the pound on the stock 
dividends, would sink the value of stock 10 <i>per cent.</i>, and an act passed to grant 
them 2<i>s.</i> in the pound more than the dividends, would raise the value of the stock 
10 <i>per cent.</i> and thence I infer, that 2<i>s.</i> in the pound, levied upon all the 
land in <i>England</i>, would not be an equitable tax.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">My property lies in <i>Cumberland</i> (let every man speak for his
own county) I now proceed to shew you, that besides the impropriety of taking (call it an 
exemption) from a man, which he has bought and paid for, the said county really cannot pay
2<i>s.</i> in the pound ;and tax, because the landholders do not lay up 2<i>s.</i> in the 
pound of their rents, in three years, so cannot pay such a sum every year.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is a ridge of mountains, that goes from the <i>Irish Sea</i>
to the <i>German Sea</i>, on the North of which this county lies, by which situation we 
are deprived of much benefit of the sun which you enjoy; the middle of <i>February</i> is 
the middle of our winter, &amp; the farmers must have one half of their straw and two 
thirds of their hay at that time, or their stock perishes. We cannot turn out horses and 
cows to grass till the beginning of <i>June</i>, at which time the grass begins to fit: 
add to this, that the winds and incessant rains, the latter end of the year, from 
<i>Michaelmas</i>, caused by the situation of those mountains, make it very unfavourable 
for goods to be exposed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As soon as you pass these mountains, and get into 
<i>Cumberland</i>, you perceive the air changed to a light, thin, cold air, very 
unfavourable to vegetation; hence the land is kept so cold and spungy, that we cannot sow 
oats before <i>April</i>, bigg (the substitute for barley) before <i>June</i>, and the wet
and frost in winter is very unfavourable for wheat, so that our lands, with the vast 
quantity of manure we must employ, more than is necessary south of the mountains, costs 
one third at least more to till them than yours do, and does not produce half the crops 
yours produces; this makes our crops come so dear, that I may venture to say, of all the 
many thousand pounds paid for bounty of corn, I never heard of a single guinea being paid 
bounty
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
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  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1766 p.582</Title>
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<Date>1766</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1760s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Land Tax</Keyword> <Keyword>arable farming</Keyword> <Keyword>climate</Keyword>
<Keyword>costume</Keyword>  <Keyword>clogs</Keyword>  <Keyword>diet</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1766 p.582
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7660582.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">for corn exported out of <i>Cumberland</i>; on the contrary, we 
import from the counties favoured by providence in their situation, and which are 
therefore taxed, many ship loads of corn every year, and it comes much cheaper than we can
grow it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We also pay the same duty for malting our bigg, you do for barley,
and your malt is one third stronger than ours, and therefore we find it cheapest to bring 
our malt from <i>Southampton</i>, it being near a shilling a bushel cheaper than ours, the
goodness considered, notwithstanding the great charge of bringing it. I might add ale, and
other things wherein we pay the same duty for a worse commodity than you have.In a country
like this, you may be sure there is a great deal of land let for little money, because the
cost of fencing and working it is so great, the markets few and far off, the corn 
neccessary to feed the horses procured at great expence of labour and manure, the hay 
short and late got, and very often bad weather to get both corn and hay when cut.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are about 30 lords and gentlemen, who perhaps may own a 
fourth of the county (most of the money remitted to them is spent at <i>London</i>;) some 
of these are lords of the manors of the greatest part of the other three-fourths of the 
county, fine arbitrary, which keeps the tenants poor to a proverb; the rest, to the number
of about ten thousand, are land-owners, from ten to a hundred pounds a-year; there are not
40 farms in the county of 100<i>l.</i> a year each, mostly from 10<i>l.</i> to 50<i>l.</i>
a year. These petty land owners work like slaves, they cannot afford to keep a man 
servant, but husband, wife, sons and daughters, all turn out to work in the fields; they 
wear wooden shoes, shod like a horse's foot with iron, sackcloth shirts, yarn stockings, 
home-spun linsey, and cloth that comes about 2<i>s.</i> a yard, felt hats, their diet is 
whey, potatoes, turnips, oatmeal bread, and oatmeal and water; theye very seldom taste 
meat, or wheat bread; and work very hard upon this diet; they breed many children, and 
this coarse fare, expanding the stomach, by the great quantity they eat to supply the 
nourishment necessary to the constitution, makes them grow large in bulk, and (as you may 
suppose) when they grow up, they post away to happier climes, and make you very good 
servants.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now, Sir, since notwithstanding this miserable way of living, they
save nothing, you will easily see they must either starve or go naked, if they pay the 
tax, for they cannot either feed or dress meaner; else they must leave off breeding, for 
they have no trade; and as this breeding county seems necessary to the state, I hope their
condition will supply the place of a better advocate, for an industrious, frugal, 
virtuous, and loyal people.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Yours, &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cumberland.</i>
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G7710567.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G7710567.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1771 pp.567-568</Title>
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<Content>
<Date>1771</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1770s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Solway Moss: eruption 1771</Keyword> <Keyword>flood, 1771</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Graham</Keyword> <Keyword>Pattonstown, Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Closegap, 
Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Browhead, Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Lake House, 
Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Henrystown, Kirkandrews</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cullenston<Note>Smalmstown</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Smalmstown, 
Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Smallhomstone<Note>Smalmstown</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Peartree, Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Yade Fauld, Kirkandrews</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Todbank, Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Dykestone<Note>Dikestown 
Gutter</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Dikestown Gutter, Kirkandrews</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mirrenstown, Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Oakbank, Kirkandrews</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Meadoff<Note>Meadhope ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Meadhope, 
Kirkandrews<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cargate Head, Kirkandrews</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Know, Kirkandrews</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1771 pp.567-568
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Solway Moss</Keyword>  <Keyword>flood, 1771</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Eruption of Solway Moss</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Thursday, 12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A letter from Edinburgh, of this day's date, gives the following 
particulars of the ravages sustained by the moveable moss:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Solway moss still continues to move, and it began to flow on 
Saturady last with more rapidity than it has done for three weeks past.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following is a list of the names and number of the farms 
destroyed by the eruption of Solway flow in Cumberland, together with the number of 
farmers who possessed these farms, and the rental ofthese lands, as present paid to Mr. 
Graham of Netherby, proprietor of Solway flow, and the lands now covered by it. Taken at 
Solway flow, on Tuesday, Dec. 3, 1771.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Table>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Names of the farms.</Cell><Cell>Farmers.</Cell><Cell>Rental.</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>L.s.d.</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Closgap,</Cell><Cell>3</Cell><Cell>29 10 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Patonston,</Cell><Cell>3</Cell><Cell>22 0 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Browhead</Cell><Cell>3</Cell><Cell>17 10 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Lake,</Cell><Cell>3</Cell><Cell>20 0 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Henrystown,</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>10 0 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Cullenston,</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>14 0 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Smallholmstone,</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>14 0 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Peartree,</Cell><Cell>2</Cell><Cell>29 10 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Yadefold,</Cell><Cell>2</Cell><Cell>27 4 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Todbank,</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>7 12 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Dykestone, in part as yet,</Cell><Cell>4</Cell><Cell>12 0 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Mirrinstoun, in part as yet,</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>12 0 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Twelve tenements,</Cell><Cell>23</Cell><Cell>220 6 0</Cell></Row>
</Table>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The above farms are so greatly destroyed, that twenty three 
families of the farmers, besides cotters, are obliged to leave their ruined houses; some 
of them being knocked down by the force of the eruption, others of them covered almost to 
the top of the side walls by the moss.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following four farms are only partly covered, the houses being
inhabited, viz.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Table>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Farms.</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>Rental of what is covered.</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>L.s.d.</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Oakbank,</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>2 0 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Meadoff,</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>12 0 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Cargate-head,</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>4 10 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Know,</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>8 0 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>26 10 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Rental of the other 12 towns,</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>220 6 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Total</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>246 6 0</Cell></Row>
</Table>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This is the present rental of all the land that is covered by the 
eruption of the moss; and, if these lands are set, on an average, at twelve shillings per 
acre, the quantity of ground covered must be four hundred acres and fifty-three poles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The land upon which the moss has flowed, is covered by it from 
twelve to thirty feet deep. The eruption began on Saturday the 15th of November last, 
about eleven o'clock at night. It broke out from the Solway flow, on the north-east side, 
by a gullet of about a hundred yards wideness. At a very short distance from the mouth of 
the gullet, it spread at the wideness of almost a mile square, over above four hundred 
acres of the best land in the north of England. It still continues to flow out of the 
gullet in a very rapid current, carrying along with it a large quantity of moss, which it 
forces from below the surface, and, even in some places, the solid surface along with it, 
which, by floating upon the moss that hath covered the lands in the beds of Esk, gives 
them altogether the appearance of having been a moss from time immemorial. As it flows at 
present, so it must, from the very nature of the thing, continue to flow for ages. That it
may do least damage, its course should either be diverted to the river of Sark, on the 
west side of Solway flow, or else a clear passage made in its present direction to the 
river of Esk; both of which are practicable, but at considerable expence. However, if some
such method is not taken, much more exceeding good land will be covered by it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The cause of the eruption is so evident, from the situation of 
Solway flow, and of the adjacent lands on the east side of it, with the former management 
of those who have casten their peats on the Solway flow, that it is more wonderful to the 
person who hath taken the above account, that the Solway flow hath stood so long, than 
that it hath now broke out, and overflowed so great a quantity of ground upon the beds of 
Esk. It will be next to impossible, ever again to clear the covered land by burning the 
moss; though it appears probable to me, that there is a possibility of clearing it by 
water. The greatest part of the surface of the old moss is still whole; but it is now so 
much out, that, though formerly level, the middle of it is like a large glen between two 
hills, declining from each other."
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Dec. 31.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Solway Moss is still moving, and it is said to have now covered 
900 acres of as fine holm land as there is in England. It has stopped the road for these 
eight days past betwixt Annan and Longtown, and the post is obliged to boat over the river
Esk.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1772 opp p.608
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Lancaster Canal</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Canal map, uncoloured engraving, Plan of the Proposed Navigable 
Canal ... to Kendal, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Whitworth, published by the 
Gentleman's Magazine, 1772.
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<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">A Plan of the Proposed NAVIGABLE CANAL from the Leeds &amp; 
Liverpool Canal near Eccleston in the County Palatine of Lancaster, to Kendal in 
Westmorland. Survey'd in 1772, by Robt. Whitworth.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1773 opp p.221
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Canals in England</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Canal map, uncoloured engraving, A General Plan of the Several 
Canals given in the Course of this Magazine, engraved by Thomas Bowen, published by the 
Gentleman's Magazine, 1773.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A GENERAL PLAN of the several CANALS given in the Course of this 
Magazine
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<Paragraph rend="text">Size: wxh, sheet = 25x21cm; wxh, map = 205x174mm.
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<Paragraph rend="text">The map includes England from Kendal in the north, St Asaph in the 
west, to just south of Reading.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1773 pp.221-222
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</Marginal>
Canals in England</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... The extent of these canals could hardly have been thought 
practicable at first setting out. Whoever had suggested the establishment of an inland 
navigation from Kendal, in Westmoreland, to London, before the taste for inland navigation
became the mode, would have been looked upon as a visionary, and his undertaking would 
have been treated rather as the project of a madman, than the practicable idea of an able 
engineer: and yet, by the plan exhibited, it appears that the same has been, or will be 
soon, effected, without such an idea having ever entered into the minds of those by whom 
it either is, or will be completed. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Explanation of the Letters in the Plan. / a b mark the Lancaster 
Canal 72 1/2 [Miles] ...
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Eruption of Solway Moss</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1773 pp.265-266
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Account of the IRRUPTION of SOLWAY MOSS, Dec. 16, 1772, in a 
Letter from Mr. John Walker to the Earl of Bute, and communicated by his Lordship to the 
Royal Society &#x002A;. (See other Accounts of this Irruption, Vol.xli. xlii.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MY LORD,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WHEN I was sitting yesterday writing to your Lordship, I received 
the honour of yours. I shall, therefore, defer the account I intended of my expedition 
last season to the North, and give the best description I can of the extraordinary 
irruption of Solway-Moss, which I went to visit about a week after it happened. It is not 
surprizing that it has every where attracted the attention of the public: for, though the 
cause of it is obvious, yet, as far as I recollect, the alteration it has produced on the 
face of the earth is greater than any we have known in Britain from natural causes since 
the destruction of Earl Goodwin's estate. It happened on the 16th of December, when there 
fell such a deluge of rain over all the North of England, as has not been known for at 
least two hundred years. There was a very great flood at Moffat; but I think I have seen 
one or two greater, and certainly it was not so extraordinary here as further South.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Solway-flow contains 1300 acres of very deep and tender moss, 
which, before this accident, were impassable, even in summer, to a foot passenger. It was 
mostly of the quag kind, which is a sort of moss covered at top with a turf of heath and 
coarse aquatic grass; but is so soft and watery below, that, if a pole is once thrust 
through the turf, it can easily be pushed, though perhaps 15 or 20 feet long, to the 
bottom.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If a person ventures on one of these quags, it bends in waves 
under his feet, and if the surface breaks, he is in danger of sinking to the bottom 
&#x2020;.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The surface of the flow was at different places between 50 and 80 
feet higher than the fine fertile plain that lay between it and the river Esk. (See the 
Plate.) About the middle of the flow, at the place marked A, were the deepest quags, and 
there the moss was elevated higher above the plain than in any other part of the 
neighbourhood. From this to the farm called the Gap, upon the plain at C, there was a 
broad gully, though not very deep, through which the brook marked B used to run.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The moss, being quite overcharged with the flood, burst at these 
quags about 11 o'clock at night; and, finding a descent at hand, poured its contents 
through the gully into the plain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It surprized the inhabitants of twelve towns in their beds 
&#x2021;. Nobody was lost, but many of the people saved their lives with great difficulty.
Next morning thirty five families were found dispossessed, with the loss of most of their 
corn and some cattle &#x00A7;. Some of the houses were nearly totally covered, and others 
of them I saw standing in the moss up to the thatch, the side walls being above 8 feet 
high.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the morning above 200 acres were entirely overwhelmed; and this
body of moss and water, which was of such a consistency as to move freely continued to 
spread itself on all hands for several days. It was come to a stop when I saw it, and had 
covered 303 acres, as I was infomed by a gentleman, who had looked over the plans of the 
grounds with Mr. Graham the proprietor: but every fall of rain sets it again in motion, 
and it has now overspread above 400 acres. At F it had run within a musket shot of the 
post road leading from Moffat to Carlisle, when I saw it; but it has now flowed over the 
road, and reached the Esk. This river, which was one of the clearest in the world, is now 
rendered black as ink, by the mixture of the moss; and no salmon has since entered into 
it. A farmer also told me, that, upon removing the moss, to get at a well which it had 
covered, they found all the earth worms lying dead upon the surface of the ground. The 
land, that is covered, was all inclosed with hedges, bore excellent crops of wheat and 
turneps, and rented from between 11 and 14 shillings, besides the taxes and tithes, which 
amounted to 4 shillings per acre.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I endeavoured to guess at the depth of the moss upon the plain, by
a large thorn which stands in the middle of it, and which is buried to above the division 
of the branches. The farmers told me that it stood upon a rising more that six feet above 
the general level of the plain, and that it was upwards of 9 feet high of clear stem. By 
this account, great part of the plain must be covered 15 feet deep with the moss; and near
the farm called Gap, there were some considerable hollows, where they think the moss, at 
present, lies full 30 feet deep. The smallest hedges on the land are all covered over the 
top. The houses are not so much buried, because they stood mostly on the higher parts of 
the fields; and, towards the extremities of the moss, I observed it, in many places, not 
above three or four feet deep, owing likewise to the rising of the ground.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The gut at A, through which the moss flowed that covered the 
plain, is only about 50 yards wide; and the gully from A to C is near a quarter of a 
measured mile long.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The brook B, being stopped up by the moss at E, has now formed a 
lake at D.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">About 400 acres of the flow, next the place of its evacuation, 
appear to have sunk from 5 to 25 feet; and this subsidence has occasioned great fissures 
upon those parts of the moss which refused to sink. These fissures are from 4 to 8 feet 
wide, and as much in depth. The surface of the flow, consisting of heath and coarse grass,
was torn away in large pieces, which still lie upon the surface of the new moss some of 
them from 20 to 50 feet long; but the greater part of the surface of the flow remained, 
and only subsided: the moss, rendered thin by the flood, running away from under it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Looking over Solway Moss at the village of Longtown, where there 
is a bridge on the Esk, they formerly saw only the tops of the trees at Gratney, a house 
of the Marquis of Annandale's, 4 miles distant, but now they see them almost to the 
ground; and looking over it in another direction, they now see two farms of Sir William 
Maxwel's, which were not before visible: so the ridge of the flow or moss, seems to have 
subsided about 25 feet.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Moffat, I am, my Lord, &amp;c. &amp;c. Jan. 30, 1772. JOHN WALKER.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The society has received from other hands several 
accounts of this curious and singular phaenomenon; but this, as one of the latest, being 
likewise the compleatest, was thought the most proper to be laid before the public, 
especially as on comparison few particulars of any importance mentioned in the other 
accounts were found wanting in this. These few, however, have been collected and subjoined
in the form of notes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; The surface was always so much of a quagmire, that in 
most places it was hardly safe for any thing heavier than a sportsman to venture upon it, 
even in the driest of summers. A great number of Scotchmen, in the army commanded by 
Oliver Sinclair, in the time of Henry VIII. lost their lives in it; and it is said, that 
some people digging peats upon it, met with a skeleton of a trooper and his horse, in 
compleat armour, not many years ago.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; Those who were nearest the place of bursting, were 
alarmed with the unusual noise it made; others not till it had entered their houses, or 
even, as was the case with some, not till they found it in their beds.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x00A7; The case of a cow seems singular enough to deserve a 
particular mention. She was the only one of eight, in the same cow-house, that was saved, 
after having stood sixty hours up to the neck in mud and water. When she got out she did 
not refuse to eat, but water she would not taste, nor even look at without shewing 
manifest signs of horror. She is now reconciled to it, and likely to recover.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1776 p.310
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>ruins</Keyword>  <Keyword>Quamps</Keyword>  <Keyword>Dalton Hall</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Ruins at Quamps</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IF you think the following piece of antiquity worthy of a place in
your Magazine, you will oblige the writer by inserting it. Conjectures of its age and use 
have been formed, but the decision is left to antiquarians by profession; some of whom, it
is hoped, will favour the public with their sentiments concerning an article in their way,
which is, perhaps not frequently to be met with.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Lancaster, July,</i> 6.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W.C.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Account of some remarkable Foundations of Walls, discovered on 
clearing a Field called</i> The Quamps, <i>in</i> Dalton Hall, Demesne, (<i>near</i> 
Burton in Kendal,) <i>in the latter End of the Year</i> 1774. <i>See the following 
Figure.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE fence of the field, a, a, a, a, sketched out by the eye, is a 
hedge, as are all the fences in that neighbourhood. The black lines, b, b, ,b, are the 
ground plot of the wall. They were all thrown down, and grown over in many places with 
bushes; but the foundation stones appeared to be laid by a line, and the two outside faces
were about three yards distance. The intermediate spaces were filled up with any kind of 
cobbles, &amp;c. These foundation stones were large lime-stones, with which that part of 
the country abounds, and generally as big as two or three men could move; but no mortar 
was discovered, nor any marks of the hammer, except in some freestone ones at the corners.
The dotted lines, c. c, c, (drawn by the eye,) had much the same appearance as the rest; 
but the marks of a regular wall were not so evident there; and I believe the plan does not
notice all the vestiges that were remaining of this kind. The annexed dimensions are not 
very accurate, as they were taken after the stones were removed. There were openings like 
common gateways into these enclosures, and some stones were found at the edges of these 
gateways, near a foot under the soil, with holes in them, such as are now in use for gates
to turn upon by means of iron pivots. There are two springs in the field at d and e. The 
spring d is never dry; that at e, not certain how it is. The area at f is low and soft in 
the bottom; as if it had been a receptacle for water.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The field containing these walls is pretty level, and on an 
eminence of the most western of a number which had formerly been covered with an extensive
oak wood, and which again were bounded to the eastward with large moors reaching many 
miles north and south. The field has as spacious a view to the west and south, as most 
which are found in this hilly country. But its prospect is obstructed by an eminence about
a quarter of a mile to the south-west, on the top of which, some say, there were very 
lately a small mound and trench. Also, at about an equal distance to the north east of 
these walls, were dug up, at the same time, the foundations of an enclosure of a like 
kind, near forty yards square, divided into two unequal oblongs, and whose walls were 
above three yards thick. And in a line with this, the Quamps, and the mound, is an 
appearance of other walls, though of inferior dimensions, which are yet unmolested. There 
are remains of two old halls within a mile of these ruins, and one of them has a large 
enclosure adjoining to it that is moated round. These remains and tradition, however, 
discover nothing, relating to them that is any way worth notice; neither is there the 
least tradition concerning the walls in
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">question,
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1776 p.311
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<Paragraph rend="quote">question, which before their clearing away could appear only like 
common stone-heaps. In digging up these ruins an old copper pan was found, some small 
stone mortars, and the fragments of near twenty pair of hand-mill-stones, such as are 
intimated by the figure; but nothing else of any utensil kind. The mill-stones were of 
very coarse freestone, and from a quarry about three miles distant; near twelve inches in 
diameter, and picked and hollowed in the ordinary manner. In the bottom stone B was a 
hole, as at n, where it is supposed an iron spike was fastened for the top-stone A to turn
upon, by means of an orifice at r. Down the conical pipe m r the grain was supposed to 
fall between the stones, as from a common hopper. Some had a hole in the side of the top 
stone as at o; others were without, and others again were seemingly unfinished. On 
ploughing the field, nothing more was discovered deserving particular notince, except some
ashes with the areas, and some burnt cobble-stones. - No remains of any thing like 
fire-places were found in these walls; and, indeed, their situation was rather too bleak 
for dwelling-houses.
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>bounty</Keyword> <Keyword>sailor</Keyword> <Keyword>Royal Navy</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1776 p.574
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>sailors</Keyword>  <Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Sailors, Whitehaven</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>November</i> 22.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Magistrates of Whitehaven issued an order, offering two 
guineas bounty for every able sailor that should enter voluntarily with the proper officer
there, to serve the royal navy, in which they were followed by the gentlemen of the town; 
so that every sailor who enters there will receive 9l. 4s.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The corporation of Newcastle have offered the same bounty with 
that of Whitehaven.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1778 p.161</Title>
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<Date>1778</Date>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Land Tax</Keyword> <Keyword>tax</Keyword> <Keyword>History and Antiquities of 
Westmoreland and Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward III</Keyword> <Keyword>border 
service</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1778 p.161
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Land Tax</Keyword> <Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland</Keyword>

</Marginal>
Land Tax, Westmorland and Cumberland</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7780161.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>An equal</i> LAND-TAX <i>is by many warmly contended for. The 
following Remarks from</i> Nicolson <i>and</i> Burn's <i>History and Antiquities of</i> 
Westmoreland <i>and</i> Cumberland, lately published, will furnish their Opponents with a 
new Argument.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'It is a vulgar mistake,' (say the writers of the History and 
Antiquities of Westmoreland and Cumberland,) 'that the former of these counties paid no 
subsidies during the existence of the border service, as supposing it to be exempted from 
such payment merely upon that account; for we find all along such and such person 
(mentioned as) collectors of these subsidies in this county granted both by clergy and 
laity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The land-tax succeeded into the place of subsidies; being not so 
properly a new tax, as an old tax by a new name.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'From the reign of Edward III. downward, certain sums and 
proportions were fixed upon the several townships within these respective counties, 
according whereunto the taxation hath constantly been made.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In process of time this valuation may be supposed to have become 
unequal, especially since, by the increase of trade and manufactures in some large towns, 
much wealth is accumulated within a small compass, the tax upon which division continuing 
the same: and hence a new valuation hath often been suggested to render this tax more 
adequate, which nevertheless from the nature of the thing must always be fluctuating 
according to the increase or diminution of property in different parts of the kingdom. But
in reality this notion proceeds upon a very narrow and partial principle: an equal tax, 
according to what a man is worth, is one thing; and an equal land-tax, all other taxes 
being unequal, is quite another.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Setting aside the populous manufacturing towns, let us take the 
county of Westmoreland in general, in which there is no such manufacturing town, Kendal 
only excepted; and we shall find that this county, upon the whole, taking all the taxes 
together, pays more to the government, in proportion to the wealth of the inhabitants, 
than, perhaps, any other county in the kingdom; and that is, by reason of its comparative 
populousness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Suppose a township (which is a common case in Westmoreland) worth
400<i>l.</i> a year: in this township there are about 40 messuages, and a family in each 
messuage; and, at the proportion of five persons to a family, there are 200 inhabitants. 
These, by their labour and what they consume, are worth to the public double and treble 
the value of the land-tax in its highest estimation. These 40 messuages, at 3<i>s.</i> 
each, pay yearly 6<i>l.</i> house duty; and so many of them perhaps have above 7 windows 
as will make up 6<i>l.</i> more. Now let us advance further south, and an estate of 400 
a-year is there frequently in one hand. There is one family, perhaps of 15 or 30 persons; 
one house-duty of 3<i>s.</i> some few shillings more for windows, and a 10th part of the 
consumption of things taxable; as salt, soap, leather, candles, and abundance of other 
articles. Now where is the equality! One man for 5 or 10 pounds a-year pays as much 
house-duty as another for 400<i>l.</i> a-year. In Westmoreland many persons (and the 
clergy almost in general) dwell in houses that pay more house and window duty than the 
house itself would let for: and in other respects the public is as much benefited by three
or four families occupying 10 or 20<i>l.</i> a-year each, as in the other case by one 
family occupying ten times as much.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'It hath been computed by political calculators, that every 
person, one with another, is worth to the public 4<i>l.</i> a-year. On that supposition, 
the inhabitants in one case are estimated at 800<i>l.</i> in the other case at 80<i>l.</i>
so if we reduce the sum to half, or a quarter, or any other sum, it will always come out 
the same that the one and the other are of value to the public just in the proportion of 
10 to 1.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In short, populousness is the riches of a nation, not only from 
the consumption of thinigs taxable, but from the supply of hands to arts, manufactures, 
war, and commerce.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'A man who purchases an estate and lays it to his own, making one 
farm of what was two before, deprives the public of a proportionable share of every tax 
that depends upon the number of houses and inhabitants.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'A man that gets a whole village or two into his possession by 
this means, consisting of an hundred antient feudal tenements, evades ninety-nine parts in
an hundred of such taxes, and throws the burden on others, who, by reason of the smallness
of their property, are proportionably less able to bear it; for a man of an hundred pounds
a year can better spare twenty pounds, than a man of ten pounds a year can spare forty 
shillings, for the one has eighty pounds left, the other only eight pounds.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'This new argument against altering the established mode of 
collecting the land-tax, added to that of the danger of every innovation, how specious 
soever the pretence.'
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1778 p.189
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>John Paul Jones</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ranger</Keyword>  <Keyword>privateer</Keyword>
</Marginal>
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<References>
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<Paragraph rend="text">April or May?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Thursday</i> 23.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The town of Whitehaven in Cumberland, opposite the Irish coast, 
was suddenly alarmed by a party from an American privateer, who landed in the night and 
set fire to one of the ships in the harbour, with a design to burn the town, which, 
however, was providentially prevented by the exertion of the inhabitants, who extinguished
the flames before they had reached the rigging. One of the party, who was left behind, on 
his examination declared, that the party landed consisted of 30 men, that they belonged to
the Ranger privateer, fitted out at Piscataqua in New England, Capt. Jones commander; that
she mounted 18 guns besides swivels, and had on board between 140 and 150 men; that she 
had taken two prizes and sent them into France. The same privateer has since landed some 
men on the western coast of Scotland, and pillaged the house of Lord Selkirk, near 
Kirkcudbright, of plate, jewels, and all the moveables that were of value. His Lordship 
was in London, but his Lady and family were in the house.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1779 opp p.65
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Eruption of Solway Moss</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">A PLAN OF / SOLWAY MOSS, / in / CUMBERLAND
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1779 p.65
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BY giving the following short account of the eruption of 
<i>Solway</i> Moss a place in your valuable miscellany, you may possibly entertain some of
your readers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">J. F--R.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SOME years ago there happened a most dreadful inundation, 
occasioned by the eruption of <i>Solway</i> Moss, near <i>Longtown</i>, in 
<i>Cumberland</i>, which did incredibale damage in those parts, and considerably changed 
the aspect of the country. As I lately visited it, I took a draught of the moss, as it now
appears, which I send you, with a brief, but I believe as genuine an account as any that 
has hitherto been made public. (See the Plate.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It broke out in the night of 16th of November, 1771:- the 
inhabitants who lived near it were greatly alarmed with an unusual noise made at its 
discharge; and, remaining ignorant of the cause of their terror till the morning, some 
were suprized with it even in their beds, and many by the entrance it made into their 
houses. About four hundred acres of land were covered with this heathy surface, the houses
either overwhelmed or swept away by the current; many cattle were suffocated, but happily 
not a human life was lost: several bridges in this and the neighbouring counties were 
broke down by the violence of three days rain, which preceded this eruption: peoplpe from 
all parts flocked to see this wonderful phaenomenon, whic continued moving slowly for 
several days, till at last it mixed its stream with the <i>Esk</i>, and totally stopped 
the course of that river for some time. This black deluge so lowered the surface of the 
moss, which before was a plain, but now sunk in the form of a vast bason, as to give the 
northern parts new views of land concealed before.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(We are the more readily inclined to oblige our correspondent, as 
we do not remember to have seen so extensive a plan of the moss and its environs in any 
other printed account of this eruption - See Vol.XLI. p.567. Vol.XLII. p.41. Vol.XLIII. 
p.265. - Phil. Trans. Vol.LXII. p.123. - Pennant's Tour, 1772, pp.65,66.)
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  <Keyword>carving</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>All Saints 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">These figures are carved upon a stone joining to the Inscription 
as in the plate.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The size of these two stones is not specified, any more than the 
time when they were first noticed; and, whether owing to any accident, as plaister falling
off, it seems, however, to be quite a modern discovery, as Dr. Burn, whose History of 
Cumberland was published in 1777, mentions nothing of it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This Inscription is on a stone above the old door-way, on the 
outside of the North wall of the Chapel of Bolton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The characters and points are both exactly represented.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The places marked [hash] are convex; where probably some 
letter or letters are defaced.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">And those marked ---- are long spaces; where no characters 
appear.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Bolton Chapel stands in the parish of Morland, about four miles 
North of Appleby, to which it is adjoining, on the Western bank of the river Eden, in 
Cumberland.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A FEW days ago I receieved the annexed sculpture and inscription 
from a good friend at Lancaster, who hoped that I might be able to throw some light upon 
it; which, I frankly own, I am not able to do: but as others may be more fortunate, to 
them I recommend it through your channel; and if it may save them some trouble, I will 
just mention what has occurred to them on the subject. To begin with the Carving; which 
one would expect would speak an universal language, and consequently be readily made out; 
which is not, however, the case, at least with me. I see two combatants, seemingly cased 
in armour from head to feet; the helmets of both are remarkably pointed at top; and both 
plainly have stirrups, which seem to grow out of the belly of the horses, without any the 
least appearance of stirrup-leathers. The horses too of both seem compleatly cased in 
leather at least, as they exhibit no eyes, mouths, ears, or manes: but as their tails too 
seem equally covered, (looking more like those of large rams) perhaps the uniformity of 
their whole appearance should be charged to the badness of the carving: though I think 
not, no more than to being worn smooth by time and weather: the stirrups might be fastened
to this case or shell. One bears on his left arm an oval shield, which, I believe, is an 
uncommon shape: his right hand is raised level with his shoulder, and he pushes a tilting 
spear (I venture to call it so from its swelling bigger in the middle) into the neck of 
his adversary, who lifts up his left hand, and lowers the banner in his right hand; both 
seemingly in token of yielding. It is observable that there is no appearance of his having
a shield; nor has his banneret any apparent head or spike to it, and the staff is 
uniformly slender throughout. This, one should suppose, was the representation of some 
formal combat: but in these it was usual to be very exact in seeing that the combatants 
arms were the same in size, &amp;c. and from the cut or indented shape of the banneret, we
must conclude, that it is the Gonfannen or Ecclesiastical banner: such, I supose, was St. 
Cuthbert's, at Durham; which, besides appearing in processions, was sometimes advanced 
against the Scots, with good success: but if so, this must be the champion, <i>Vower</i>, 
advocate or <i>avou&#x00E9;</i> of the church in some dispute; and that the fight should 
refer to somewhat of this kind , is natural enough to think, from the place where it is 
fixed. But we may well wonder why a defeat of a son militant of the church should be 
represented.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If I have made but little out of the carving, I am afraid I shall 
come off still worse with the inscription. In it I observe two crosses, + +. Combatants 
crossed themselves before they began to engage; and children before they ventured upon 
their A B C, hence called the Christ's-cross-row, and the sign of it is still prefixed as 
a mark or direction to them in their hornbooks.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">if the first word of the 4th line ends like justitie, maestitie, 
tristitie, &amp;c. are employed in this short inscription. The two first words, as I 
venture to call them, seem exceedingly like those that compose the last line; except a 
final horizontal stroke in the middle of a perpendicular stem of the 1st letter, which, 
perhaps, was not visible in the correspondent one of the last line, or was over-looked. If
it ought not to be at all in the first letter, then one might read DominuS LVR RENDE WERE 
DVN ASHVM MILES DE BO ELTYN. &#x00D0; the first letter may be supposed to be the Saxon 
&#x00D0;; but that is, I believe, always formed with a stroke of equaly length on both 
sides of the perpendicular one; which is not so here; and if it was, no more insight into 
the meaning is gained.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Burn, in his History of Cumberland. p.454, informs us, that 
Boeltun was one of the four ancient ways of writing Bolton. If it should be thought that 
the copy doth not justifying supposing that more than a single letter is wanting in M E S,
we should consider that it might be wrote L E S: the I being included in L, either thus [L
with a stoke] or thus
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<Paragraph rend="quote">differing only in length. But a still greater difficulty with me, 
is the knight's being loaded with three names, at a time when very great people had often 
no more than a short
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<Paragraph rend="quote">monosysllable, as Grip, Girt, &amp;c. If we go another way to 
work, and suppose the first letter to be an E, then, considering that not only the next 
parish church of Appleby is styled in record, Ecclesia Sti Laurentii de Appleby; and that 
the parish church of Morland, in which parish our chapel stands, is dedicated to the same 
saint; Burn I, 443 (though our chapel is to All Saints; see Ecton's Valor) we might be 
tempted to read Ecclesia DE S LaVRRENDE, the last letter but one being a mistake for C or 
T; or else should be separated, and form DE: but neither doth this satisfy; for though I 
have turned over Mr. Burn's two volumes very carefully on this occasion; in which there 
are some thousands of persons and place names mentioned, yet I can find none that one can 
suppose to be here meant. Nor doth the Baronetage article, Lorraine of Northumberland, 
afford any variety of assistance, Mr. Burn mentions, vol. I. p.51. Estate of Loring, and 
Sir Nigel Loring, vol. I. p.153, but he has no Weredun, or Verdon; but Warton, Wartun, 
Wherton, Quherton, pp.1, 11, 12, 36, 39, 41, 62, 234, 264, 558. There is said to be a 
Wardon or Wardrew iin Northumberland. Heylin's Help to History, p.436, No.114, barely 
mentions a Baron Verdon, who is probably no more ours than his Baron Leidurne; p.445, 
No.275, has any thing to do with the middle of our 5th line. Mr. Burn has a Laborne, v.i. 
p.143, 144, and he likewise informs us, Cumb. I, p.420, that Axham was anciently wrote in 
the most authentic instruments ASCYM or ASCOM. But our H is so remarkably large and plain,
that it cannot be mistaken for a K. To go on, I cannot desire anybody to read <i>AnnO A A 
Reparata S a lute</i>; as I see nodate, except CV be one, and M omitted. The middle word 
of line 4th, if other things conspired kindly, might tempt one to read MVRum, to 
commemorate the building of the very wall, as <i>hanc fenestram fecit</i>, &amp;c. Burn I,
p.75. The fifth line, if an Antiquary could be other than a sad creature, he would think 
for Lilliburlaro; and that the usual ORATe prO a Ni M, was intended to follow. But when in
so many suppositions not a single one seems plausible, it is time to give up, and express 
one's wishes, that others may only not be misled by any thing here said, as perhaps they 
would have done better, if left entirely to themselves, instead of being put on a wrong 
scent; and I assure them, when they make all clear, as they will do, who settle the 
reading rightly and truly, that I shall be pleased to see how easily and luminously they 
proceed on, where I could not see a step before me, nor even where I was.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TO remove the perplexities in which your anonymous correspondent, 
p.131, finds himself involved by the carving and inscription at Bolton, you will please to
inform him, that there is nothing uncommon in the figures, either of the men or horses, as
represented in his friend's drawing, admitting it to be a faithful one, which may perhaps 
be doubted. If time has not made the figures ruder than the carver or draughtsman formed 
them, he need go no further then the famous tapestry of Bayeux for their parallels. He 
will there find the same pointed helmets, oval shields, indented banners, stirrups not 
<i>growing out of the horses bellies</i>, but affixed to the saddle. The inscription is 
composed of the same kind of letters. The crosses are prefixed to it as in all of this and
earlier as well as later periods. In that at Kirkdale (Arch. V. p.188, Pl.IV.) we see the 
cross at the beginning of different sentences, and at the end of the whole. That the 
language of our inscription is Saxon appears from the first letter &#x00D0;, which 
probably is followed by a single expressing ER. <i>Lurren de</i> may be <i>luffende</i> 
living: <i>weredun</i>, &#x01BF;er&#x00F0;n, <i>werdun</i>, were. <i>dns Hugo miles</i> de
Boeltun.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">&#x00D0;ER LYFFENDE &#x00DE;EREDVN DNS HV. . MLES DE 
BOELTVN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This may be one sentence; and this conjecture may or may not be 
right: but futher this deponent saith not, except that the last two words of the remaining
part resemble the two first of the preceeding. Dr. Burn cannot help us out; for he goes no
further back than the time of Edward II. A corrector copy might clear its own way: but the
present may prove a Gordian knot to T. Row or Maister Somerset.
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">page 550:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Oct. 17. At Kentmere, in Westmoreland, Mr. Martin Stevenson, in 
the 117th year of his age. He began life in life with a capital of 16 shillings, and ended
it with
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">leaving,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">page 551:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">leaving, by will, 18,000l. accumulated by parsimony. He lived and 
died a bachelor; his only domestics being his housekeeper and his dog, and left his whole 
fortune to a man who was no relation.
</Paragraph>
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Price of Corn</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Corn prices are quoted in other issues of the magazine.
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<Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">At <i>Whitehaven</i>, in the course of last year, there were 349 
christenings, 91 marriages, 401 burials. Increased in christenings 23; decreased in 
marriages 20; increased in burials 62.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At <i>Carlisle</i> there were births, males 103, females 230, in 
all 133; burials, 153. The births of the Dissenters are not included.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1785 opp p.332
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Ring Pin, Flusco Pike</Heading>
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Ring Pin, Flusco Pike</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>B. C. Durham.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I SEND you the drawing of a fibula of uncommon magnitude and 
weight, found in April last, at Huskew Pike, an eminence distant from Penrith in 
Cumberland about three miles, on the Keswick road, <i>(See the plate, fig.</i> 8.) In 
searching for stones, several urns, and other remains of human sepulture, have been found 
at this place; but history is silent touching the people here interred, or whether the 
occasion was public: the adjacent country was the scene of many deadly conflicts in early 
ages. The fibula is of silver, and coarse workmanship; the diameter of the circle is seven
inches and a half; the studs or buttons are hollow, and fitted on without solder; it has 
never been burnished, as appears by the hammer marks remaining: the length of the tongue, 
or spear, is twenty inches and three quarters; and the whole weight is twenty-five ounces.
I hope some of your correspondents will discover its proper use, as it seems to be too 
heavy an ornament for a man's apparel.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W.H.
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<Keyword>pasture</Keyword> <Keyword>corn</Keyword> <Keyword>wheat</Keyword> 
<Keyword>barley</Keyword> <Keyword>pine</Keyword> <Keyword>ash</Keyword> 
<Keyword>beech</Keyword> <Keyword>oak</Keyword> <Keyword>whitethorn</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1785 p.843
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>agriculture</Keyword>  <Keyword>drainage</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Agricultural Drainage</Heading>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7850843.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IF you can find room in your entertaining miscellany for the 
sentiments of an old traveller, who in September last reviewed a part of this Island which
he had passed over forty years ago, you will oblige.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A CONSTANT READER.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the Eastern parts of the counties of York, Durham, and 
Northumberland, and the low-lands of Scotland, I saw some hundred thousands of acres added
to the national stock. These lands, forty years ago, consisted of boggy peat-moss, or 
heath soil, which, at that time, were not worth more than from six pence to three 
shillings per acre (now let at twenty shillings per acre), yielding only a scanty pittance
for a few half-starved sheep, colts, and young cattle, with here and there a bush, shrub, 
or dwarf-tree; without a hedge, a few stone-walls, low-mould fences, or shallow ditches, 
to mark boundaries; travelling miles without seeing a human face, or the habitation of 
one, which when you did was the dwelling of a miserable farmer, scarce able to exist. 
Sometimes, indeed, the eye was a little cheered by seeing a stone-house of the owner of 
some land, guarded by stone-walls, with a small garden and improved land, ornamented with 
a few sycamores and alder-trees.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I am now, in September 1785, happy to give you a different 
landscape; the boggy and peat-land drained, producing oats or potatoes; the barren heath 
converted into grass, meadow-land, or corn-fields, smiling with plenty of golden wheat or 
barley, ornamented here and there with pine clumps, sometimes mixed with ash, beech, and 
young oaks; the lands divided by luxuriant white-thorn hedges, which here thrive amazingly
well, and those near the noblemen's seats are kept in excellent order: indeed there is 
one, in particular, Mr. Brandling, one of the present members for Newcastle, seems 
sensible of the white-thorn as a timber-tree, which sometimes grows to a lrage size, and 
is the most beautiful wood for cabinet-makers use, being much superior in texture, colour,
and veins, where knots are, to any other wood now in use. I observed in this gentleman's 
hedges, at the distance of every ten or twenty yards, one of these being straiter and 
taller than the rest, singled out, growing two or three feet above the rest of the hedges.
This mode I also observed was followed by two or three gentlemen in Ayrshire. I dwell the 
longer on this wood because very few know its value, and to what size it will grow. I have
seen one of these trees in the county of Middlesex, where they do not thrive so well as in
the North, grow straight from the root to its branches twelve feet high, and at five feet 
above the ground, measure in the girth five feet and a half; but the tree was then 
decaying, and I saw from one of its branches planks of seven inches width cut from it; and
of this one branch two large elbow chairs, one good sized table, and two tea-trays, and 
two tea-canisters, were made, the most beautiful I ever saw. The Duke of Argyle has 
several of these trees tolerably
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">strait,
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Arthuret</Keyword> <Keyword>improvement, agricultural</Keyword> <Keyword>Edinburgh, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1785 p.844
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">strait, of a good height, which measure near four feet in the 
girth.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These landscapes are much ornamented by noblemens and gentlemens 
houses, repaired or new built, some in an elegant style.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The reader will now be pleased by travelling with me into 
Scotland, where, in the lowlands, they tread very close on the heels of the English, both 
in respect to the improvement in their farms as well as their buildings. But here my 
pleasure was much abated, when, asking my postilions, Whose seat is that? whom does that 
fine house belong to? &amp;c. I was generally or frequently answered, To Colonel such a 
one, Major such a one, or Captain such a one, <i>lately come from the East Indies</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On my arrival at Edinburgh, I was surprized and delighted at the 
sight of the New Town. The contrast astonishes you: but what increased my surprize was, 
the being told, that the foundation of another wing to that city, opposite to it, was 
going to be laid; and that another levelling-bridge of communication was to be erected 
opposite that leading to the New Town; for which purpose, it appeared to me not less thah 
the dwellings of 100 families must come down, to make room for the avenue onnly. The 
expence of this undertaking seems so immense, that there must be other mines than those of
stone found for its completion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Glasgow I saw less extended, but greatly inproved. I had seen it a
handsome regular well-built city before; but now more elegant, by some noble buildings and
new streets, composed of houses for siingle families. Most of the old buildings resemble 
Edinburgh too much in high houses, though nothing like so inconvenient as the old city of 
Edinburgh.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Before I quit Scotland, I must observe, that the greatest 
improvements in farming, and in laying out the lands, are in Ayrshire; though the land 
does not appear to be better, if so good, as in other parts: all which, I hear, is owing 
to the encouragement given to the tenants by the gentlemen of that shire.After these 
delightful improvements, which I have already mentioned, in England and Scotland, I must 
claim the reader's company to the estate of the late Dr. Graham, of Netherby in 
Cumberland, which far outstrips them all.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When this gentleman came into possession of this estate, I believe
about 25 years ago, on the death of his aunt the Lady Widrington, the rent-roll was said 
to be near 2000l per annum; and how it could produce that, I can hardly conceive; for all 
the lands I had then been over, those appeared the most unpromising, and the least capable
of improvement. But let us see what a good understanding, common sense, attentive 
observation, and the love of his family and country, will do.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 16 years after his residence at Netherby, the nett produce of 
this estate was 10,000l. per annum; and before his death, I have been informed, was 
advanced to 13,000l.per annum; and that if his son, Sir James Graham, the present 
possessor, treads in the steps of his father, it will, in the course of a very few years, 
amount to 20,000l. per annum clear of all deductions. And how has this immense increase of
fortune been obtained? Not by rack-renting his tenants, for that would have reduced his 2 
to 1000l.per annum!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Not by mines, for I never heard that he had any in his estate; nor
by raising their rents; no; nor by fines, for that would have disenabled them to labour 
for the advantage of their landlord, and have operated like the taxes laid on the 
Americans.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was simply thus: by draining, manuring, and planting. His 
method was, to drain and manure 1000 acres for tillage, grass, or meadow land; then build 
villages, consisting of eight or ten houses, with the necessary out-buildings, allotting 
to each so many acres, and then letting them to the most industrious among his married 
neighbours, frequently rent-free for one or two years, or until they were able to pay 
rent.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the same time that he was thus improving and peopling his 
lands, he was reviving or building towns, erecting churches, building iins,and furnishing 
the industrious with the means of accommodating the traveller, the gentlemen, and the 
nobleman, with carriages and post-horses. In short, this worthy member of society so 
improved this part of the country, from a cold moist clay, heath, and peat-land, that it 
is now the garden of that part of the country, and wears the appearance of the most 
improved soil about the metropolis. He has raised a princley estate for his family; added 
so many thousand
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">acres
</Paragraph>
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</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">acres to the national stock; and at the same time been a singular 
blessing to his tenants, and to all around him, as well as to many gentlemen in that 
county, who trod in his steps; and one gentleman &#x002A; in particular, I am informed, 
for I have not seen it, has not only followed his mode of draining his lands, but has so 
much improved upon it as to reduce the expence per acre to one-third, without oppressing 
the poor labourer.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And here let me add, that Dr. Graham, amidst much attention to the
improvement of his estate, was not neglectful of the comforts and elegancies of life; he 
having built himself a very handsome house, with every convenience in and about it, fit 
for a gentleman of fortune, with doors of hospitality to it. Go, ye nobles and gentlemen 
of landed estates! - go and do likewise! Here I mean not to address the Dukes of Argyle, 
Athol, and Northumberland, nor the Earl of Bredalbane, and some other of the Northern 
gentry, they having made great improvements, and at the same time been a blessing to their
country.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">How greatly to their credit, advantage and satisfaction, would the
rest of the nobility and gentry in this island tread in the steps of the worthy Dr. 
Graham, instead of employing their time and fortunes in corrupting the electors of a 
county, town, or paltry borough, to make <i>dependant</i> members of parliament, to the 
destruction of that constitution they are bound by every tie of confidence, duty, and 
interest to preserve and defend.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">E. B.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1785 p.969</Title>
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</Period>
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  <Keyword>tomb</Keyword> <Keyword>St John or St Stephen, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, Thomas, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, Eleanor</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, 
Anne</Keyword>  <Keyword>devil</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1785 p.969
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Wharton Tomb</Keyword>  <Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Lord Wharton's Tomb</Heading>
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<Filename size="large">G7850969.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON the N. side of the chancel of the church of Kirkby Stephen, in 
Westmoreland, is an aisle belonging to the Wharton family, in which is a large monument of
alabaster, consisting of a table six feet square, raised three feet and a half from the 
ground, and containing three figues, at full length, of Thomas, the first Lord Wharton, in
the middle, under whose head is a bull's head, supposed by the common people to represent 
the devil in a vanquished posture; on his right side, Eleanor his first wife, and on his 
left his second wife Anne. About the table is the following legend:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line><i>Thomas Whartonus jaceo. hic utraque conjux:</i></Line>
<Line><i>Eleanora suum hinc, hinc habet Anna locum.</i></Line>
<Line><i>En tibi terra, tuum, carnes atque ossa resume;</i></Line>
<Line><i>In coelos animas, tu, Deus alme, tuum.</i></Line>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1785 p.970
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The following <i>jeu d' esprit</i> has been given as a translation
of the above:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Here I, Thomas Wharton, do lie,</Line>
<Line>With Lucifer under my head,</Line>
<Line>And Nelly my wife hard by,</Line>
<Line>And Nancy as cold as lead:</Line>
<Line>O how can I speak without dread!</Line>
<Line>Who could my sad fortune abide!</Line>
<Line>With one devil under my head,</Line>
<Line>And another laid close on each side.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>school, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>sunday school, Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>religion</Keyword> <Keyword>apprenticeship</Keyword> 
<Keyword>servant</Keyword> <Keyword>St Thomas's Sunday School, 
Kendal<Note>??</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1787 p.74
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Kendal Sunday Schools</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7870074.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The managers of the Sunday Schools at Kendal (in Westmoreland) 
have lately published the annual report of their proceedings, by which it appears that the
whole number of Scholars admitted is 331; of these 47 are gone apprentices or to service; 
at present 183 remain on the list. The subscriptions amounted only to &#x00A3;.57 
4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The address to the public on this occasion contains the following 
sensible and important remarks: 'In this enlightened country, numbers of poor children 
were found to be destitute of instruction, and wanting proper education and proper 
examples, they remained in ignorance, or passed their hours in idleness. Now at this early
period of life it is impossible to be <i>idle</i>, and at the same time <i>innocent</i>. 
But habits are gradually formed; these are confirmed by bad company, and insensibly lead 
unthinking youth into criminal excesses, sometimes even to the last stages of infamy and 
ruin. - The Sabbath, being appointed to preserve the sense of religion in the world, 
demands the serious regard of all ranks of men. On this much depends. Some part of our 
time should certainly be devoted to religious purposes: and if this day comes to be 
generally neglected or prophaned, it is easy to foresee the consequences. It is therefore 
of no small moment that the rising generation should be trained up in a regular 
observation of the Sabbath, and instructed in those branches of knowledge which are suited
to their capacities, and tend to make them useful members of society.'
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</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword>  <Keyword>Douglas, Bishop</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1787 p.842
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Bishop of Carlisle</Keyword>  <Keyword>Dr Douglas</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bishop Douglas</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Aug.</i> 26. With the sincerest pleasure we announce, that Dr. 
Douglas kissed hands this day on a <i>cong&#x00E9; d'elire</i> being isued, recommending 
him to the vacant mitre of Carlisle. This is the species of promotion which all the world 
must applaud. The sterling worth and unassuming literary talents of the new Prelate are 
far beyond our eulogium, but they are universally known and admired.
</Paragraph>
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Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Usher, James, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop 
of</Keyword>  <Keyword>Read, Robert</Keyword>  <Keyword>bishop, from Ireland</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1788 p.310
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Bishop of Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>John Kite</Keyword> <Keyword>James 
Usher</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bishop Kite</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">In a list of prelates translated from Ireland to see's in England.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7880310.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">V. 1396. Robert Read, a Dominican friar, from Waterford to 
Carlisle, by Papal bull. (ibid [Godwin], p.766.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">VIII. 1521. John Kite, from Armagh to Carlisle,or rather from 
Armagh to the archbishoprick of Thebes, with which he held Carlisle, by a perpetual 
comendam. (Ibid. p.770, not.1.) And it is observable, that in the inscription on his 
monument in the chancel of Stepney church (Weever, p.539), his archbishoprick in Greece is
only mentioned:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>In Greece Arch Byshop elected wortheley,</Line>
<Line>And late of Carliel rulying pastorally.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To accept the diminutive see of Carlisle in lieu of the primacy of
all Ireland, shewed a strong predilection for England. He probably took the other titular 
archbishoprick, that he might not lose the titles usually annexed to that superior 
dignity. - In the epitaph, which is in a language very uncouth, he is denominated, 'John 
Kitte, Londoner natyffe.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">XIII. 1641. James Usher, from Armagh to Carlisle. It was not, 
strictly speaking, a translation, because this excellent and eminently learned man never 
ceded his archbishoprick; but, when compelled to leave Ireland, the see of Carlisle was 
granted to him in commendam, that he might have somewhat to support him. Godwin, p.772.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
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</Period>
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<KeywordList>
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Scotland, in 1785</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster Castle, Lancaster</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Coniston Water</Keyword> <Keyword>London 
Riders</Keyword> <Keyword>Phaeton Riders</Keyword> <Keyword>Tabbies</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Reading Ladies</Keyword> <Keyword>Agricola</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Constantius</Keyword>  <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword>  <Keyword>fog</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1788 p.803
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword>  <Keyword>Tour in England and Scotland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Tour in England and Scotland</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Review of New Publications
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">157. <i>A Tour in</i> England <i>and</i> Scotland, in 1785. <i>By 
an</i> English <i>Gentleman</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'THERE is not one hour in the life of any man that is exactly the 
same with another during the whole course of his existence, from the cradle to the grave.'
This first observation and first sentence of this Tour, we venture our reputation as 
Reviewers, is sufficient to ensure its sale among the generality of readers, whether under
the denomination of London Riders, Phaeton Riders, Tabbies, and Reading Ladies of all ages
in market-towns; whether they wear large oval rings on the lower joints of their fore 
fingers, or velvet bracelets round their tawny and skinny arms. All will join in the truth
of the great <i>general observation</i>, which they will repeat before they say, How 
delightful a morning! or, What sad weather it is! or the hundred other pertinent remarks 
which diversify the hours of man and woman.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Reflections like this hover about our English Gentleman, from 
Oxford Chapel-house, as they have done, and will do, round hundreds of his jolly and fair 
fellow-saunterers from London to every good inn on the road to the East, the West, the 
North, or the South points of the kingdom. He dined at a very good inn, saw a very good 
house, gleaned two silly stories about Sam Johnson at Lichfield, stared at a canal carried
over a river, and a country remarkabley full of thorn hedges.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.50. 'Lancaster Castle, built by <i>Agricola</i>, though it bears
all the marks of antiquity, yet seems to be in a <i>perfect</i> state.' We never before 
heard its date carried further back than to <i>Constantiius</i>. Mr. Camden fixes it to no
particular period.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.55. 'The Cumberland and Westmoreland lakes afford most 
<i>soothing ideas</i> and <i>exquisite gratifications</i>;' except when interrupted by a 
thick fog, which was this poor gentleman's case ar Corriston (sic) Lake; but when he did 
see it, he could not <i>look down</i>; i.e. pick his way for staring at it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.67. 'Antiquarians have not been able to decypher the inscription
on the
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'stone
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1788 p.804
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'stone in Penrith church-yard.' This is the first time we ever 
heard there was an inscription on it; and we dare not set our anonymous traveller's 
opinion against the respectable names that have gone this way before him.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.82, 83. The falls of the Clyde ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">With continued observations of bombast, errors, and hyperbole; the 
reviewer is not favourably impressed.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>book</Keyword> <Keyword>Observations on the Northern Lakes</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gilpin, William</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1788 p.950
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  <Keyword>William Gilpin</Keyword>  <Keyword>Observations on the Northern Lakes</Keyword>
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William Gilpin's Observations on the Northern Lakes</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7880950.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 24.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I HAVE latly perused Mr. Gilpin's <i>Observations on the Northern 
Lakes</i>, and think he has displayed great taste and judgement in discriminating the 
beauties of landscape from its defects. I have long been intimately acquainted with the 
scenes he delineates, and feel singular satisfaction from the truth and brilliancy of his 
descriptions; but there are some passages in his book, which, I presume, are fair subjects
of criticism. Having confined his travels to the limits of his native isle, Mr. Gilpin 
seems to have formed erroneous notions of the face of foreign countries, to have drawn 
comparisons, and to have settled precedences, with being warranted by facts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For example; it is surely too bold an assertion to pronounce, that
England excels all other countries in beauty of landscape. Had he confined it to verdure 
and neatness, I should concur most heartility with him; but its mountainous parts are 
inferior in every respect to similar tracts on the Continent, and its lakes are certainly 
not superior in beauty to those of Italy and Switzerland. An immense proportion of England
is still uncultivated, and void of picturesque charms; many of the cultivated parts are 
ugly, almost all of them tame and uninteresting, in the opinion of a painter. ...
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  <Keyword>poem</Keyword>  <Keyword>On Constancy</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1788 p.1107
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword>  <Keyword>On Constancy</Keyword>
</Marginal>
On Constancy</Heading>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G7881107.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">The following verses would seem to be those referred to on p.1114, 
vol.62, 1792
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On CONSTANCY
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>WHEN kindred hearts together join,</Line>
<Line>And like the oak and ivy twine,</Line>
<Line>How blest the happy pair!</Line>
<Line>But, should the oak receive a wound,</Line>
<Line>Is not the tendril ivy found</Line>
<Line>To feel an equal share?</Line>
<Line>Such union hearts with every feeelings glow</Line>
<Line>And "turning tremble at, or joy or woe."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The SIMILE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The oak is man, in firmness drest,</Line>
<Line>With strength of fondness in his breast,</Line>
<Line>Delighting in the tie:-</Line>
<Line>The ivy is the gentle wife,</Line>
<Line>That clings around his happy life</Line>
<Line>With deathless constancy.</Line>
<Line>In life - she does her folding joys impart;</Line>
<Line>In death - she withers round the sapless heart.</Line>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>bridewain</Keyword> <Keyword>wedding custom</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland 
Packet</Keyword> <Keyword>Hayton, George and Ann</Keyword> <Keyword>Collin, Ann</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Collin, Joseph and Dinah</Keyword> <Keyword>Crosby Mill<Note>Rose Gill 
Mill</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Rose Gill Mill, Crosscanonby</Keyword> <Keyword>Crosby, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1789 p.423
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>bridewain</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cumberland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bridewain</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>May</i> 19.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AS a companion to the form of invitation to a Welch bidding, p.99,
I have herewith sent you the form of invitation to a Cumberland bridewain, advertsied in 
the Cumberland Packet of April 1. It is usual on these occasions to make the new-married 
couple (generally about a fortnight after the ceremony) a present of money, or some 
houshold utensil or piece of furniture, or sometimes, even to this day, a small portion of
some kind of grain. This formerly, when the circulation of coin was not so common in that 
country, was the most usual offering.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">J.H.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">'BRIDEWAIN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'There let Hymen oft appear,</Line>
<Line>In saffron robe, and taper clear,</Line>
<Line>And pomp, and feast, and revelry;</Line>
<Line>With mask and antick pageantry;</Line>
<Line>Such sights as youthful poets dream,</Line>
<Line>On summer's eves by haunted stream.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'George Hayton, who married Ann, the daughter of Joseph and Dinah 
Collin of Crosby-mill, purposes having a bridewain at his house at Crosby, near Maryport, 
on Thursday, the 7th day of May next (1789), where he will be happy to see his friends and
well-wishers; for whose amusement there will be a variety of races, wrestling matches, 
&amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c. The prizes will be a saddle; two bridles; a pair of gand-d'amour 
gloves, which whoever wins is sure to be married within the twelvemonth; a belt (ceinture 
de Venus) possessing qualities not to be described; and many other articles, sports, and 
pastimes, too numerous to mention, but which can never prove tedious in the exhibition.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'From Fashion's laws and customs free,</Line>
<Line>We follow sweet variety;</Line>
<Line>By turns we laugh, and dance, and sing,</Line>
<Line>Time for ever on the wing;</Line>
<Line>And nymphs and swains, on Cumbria's plain,</Line>
<Line>Present the Golden Age again.'</Line>
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<KeywordList>
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<Keyword>Rigg</Keyword> <Keyword>Beacon Hill, Aspatria</Keyword> 
<Keyword>skeleton</Keyword> <Keyword>armour</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> 
<Keyword>tumulus<Note>?</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1789 p.663
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</Marginal>
Antiquities, Aspatria</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7890663.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">COUNTRY NEWS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A few days ago, as Mr. Rigg, surgeon in <i>Aspatria</i>, near 
Carlisle, was superintending some labourers he had employed in levelling and (sic) 
artificial mount, called Beacon-hill, close behind his house, in that village, they dug 
into a cavity which contained the skeleton of a man, entire from the crown of the head to 
the ancle-bone. Across the fore-head, or more properly at the head of this gigantic 
skeleton, was found a sword; the blade of which is remarkably broad, and the whole length 
(including the handle, which is strongly plated, and ornamented both with gold and silver)
is five feet. Several pieces of armour were also found, and a dirk, or hanger, the handle 
of which appears to be highly ornamented and studded with silver.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">- A belt was also dug up, the buckle of which is supposed to be 
gold; and a breast-plate. The scabbard of the sword is of wood, and has been lined with 
cloth, a part of which adheres to the rust on the blade. The place in which these remains 
were found is about three yards deep, measuring from the top of the hill, and as many feet
below the surface of the ground at its base; the last depth is walled round, and the 
cavity was covered with large stones, on some of which are inscriptions, not yet 
understood.
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Stone Age Tools</Heading>
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<Keyword>Britons</Keyword>  <Keyword>Julius Caesar</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1789 p.799
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Stone Age tools</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Stone Age Tools</Heading>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Kendal, Aug.</i> 24.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IT appears from the discoveries of modern travellers, that in 
countries where iron has not been introduced, various hard bodies are substituted in its 
room by the natives; and the works they are able to accomplish, by instruments made of 
very unlikely materials, are truly surprising; their boats, their bows, and spears, are 
neatly formed, and curiously carved, with tools consisteing of nothing but stones, bones, 
shells, and various kinds of hard wood.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now, since we are convinced by actual observation that man, in one
part of the world can perform various mechanical operations by the help of such implements
alone, it cannot be questioned that the inhabitants of a different climate would have 
recourse to the same methods under similar circumstances; and it is highly probable that 
the predecessors of the polished Europeans have, at some distant period, made use of such 
instruments as are now employed by the savages of America and the Southern islands. It 
would be in vain to expect, that the history of any nation should furnish facts to 
establish this opinion from the customs of the people whose transactions it commemorates, 
for man must always make a considerable progress in civilization before he will attend to 
letters; and as metals are so necessary to his refinement, these instruments have been 
laid aside and forgot in every country before the commencement of its history. Hence it 
happens that it is in the annals of more polished nations alone we find proofs of their 
existence, when the historians accidentally mentions the manners of his ruder neighbours. 
Thus it appears from Exodus iv. 25, that the Midianites used a sharp stone instead of a 
knife in the time of Moses. Stones and clubs were undoubtedly the first offensive weapons;
and it is positively asserted by Pliny, that the latter were used by the Libyans in an 
antient war which this people had with the Egyptians. An author, whose name at present I 
cannot recollect, informs us, that the maritime nations of Italy formerly pointed their 
darts with the bony termination of the tail of the fireflair. Tacitus says, that the 
Germans, in his time, headed their spears very sparingly with iron, which they obtained by
barter from the Gauls and Italians; but that the Finni, a very extensive tribe, but ruder 
than the rest, without cattle, and without habitations, depended on their bows for 
subsistence; and it would be folly to suppose that a people, thus destitute in arts and 
commerce; could procure any other tips for their arrows than those of the simplest kind. 
Perhaps more circumstantial proofs of the primitive simplicity of our ancestors might be 
brought to light, by an attentive enquiry into the subject; but the facts abovementioned 
are sufficient to make it appear, that both Europe and Asia have been indebted for their 
conveniences to those things which constitute the arts and riches of a modern savage.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is not, as far as I know, any historic evidence proving that
these primitive instruments were ever used by the antient Britons. Julius Caesar, who 
describes their manners, found them possessed of copper and iron, though sufficiently 
barbarous in other respects; the former they obtained by commerce, and the latter was 
extracted from the ore by the inhabitants of the coast, who, being of Gallic extractions, 
were acquainted with the arts of the Continent. By this early intercocurse between our 
ancestors and their more cultivated neighbours, the Romans were prevented from observing 
those sequestered islanders in their native simplicity: they had surmounted the more 
destitute condition of savage life previous to the first visit of their conquerors; and 
before the commencement of their history they were become too sensible of the superior 
advantages of metals, to depend on implements made of more imperfect materials. But the 
researches of the Antiquary have supplied the defects of written records, flints are found
in different parts of Scotland, which have been fashioned with great labour into the heads
of arrows. The stone from which these views are given (<i>pl.II. fig.</i> 6, 7, 8) is of 
the same date, and from the same hands. It was found in a rivulet in the North of 
Cumberland. The peculiarity of its form renders it impossible to determine its precise 
use. It has evidently been intended for an offensive weapon, and its employer, in all 
probability, either tied it to the end of a thong, or fixed it in a wicker handle. If we 
suppose it to have ebeen an instrument of
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">war,
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1789 p.800
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">war, it was certainly used in close fight, for no man would throw 
a thing into a hostile crowd, the loss of which could only be repaired with very great 
labour. If we imagine it to have been used against wild animals, there is not the same 
obbjection against its having been a missive weapon. Lastly, we may reasonably enough 
conjecture, that it was employed by the Druids, in their sacrifices, for slaying the 
victims.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">D. G.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1790 p.18
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 19.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN your vol.LIX. p.799, D.G. describes a stone, which, he tells 
us, was found in a rivulet in the North of Cumberland, and which he supposes is evidently 
shaped by art, for the purpose of war, of hunting, or the sacrificing of victims by the 
Druids. The plate you have given is no doubt descriptive of its figure; but it is to be 
lamented that your correspondent has not given its weight, specific gravity, compossition,
or any account of its external appearance: not does he, in my opinion, assign any weighty 
reasons for supposing it to be of human invention. From a stone of a somewhat similar 
appearance which I have seen, I am inclined to suspect it to be rather a production of 
Nature than of Art; but this I speak with all possible deference, because we have not 
sufficient data given in his account, to ascertain whether it is of a similar kind with 
that I have to describe, or not.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1790 p.57
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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Clarke</Keyword>
</Marginal>
James Clarke's Survey of the Lakes</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A Survey of the Lakes of</i> Cumberland, Westmorland, 
<i>and</i> Lancashire; <i>together with an Account, historical, topographical, and 
descriptive, of the adjacent Country. To which is added, A Sketch of the Border Laws and 
Customs. By</i> James Clarke, <i>Land-surveyor.</i> Penrith <i>printed. folio.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE thirst after variety having awakened a curiosity to visit the 
lakes in our own country, Mr. C. proposed a subscription, 1787, for a survey of them, in 
eleven large and beautiful plates, consisting of the roads to them, with the adjacent 
country, and then the lakes themselves, with their environs; which he completed in 1789.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Introduction, in upwards of 40 pages, contains an account of 
the manners, customs, and dialects of the inhabitants, and of the scenery of the country, 
with strictures on the accounts of our <i>tour-writers</i> and <i>describers</i> of these 
lakes; such as Gray, Pennant, West, Hutchinson, Young, Gilpin, &amp;c. &amp;c. - The 
Border-history, or a farther view of the state and customs of the Marches, or debateable 
land, in several pages, concludes the whole.
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<Keyword>Wentworth, General</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming's Regiment</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cumberland, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Fontenoy</Keyword> <Keyword>Falkirk, 
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Obituary, Donald M'Leod</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At Lowther-hall, co. Westmorland, aged 83, Mr. Donald M'Leod. He 
was respected as an honest man and an agreeable companion; and was no less distinguished 
as a soldier, during 50 years service. He was at the siege of Carthagena, under Gen. 
Wentworth, in 1741, and one of eleven only who survived out of the whole regiment. He also
fought in Fleming's regiment, under the late Duke of Cumberland, at Fontenoy, &amp;c.; 
likewise at Falkirk and Culloden, against the rebels: in all which actions he supported 
the character of a brave soldier; and, after many hair-breadth escapes, ended his mortal 
pilgrimage in rural and peaceful retirement.
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<Keyword>execution</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent Bridge, Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>clerk
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the 18th of January, while the sessions was holding at 
<i>Cockermouth</i>, a hare which had escaped her pursuers made the best of her way over 
Derwent Bridge, streight up the street, where, meeting with some interruption, she darted 
through the window into the room of the Globe-inn, where the clerk of the peace was 
surrounded by a crowd of his fraternity; and placing herself upon the table, among the 
papers and law-processes of office, squatted, without apprehending the danger of the 
company she was in. As soon as the consternation was over which had taken place on that 
occasion, poor Puss was instantly seized, and without judge or or jury inhumanly put to 
death, though no other crime was alleged against her except that of <i>forcible entry</i>.
She was then committed to the custody of the cook, who roasted her without mercy; and, 
strange to tell! she was afterwards eaten in this Christian country, by the canibals who 
had butchered her, with savage triumph, and without remorse!
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Additions to, and Corrections in, ...</i>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.57. The introduction to Clark, "Survey of Lakes," and great part
of the work itself, was written by Mr. Is. Rittson, translator of Homer's "Hymn to Venus."
Mr. C. (sic) was a schoolmaster at Penrith in a lucrative and respectable situation; but 
quitting it, went to Edinburgh to study physic under the late Dr. Brown, who came to 
London, and died about the same time with his pupil.
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Earthquake, Arnside</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">COUNTRY NEWS
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A very singular phaenomenon happened at <i>Arnside</i>, in 
Westmoreland. Very early in the morning of the 6th of March, a noise louder than thunder 
was heard issuing from the earth, which so much alarmed the inhabitants, that they fled in
consternation from their houses to a considerable distance. When the approach of day-light
made objects discernible, a subterraneous chasm of great depth appeared to be the effect 
of this convulsion of nature. - Several cattle and horses are missing, and are supposed to
have been swallowed up. - From all the circumstances that can be collected, it appears to 
have been one of those local earthquakes that sometimes happen in particular parts of the 
country, without being felt at much distance from the scene.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Earthquake? or a landslide.
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<Keyword>witch</Keyword> <Keyword>fairies</Keyword> <Keyword>teacher</Keyword> 
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Customs in Cumberland</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Digg, Cumberland, June</i> 2.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE South of Cumberland, the place of my nativity and general 
residence, has of late years experienced as rapid an improvement as, perhaps, any part of 
England. This, in a great measure, may be attributed to the increase of the coal-trade 
that is carried on from this coast to Dublin, and most other ports of Ireland. This trade 
alone employs upwards of two hundred and fifty vessels, from seventy to two hundred tons 
in burthen. So that coal may be termed the great staple of Cumberland, proving the source 
of a continual influx of money into the country. At the beginning of this century, the 
inhabitants were in a state bordering on extreme indigence and ignorance. Large families 
on small estates could but with difficulty earn a subsistence for themselves; they lived 
barely on the product of their little farms, without either a hope or desire of raising 
fortunes. Knowing no better condition, they, however, enjoyed their lot with content, and 
that was their happiness. Hospitality was prevalent in every heart; though the means of 
indulging it were bounded within a narrow compass. A disposition social and agreeable 
smiled serenely in poverty. Thus Horace says,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Vivitur parvo bene, cui paternum</Line>
<Line>Splendet in mensa tenui salinum;</Line>
<Line>Nec leves somnos timor aut cupido</Line>
<Line>Sordidus ausert.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Indeed with these good qualities they were generally very 
superstitious; there was some gloomy place or other, in almost every village, supposed to 
be the haunt of spirits and apparitions. Besides, there were witches and fairies in 
abundance. If any person wiser or more learned than his fellows rose among them, it was 
well if such escaped without the imputation of being conversant with the devil. Some 
traits of this weak superstition are still discernible.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Schools at this time were rare, and a master's wages not more than
six pence a quarter. But about fifty years ago, many free-schools were founded in 
different parishes, and endowed at the bequest of the more liberal-minded, and such as 
were well-wishers to learning. A salary of about ten pounds <i>per annum</i> was settled 
upon these schools; a sum thought sufficient for the maintenance of the master, without 
any expence to the scholar, the freedom of the school being granted to the respective 
parishes. Here are several chapels with stipends under twenty pounds; some fall short of 
ten; which, notwithstanding, have each a clergyman. Prior to their augmentation by Queen 
Anne's bounty, the inhabitants hired lay-readers for about forty shillings a year.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To give some idea, Mr. Urban, of their acquaintance with foreign 
luxuries, a circumstance has occurred to my remembrance, which happened here within these 
few years, and may be depended on for a fact. A good house-wife received a pound of tea as
a present from a friend abroad; so she called her neighbours together to partake of this 
great rarity, prepared indeed in a manner truly novel. First she boiled the herb, and 
strained off the liquor, and then served it up in a dish, after it was properly seasoned 
with salt, butter, and other choice ingredients. Her guests, ignorant about it as herself,
en-
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">joyed
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1790 p.506
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[en]joyed it in this state of preparation. - Not long since, a 
knife and its corresponding fork were all a family possessed; and to any entertainment 
every one carried his pair with him.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But things are now assuming a new appearance. The rust of poverty 
and ignorance is gradually wearing off. Estates are bought up into fewer hands; and the 
poorer sort of people remove into towns, to gain a livelihood by handicrafts or commerce. 
Lands increase fast in value: the houses (or rather huts) of clay, which were small, and 
ill-built, are mostly thrown down; instead of which, strong and roomy farm-houses are 
built, and building, with hard durable stone, which is very plentiful here; quarries of 
red and white stone being frequent, and plenty of excellent slate in the mountains.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have an ancient custom of living on fried rashers on the Monday
before Lent. May not this be a remnant of Popery that has not yet receded from this 
distant quarter, when the Catholicks left off the use of flesh for the forty days of Lent?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">RETROSPECTOR.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Newtown Stewart, July</i> 14.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN passing through Keswick, in order to visit its celebrated lake,
I met with some coins, in the possession of Mr. Crosthwaite, who exhibits an interesting 
little museum there, He informed me, that they had been deposited in a leaden vessel, and 
were discovered in the village of Dean, about twelve miles West of Keswick, by a cow's 
treading upon the spot where it lay concealed, Mr. Crosthwaite procured eleven, bearing 
the mark of a cross, and twenty of different sizes and various impressions, but similar in
coinage to that in <i>Plate III.</i> No.9, which I have endeavoured to give a 
representation of. I have taken the exact size of the coins described; and all of those 
(excepting No 3), having Saxon characters, were in excellent preservation; some of the 
other class had suffered. The inscription upon No 1 appeared to me to be LAMBERTUS IMPE; 
reverse, CHRISTIANA RELIGIO: No 2, BORACE; the reverse I could not read: No 3, ERIR..ENER;
reverse ... No 4. SC. (perhaps SANCTUS) EADMUND R.; reverse, BERA MONETs. No 5, S. 
CEAIDN.; which I conjecture to be a coin of the last monarch, as also the three with Saxon
characters, not represented, as they seem to vary only by the change of one or two 
letters, and the name of the moneyers. No 6, PILM REX; reverse, C. IMNELR: supposing this 
to be William's, it differs from any I have seen represented. Nos 7 and 8 were decidedly 
of Edward's, and the characters perfectly distinct.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In hopes that this communication, respecting so extraordinary a 
mixture of coins, may be interesting to some of your correspondents, and that intelligence
may be conveyed through the channel of your useful Magazine concerning them, I take the 
liberty to trouble you; and am, with respect,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">A LOVER OF ANTIQUITIES.
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Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent Water</Keyword> <Keyword>prison</Keyword> 
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William Gilpin's Picturesque Beauty</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Review of New Publications
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... Observations Relative Chiefly to Picturesque Beauty ... 
William Gilpin ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">What would our modern philosophers say to the following manly and 
true remarks on the dismal dungeons of Cockermouth castle, II. 150? "It makes one shudder 
to think of a human creature shut up in those chambers of horror. How dreadful would it be
for the people of these more polished times to be carried back into those barbarous 
periods when these savage practices existed! And yet there is such a correspondence 
throughout the whole system of manners in each aera, that people are happier, perhaps, 
under the entire habits of any one age than they would be under a partial change, even 
though that change were for the better. If we could all bear the mixture with such savage 
contemporaries, they would perhaps be as much discomposed with our polished manners. Nor 
did they feel, as we should, a compassion for that barbarous treatment which they were 
ready to suffer themselves from the chance of war."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. G. considers Keswick lake as an inexhaustible fund of beauty; 
yet thinks it capable of <i>improvement</i>, by clearing the road about it, and by 
<i>planting</i>. The rules for the latter are not so easily practised. "Man cannot put a 
twig into the ground without formality; and if he put in a dozen together, let him put 
them in with what art he please, his awkward handywork will hardly ever be effaced. Nature
will be ashamed to own his work, at least till it had been matured by a long course of 
years. The best mode of planting is to plant profusely, and thus to afford scope for the 
felling-axe, which is the instrument that gives the finishing touch of picturesque 
effect." II. 165. Mr. G. forgets that man can plant only <i>twigs</i>. If he could plant 
the oak of
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">centuries,
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">centuries, he might perhaps improve Nature, or at least concur 
with her in her improvements. The felling-axe is not to be trusted in every hand. We do 
not mean every hand that wants its aid to recruit its profusion or necessities, but that 
which attempts what is commonly called <i>improvement</i>; witness the devastations of 
Brown at Roche abbey, censured by Mr. G. In the building line of improvement at Keswick 
Mr. G. prefers bridges to mansions, or the "bringing a few loads of bricks or stone, and 
puting them together in some odd shape, whitening them over, and calling them a ruin."
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inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Plimpton 
Wall<Note>Plumpton</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Plimpton<Note>Plumpton</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Plumpton, Hesket</Keyword> <Keyword>Petriana</Keyword> <Keyword>Castle 
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Feb.</i> 10.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BEING at Keswick in the course of last autumn, I went to inspect 
the natural and artificial curiosities which have been collected by Crosthwaite and 
Hutton, (Guides to the Lakes,) and which form their separate museums. - At the house of 
the latter I observed a Roman altar, which, he informed me, he had recently purchased. It 
is about a year since it was observed in Cumberland, at Plimpton wall, upon the remains of
the fort Petriana, now called Castle Steeds.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In an abstract which Hutton shewed me from West's Guide to the 
Lakes, this spot is thus described, p.149:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The Castrum is 168 paces from South to North, but 110 within the 
Foss, which was also surrounded by a stone wall: the stones have been removed to the fence
wall, and the fence side, being in Plimpton, is called Plimpton wall. The station is a 
vast heap of ruins of stone buildings, the walls of great thickness, and cemented. The 
town has surrounded the station, except on the side of the Pitteral."
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</Paragraph>
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inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1790 p.983
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These remains are mentioned in Gibson's Camden,2d. edit. vol.II. 
p.1020; where several inscriptions are recorded.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Considering that a sketch of the above altar might prove 
acceptable, I have ventured to send you a rough drawing, in which I have however 
endeavoured to give a faithful representation of the altar, and, as near as I could, the 
shape of the letters, which are cut but faintly and rudely, being in every part of equal 
thickness. <i>See Plate III. fig.</i> I.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The altar is formed of sand-stone, similar to that which abounds 
in the neighbourhood of Penrith; and, as near as I could guess (for I had no means of 
measuring it), is about three feet in height, and about fifteen inches across the face, 
without any other ornament than what is shewn in the upper parts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I hope some of your ingenious correspondents will favour your 
readers with an explanation of the inscription.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PEREGRINATOR.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; We are obliged to J.B. for <i>his</i> copy of the above 
inscription, and chearfully accept his offer of sending us some others which have never 
been published.
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<PersonName>Scarisbing, Frederick S</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1790</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1790s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>Plimpton Wall<Note>Plumpton</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Plumpton, Hesket</Keyword> <Keyword>Sanderson</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton</Keyword>
<Keyword>guide</Keyword> <Keyword>Peregrinator</Keyword> <Keyword>Mars</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Belatucader</Keyword>  <Keyword>Britons</Keyword>  <Keyword>Romans</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1790 p.1092
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword>  <Keyword>Plumpton</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Altar, Plumpton</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7901092.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Explanation of a</i> Roman <i>Altar. ...</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OBSERVING in your Magazine for last month an engraving of the 
Roman Altar found at Plimpton Wall, in Cumberland (which altar, in the year 1786, was in 
the possession of a Mr. Sanderson, though now said to have been recently purchased by one 
Hutton, a guide to the lakes), and your correspondent Peregrinator requesting an 
explanation of the inscription, I beg leave, by the same channel, to submit the following 
to the consideration of your readers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>DEO</Line>
<Line>MARYI</Line>
<Line>BELAIVCAD</Line>
<Line>ROEIN[UM]I</Line>
<Line>NIBAYCC</Line>
<Line>IVLIVSAV</Line>
<Line>GVSTALIS</Line>
<Line>ACIORIVLLV</Line>
<Line>PIPRET</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Deo</Line>
<Line>Marti</Line>
<Line>Belatucad</Line>
<Line>ro et Numi</Line>
<Line>nib<i>(us)</i> Augg<i>(ustorum)</i></Line>
<Line>Julius Au</Line>
<Line>gustalis</Line>
<Line>Actor Jul<i>(ii)</i> Lu</Line>
<Line>pi Pref<i>(ecti posuit.)</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>To the God</Line>
<Line>Mars Belatucader</Line>
<Line>and the Deities</Line>
<Line>of the Emperors<i>(Marcus</i></Line>
<Line><i>Aurelius and Lucius</i></Line>
<Line><i>Verus; or more probably</i></Line>
<Line><i>Severus and Caracalla,</i></Line>
<Line><i>or Caracalla and Geta)</i></Line>
<Line>Julius Augustalis</Line>
<Line>Agent of Juliuis Lupus</Line>
<Line>the Prefect <i>hath placed</i></Line>
<Line><i>or dedicated.</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the foregoing inscription, which, from a gentleman's account 
of it who has accurately viewed it, is perfectly fair and legible, and the stone between 
the words <i>Marti</i> and <i>Belatucadro</i> no way injured or mutilated, so as to admit 
of a conjecture of there ever having been a fuller reading; it seems to me, that the term 
<i>Belatucader</i> must thereby decidedly applied to mean the same with, and synonymous 
to, that of Mars, or one and the same deity under two different denominations, about which
there has heretofore been great contrariety of opinion among the Learned, whether that 
appellation belonged to Mars or Apollo. May not the inscription on this altar serve, 
therefore, to settle such difference of opinion, by adducing it as evidence in 
confirmation of its conveying those different names of the same deity in stronger and 
unequivocal terms? All altars dedicated to the god Belatucader, which probably might be 
the British or other well-known local names for, and of the same import with, the Roman 
Mars, have been very rare and uncommon, and are not hitherto known to have been found 
except in Cumberland and Westmoreland,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FRED. S. SCARISBING.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1790 p.1187</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>O'Feiron, Owain</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1790</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1790s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>Bel</Keyword> <Keyword>Celts</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Belatucader</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1790 p.1187
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword>  <Keyword>Belatucadr</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Inscription, Belatucadr</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7901187.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 3.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN the Roman inscription, elucidated p.1092. BELUTACADR is partly 
left unexplained. It is British, and is literally, <i>Bel, the puissant god</i>. 
<i>Bel</i>, which is here personified, is the Celtic radical word for war; whence 
<i>Rhyfel</i>, now used in the same sense, formed from <i>Rhy</i> and <i>Bel</i>, which 
implies <i>the excess and devastation of</i> BEL.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OWAIN O FEIRION.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Script id="G7910721.txt">

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<Title>Gents Mag 1791 p.721</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1791</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1790s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>cup</Keyword> <Keyword>Luck of Edenhall</Keyword> <Keyword>ballad</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Earl's Defeat, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden Hall, Edenhall</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Edenhall, Langwathby</Keyword> <Keyword>Ritson ballads</Keyword> <Keyword>Select 
Collection of English Songs</Keyword> <Keyword>superstition</Keyword> 
<Keyword>fairies</Keyword> <Keyword>St Cuthbert's Well, Edenhall</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wharton, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Chevy Chace</Keyword> <Keyword>drinking 
competition</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave, Philip, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Harold, 
Earl</Keyword>  <Keyword>Musgrave, Christopher, Sir</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1791 p.721
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Luck of Edenhall</Keyword>  <Keyword>ballad</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Luck of Edenhall</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7910721.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Bottesford, July</i> 29.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN an excursion to the North of England, I was easily prevailed 
upon to see the <i>Luck of Edenhall</i> &#x002A;, celebrated in a ballad in Ritson's 
Select Collection of English Songs. The only description I can give you of it is, a very 
thin, bell-mouthed, beaker glass, deep and narrow, ornamented on the outside with fancy 
work of coloured glass, and may hold something more than a pint.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Antient superstition may have contributed not a little to its 
preservation; but that it should not, in a more enlightened age, or in moments of 
conviviality, (see the Ballad), meet with one <i>gentle rap</i> (and a gentle one would be
quite sufficient for an <i>ordinary glass</i> of the same substance), is to me somewhat 
wonderful. Superstition, however, cannot be entirely eradicated from the mind at once. The
late agent of the family had such a <i>reverential regard</i> for this glass, that he 
would not suffer any person to touch it, and but a few to see it. When the family, or 
other curious people had a desire to drink out of it, a napkin was held underneath, lest 
any accident should befal it; and it is still carefully preserved, in a case made on 
purpose. The case is said to be the second, yet bears the marks of antiquity, and is 
charged with
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="small">G791E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Tradition, our only guide here, says, that a party of Fairies were
drinking and making merry round a well near the Hall, called St. Cuthbert's well; but, 
being interrupted by some curious people, they were frightened, and made a hasty retreat, 
and left the cup in question: one of the last screaming out,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>If this cup should break or fall,</Line>
<Line>Farewell the Luck of Edenhall.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Ballad above alluded to is here inserted. It was written by 
the Duke of Wharton; and is called, "The Earl's Defeat." - <i>To the tune of Chevy 
Chace.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"<i>On both sides slaughter and gigantic deeds.</i>"</Line>
<Line>MILTON.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>GOD prosper long from being broke</Line>
<Line>The <i>Luck &#x002A; of Edenhall</i>;</Line>
<Line>A dolefull drinking-bout I sing,</Line>
<Line>There lately did befall.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>To chase the spleen with cup and can,</Line>
<Line>Duke Philip took his way;</Line>
<Line>Babes yet unborn shall never see</Line>
<Line>The like of such a day.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The stout and ever-thirsty Duke</Line>
<Line>A vow to God did make,</Line>
<Line>His pleasure within Cumberland</Line>
<Line>Three live-long nights to take.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Sir Musgrave, too, of Martindale,</Line>
<Line>A true and worthy knight,</Line>
<Line>Eftsoon with him a bargain made,</Line>
<Line>In drinking to delight.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The bumpers swiftly pass about,</Line>
<Line>Six in a hand went round;</Line>
<Line>And with their calling for more wine,</Line>
<Line>They made the Hall resound.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Now when these merry tidings reach'd</Line>
<Line>The Earl of Harold's ears,</Line>
<Line>And am I (quoth he, with an oath)</Line>
<Line>Thus slighted by my Peers?</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Saddle my steed, bring forth my boots,</Line>
<Line>I'll be with them right quick;</Line>
<Line>And, Master Sheriff, come you too;</Line>
<Line>We'll know this scurvey trick.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Lo, yonder doth Earl Harold come!"</Line>
<Line>Did one at table say:</Line>
<Line>"'Tis well," replied the mettled Duke;</Line>
<Line>"How will he get away?"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>When thus the Earl began: "Great Duke,</Line>
<Line>I'll know how this did chance,</Line>
<Line>Without inviting me; sure this</Line>
<Line>You did not learn in France:</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"One of us two, for this offence,</Line>
<Line>Under the board shall lie:</Line>
<Line>I know thee well, a Duke thou art;</Line>
<Line>So some years hence shall I.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"But trust me, Wharton, pity 't were</Line>
<Line>So much good wine to spill,</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Edenhall, - the antient seat of Sir Philip Musgrave, near
Penrith, Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; A pint bumper at Sir Christophener Musgrave's. (N.B. 
Ancestor of the present Baronet.)
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1791 p.722</Title>
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<Content>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>WM</PersonName>
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<Date>1791</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1790s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
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<Keyword>Edenhall, Langwathby</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, Duke of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>drinking competition</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave, Philip, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Harold, Earl</Keyword> <Keyword>drunkenness</Keyword> <Keyword>Thanet, Earl 
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</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1791 p.722
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7910722.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>As these companions here may drink</Line>
<Line>Ere they have had their fill.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Let thou and I, in bumpers full,</Line>
<Line>This grand affair decide," -</Line>
<Line>"Accurs'd be he," Duke Wharton said,</Line>
<Line>"By whom it is denied!"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>To Andrews, and to Hotham fair,</Line>
<Line>Many a pint went round;</Line>
<Line>And many a gallant Gentleman</Line>
<Line>Lay sick upon the ground.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>When at the last the Duke espied</Line>
<Line>He had the Earl secure,</Line>
<Line>He plied with a full pint glass,</Line>
<Line>Which laid him on the floor:</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Who never spoke more words than these,</Line>
<Line>After he downward sunk:</Line>
<Line>"My worthy friends, revenge my fall;</Line>
<Line>Duke Wharton sees me drunk."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Then with a groan, Duke Philip took</Line>
<Line>The sick man by the joint,</Line>
<Line>And said, "Earl Harold, 'stead of thee,</Line>
<Line>Would I have drunk the pint!</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Alack! my very heart doth bleed,</Line>
<Line>And doth within me sink;</Line>
<Line>For surely a more sober Earl</Line>
<Line>Did never swallow drink!"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>With that the Sheriff, in a rage</Line>
<Line>To see the Earl so smit,</Line>
<Line>Vow'd to revenge the dead-drunk Peer</Line>
<Line>Upon renown'd Sir Kit.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Then stepp'd a gallant 'Squire forth,</Line>
<Line>Of visage thin and pale;</Line>
<Line>Lloyd was his name, and of Gang-hall,</Line>
<Line>Fast by the river Swale:</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Who said, he would not have it told,</Line>
<Line>Where Eden river ran,</Line>
<Line>That unconcern'd he should sit by, -</Line>
<Line>"So, Sheriff, I'm your man!"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Now when these tidings reach'd the room,</Line>
<Line>Where the Duke lay in bed,</Line>
<Line>How that the 'Squire suddenly</Line>
<Line>Upon the floor was laid;</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"O heavy tidings!" quoth the Duke,</Line>
<Line>"Cumberland witness be,</Line>
<Line>I have not any toper more</Line>
<Line>Of such account as he."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Like tidings to Earl Thanet came,</Line>
<Line>Within as short a space,</Line>
<Line>How that the Under-sheriff too</Line>
<Line>Was fallen from his place;</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Now God be with him," said the Earl,</Line>
<Line>"Sith 't will no better be;</Line>
<Line>I trust I have, within my towns,</Line>
<Line>As drunken Knights as he."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Of all the number that were there,</Line>
<Line>Sir Bains he scorn'd to yield;</Line>
<Line>But, within a bumper in his hand,</Line>
<Line>He stagger'd o'er the field.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Thus did the dire contention end,</Line>
<Line>And each man of the slain</Line>
<Line>Were quickly carried off to bed,</Line>
<Line>Their senses to regain.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>God bless the King! the Duchess sat!</Line>
<Line>And keep the land in peace!</Line>
<Line>And grant that drunkenness henceforth</Line>
<Line>'Mong noblemen may cease!</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>And likewise bless our Royal Prince</Line>
<Line>The nation's other hope!</Line>
<Line>And give us grace for to defy</Line>
<Line>The Devil and the Pope!</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W.M.
</Paragraph>
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</Classification>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1791 p.804</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1791</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1790s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


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  <Keyword>botanist</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, John</Keyword> <Keyword>biography</Keyword>
<Keyword>Longsleddale</Keyword> <Keyword>British Topography</Keyword> <Keyword>Morrison's 
botany</Keyword> <Keyword>Ray's botany</Keyword> <Keyword>Synopsis of British Plants in 
Mr. Ray's Method</Keyword>  <Keyword>Latin</Keyword>  <Keyword>flowers</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1791 p.804
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>John Wilson</Keyword>  <Keyword>botanist</Keyword>
</Marginal>
John Wilson, Botanist</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Anecdotes of</i> Mr. John Wilson, <i>a celebrated Botanist.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">introductory note:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Kendal, Aug. 18.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A SHORT life of the subject of the present essay may be found in 
Pulteney's History of Botany in England, vol.II. p.264; where we are informed, that the 
principal circumstances are borrowed from the British Topography. As this account is far 
from being correct, it is presumed that the following may be offered to the Gentleman's 
Magazine without farther apology.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">article:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Some Account of</i> JOHN WILSON, <i>Author of the Synopsis of 
British Plants in Mr. Ray's Method.</i>
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">JOHN WILSON, the first who attempted a systematic arrangement of 
the indigenous plants of Great Britain in the English language, was born in Longsleddale, 
near Kendal, in Westmoreland, some time in the year 1696. He was by trade a shoe-maker, 
and may be ranked amongst the few who, in every age, distinguish themselves from the mass 
of mankind by their scientific and literary accomplishments without the advantages of a 
liberal education. The success of his first calling does not appear to have been great, as
perhaps he never followed it in a higher capacity than that of a journeyman. However this 
may be, he exchanged it, for the more lucrative employment of a baker, soon enough to 
afford his family the common conveniences of life; the profits of his new business 
supporting him in circumstances which, though not affluent, were far superior to the 
abject poverty he is said to have experienced by the author of the British Topography. 
This writer, amongst other mistakes undoubtedly occasioned by false information, has 
recorded an anecdote of him, which is the fabrication of one of those inventive geniuses 
who are more partial to a good tale than attentive to the truth. He acquaints us, that 
Wilson was so intent on the pursuit of his favourite study, as once to be tempted to sell 
a cow, the support of his house, in order to procure the means of purchasing Morrison's 
voluminous work; and that this absurd design would have certainly been put in execution, 
had not a neighbouring lady presented him with the book, and by her generosity rescued the
infatuated botanist from voluntary ruin. The story is striking, but wants authenticity; 
and is absolutely contradicted by authority that cannot be disputed. At the time when 
Wilson studied botany, the knowledge of system was not to be obtained from English books; 
and Ray's botanical writings, of whose method he was a perfect master, were all in Latin. 
This circumstance
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<Keyword>asthma</Keyword> <Keyword>weeds</Keyword> <Keyword>flowers</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>flowers</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1791 p.805
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">makes it evident, that he acquired an acquaintance with the 
language of his author, capable of giving him a complete idea of the subject. The means by
which he arrived at this proficiency are not known at present; and though such an attempt,
made by an illiterate man, may appear to be attended with insuperable difficulties to 
those who have enjoyed a regular education, yet the experiment has been frequently made, 
and has been almost as frequently successful. No one ought to be surprised with the 
apparent impossibilities that perseverance constantly vanquishes, when properly stimulated
by the love of knowledge. The powers of industry are not to be determined by speculation; 
they are seen and understood by their effects: it is this talent alone that forms the 
basis of genius, and distinguishes a man of abilities from the rest of his kind.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was no easy undertaking to acquire the reputation of an expert 
and accurate botanist before Linnaeus's admirable method of discriminating species gave 
the science so essential an improvement.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The subject of the present essay overcame the difficulties 
inseparable from the enterprize, and merited the character from his intimate acquaintance 
with the vegetable productions of the North of England. But there is good reason to 
believe that he was not entirely self-taught; for, under the article <i>Gentiana,</i> he 
accidentally mentions his intercourse on the subject with Mr. Fitz-Roberts, who formerly 
resided in the neighbourhood of Kendal, and was known to Pettiver and Ray: his name occurs
in the Synopsis of the latter gentleman. The numerous places of growth of the rarer plants
added by Wilson to those found in former catalogues, shew how diligently he cultivated the
practical part of botany.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It will appear a matter of surprise, to such as are ignorant of 
his manner of life, how a mechanick could spare a very large portion of time from 
engagements which ought to engross the attention of men in low circumstances, for the sole
purpose of devoting it to the curious but unproductive researches of a naturalist. On this
account it is proper to remark, that the business of a baker was principally managed by 
his wife, and that a long indisposition rendered him unfit for a sedentary employment. He 
was affected with a severe asthma for many years, which, while it prevented him from 
pursuing his trade as a shoe-maker, encouraged the cultivation of his favourite science, 
and he attended to it with all the ardour a sick man can experience. Fresh air, and 
moderate exercise, were the best palliatives of his cruel disease: thus he was tempted to 
amuse the lingering hours of sickness with frequent excursions in the more favourable 
parts of the year, as oft as his health would permit; and, under the pressure of an 
unpropitious disorder, explored the marshes, and even the hills, of his native county, 
being often accompanied by such of his intimates as were partial to botany, or desirous of
beholding those uncommon scenes of Nature that can only be enjoyed in mountainous 
countries.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The singularity of his conversation contributed not a little to 
the gratification of his curiosity; for he was a diligent observer of manners and 
opinions, and delivered his sentiments with unreserved freedom. His discourse abounded 
with remarks, which were generally pertinent, and frequently original: many of his 
sententious expressions are still remembered by his neighbours and contemporaries. One of 
these deserves recording, as it shews that his knowledge of botany was not confined to the
native productions of England. Being once in the county of Durham, he was introduced to a 
person who took much pleasure in the cultivation of rare plants. This man, judging of his 
abilities by his appearance, and perhaps expecting to increase his own reputation by an 
easy victory over one he had heard commended so much, challenged him to a trial of skill; 
and, in the course of it, treated his stranger with a degree of disrespect that provoked 
his resentment, and prompted him to give an instance of his superiority. Accordingly, 
after naming most of the rarities contained in the garden, and referring to authors where 
they are described, he in his turn plucked a wild herb, growing in a neglected spot, and 
presented it to his opponent, who endeavoured to get clear of the difficulty by 
pronouncing it a weed; but Wilson immediately replied, a weed is a term of Art, not a 
production of Nature: adding, that the explanation proved his antagonist to be a gardener,
not a botanist. Thus the contest ended.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These qualities, so uncommon in an unlettered man, procured him 
the notice of several persons of taste and fortune, whose hospitality enabled him to 
prosecute his researches on an oeconomical plan that suited his humble condition.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr.
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Isaac</Keyword>  <Keyword>flowers</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Allium schoenopprasum</Keyword> <Keyword>Valeriana rubra</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Circea alpina</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1791 p.806
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Isaac Thompson, an eminent land-surveyor, resident at 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, may be reckoned his steadiest patron, and warmest encourager; for he 
frequently accompanied this gentleman, when travailing in the line of his profession, 
under the character of an assistant,- an employment that left him at full liberty to 
examine the vegetable productions of the different places visited by them. But it is 
difficult to determine, at present, what experience he gained from his connexion with Mr. 
Thompson; and the author of the present essay has scarcely any other means of discovering 
what were his opportunities of attending to the places of growth of the rarer plants, 
besides his own work the Synopsis, where the observations are in a great measure confined 
to Westmoreland and Northumberland. Perhaps this was done to accommodate his friends, who 
were numerous in those counties, and for whose use the book was chiefly intended: however,
it appears from the volume itself, that he was not entirely unacquainted with the South of
England. This work was published in the year 1744; it comprehends that part of Ray's 
method that treats of the more perfect herbs, beginning at the fourth <i>genus</i>, or 
class, and ending with the twenty-sixth. He promises, in the preface, to compleat the 
performance at a future period, provided his first attempt should meet with a favourable 
reception from the publick; but did not live to fulfil his promise, being prevented by 
indisposition from finishing a second volume, which was intended to contain the Fungi, 
Mosses, Grasses, and Trees.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He died July 15, 1751, after lingering through the last three or 
four years of life in a state of debility that rendered him unfit for any undertaking of 
the kind. Some papers left by him on the subject passed into the hands of Mr. Slack, 
printer at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, but were never published. Among these were some drawings, 
but it is not certain whether they were representations of rare plants, or figures 
intended to illustrate the technical part of the science. The writings of Linnaeus became 
popular in England a short time after his death, and very soon supplanted all preceding 
systems; otherwise the character of Wilson had been better known to his countrymen at 
present. His Synopsis is certainly an improvement on that of Ray; for, besides some 
correction in the arrangement, many trivial observations are left out of it, to make room 
for generic and specific descriptions, the most essential parts of a botanical manual.- He
did not increase the catalogue of British plants much, only adding two to Ray's number, as
distinct species, the <i>Allium schoenopprasum,</i> and the <i>Valeriana rubra;</i> but he
was the first who introduced the <i>Circea alpina</i> to the notice of the English 
botanist, as a variety of <i>Chutitiana</i>, growing near Sedberg, in Yorkshire.
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Giant's Caves, Langwathby</Keyword> <Keyword>Langwathby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Torquin, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancelot, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of 
Torquin and Sir Lancelot</Keyword> <Keyword>Eamont, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>sandstone</Keyword> <Keyword>graffiti</Keyword> <Keyword>Nine Kirks<Note>St 
Ninian, Brougham</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Nine Church<Note>St Ninian, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1791 p.990
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Giant's Caves</Keyword> <Keyword>Langwathby</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of 
Torquin and Sir Lancelot</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Giant's Caves, Torquin and Lancelot</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7910990.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Bottesford, Sept.</i> 27.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AS the trifling account of the <i>Luck of Edenhall</i> (inserted 
in your Miscellany, p.721), appeared not unworthy of your notice, I will venture to give 
at least an imperfect description of another curiosity in the same neighbourhood, called 
<i>The Giant's Cave</i>. From Edenhall, my fellow-traveller and I were conducted to the 
banks of the river Eamont, where we were gratified with a sight of this curious den. 
Difference of opinion, unavoidable in most cases, prevents <i>me</i> from calling it "<i>a
dismal or horrid mansion</i>". A flight of steps, cut out of the rock (not so terrible as 
have been represented), led us nearly half way down a bold precipice; and, by advancing a 
few yards to the right, we came to the mouth of the cave, where a part of the roof 
(otherwise not altogether safe) is supported by a pillar in the centre. This pillar was 
evidently intended for the conveniency of hanging doors, or something of the sort, to 
prevent suprize; and the remains of iron gates, I am told, have not long been removed. 
Here visitors wish to perpetuate their names, but a soft mouldering stone is unfavourable 
to the purpose; none of more antient date appear than in the year 1660. This rock, <i>a 
soft red sand-stone</i>, appears of a vast depth, and the dipping of the <i>strata</i> 
about 23 degrees West. The cave at the entrance is about 9 feet high and 20 wide, and 
extends in length about 50, when it becomes more contracted in every point of view. 
Stagnant water, and dirt within, add to the natural gloominess of the place, and give an 
unfavourable impression. But the situation is in many respects beautiful - a fine winding 
river flowing at the bottom of a lofty precipice (not so bold indeed as to alarm) had to 
me at least a pleasing effect. This, with a very extensive prospect, engaged my attention 
so much, that I wondered I had overlooked, at a very little distance, on a flat on the 
opposite side of the river, the church commonly called <i>Nine-Kirks, or Nine-Church</i>, 
and the parish <i>Nine-Church parish</i>, from is being dedicated to St. Ninian, "a 
Scottish saint, to which kingdom," according to Dr. Burn, "this church did probably belong
at the time of the dedication." A church situated at the extreme bounds of a parish, far 
from any inhabitants, is not so uncommon a circumstance as it is difficult to be accounted
for. A narrow path led us a little further to a chasm in the rock: this is called <i>The 
Maiden's Step</i>, from the traditionary account of the escape of a beautiful virgin from 
the hands of <i>Torquin the giant</i>, who, after exercising upon all occasions every 
species of bru-
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<Keyword>Battle of Torquin and Sir Lancelot</Keyword> <Keyword>Maiden's Step, 
The</Keyword> <Keyword>grotto</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave, Christopher, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sugar Water Sunday</Keyword> <Keyword>Arthur, King</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1791 p.991
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[bru]tality and depredation within his reach, retreated to this 
strong hold. This <i>step</i> is not so wide as to exceed the bounds of credibility; but 
the difficulty of escape afterwards arises from the most horrible situation any one must 
be in, every moment, by scrambling up a steep ascent upon the very edge of a naked 
precipice, with scarcely the appearance of security for either hand or foot: 
notwithstanding, to succeed in the attempt I am convinced is not impossible, especially 
where life or death are the alternatives. Returning by the same path, we passed the cave 
in an opposite direction, and came to a grotto, with a stone table in the middle, all cut 
out of the solid rock. This is said to have been done by the late Sir Christopher 
Musgrave, as occasionally a place of pleasure.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In some parts of the North of England it has been a custom, for 
time immemorial, for the lads and lasses of the neighbouring villages to collect together 
at springs or rivers on some Sunday in May, <i>to drink sugar and water</i>, where the 
lasses give the treat: this is called <i>sugar-and-water Sunday</i>. They afterwards 
adjourn to the public-house, and the lads return the compliment in cakes, ale, punch, 
&amp;c.; and a vast concourse of both sexes always assemble at the Giant's Cave on the 
third Sunday in May for this purpose. Of this practice, Mr. Urban, I have been many years 
an eye-witness; and I shall be much obliged to any of your correspondents that can give me
an account of the origin of this singular custom.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Two circular stone pillars, resembling ancient spears, near 12 
feet high, and 14 assunder, point out to us <i>The Giant's Grave</i>, in Penrith 
churchyard; but the particulars of this curious monument of antiquity have been so 
frequently given, that to add here would be superfluous. Tradition, mostly something to 
rest upon, informs us that Torquin, refusing to obey the summons of King Arthur to appear 
at his Court, to answer for the ravages he daily committed, Sir Lancelot du Lac was 
dispatched to bring him by force. A battle was the consequence; Torquin fell, and was 
buried betwixt these pillars. The battle, I think, is celebrated in many ballads of the 
antient poets. The following, which I thought curious, may be met with in Percy's 
"Reliques of Antient English Poetry."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>When Arthur first in court began, and was approved King,</Line>
<Line>By force of arms great vict'ries wanne, and conquest home did bring,</Line>
<Line>Then into England straight he came with fifty good and able</Line>
<Line>Knights that reverted unto him, and sate at the Round Table&#x002A;.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>And he had justes and tournaments, whereto were many prest,</Line>
<Line>Wherein some knights them did excelle, and far surmount the rest;</Line>
<Line>But good Sir Lancelo du Lake, who was approved well.</Line>
<Line>He for his deeds and feats of armes all others did excell.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>When he had rested him awhile in play, and game, and sporte,</Line>
<Line>He said he would go prove himself in some advent'rous sorte.</Line>
<Line>He armed rode in forrest wyde, and met a damsell faire,</Line>
<Line>Who told him of adventures great, whereto he gave good eare,</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Such wold I find," quoth Lancelot, "for that came I hither."</Line>
<Line>"Thou seem'st," quoth she, "a knight full good, and I will bring thee 
thither,</Line>
<Line>Whereas a mightye knight doth dwell, that now is of great fame;</Line>
<Line>THerefore tell me what wight thou art, and what may be thy name."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"My name is Lancelot du Lake." Quoth she, "It likes me than,</Line>
<Line>Here dwells a knight who never was yet match'd with any man,</Line>
<Line>Who has in prison threescore knights and four that he did wound;</Line>
<Line>Knights of King Arthurs courts they be, and of his Table round."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>She brought him to a river side, and also to a tree,</Line>
<Line>Whereon a copper bason hung, and many a shield to see.</Line>
<Line>He struck so hard the bason broke, and Torquin soon he spy'd,</Line>
<Line>Who drove a horse before him fast, whereon a knight was ty'd.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Sir Knight," then said Sir Lancelot, "bring me that horse-load hither,</Line>
<Line>And lay him downe, and let him rest, we'll try our force together;</Line>
<Line>For, as I understand, thou hast, as far as thou art able,</Line>
<Line>Done great despite and shame unto the Knights of the Round Table."</Line>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; At Eamont bridge, not more than a mile and a half from 
Penrith, is a circus, 40 yards in diameter, with a deep ditch, having an entrance on the 
North and South; it is called "King Arthur's Round Table." This, with the very fine 
Druidical temple at Mayborough, close by, have frequently been noticed by antiquaries.
</Paragraph>
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<Line>"If thou be of the Table Round," quoth Torquin speedily,</Line>
<Line>"Both thee and all thy fellowship, I utterly defy."</Line>
<Line>"That's over much," quoth Lancelot, "defend thee by-and-by."</Line>
<Line>They set their spurs unto their steeds, and at each other fly.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>They coucht their spears (their horses ran as tho' there had been thunder)</Line>
<Line>And strucke each other amidst their shield, wherewith they brake in sunder;</Line>
<Line>Their horses backs brake under them, the knights were both astound;</Line>
<Line>T'void their horses they mad haste, and light upon the ground.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>They took them to their shields full fast, their swords they drew out than,</Line>
<Line>With mighty strokes most eagerlye each at the other ran;</Line>
<Line>They wounded were, and bled full sore, for breath they both did stand,</Line>
<Line>And leaning on their swords awhile, quoth Torquin, "hold thy hand,</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"And tell to me what I do ask." "Say on," quoth Lancelot. "Tho'</Line>
<Line>Thou art," quoth Torquin, "the best knight that ever I did know,</Line>
<Line>And like a knight that I do hate, so that thou be not hee,</Line>
<Line>I will deliver all the rest, and eke accord with thee."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"That is well said," quoth Lancelot, "but sith it must be so,</Line>
<Line>What knight is that thou hatest thus, I pray thee to me show."</Line>
<Line>"His name is Lancelot du Lake, he slew my brother deare;</Line>
<Line>Him I suspect of all the rest; I would I had him here."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Thy wish thou hast, but yet unknown, I am Lancelot du Lake,</Line>
<Line>Now knight of Arthur's Table Round; - 's son of Southake;</Line>
<Line>And I defy thee, do thy worst." "Ho! ho!" quoth Torquin, "Ho!</Line>
<Line>One of us two must end our lives before that we do go."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>They buckled them together so, like unto wild boars rushing,</Line>
<Line>And with their swords they ran at one another flashing;</Line>
<Line>The ground besprinkled was with blood. Torquin began to yield,</Line>
<Line>For he gave back for weariness, and low did bear his shield.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>This soon Sir Lancelot espy'd. he lept upon him then,</Line>
<Line>He pull'd him down upon his knee, and swashed off his helm;</Line>
<Line>Forthwith he struck his neck in twain, and when he had so done,</Line>
<Line>From prisone threescore knights and four delivered every one.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W.M.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Errata, a long list supplied by a reader, including:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.721. From the letters with which the <i>Luck of Edenhall</i> is 
charged, may it not be conjectured that it was originally designed for a sacramental 
chalice?
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Paragraph rend="quote">ANTIQUARIUS.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">4. At his house at Blawith, near Cartmell, occasioned by a fall he
got in Eggerslach, when returning from Cartmell, Mr. William Gibson. He was born in the 
year 1720, at a village called Boulton, a few miles from Appleby, in Westmorland. At the 
death of his father, being left young, without parents, guardians, or any immediate means 
of support, he put himself under the care of a reputable farmer in the neighbourhood, to 
learn the farming business, where he remained several years. Having obtained some 
knowledge therein, he removed to the distance of about 30 miles, to be superintendant to a
farm near Kendal. After being there some time, and arrived at the age about 17 or 18, he 
was informed that his father had been possessed of a tolerable estate, in landed property;
and that, in the beginning of the last century, he had descended from the same family with
Dr. Edmund Gibson, then bishop of London. He spent the little money he had acquired by his
industry to come at the truth of the business; when he found, to his sorrow, that the 
estate was mortgaged to its full value, and upwards. He therefore continued his 
occupation, and soon afterwards rented and managed a little farm of his own, at a place 
called Hollins, in Cartmell Fell, not far from Cartmell, where he applied himself 
vigourously to study. A little time previous to this, he had admired the operation of 
figures; but laboured under every disadvantage, for want of education. As he had not been 
taught either to read or write, he turned his thoughts to reading English, and enabled 
himself to read and comprehend a plain author. He therefore purchased a treatise on 
arithmetick; and though he could not write, he soon went through common arithmetick, 
vulgar and decimal fractions, the extraction of the square and cube roots, &amp;c. by his 
memory only, and became so expert therein, that he could tell, without setting down a 
figure, the product of any two number multiplied together, although the multiplier and 
multiplicand, each of them, consisted of nine places of figures: and it was equally 
astonishing how he could answer, in the same manner, questions in division, in decimal 
fractions, or in the extraction of square or cube roots, where such a multiplicity of 
figures is often required in the operation. Yet at this time he did not know that any 
merit was due to himself, conceiving other people's capacity like his own; but being a 
sociable companion, and when in company taking a particular pride in puzzling his 
companions with proposing different questions to them, they gave him others in return, 
which, from the certainty and expeditious manner he had in answering them, made him first 
noticed as an arithmetician, and a man of most wonderful memory. Finding himself still 
labouring under further difficulties, for want of a knowledge in writing, he taught 
himself to write a tolerable hand. As he did not know the meaning of the word 
<i>mathematicks</i>, he had no idea of any thing beyond what he had learned. He thought 
himself a master-piece in figures, and challenged all his companions, and the society he 
attended. Something, however, was proposed to him concerning Euclid; but as he did not 
understand the meaning of the word, he was silent, but afterwords found it meant a 
<i>book</i>, containing the elements of geometry, which he purchased, and applied himself 
very diligently to the study of, and against the next meeting, in this new science he was 
prepared with an answer. He now found himself launching out into a new field, of which, 
before, he had no conception. He continued his geometrical studies; and as the 
demonstration of the different propositions in Euclid depend entirely upon a recollection
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of some of those preceeding, his memory was of the utmost service 
to him; and as it did not require much knowledge in classical education, but primarily in 
the management of straight lines, it was a study just to his mind: for while he was 
attending the business of his farm, and humming over some tune or other, with a sort of 
whistle, his attention was certain to be solely engaged upon some of his geometrical 
propositions, and with the assistance of a piece of chalk, upon the lap of his 
breeches-knee, or any other convenient spot, he would clear up the most difficult parts of
the science in a most masterly manner. His mind now being open a little to the works of 
Nature, he paid particular attention to the theory of the earth, the moon, and the rest of
the planets belonging to this system, of which the sun is the centre; and, considering the
distance and magnitude of the different bodies belonging to it, and the distance of the 
fixed stars, he soon conceived each to be the centre of a different system. He well 
considered the laws of gravity, and that of the centripetal and centrifugal forces, and 
the cause of the ebbing and flowing of the tides; also, the projection of the sphere, 
stereographic, orthographic, and gnomical; also, trigonometry and astronomy. He paid 
particular attention to, and was never better pleased than when he found his calculations 
agree with observation: and being well acquainted with the projection of the sphere, he 
was fond of describing all astronomical questions geometricaly, and of projecting the 
eclipses of the sun and moon that way.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By this time he was possessed of a small library. He next turned 
his thoughts to algebra, and took up Emerson's treatise on that subject; and though the 
most difficult, and that, with Simpson's, are the best authors yet published, he went 
through it with great success, and the management of surd quantities, and clearing 
equations of higher powers, were amusement to him while at work in the fields, as he 
generally could perform them by his memory; and if he met with any thing very intricate, 
he had recourse to a piece of chalk, as in his geometrical propositions. The arithmetick 
of infinities, and the differential method, he made himself master of, and found out that 
algebra and geometry were the very soul of mathematicks. He therefore paid a particular 
attention to them, and used to apply the former to almost every branch of the different 
sciences. The art of navigation, the principles of mechanicks, also, the doctrine of 
motion, of falling bodies, and the elements of opticks, he grounded himself in; and, as a 
preliminary to fluxions, which had only lately been discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, as the
boundary of the mathematicks, he went through conic sections, &amp;c. to make a trial of 
this last and finishing branch. Though he expressed some difficulty at his first entrance,
yet he did not rest till he made himself master of both a fluxion and a flowing quantity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As he had paid a similar attention to all the intermediate parts, 
he was become so conversant in every branch of the mathematicks, that no question was ever
proposed to him which he did not answer, nor any rational question in the mathematicks, 
that he ever thought of, which he did not comprehend. He used to answer all the questions 
of the Gentleman and Lady's Diaries, the Palladium, and other annual publications, for 
several years; but his answers were seldom inserted, except by, or in the name of some 
other persons, for he had no ambition in making his abilities known, farther than 
satisfying himself that nothing passed him which he did not understand. He frequently has 
had questions from his pupils and other gentlemen in London, the universities, and 
different parts of the country, as well as from the university of Gottingen, in Germany, 
sent him to solve, which he never failed to answer; and, from the minute enquiry he made 
into natural philosophy, there was scarcely a phaenomenon in nature, that ever came to his
knowledge or observation, but he could, in some measure or other, reasonably account for 
it. -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He went by the name of Willy o' th' Hollins for many years after 
he left the place. He removed to Tarngreen, where he lived about 15 years, and from thence
to the neighbourhood of Cartmell, and was best known by the name of Willy Gibson, still 
continuing his occupation as before. For the last forty years of his life he kept a school
of about eight or ten gentlemen, who boarded and lodged at his own farm-house; and having 
a happy turn of explaining his ideas, he has turned out a great many very able 
mathematicians, and a great many more gentlemen he has instructed in accompts, for the 
counting-house, as well as for the sea, and for land-surveying, which profession he 
followed himself for these last forty years and upwards. In the course of his life he had 
had a very great practice that way; and, having acquired a little knowledge of drawing, 
could finish plans in a very pretty manner. He has been several times appointed, by acts 
of parliament, a commissioner for the inclosing of commons, and was a very proper person 
for that purpose; for, as well as his practice in land-surveying, he had equal experience 
and judgement in the <i>quality</i> of land, as well as the quantity: also in levelling or
conveying of water from one place to another, for he was well acqainted with the curvature
of the earth's surface.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He used to study incessantly, during the greatest part of the 
night; and in the day-time, when in the fields, his pupils frequently went to him, to have
their different difficulties removed. He was fond of all who knew him. He has left a 
disconsolate widow, to mourn for the loss of an indulgent and affectionate husband. They 
has been married, and lived together in the
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<Paragraph rend="quote">purest harmony and friendship, for near 50 years; and in all 
probability, if it had not been for this or some other similar accident, from their 
apparent health and constitution, they might have lived together many years longer, as, 
before this melancholy accident, he had never been out of health an hour in all his life. 
He has also left ten children living, to lament the loss of a tender and indulgent parent.
He was well known and respected by a numerous acquaintance, by several eminent gentlemen 
in the city of London, and in other parts of the kingdom, and particularly so for a 
considerable distance round his place of residence. He had but four days illness; from a 
bruize he had got in his side by the fall, he bore it with the greatest patience; and died
in the greatest composure, aged 71 years.
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G7911079.txt">

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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1791 p.1079
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Luck of Edenhall</Keyword>  <Keyword>Tarn Wadling</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Luck of Edenhall, and Tarn Wadling</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7911079.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">YOUR correspondent Antiquarius, P.995, asks, whether, "from the 
letters with which the (case of the) <i>Luck of Edenhall</i> is charged," it may not "be 
conjectured that it was originally designed for a <i>sacramental chalice?</i>" This, you 
may tell him, the canons of the church, which he will find in Lyndewode's 
<i>Provinciale</i>, render <i>impossible</i>. But I have no objection to think that it has
been used as a drinking-glass by the superior of some religious house. My inability to 
procure drawings of this <i>hall</i> and <i>glass</i> (both which I have seen) alone 
prevents me from giving a new and handsome edition, with curious notes, of the <i>doleful 
drinking bout</i>, which, I have good authority to say, was <i>not</i> written by the Duke
of Wharton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To the information given by W.M.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(p.991)
</Paragraph>
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<Content>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
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<Keyword>Arthur, King</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Britons</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Survey of the Lakes of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Eimot<Note>Eamont</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Eamuth<Note>Eamont</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>placename, Eamont</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1791 p.1080
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7911080.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(p.991) about <i>King Arthur</i> and his <i>round table</i>, I 
shall beg leave to add, that the seat of this fabulous monarch was at <i>Carlisle</i>, and
that <i>Tarn Wadling</i>, a spacious lake near Armanthwaite, is frequently mentioned in 
our old poetical romances concerning him. It is said, I think, that there is a city at the
bottom of it. The origin of these local traditions is to be attributed to the Cambrian 
Britons, who kept possession of this part of the country long after the Saxons, and even 
Normans, were in possession of the rest. One seldom hears of King Arthur but in or near 
Wales, Cornwall, or Cumberland. The ballad, which I suspect your correspondent had not 
direct from Percy's <i>Reliques</i>, is incorrectly printed; but it is neither very 
antient nor very rare. He has taken it, I am persuaded, from Clarke's <i>Survey of the 
Lakes</i>. It is always candid, however, to cite the true authority, though it may not 
happen to be the most respectable.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Eamont</i> (or <i>Eimot</i>) is a slight corruption of the 
Saxon <i>Ea-muth</i>, i.e. the water's mouth, meaning <i>Ulleswater</i>, whence this river
flows. A Saxon name for a river is so uncommon a circumstance, that I should be glad to 
know whether its irruption might not have taken place subsequently to the settlement of 
that people.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DEIRENSIS.
</Paragraph>
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</Period>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Giant's Caves, Langwathby</Keyword> <Keyword>hermit</Keyword> <Keyword>St 
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</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.24
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Giant's Caves</Keyword>  <Keyword>Langwathby</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Giant's Caves, Langwathby</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7920024.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN vol.LXI. p.990, I read remarks on a cavern near Penrith, 
vulgarly called <i>The Giant's Cave</i>. Led to visit that place some years ago, I was 
surprized that so little could be learned of its antient inhabitants, if ever more than 
one took up residence there; but do not hesitate to determine it was the habitation of 
some hermit. The recess cut in the rock to receive the mattress is yet perfect; and the 
marks of gratings and bolt-holes, with some remains of masonry, shew that the retreat has 
been well secured. The situation is romantic, and well adapted to religious severities: it
is also adjacent to the church of St. Ninian. I have met with no records that give light 
to the subject: indeed, few hermitages have left such evidences as that of St. Godric, at 
Frichale, in the county of Durham. Even the famous hermitage of Warkworth, in 
Northumberland, has left little but tradition, though the beauty of the design, and
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">workmanship
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.25
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7920025.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">workmanship in the rock, perhaps, surpass every thing of the kind 
in Europe.
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>bookseller</Keyword>  <Keyword>Mr Jollie</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Mr Jollie</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On being at Carlisle lately, I was pleased to find that Mr. 
Jollie, an industrious bookseller there, was assiduously collecting materials for a 
compleat History of the County of Cumberland. A gentleman, who has already gratified the 
publick with some of his works, with a distinguished liberality, has put into Mr. Jollie's
hands the collections which, some years ago, he prepared for that county history. The 
Clergy and Gentlemen of the county have most indulgently sent to the intended editor their
historical remarks and descriptions, so that we have reason to expect a valuable work, 
which is promised to be given to the press early in the spring. The subscription is filled
with distinguished names, which is the best description of the public expectation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The county of Cumberland abounds with natural beauties and 
antiquities; the field is large for the descriptive pen; and the historian will have ample
materials to enliven the work with interesting incidents.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Great praise is due to Mr. Jollie, who comes forward <i>singly</i>
to gratify the present age, greedy of topographical information, and to give to posterity 
the honours of the country where he lives, at a vast expence,and with infinite labour and 
attention.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is to be hoped every admirer of topographical history, and 
every lover of his country, will assist the undertaking, by communicating such records, 
historical subjects, and matters of antiquity, as they may possess; and that the private 
repositories of gentlemen will be liberally opened, to make the work as compleat as 
possible.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The progress and present state of trade and manufacture, natural 
histroy, and every other subject that can gratify the curious eye, I am told, are enquired
after by the intended editor, who has dispersed round the country and its environs 
queries, addressed to gentlemen, for that purpose.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As I am an encourager of works of this sort, I cannot forbear thus
recommending the intended publication, and know you do not scruple to indulge a constant 
reader with remarks like these.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">VIATOR.
</Paragraph>
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</Period>
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</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
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  <Keyword>sheriff</Keyword> <Keyword>Hasell, Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalemain, 
Dacre</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.180
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Sheriff of Cumberland</Keyword>  <Keyword>Edward Hasell</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Sheriff of Cumberland</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7920180.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SHERIFFS <i>appointed by his</i> Majesty <i>in Council, for the 
year</i> 1792.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cumberland.</i> Edward Hasell, of Dalemain, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
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Above Derwent</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.183
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>Thomas Addison</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Obituary, Thomas Addison</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7920183.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Aged 72 years (46 of which he had been curate of Thornthwaite, 
near Keswick), the Rev. Thomas Addison; a gentleman very emminent for his mathematical 
acquirements, and equally respected in his neighbourhood as a divine, a physician, and a 
lawyer. The services he rendered to the circle of his acquaintance (too contracted for a 
person of his endowments) will be long remembered with gratitude. His income never 
exceeded 20<i>l. per ann.</i>; yet from that, and some advantages derived from a situation
which (it is plain) could not afford much, he died possessed of more than 800<i>l.</i> 
While this affords a striking instance of the effect of oeconomy in an individual, it 
furnishes a <i>true</i> anecdote, not unworthy the notice of those who collect every 
species of information respecting the fashionable <i>Tour of the Lakes</i>.
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G7920224.txt">

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<Identification>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1792 p.224</Title>
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</Person>
<Date>1792</Date>
<Period>
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</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>trade token</Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>print</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.224
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>trade token</Keyword>  <Keyword>Appleby</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Trade Token, Appleby</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G792E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7920224.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... The other tokens in <i>pl.III fig</i> 8, 9, 10, 11, are 
communicated by a Leicesterhsire correspondent. Those of ASHBY, HARBOROUGH, and LEICESTER,
may be of use to the Historian of the county; but that of APPLEBY is not easily 
determined. M.G.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>see 1863 part 1 
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<Script id="G7920581.txt">

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<Identification>
<Classification>
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</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>transport</Keyword>  <Keyword>road</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1792 p.581</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1792</Date>
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</Period>
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</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>coach</Keyword> <Keyword>mail coach</Keyword> <Keyword>horse</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Crown Inn, Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Sneedorf, 
Frederick</Keyword>  <Keyword>milestone, Penrith<Note>4 ?</Note></Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.581
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>mail coach</Keyword>  <Keyword>accident</Keyword>  <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Mail Coach Accident, Penrith</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G7920581.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the Crown Inn at Penrith, Mr. Frederick Sneedorf, a Danish 
gentleman, professor of history in the University of Copenhagen, and a correspondent in 
this Magazine (see p.491). On the evening of the 13th, the Manchester mail-coach arrived 
at the usual time in Penrith, with four inside passengers, viz. a lady and three 
gentlemen, and one outside passenger, a man. About the first mile-post from Penrith, the 
nearside leading horse, by some unaccountable accident, got the bridle rubbed off its 
head; and at a time when all four horses were walking very slowly, and being rather 
spirited, made a sudden turn, to come back to Penrith. The outside passenger and guard, 
who had both got off the coach, to ease the horses up the hill, and the coachman, who was 
perfectly sober, made every effort to prevent the horses turning round, but without 
effect, having no command of the nearside leader, on account of the bridle being wanting. 
The coachman thought that by getting off his box, he could, with the assistance of the 
guard and outside passenger, stop the horses; but all would not do; they set off at a 
gallop. Mr. Sneedorff, and another gentleman whose name is not known, leaped out of the 
coach. The latter escaped with a slight scratch on his face; the former, we are sorry to 
say, in leaping out (it is supposed) pitched upon his head, and received a concussion of 
the brain, of which he lingered until one o'clock in the morning of the 15th, and then 
expired. The lady and gentleman who remained in the coach received no injury; and, it is 
imagined, had the other two
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.582
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<Paragraph rend="quote">remained, all would have been safe. The coachman was hurt in his 
endeavours to stop the horses, but is recovering; the horses were slightly hurt.
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<PersonName>Rambler, A</PersonName>
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<Date>1792</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1790s</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Helm Crag, Lakes</Keyword> <Keyword>White Churn Gill, Grasmere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Grasmere</Keyword>  <Keyword>guide</Keyword>  <Keyword>Newton, Robert</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.882
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Helm Crag</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Ramble to Helm Crag</Heading>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Aug.</i> 18.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I AM lately returned from an excursion to the Lakes, and extract 
from my Ramble the following account of Helm Crag, a projecting mountain about five miles 
on the road between Ambleside and Keswick, and which has always been mentioned as a 
remarkable rock, though I believe it has never before been visited by tourists; a reason, 
Mr. Urban, that induces me to select it for the Gentleman's Magazine.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A RAMBLER.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>July</i> 29. We went up a narrow lane about half a mile from 
the church, which gave us a new view of Grassmere valley, with a perpetual water-fall, 
justly, from its force, called White-Churn Gill&#x002A;; it seemed to rush from a 
crescent-heathed hill, and forms one of the most considerable brooks that supplies 
Grassmere.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The sun was hot. After a gentle ascent of about a mile we rested 
some minutes under a thick hawthorn, which we will call the foot of the crag. The 
projecting point of the first rise looked formidable, and not less so, to speak in plain 
English, from having a complete belly-full; however, when people are determined to 
overcome difficulties, time and circumstances are no obstructions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We were covered from the wind, and it was so steep we were 
frequently obliged to stop when we met a narrow shelf; and, when we got to the first range
of the hill, I was glad to throw myself down, panting for relief. The grass was slippery, 
which we guarded against by forcing our sticks as deep into the ground as we possibly 
could. And when we had gained the second height, I never remember meeting a more chearful 
relief than in finding we had got over that part of the hill which kept the wind from us; 
we were not only enlivened, but opened upon prospects which promised to repay our labour 
when we had surmounted it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The pinnacle hanging over our right obliged us to take a sweep; 
and as we had the wind, and a near sight of the top, we found less trouble in this stage 
than in the others. We were exactly an hour from the hawthorn; which was not for its being
a high hill, but the steepest in this part of the country, being seldom visited but by 
sheep, ravens, and foxes. Newton&#x002A;, our guide, was never on it but once; and neither
he nor any of the other guides remember its being visited by strangers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But I must be alowed to rest myself a little before I say any 
thing of the prospects around us, and look with aweful pleasure at the sight.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We went upon the pinnacle, which had just room to hold two, from 
which I mark the views, but thought it prudent to have a less exalted rock in order to 
write them down.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The summit is covered with pieces of rock, that give it the 
appearance of a grand ruin occasioned by an earthquake, or a number of stones jumbled 
together after the mystical manner of the Druids. There is a deep fissure, two feet broad 
and twenty long, with a stone over one end of it, which gives it
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; A gill means a water-fall.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Robert Newton, the guide, keeps a public-house in 
Grassmere, and may be safely recommended as a modest obliging man.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Paragraph rend="quote">the
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  <Keyword>Helm Crag, Lakes</Keyword> <Keyword>Druids</Keyword> 
<Keyword>cromlechs</Keyword> <Keyword>Windermere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>Esthwaite 
Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Grasmere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>White Church Gill</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Seat Sandal, Lakes</Keyword> <Keyword>grain</Keyword> <Keyword>rain</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Helvellyn, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.883
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the look of a step over a mill stream. Although I am not versed in
antiquities, I cannot help thinking this chasm resembles the <i>kistvaens</i> of the 
Druids, as described by the learned and indefatigable Grose, in his Preface, p.136. I wish
some Antiquary would investigate this mountain. I think his fellow labourers would be 
obliged to him; and, at any rate, if he does not find sufficient to authenticate my 
surmise, he will have so delightful a command around him as may well re-pay him for his 
trouble, and, I trust, may induce him to think he has not taken his labour in vain. By 
dropping a pebble down a rent, you may hear it rebound a long time. One bending stone 
serves as a shelter for sheep, where we found a mushroom, the only one we saw in the 
North; and I even think this stone, from its bend, is part of a Cromlech of the Druids.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The circumference of the crag, including its mis-shapen points, 
may be a mile; and where there is any soil the grass is remarkably sweet. From this 
unfrequented point to the North-east we saw the whole of Windermere, Esthwaite water; and,
by Grassmere lake being our point, they make a complete triangle, divided by rich 
pastures, &amp;c. whilst the valley and its appendages, directly under us, seemed to 
contain every thing that can be beautiful in miniature.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We overlooked the Tarn&#x002A;, whence White-Church Gill has its 
course, inclosed in the horse-shoe, whose sides are bespangled with smooth stones, 
occasioned by a thin sheet of water oozing over them, and an almost perpendicular sun.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We observed, over Helveylin and the grain&#x2020; of Seat Sandal, 
a torrent of rain; whilst over Bowness, and to the South east, it was so partially 
collecting, the distance gave them the appearance of water-spouts. We imagined we had 
nothing to fear from any of them; it was clear over head, and in the quarter whence the 
wind blew. The guide had scarcley said so, ere we observed the clouds from Seat Sandal 
pushing against the wind, though they were considerably exhausted on those mountains. We 
were soon convinced of our ill-judging, and took shelter in the sheep-cove, which, by 
sitting, and bending, held us secure. This was too confined a situation; and, as the rain 
had somewhat ceased, the guide and I went about 150 yards down the hill. The rain 
increased, and wetted us to the skin; but we were amply re-paid by the most luminous sight
I had ever beheld. I shall attempt to describe it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The sun shone with such brilliancy through the slanting drops, 
they fell resembling a line of crystal as round as a finger, and they were intermixed with
a spray as variegated as the rainbow. Newton, who has been all his life accustomed to 
mountains, allowed he never saw any thing like it before. Might it not be owing to the 
dark heath over the Tarn, and a partial shining of the sun over the crag?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Too much rain had fallen to render the grass less slippery; we 
were obliged to traverse down the hill with the utmost caution, and, though not with so 
much difficulty as the acsent, with considerably more danger. When we opened the valley of
Seat Sandal, we were surprised by a superb cataract, occasioned by the rain which fell 
whilst we were upon the summit. God forgive me! but I could not help wishing and expecting
we should have a thunder storm.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Let the considerate mind contemplate the various sights that were 
presented to us in so short a time!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A RAMBLER.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; A small piece of water.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; A grain, in the North, is meant for a valley.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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  <Keyword>Helvellyn, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>poem</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Remembrance of the Refreshment received from a Spring near the Summit of 
Helvellyn</Keyword>  <Keyword>Brownrigg Well, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.941
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Helvellyn</Keyword>  <Keyword>poem</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Verses on Helvellyn</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">VERSES,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Begun on the Spot, and since finished, in Remembrance of the 
Refreshment received from a Spring near the Summit of</i> HELVEYLIN, August 2, 1792.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>THE full-orb'd moon o'er Loughrigg&#x002A; fell&#x2020;</Line>
<Line>Ting'd the rough crag with golden spell</Line>
<Line>At the approach of morn;</Line>
<Line>No cloud the lofty cliffs o'erhung,</Line>
<Line>No breath of wind refreshing sung</Line>
<Line>Through the upstanding corn.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>O'er mountains high, to valleys deep,</Line>
<Line>And higher still, and still more steep,</Line>
<Line>We brush'd the early dew.</Line>
<Line>Toil wet the brow; the beauties round</Line>
<Line>Lessen'd the labour of the ground,</Line>
<Line>And spurr'd us to pursue.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Beneath our feet, upon a hill,</Line>
<Line>We saw the parent of a gill&#x2021;</Line>
<Line>Entomb'd in mountains drear.</Line>
<Line>My Mentor urg'd me to go on -</Line>
<Line>"Leave, leave the tempting draught alone,</Line>
<Line>For danger lurketh there."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Again we toil'd - a steep ascent&#x00A7;</Line>
<Line>Made me with parched tongue repent</Line>
<Line>I had not <i>dar'd</i> to try.</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The head of the Ambleside valley from the Salutation inn.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; A barren, and sometimes a ragged, hill.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; A small water from a tarn, so called from its being less 
than a lake; this was of amazing depth, and was skirted by Seat Sandal and two other steep
mountains.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x00A7; Grisdale Pike.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.942
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The choice was past - yet through the toil</Line>
<Line>The eye was pleasur'd all the while,</Line>
<Line>And cover'd many a sigh.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Ye Naiads of the brooks so gay,</Line>
<Line>That on the crystal surface play</Line>
<Line>Invisible to all;</Line>
<Line>When you retire beneath the Deep,</Line>
<Line>May you in peaceful caverns sleep,</Line>
<Line>Lull'd by the cataract's fall!</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Or of on airy wing you fly,</Line>
<Line>Attend the cleaving, tirsty sigh,</Line>
<Line>To mountains bend your way;</Line>
<Line>Exert your powers, and from below</Line>
<Line>Enforce some hidden fount to flow</Line>
<Line>T' assuage the heat of day.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Helveylin's height at last we gain'd,</Line>
<Line>And, panting for relief, remain'd</Line>
<Line>To mark th' extension round;</Line>
<Line>Then down with lighter pace we bent;</Line>
<Line>A spring! - the clearest Heav'n e'er sent -</Line>
<Line>I kiss'd the moisten'd ground.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Eager I drew the cooling stream,</Line>
<Line>And all fatigue was gone - a dream!</Line>
<Line>Helveylin's praise to sing:</Line>
<Line>Thy carpet was the liveliest green,</Line>
<Line>Thy steep the swiftest&#x002A; I have seen,</Line>
<Line>All owing to thy spring.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>They prospects are beyond compare;</Line>
<Line>Mountains, and dales, and lakes, appear,</Line>
<Line>And Ocean bounds the whole;</Line>
<Line>They bubbling was the sweetest sound</Line>
<Line>That ever tinkled o'er the ground</Line>
<Line>To lull the enraptur'd soul.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Nearest to Heav'n&#x2020; - unrival'd flow;</Line>
<Line>May torrents ne'er deface thy brow,</Line>
<Line>No season dry thy course!</Line>
<Line>May all thy sheep untroubled live,</Line>
<Line>And man the limpid draught receive</Line>
<Line>At thy enliv'ning source!</Line>
<Line>Then shall bold man Helveylin's views make known;</Line>
<Line>Refresh'd by thee - on Skiddow's&#x2021; height look down.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A RAMBLER.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Mountain sheep are peculiarly swift. Ed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; I believe the highest spring in England.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; Called, "lofty Skiddow;" and by some (perhaps those who 
are proud of having visited it) wrongly imagined as high as Helveylin.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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Levens</Keyword> <Keyword>Buttermere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>Crummock Water</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scale Force, Loweswater</Keyword>  <Keyword>pauper</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.1114
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword>  <Keyword>Fortnight's Ramble to the Lakes</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Fortnight's Ramble to the Lakes</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7921114.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Review of New Publications
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">264. <i>A Fortnight's Ramble to the Lakes in</i> Westmoreland, 
Lancashire, <i>and</i> Cumberland. <i>By a Rambler</i>. 8<i>vo.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WE were agreeably struck, at the opening of this book, to find it 
the production of a lively correspondant, who, in our present volume, has favoured us with
pleasing specimens of his descriptive powers both in verse and prose (see pp.882, 941); 
and to whom, in our vol.LVIII. p.1107, we were indebted for an exquisite poetical simile.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It wall naturally occur to all who may peruse this Ramble, that it
is the unlaboured effusion of a young, a generous, and a cultivated mind; and if we hint a
regret that the pruning knife has not been extended to a very small part of the first 
chapter, and a few lines of the twelfth, it will not be constructed into a derogation of 
that unqualified praise we heartily think the work deserves.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After the description we have already given (p.882) of Helm Crag, 
it may be superfluous to add, that the future Traveller to the Lakes will find this 
"Rambler" a very valuable companion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Levens park our Tourist observed "a tree whose trunk is cut off
a foot from the earth, and whose branches were engrafted into another tree. It was in full
foliage, and seemed alive to the bottom of the trunk. Although it may once have been a 
complete tree, its neighbour becomes the parent, and the sap of it in Winter must go into 
the root."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We cannot resist this opportunity of introducing to the notice of 
our readers the Lake, the Village, and the Beauty of Buttermere.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The road we took was very uneven and boggy, with a number of beau
traps, As we ascended we gained a full view of both <i>Buttermere</i> and <i>Crummock</i> 
lakes, separated by good land and a deep river. There are two small islands upon the 
latter; and at the bottom the country looks fertile. It is about two miles to the 
Waterfall, and we found it an uncomfortable task. But mountain-troubles vanish the instant
you behold the object of a walk. My ears first caught the mellow sound, and, after 
clambering over a rough wall, we came suddenly upon the cause of it. I was lost in 
admiration in one of those <i>vacant</i> delights in which the mind thinks of nothing but 
what is before it, and makes you feel yourself more than a man. I required a tap on the 
shoulder to return to mortality; I receieved it, and I thus feebly described the cause of 
it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Scale-Force Waterfall is two hundred feet perpendicular, except 
where it flushes over a small jut. The steep on both sides is covered with variety of 
moss, fern, ash, and oak, all fed by the constant spray; and flourish in indescribable 
verdure. The delicacy of the effect is heightened by being in a narrow chasm, a hundred 
yards in the rock, before it rushes into the lower fall, at the point of which you have 
the grand view. Clamber up the left side, and look into the first basin; and, although you
may be wet with the spray, you cannot help feeling the solemnity of the deep, this musical
abyss, enchanting as verdure and melody can make it: and although there has been no rain 
for nine days, it far exceeds any thing of the kind I ever saw, and the boasted one at 
Coo&#x002A; in Germany sinks below comparison. I suppose we saw it in the best state it 
could be received in. Had it been after rain, it might have filled us with astonishment; 
but what would have becomre of the verdure of the sides? The foam would have nearly 
covered them. As we saw it, every part was in unison with the musick it created; the mind 
comprehended it, and carried away one of the most inimitable scenes that ever enriched the
fancy of man, or graced the pencil of a Moore.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"We met a rosy boy, with a satchel on his back; he was going to 
one of the householders for a stated time. The poor live amongst the farmers in proportion
as they are assessed, and they are always treated like one of the family. The only pauper 
at
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Of which the Rambler gives a good description. REV.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">present
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>refer to the 
simile</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7881107.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<PersonName>Rambler, A</PersonName>
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<Date>1792</Date>
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  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1790s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>book</Keyword> <Keyword>Fortnight's Ramble to the Lakes in Westmoreland, 
Lancashire, and Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>pauper</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>advowson, Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Queen Anne's 
Bounty</Keyword> <Keyword>sheep</Keyword> <Keyword>beer</Keyword> 
<Keyword>spinning</Keyword> <Keyword>Sally of Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>diet</Keyword>

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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.1115
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7921115.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">present is the little alien. His mother knew her frailties too 
well; and was too honest to swear to a father; therefore the villagers have taken the boy 
amongst them, and are going to send him to school, They said, with concern, until a 
fortnight ago they had no regular schoolmaster these two years; in short, since the period
of chusing their clergyman was taken from them. The chapel and the school serves for both 
purposes, and I could almost reach the roof with my head. The inhabitants, time out of 
mind, used to appoint their own clergyman, and he was generally chosen with full consent. 
Perhaps it was the very poorest livelihood in the kingdom, even with the addition of Queen
Anne's bounty; but it was a vehicle for a minor priest to get superior orders; and there 
never was a want of candidates. They now say they have lost their right; at any rate, they
are afraid to claim it, as they are more in dread of the Great Eagle of the North than the
eagles which build in their mountains; they think it a judgment upon them for unanimously 
voting <i>au contraire</i> at a contested election. But, whatever may be the reason, they 
are left to go to heaven as quietly as they can. The Schoolmaster, without being a Parson,
officiates as such; and a clergyman from Lorton, the parish-church, comes over about once 
in six weeks to administer the Sacrament, which may be the means of preserving the bounty.
In this forlorn <i>manner</i> is the service&#x002A; performed in the village of 
Buttermere. Luckily, it could not have happened in a village where it appears less wanted;
but as good, harmless people always regret the loss of a good custom, they regret it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The village consists of fourteen families, and some of them are 
rich people; that is, they may have fifty pounds a-year landed property, and healthful 
flocks of sheep. We had salt provisions and vegetables for dinner; and I do not think 
there was a fresh joint in the valley. The ale was home-brewed, and good, but rather too 
strong for our taste. If you are fond of strong ale, Buttermere is famous for it. Wine and
spirits are not sold here; and they are so far from the excise, they pay their duty by 
compromise, ten pence halfpenny a-week. The landlady says they do not sometimes sell six 
pennyworths a-week .... On our return, we met a woman with a loaded horse. She had been to
Keswick market, laying-in meat and other necessaries for herself and neighbours. This 
amicable custom is equaled by the following: when a person is sick, or a woman about to 
lie-in, a horseman is sent express to Keswick or Cockermouth for a surgeon, and the 
neighbours send a relay of horses to expedite him. When we came to the Cockermouth road, 
we had a rich sight of a rainbow extending from Keswick, and just including Lowdore fall. 
It was rendered more beautiful by a watery tinge on the tops of the hills, and by the 
sun's partially leaving them, shewing which was the highest.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"SALLY OF BUTTERMERE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Her mother and she were spinning woollen yarn in the back 
kitchen. On our going into it, the girl flew away as swift as a mountain-sheep, and it was
until our return from Scale-Force that we could say we first saw her. She brought-in part 
of our dinner, and seemed to be about fifteen. Her hair was thick and long, of a dark 
brown, and, though unadorned with ringlets, did not seem to want them. Her face was a fine
contour, with full eyes, and lips as red as vermillion. Her cheeks had more of the lily 
than the rose; and although she had never been out of the village (and, I hope, will have 
no ambition to wish it), she had a manner about her which seemed better calculated to set 
off dress than dress her. She was a very Lavinia, 'Seeming, when unadorn'd, adorn'd the 
most,' When we first saw her at her distaff, after she got the better of her first fears, 
she looked an angel; and I doubt not but she is the <i>reigning lily</i> of the valley. Ye
travellers of the Lakes, if you visit this obscure place, such will find the fair Sally of
Buttermere!"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The inhabitants in general about these mountainous countries are 
not so tall or lusty as in many others; perhaps, as it requires great industry to get a 
livelihood, the growth of their children is checked by early labour. They live to a very 
advanced age; and the faces of the very old are strong and healthfully marked with deep 
short wrinkles. The middle-aged are commonnly handsome; their youth are ruddy and 
sun-burnt; their children have the faces of Cherubim, and seem to have "the milk of 
Dorothy" flowing purely in their veins. They are not only affectionate to their parents, 
but friendly amongst each other; and a man would run risk of his life in deep snow, in 
venturing over the steepest mountains to attend the funeral of a friend. They have the 
highest respect for the dead; perhaps to a degree bordering upon superstition; and they 
rather rob the living by the expence they put themselves to at a funeral. But as a 
livelihood, not a love of gain, is their grand consideration, they are too friendly and 
industrious to want; and I did not see (except some little vagrants at Keswick) one person
that asked our charity. Their food is homely: they prefer thin oat-cake to wheat-bread; 
and they are fond of the natural products of the earth, which may be the reason of seeing 
large families in every house, for we did not call at a cottage that had less than three 
children. Their drink consists of butter-milk and whey, and, occasionally, a draught of
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "As the chapel enjoys Queen Anne's bounty, should not the
diocesan take care they have a proper pastor? But I cannot suppose he is informed of it."
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">stout
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Title>Gents Mag 1792 p.1116</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Rambler, A</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1792</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1790s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>book</Keyword> <Keyword>Fortnight's Ramble to the Lakes in Westmoreland, 
Lancashire, and Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>book review</Keyword> 
<Keyword>drink</Keyword> <Keyword>fingerpost</Keyword> <Keyword>turnpike roads</Keyword> 
<Keyword>toll gate</Keyword> <Keyword>Barrow House, Borrowdale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>oak</Keyword> <Keyword>forests</Keyword> <Keyword>Skiddaw, Underskiddaw</Keyword>
<Keyword>Cheviot Hills, Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Mull of Galloway</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ireland</Keyword> <Keyword>Isle of Man</Keyword> <Keyword>Union, England and 
Scotland</Keyword>  <Keyword>Pitt, Mr</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.1116
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7921116.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">stout ale. Spirits are seldom used to excess; their baneful 
influence is almost unknown; they are taken as cordials, and I hope they will never make 
further encroachment." ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The high roads are generally excellent, and the commons are well 
supplied with finger-posts. A road once made up will last a long while; the first expence 
is heavy, but they are not much burthened by after-repairs, or the traveller by turnpikes.
.... I do not think his Majesty has more loyal subjects in his dominions; and if Mr. Pitt 
should cast a look upon this humble production, I have the satisfaction of telling him, 
the Proclamation was upon all the church-doors, and they loooked as clean as the day they 
were put up, except that we could sometimes trace the mark of a finger that had conned it 
over."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following sentiment arises from a visit to Barrow cascade: "We
went round the pleasure-ground, and saw some valuable oaks, such as ought to cover our 
waste land, many hundred thousand acres of which still bear the name of Forests, without 
producing one tree. I think there is much satisfaction in looking at young plantations, as
to future navies; and every lover of his country ought to regret when he sees a 
<i>woodless</i> forest."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We shall end by transcribing some obervations on the summit of 
Skiddow:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"When we reach the top, we open the crown of Ingleborough, and the
range of hills to the champaign part of Northumberland; we have the Chiviot hills, and the
great chain to the point of Mull in Galloway. The sun is setting over Hawthorn island, 
belonging to Lord Selkirk, partially tinging both coasts. And I cannot omit an opportunity
of saying, it is a glorious emblem of an Union that has made Two people One; and, by 
making our interests the same, has stopped a tide of British blood, and turned our hatred 
into affection. By carrying the eye to the Mull of Galloway, we just see the North of 
Ireland, and distinctly the length of the Isle of Man."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the pleasure this "Ramble" has given us in the perusal, we have
overlooked some slight inaccuracies, which the author, we doubt not, will attend to when 
revising for succeeding editions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Quantity</i>, p.187, is used (for <i>fulness</i>) in a sense we
never before observed it.
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G7921197.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G7921197.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
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<Classification>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1792 p.1197</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Gough, John</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1792</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>18th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1790s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>rainfall</Keyword> <Keyword>temperature</Keyword> <Keyword>barometer</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Meteorological Diary, 1792</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>hedge 
sparrow</Keyword> <Keyword>thrush</Keyword> <Keyword>rook</Keyword> 
<Keyword>chaffinch</Keyword> <Keyword>yellow wagtail</Keyword> <Keyword>woodcock</Keyword>
<Keyword>wheatear</Keyword> <Keyword>sand martin</Keyword> <Keyword>robin</Keyword> 
<Keyword>bees</Keyword> <Keyword>redstart</Keyword> <Keyword>swallow</Keyword> 
<Keyword>blackcap warbler</Keyword> <Keyword>cuckoo</Keyword> 
<Keyword>whitethroat</Keyword> <Keyword>shrew</Keyword> <Keyword>swift</Keyword> 
<Keyword>corncrake</Keyword> <Keyword>quail</Keyword> <Keyword>cockchafer</Keyword> 
<Keyword>hay making</Keyword>  <Keyword>swift</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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lists</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.1197
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>weather</Keyword>  <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Weather in Kendal</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7921197.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Kendal, Jan.</i> 8.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PERHAPS the following remarks on the weather and natural history 
of a part of the country, where nothing of the kind has been before attempted, may prove 
acceptable to your philosophical readers, It will be necessary to add, that this year has 
been the wettest we have experienced since the commencement of my Journal in 1787.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">JOHN GOUGH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Abstract of a Meteorological Diary, kept at</i> Kendal 
<i>for</i> 1792.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Explanation of the Table</i>. - The first column contains the 
month; the second, the mean height ofthe barometer in inches and decimals; the third and 
fourth, the greatest and least heights; the fifth, the space moved through by the mercury;
the sixth, the mean of the thermometer; the seventh and eighth, the mean of the hottest 
and coldest days; the ninth, the height of the rain in inches; the tenth, the number of 
wet days.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G792E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">N.B. The means in the foregoing Table are taken from three 
observations each day, without one ommission. The space moved through by the mercury is 
found by adding together the differences arising from the subtraction of the different 
heights of the column, in the barometer, at each successive change.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Notes for the year</i> 1792.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>February</i> 1. The hedge-sparrow, <i>motacilla modularis</i>, 
singing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. Thrush, <i>turdus musicus</i>, singing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">12. Rooks, <i>corvus fragilegus</i>, building.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">15. The chaffinch, <i>fringilla coelebs</i>, singing. The female 
was seen on the 25th: none were observable in January. Is the return of these birds 
proclaimed by the song of the male?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>March</i> 6. Yellow wagtail, <i>motacilla flava</i>, singing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">18. Woodcocks, <i>scolopax rusticula</i>, are very abundant at 
present, after disappearing for a fortnight. These visitors, perhaps, are on their return 
from Ireland to the Continent.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">24. The wheatear, <i>motacilla oenan</i>; the female taken on the 
hills.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">29. The sand martin, <i>hirundo riparia</i>, two seen, and again 
on the 31st.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 4. The redbreast, <i>motacilla rubicula</i>, has 
reired to the woods.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">6. Bees busy on the gooseberry blossom.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">8. The redstart, <i>motacilla phoenicurus</i>, seen; the same 
began to sing on the 25th.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">11. Swallows, <i>hirundo rustica</i>, two seen; they were numerous
on the 13th.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">15. Blackcap, <i>motacilla atracapilla</i>, singing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">23. <i>Phryganea bicaudata</i>, plentiful. Few swallows seen since
the 13th. The sand-martins mentioned in March have been stragglers, as they disappeared 
again. The cuckow, <i>cuculus canorus</i>, heard this day.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">25. The whitethroat, <i>motocilla sylvia</i>, singing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">29. The shrew, <i>sorex araneous</i>, abroad, and a wasp, <i>vespa
vulgaris</i>, and the stonechatter, <i>motacilla rubicola</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">30. The swift, <i>hirundo apus</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>May</i> 14. The corncrake, <i>rallus crex</i>, crying in the 
grass. n.b. This bird breeds here in June.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">15. Young sparrows, <i>fringilla domestica</i>, fledged.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">22. The quail, <i>tetroa coturnix</i>, rare here.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>June</i> 4. Cockchaffer, <i>scaraboeus melolontha</i>, on the 
wing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A little hay cut between the 16th and 27th.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>August</i> 7. The swifts have been gra-
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Gough, John</PersonName>
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  <Keyword>rainfall</Keyword> <Keyword>temperature</Keyword> <Keyword>barometer</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Meteorological Diary, 1792</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>robin</Keyword> <Keyword>yellowhammer</Keyword> <Keyword>hay making</Keyword> 
<Keyword>fieldfare</Keyword> <Keyword>chaffinch</Keyword> <Keyword>water ouzel</Keyword> 
<Keyword>flowers</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.1198
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[gra]dually disappearing since the 5th. They have remained with us
104 days this year.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">13. The redbreast is returned to the town. All the song birds are 
silent at present, except the redbreast, about the houses; and the yellowhammer, 
<i>emberiza citrinella</i>, in the hedges. Hay-harvest nearly finished.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">17. Oats reaped.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>September</i> 5. Swallows, <i>hirundo rustica</i>, in flocks. 
These birds were seen till the 24th; not after.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">25. The fieldfare, <i>turdus pilaris</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>October</i> 2. The woodcock, <i>scolopax rusticola</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">15. The harvest finished.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>November</i>. The chaffinch, <i>fringilla coelebs</i>. Large 
flocks of the females, separate from the males, seen in the hedges on the first, some as 
late as on the 12th.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">17. The water ouzel, <i>sturnus cinclus</i>, singing, and fishing 
in the shallow parts of the river.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Progress of Vegetation, determined from the time of flowering 
of wild Plants.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>February</i> 26. Galanthus nivalis.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>March</i> 21. Ficaria verna, viola canina. 22. Narcissus 
pseudo-narcissus. 28. Mercurialis perennis.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 4. Ribes glossularia. 6. Adoxa moschatellina, Anemone
nemorosa, Oxalis acetosella. 12. plum-tree, Alchemilla vulgaris, Prunus spinosa. 15. 
Cherry-tree, Primuka veris, Cardamine pratensis, Leontodon taraxacum. 17. Pear-tree. 29. 
Geum rivale, Stellaria nemorum. 30. Erysimum alliaria.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>May</i> 6. Hyacinthus non-scriptus, Trollius Europaeus. 9. 
Paris quadrifolia, Orchis morio. 15. Geranium sylvaticum, Asperula odorata, Lychnis 
dioica. 17. Saxifraga granulata. 20. Crataegus oxycantha.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>June</i> 1. Ophrys ovata, Punguicula vulgaris. 7. Comarum 
paulstre, Lychnis flos-cuculi. 10 Digitalis purpurea.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Patrickdale<Note>Patterdale</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Patterdale Hall, 
Patterdale</Keyword> <Keyword>slate</Keyword> <Keyword>lead</Keyword> <Keyword>Stybarrow 
Crag, Patterdale</Keyword>  <Keyword>Stybarrow, Duke of</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1793 p.1051
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>John Mounsey</Keyword>
</Marginal>
The King of Patterdale</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[October 21] At Patterdale-hall (Patrickdale). in the parish of 
Barton, co. Westmorland, in the 92nd year of his age, John Mounsey, esq. commonly called 
<i>King of Patterdale</i>&#x002A;; the owners of which place for time immemorial have been
honoured with this appellation; a distinctlion which probably arose from some of the 
property being <i>alloidal</i>, as it is independent, and held of no superior. The royal 
family have the titles of King, Queen, Prince, Princess, and Dukes. the palace, pleasantly
situated at the head of the lake Ulswater, makes but an indifferent appearance; neglect 
for half a century hath left it almost a ruin. To get money with the late owner was a 
principle that almost absorbed every other idea. This propensity broke out very early in 
life, and appeared on every occasion. - The wild mountains, which almost surround the 
village, afford a beautiful blue Westmorland slate, and lead ore in great abundance; and 
some of them are covered with wood. of wood and slate he had a large share, most of which 
was conveyed down the lake in boats; and, when a boy, he could not be restrained by his 
father from the drudgery of the oar. His brother, the Duke of Stybrow (styled so from 
Stybrow-crag, a tremendous rocky precipice, bursting out into the lake near the village of
Patterdale, was no lover of work; he was a fine jolly fellow; which made the old man, a 
respectable country-gentlrman, in his mirth observe, "he had three children of very 
different dispositions: the oldest son
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Some particulars of this extraordinary person may be seen
in the agreeable "Ramble," reviewd vol.LXII. p.1114.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">manner
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1793 p.1052
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">would be drowned in Ulswater; the other in the <i>mash-tub</i>; 
and the daughter - the devil could not beat her for pride." No change in his manner of 
life (at least for the better) took place at the death of his father, which brought him 
into the possession of more than 300l. a year; he persevered as if he daily dreaded the 
want of the common necessaries of life; no work or hardship was too great for him; and he 
was lucky enough to engage one Dick Pearson, a true and trusty slave, into his service. 
They loaded the boat, rowed it down the lake, unloaded, and returned, at all seasons of 
the year, and at all times of the night. Sometimes he would sleep in barns, or other 
out-houses, when a few pence would have afforded him a comfortable bed in a public-house. 
in dress, he was the figure of misery itslef; his stocking-heels were made of strong 
leather; his cloaths patch upon patch of any colour; and, according to the custom of the 
country, he wore wooden shoes (provincially clogs) heavily shod with iron. Nature had 
formed him for labour, of a strong robust make; he was almost equal to any thing. He had 
another happy requisite; he would never flinch any weight he was able to stand under; and 
anecdotes are now wanting of his extraordinary strength
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A storm, however, would set all his powers at defiance; and once, 
at least, the prediction of his father was nearly fulfilled. He was ferrying a load of 
wood down the lake with no other help than his old companion Dick Pearson; a violent and 
unusual hurricane arose, and they were every moment in danger of going to the bottom. To 
throw the wood overboard was too great a sacrifice though their lives were in the most 
imminent danger. They were, however, so fortunate as to reach an island, a bare rock just 
rising above the lake. The storm increased; for two days and nights they were exposed to 
all its violence; a pile of stones, which they industriously raised, was their only 
shelter; and here, it was said, the King took care to secure what provision they had for 
his own use. In this there is reason to believe he was unfairly used. He contradicted the 
report himself; and, as he was not possessed of fine feelings, it is unlikely he would 
have given himself that trouble had it been true. All the <i>posse vicinitatis</i> were 
collected; but no one had courage to attempt their deliverance, notwithstanding the 
temptation of a considerable reward from the Queen Dowager. the storm at length abated, 
and they landed safe. This might have furnished him with an useful lesson; but it did not,
for he never desisted till old age compelled him to stoop.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When he had particular business to transact from home, where he 
saw the necessity of appearing decent, he would call upon a friend on the road, with whom 
he could take the liberty, and borrow his cloaths. In two or three days he restored the 
loan, and returned home in the dress he set out. -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Upon the mountains he had an extensive right of common; four 
shillings was the price for a beast-gate. When applications for joist were wanting, he 
would travel the country on foot, beating up for recruits. In one excursion it was 
remarked he could only collect one solitary heifer, which he drove himself from 
Alston-moor, Cumberland, a distance of near 40 miles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From such a strict oeconomy it is not to be wondered his property 
was daily accumulating: his house-keeping, it is supposed, never exceeded 30l. a year, 
some say not 20; and his annual income at the last was at least 800l. Indeed he seldom ate
at home, as he let his lands by stipulation, his tenants to give him so much hard cash, 
and so many meals, some one a week, some more, and he genarally took care to have them 
before due; even cockles, cabbage, &amp;c. by measure or count, became sometimes the 
consideration for a trifling rent. In some things he would indulge himself; he was 
remarkably fond of sugar, gingerbread, and all kinds of sweetmeats, which he always kept 
in his pocket; and in one instance he agreed with a tenant to supply him with 36 pounds of
sugar yearly
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To prevent the risk of being robbed, he would frequently hide his 
money in old stone walls. Something or other created suspicion, and he was watched. An 
industrious woman privately removed many a stone with little or no success, but would not 
give it up; she had therefore recourse to stratagem; she tumbled the stones about as he 
approached, and ran off with the appearance of very great surprize as if on actual 
possession of treasure. He was taken in the scare, and called out he would give her 
one-half if she would return and deliver it up. This feint had the effect; she was now 
convinced that near the place money was hid, and took opportunity, before his Majesty was 
recovered from his consternation, to make a more diligent search; and by this manoeuvre, 
which was in the end successful, actually carried off the prize. That he recovered any 
part of the money is not very probable: he had such an excessive dread of the law that his
subjects might almost say or do any thing with impunity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When more advanced in years, his dress was at least decent; he 
attended markets like a common farmer, and there was nothing in his appearance to attract 
the notice of a stranger. He nevertheless studied oeconomy in every shape, and to the last
had his <i>new</i> stockings lined with leather at the heels.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Once he joined with a neighbour for a horse; but the partnership 
soon broke up: the poor animal when upon travel had a sorry time of it; <i>provender was 
scarce</i>, and <i>turnpike-gates</i> caused many a tedious journey; but a <i>penny was 
saved</i>. Riding one day to Penrith market by the side of Ulswater, he made a full stop, 
stripped, and into the lake he went. From the bottom he picked up an old stocking,
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1793 p.1053
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<Paragraph rend="quote">which he carefully examined. "It might very likely have something 
valuable in it as it did not want to swim to the side," was his reply to a clergyman who 
afterwards joined him upon the road, and whose curiosity, from the odd circumstance, was 
not a little raised.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wilson, schoolmaster of Patterdale,acted as his secretary; and ten
pence was the price agreed upon for making his will. After the first, alterations, 
additions, and codicils, became so frequent, that Wilson was tired of the price, and for 
once got it raised to a shilling. He afterwards made a bolder attempt, he asked 
half-a-crown; this was too serious, and another person was employed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Not many years ago, he was so ill that his recovery was doubtful. 
His son, the Prince, advised him to leave 200l. to the poor. "No, he had lost a great deal
by the poor, but he never got any thing by them in his life. Why leave any thing to them?"
But the amiable youth, reasoning with him on the aweful scene before him, he gave way. 
"Well," says he, to his only child, his heir, and executor, "I will leave <i>one 
hundred</i>, if you will be fifty of it." Whether ever in his life before he hit upon so 
curious a method of cheating himself is unknown to us. This was not the finishing of his 
reign: he recovered; and, in his 89th year, lamented the shortness of life: "Could we 
but," says he to his old friend Willon, "live to the age of Methuselah, we might then have
some chance of getting rich: but, we no sooner find ourselves in the way of getting a 
little together, than death comes upon us and spoils all." -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He is succeeded in his title and estate by his only child John, 
who has a numerous family. This young man is almost adored in the place; and the writer of
this can faithfully testify that, upon the spot, he had the pleasure of hearing the 
following remark. "that, if it was possible, he was <i>too good</i>." Mr. Gilpin (alluding
to <i>situation only</i>, most likely) has said, that, "if he was inclined to envy any 
potentate in Europe, it would be the King of Patterdale." If this was the case during the 
life of the late King, how much more so now, when <i>this</i> Prince has for some time 
since been looked upon as the tutelar deity of the vale, whose chief study it has been to 
render the inhabitants more happy, easy, and contented.!
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1793 p.1081
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Bernard Gilpin</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Memoirs of Bernard Gilpin</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">MEMOIRS OF BERNARD GILPIN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Accompanied with an elegant Portrait.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BERNARD GILPIN was born in the year 1517, about the middle of the 
reign of Henry the Eighth. His forefathers had been seated at Kentmire Hall, in 
Westmorland, from the time of King John, in whose reign this estate had been given by a 
baron of Kendal to Richard Gilpin as a reward for services thought very considerable. From
this gentelman the estate of Kentmire descended to the father of Bernard, Edward Gilpin, 
who had several children, of which Bernard was one of the youngest; an unhappy 
circumstance in that age, which, giving little encouragement to the liberal arts, and less
to commerce, restrained the genius and industry of younger brothers. No way, indeed, was 
commonly open to their fortunes but the church or the camp. The inconvenience, however, 
was less to Mr. Gilpin than to others; for, that way was open to which his disposition 
most led him. From his earliest youth he was inclined to a contemplative life, thoughtful,
reserved, and serious. Perhaps no one ever had a greater share of constitutional virtue, 
or, through every part of life, endeavoured more to improve it. The Bishop of Chichester 
hath preserved a story of him in his infancy, which will shew how early he could discern 
not only the immorality, but the indecorum, of an action.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A begging friar came on a Saturday evening to his father's house; 
where, according to the custom of those times, he was received in a very hospitable 
manner. The plenty set before him was a temptation too strong for his virtue; of which, it
seems, he had not sufficient to save appearances. The next morning, however, he ordered 
the bell to toll; and, from the pulpit expressed himself with great vehemence against the 
debauchery of the times, and particularly against drunkenness. Bernard Gilpin, who was 
then a child upon his mother's knee, seemed for some time exceedingly affected with the 
friar's discourse, and at length, with the utmost indigniation, cried out, "He wondered 
how that man could preach against drunkenness, when he himself had been drunk only the 
night before."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Instances of this kind soon discovered the seriousness of his 
disposition, and gave his parents an early presage of his future piety.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His first years were spent at a public school, where, we are told,
he soon distinguished himself. From school he was removed to Oxford; and, at the age of 
sixteen, was entered upon the foundation at Queen's college. He now determined to apply 
himself to divinity, made the Scriptures his chief study, and set himself with great 
industry upon gaining a thorough knowledge of the Greek and Hebrew languages. He was very 
soon taken notice of, and looked upon as a young man of good parts and considerable 
learning; he was also admired and beloved for a remarkable sweetness in his disposition, 
and unaffected sincerity of manners. He took the degree of Master of Arts at the usual 
time, and, about the same time, was elected a Fellow; soon after which, he removed to 
Christchurch&#x002A; upon a
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Cardinal Wolsley laid the foundation of Christ-church 
college on the site of the priory of St. Frideswide; but his disgrace and death hindered 
him from completing it.
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">proposal
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1793 p.1082
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<Paragraph rend="quote">proposal made him by Cardinal Wolsey's agents, who designed that 
his college should be the means of the restoration of learning in England. Into whatever 
part of Popery Gilpin examined, he found great abuses; the true simplicity and spirit of 
Christianity were gone, totally lost in mere human inventions. But, what he first began to
object to in the Popish creed, and was most disgusted at, were indulgences, prayers before
images, and disallowing the public use of the Scriptures. However, Mr. Gilpin took 
cautious steps before he declared hinmself a Protestant. He continued at Oxford till the 
35th year of his age, studiously reading divinity; he hitherto rejected the solicitations 
of his friends to leave the university, saying, he was not yet enough instructed in 
religion himself to be a teacher of it to others. About this time he succeeded (at the 
earnest request of his friends) to the vicarage of Norton, in the diocese of Durham. His 
presentation bears date, Novermber, 1552.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Before he resided on his vicarage he was appointed to preach 
before the king at Greenwich. The reigning vice of that age, it seems, was avarice; or, 
more properly, rapine. At Court every thing was venal. In the room of law and justice, 
gross bribery and wrong were common; in trade grievous extortions and frauds. Accordingly,
the avarice of the times was the subject of Mr. Gilpin's discourse, resolving, with an 
honest freedom, to censure corruption in whatever rank of men he observed it. He first 
addressed the clergy on their being either pluralists or non-residents. He then turned to 
the Court. The king being absent - "It grieved him," he said, "to see those absent, who, 
for example's sake, ought particularly to have been present." He then recommends every 
pastor to hold but one benefice, and, as far as possible, every one to do his duty. He 
then elegantly addresse himself to the magistrates and gentry. They all, he said, received
their honours, their powers, and their authority, from God, who expected they would make 
proper use of such gifts, and would certainly call them to account for the abuse of them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Having thus freely addressed his audience, he concluded his sermon
with an hearty exhortation, "that all would consider these things, and such as found 
themselves faulty would amend their lives."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Some time after this Mr. Gilpin went abroad; and, while he was 
pursuing his studies at Louvain, he and all the Protestants in those parts were suddenly 
alarmed with melancholy news from England - King Edward's death, the Lady Jane's fall, and
Queen Mary's accession.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Innumerable were the difficulties this good man encountered in 
those troublesome times; but, his firm resolution was doing what good he could, and 
setting himself in earnest to reprove vice publicly and privately, to encourage virtue, 
and to explain the nature of true religion. Wherever he came, he used to visit all the 
jails and places of confinement; few in the kingdom having at that time any appointed 
minister. And, by his labours, and affectionate manner of behaving, he is said to have 
reformed many very abandoned persons in those places. He would employ his interest 
likewise for such criminals whose cases he thought attended with any hard circumstances; 
and often procured pardon for them. "To show the esteem in which he was held by every 
one:" - By the carelessness of his servant, his horses were one day stolen. The news was 
quickly propogated, and everyone expressed the highest indignation at the fact. The thief 
was rejoicing over his prize, when, by the report of the country, he found whose horses he
had taken. Terrified at what he had done, he instantly came trembling back, confessed the 
fact, returned the horses, and declared he believed the devil would have seized him 
directly had he carried them off knowing them to have been Mr. Gilpin's. The charity of 
Mr. Gilpin was unbounded. The value of his living as about four hundred pounds a year; 
which, however considerable an income at that time, was yet in appearance very 
unproportionate to the generous things he did. He never let slip an opportunity of doing 
good. Strangers and travellers found a cheerful reception at his house. All were welcome 
that came; and even their beasts had so much care taken of them, that it was humourously 
said, "if a horse was turned loose in any part of the country, it would immediately make 
its way to the rector of Houghton's."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The load of calumny, ingratitude, and ill-usage, with which he 
<i>undeservedly</i> met, may justly be supposed heavy upon him, already sinking under a
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">weight
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1793 p.1083
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<Paragraph rend="quote">weight of years; yet, he bore it with uncommon fortitude, 
strengthening himself with such consolations as a good Christian hath in reserve for such 
extremities.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">About the beginning of February, 1583, he found himself so very 
weak, that he was sensible his end must be drawing near. He told his friends his 
apprehensions, and spoke of his death with a happy composure which always attends the 
conclusion of a good life. He was soon after confined to his chamber. His senses continued
perfect to the last. A few days before his death he ordered himself to be raised in his 
bed, and his friends, acquaintance, and dependents, to be called in. He first sent for the
poor; and, beckoning them to his bedside, told them., he found he was going out of the 
world; he hoped they would be his witnesses at the great day that he had endeavoured to do
his duty among them; and he prayed God to remember them after he was gone. He would not 
have them weep for him: if ever he had told them anything good, he would have them 
remember that in his stead. Above all things, he exhorted them to fear God, and keep his 
commandments; telling them, if they would do this they never could be left comfortless.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He next ordered his scholars to be called in. To them likewise he 
made a short speech, reminding them that this was their time, if they had any desire to 
qualify themselves for being of use to the world; that learning was well worth their 
attention, but virtue was much more so.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He next exhorted his servants; and then sent for several persons 
who had not heretofore profited by his advice according to his wishes, and upon whom he 
imagined his dying words might have a better effect. His speech began to falter before he 
finished his exhortations. The remaining hours of his life he spent in prayer and broken 
conversations with some select friends, mentioning often the consolations of Christianity;
declaring they were the only true ones; that nothing else could bring a man peace at the 
last. He died March 4, 1583, in the 66th year of his age.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W. P.
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Naturalist's Ramble in the North</Keyword> <Keyword>Kent Sands<Note>Lancaster 
Sands</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal Fell, 
Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>limestone</Keyword> <Keyword>stink stone</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1794 p.111
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>ramble</Keyword>  <Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Naturalist's Ramble in the North</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 30.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">YOUR valuable Miscellany has just presented the publick with the 
ramble of a gentleman, who seems to have some taste for Natural History: his remarks were 
made in the South of England; and, with your premission, I will communicate, through the 
same channel, a short account of a similar excursion in the North.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Being in Westmorland last summer, I undertook a journey to 
Kent-sands, in search of natural curiosities, in the company of a friend whose taste is 
congenial to my own. The scenery of the country, and manners of its inhabitants, have been
described by abler pens than mine; for which reason it will be proper to confine the 
following observations to the fossils, plants, and animals, that came under our notice.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We set off from Kendal on the first of August, on foot; which mode
of travelling a judicious Naturalist will always prefer, because it affords him the best 
opportunity of pursuing his favourite study.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Kendal Fell is a hill which does not rise more than 160 yards 
above the river Kent in the highest part, The superior strata, to a great depth, consist 
of compact limestone, being that variety called stink stone as it emits a disagreeable 
smell when rubbed against a hard body, Its colour is grey, its fracture rough, and its 
specific gravity [2.723]. It abounds with petrifactions,
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">principally
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Kent, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Ray's botany</Keyword> <Keyword>botany</Keyword> 
<Keyword>flowers</Keyword> <Keyword>linnet</Keyword> <Keyword>juniper</Keyword> 
<Keyword>dotterel</Keyword> <Keyword>swallow</Keyword> <Keyword>Hawes Bridge, 
Natland</Keyword> <Keyword>fossil</Keyword> <Keyword>petrifying spring</Keyword> 
<Keyword>pied flycatcher</Keyword> <Keyword>Levens Park, Levens</Keyword> <Keyword>Scout 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1794 p.112
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">principally of the bivalve kind, which are very frequently 
mutilated. This vast mass of calcareous matter terminates in an extensive field of the 
same, occupying the valley to the South, In this part it rests on an elevated ridge of the
grey variety of the <i>shistus fuscus</i>, which is the common stone of the country to the
North, and even takes place immediately on the East side of the river, where no limestone 
appears parallel to the hill; but the natural rock is never seen in the low grounds 
excepting by those who sink deep wells; for, it is buried beneath a thick covering of sand
and pebbles, that forms the bed of the Kent, and extends up the declivities on both sides 
of it to a height far exceeding the limits of the present channel. The West side of the 
Fell is steep, frequently perpendicular; and the great quantity of limestone rubbish 
collected at the bottom of the precipice is covered with underwood, and has been famous 
since the time of Ray for a number of uncommon plants. I can add to the list already to be
found in botanical works an early and undefined variety of the <i>cynosurus coeruleus</i>,
differing in the following particulars from that noticed by Mr. Lightfoot. It grows in the
dry chinks of the rocks, flowers in the beginning of April, and never exceeds six or eight
inches in height. The <i>tevite</i>, a kind of linnet, builds its nest on the summit, 
either among loose stones, or under the stinted junipers, which spread their branches over
the mossy surface of this barren soil, and heighten the picture of sterility by their 
starved appearance. The dottrel, <i>charadius morinellus</i>, also pays a short visit to 
this uninviting spot at the first coming of the swallow, in its passage from the seacoast 
to the interior mountains, where it spends the summer, and lingers a few days on its 
return to winter-quarters about the end of September.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At one o'clock in the afternoon, we directed our course Southwards
along the banks of the Kent; and, after walking a little more than two miles, reached 
Haws-bridge, where the whole body of the current forces its way through a deep and narrow 
chasm in the limestone rock. Here the petrifactions are, generally speaking, 
<i>entrochites</i>; in which circumstance these strata differ from those we had examined 
before. Near the bridge we found a complete but small specimen of <i>belmintholithus 
hamonites</i>, imbedded in a fragment of stone. The botany of the woods on the West side 
of the river is various; but I shall only mention the <i>melampyrum sylvaticum, viburnum 
opulus</i>, and <i>agaricus chantarellus</i>, out of the great profusion of plants 
afforded by this luxuriant place. Fahrenheit's thermometer stood in the shade, a little 
after 3 P.M. at 67&#x00B0; and, at the same time, we found the temperature of a very fine 
spring to be 46.5&#x00B0;.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Between 4 and 5 o'clock we entered Leven's Park on the East side 
of Kent; the great quantity of woods in this delightful pleasure-ground has invited to its
shades a variety of small birds, amongst which all the species of <i>Parus</i> were 
observed, the <i>Biarmicus</i> excepted; and the <i>Motacilla Regulus</i> was also 
plentiful, though an uncommon bird in this part of Westmorland. The banks of the river, as
far as we had yet traversed them, were frequented by the pied fly-catcher, <i>Murcicapa 
Atricapilla</i>, a bird that is far from being uncommon in the hilly parts of the North, 
though hardly known in the south of England. It leads its young, as soon as they are 
fledged, to the sides of brooks and rivulets, where they find shelter under the spreadiing
leaves of the <i>tussilago petasites</i>; its food does not consist altogether of insects;
for, the <i>gizzard</i> of one I dissected contained a number of minute seeds mixed with 
small stones.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following description was taken from a young cock bird: weight
13 dwts. length from the tip of the bill to the origin of the tail 3 1/2 inches; breadth 8
1/2 inches; upper part of the head glossy-black; neck surrounded with a broad white ring; 
the limits of the black and white very well defined; base of the bill flared, but not so 
conspicuously broad as in the <i>m. grisola</i>; exterior feathers of the tail white 
tipped with brown; inner web of the quill feathers dirty white; coverts of the wings black
with light brown edges; legs <i>fuscous</i>, not black; under part of the body of a dirty 
white, feathers being black tipped with white. The water ouzel, <i>[fl]urnus cinculus</i>,
occurred frequently in the course of our walk. All the springs between Haws-bridge and 
this place cover the withered vegetables in their respective channels with a calcareous 
crust; the water of these fountains is undoubtedly impregnated with lime, suspended in it 
by an excess of carbonic acid; this gass escaping, when it comes into contact with the 
external air, leaves the earthy matter to
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<Paragraph rend="quote">subside,
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  <Keyword>Naturalist's Ramble in the North</Keyword> <Keyword>petrifying spring</Keyword>
<Keyword>Levens Park, Levens</Keyword> <Keyword>tides</Keyword> <Keyword>fish, Kent 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Kent, River</Keyword> <Keyword>fresh water mussel</Keyword> 
<Keyword>crayfish</Keyword> <Keyword>trout</Keyword> <Keyword>salmon</Keyword> 
<Keyword>eel</Keyword> <Keyword>flounder</Keyword> <Keyword>smelt</Keyword> 
<Keyword>otter</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1794 p.113
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<Paragraph rend="quote">subside, and form the incrustation in question; which incloses 
sticks, dead moss and straws cementing them into masses, vulgarly, but improperly, called 
petrifactions; for, the substance here alluded to is a calcareous <i>tophus</i>. Water 
thus charged with lime has a brisker taste than what has been rendered soft by exposure to
the atmosphere in the river, and generally is preferred for culinary purposes; which seems
to invalidate an opinion, entertained by very able physicians, of particular obstructions 
being occasioned by stony particles received into the system, together with the fluid in 
question; but this beverage, so suspicious in appearance, is innocent in its effects; for,
the stone and gravel are, at least, as uncommon here as in any part of the kingdom, nor do
we perceive the smallest symptom of those unseemly tumours of the throat which prevail in 
the Alps and other mountainous districts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Before quitting the park, we came to high-water mark; for, the 
tides reach thus far into the country at the time of spring-floods, the distance from the 
sea being not less than twenty miles; consequently this part of the river is not more than
eighteen or twenty yards above low-water mark, which is a very gentle ascent when compared
with that we had been examining; for, the Kent falls nearly fifty yards, by means of 
streams and cascades, in the space of less than five miles between Kendal and Levens. The 
watery inhabitants of this limpid current may be thus enumerated: the fresh-water muscle, 
<i>Mytilus Cygneus</i>; the cray-fish, <i>Cancer Astacus</i>; the samlet, <i>Salmo</i>; 
the trout, <i>S. Fario</i>; the salmon, <i>S. Salar</i>; the eel, <i>Muraena Anguilla</i>;
the bull-head, <i>Costus Gobio</i>; the pink, <i>Cyprinus Phoxinus</i>; the loach, 
<i>Cobitis Toenia</i>. About high-water-mark are found the flounder, <i>Pleuronectes 
Flessius</i>; and the smelt, <i>Salmo Eperlanus</i>. The otter may be added, without much 
impropriety, to the catalogue, the common enemy of the finny tribe.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>(To be concluded in a future number.)</i>
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<Keyword>Lancaster Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Far Arnside Coral Bed, Far 
Arnside<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>limestone</Keyword> <Keyword>strawsmear</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1794 p.326
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<Paragraph rend="quote">A NATURALIST'S RAMBLE IN THE NORTH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>(Concluded from p.113)</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AFTER leaving Levens, the park, and river, we soon reached 
Heversham. This village presents the <i>Malva Sylvestris</i> to the North country 
Naturalist; a plant which he considers as a botanical acquisition. We also picked up by 
the way the <i>Bromus Madritensis</i>, and the <i>Convulvulus Arvensis</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Nothing more worth recording occurred until we came to the 
junction of the Bela with the Kent on the Sands. Here the thermometer, placed in the 
fresh-water of the channel at eight in the evening, stood at 60&#x00B0;, with which 
observation we closed the labour and recreation of the day, intending to renew them early 
the next. The amusements of our walk were undoubtedly many, but it could be called 
fatiguing, as the length of it did not exceed eight miles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">August 2. In pursuance of our last night's resolution, we were on 
the sands soon after five in the morning. The days was fine, and we determined to follow 
the shore in order to pick up what curiosities might happen to fall in our way. But it 
soon appeared that our journey had not been well timed; for, the tides were neap, and the 
gulls had cleared the deserted channel of the greatest part of the marine animals that are
found in it at the time of spring-floods.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These sands are skirted on both sides with calcareous rocks; those
on the East side, which bound the shore we examined, are frequently high and naked, and 
run in a zigzag line; their direction is nearly from North to South as far as Arnside, but
afterwards it inclines considerable to the East, whiile the opposite coast continues in 
the former course, or nearly so; thus the width of the channel is gradually enlarged. The 
strata are for the most part well formed; but the rocks are, in some places South-east of 
Arnside, composed of mis-shapen masses, not at all stratified. This lofty bank of 
limestone abounds with petrifactions, principally of <i>Lithophyta</i>; but the petrified 
valves of a species of <i>Pinna</i> are sometimes found in it, as well as those of the 
<i>Cardium Edule</i> and other bivalves. The joints of the <i>strata</i> are in some 
places stained with a red substance, proceeding from the blood-stone which they contain. 
This mineral contains much oxyd of iron; its colour is reddish brown; its specific gravity
4.992; one surface is generally convex, the other is less, and concave; the sides are for 
the most part marked with converging fibres. Another uncommon fossil is found here, the 
<i>Stirium Marmoreum</i> of Linnaeus, or fibrous limestone; its specific gravity is 2.728;
fire converts it into lime; it disolves in the vitriolic, marine, and nitrous acids, and 
contains carbonic acid gas. We heard that variety of the <i>Motacilla Trochitus</i>, 
called in Westmorland a Strawsmear, singing in a woody declivity close to the beach, after
the same bird had been silent for more than three weeks in the interrior part of the 
country. It weighs 6 1/4 dwts. The bill is slender, nearly equal; the tongue
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<Paragraph rend="quote">notched
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<Keyword>botany</Keyword> <Keyword>geology</Keyword> <Keyword>flowers</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1794 p.327
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<Paragraph rend="quote">notched at the end; the nostrils oval; upper mandible, head, and 
back, of a mouse-colour tinged with yellow; a light yellow line between each eye and the 
corresponding nostril; wings of the same colour with the back, except that the inner web 
of each quill is marked with a yellow margin; tail long, consisting of eleven equal 
feathers of the same colour with the back; under mandible brownish; throat and breast 
white; thighs yellow; legs brownish; nails mouse-coloured; under-side of the feet a deep 
yellow, as is the inside of the bill. It appears here after the middle of April. Its song 
consists of a succession of distinct loud notes gradually decreasing in acuteness. It 
frequents hedges, shrubberies, and such-like places. It builds a nest of straws lined with
hair, resembling that of the white-throat, and lays generally five eggs of a dirty white 
colour, marked at the thicker end with numerous dark-brown oval spots. the bird here 
described can be no other than the Scotch warbler of the "British Zoology;" though the 
author denies it to be a separate species, in his "Arctic Zoology," on the authority of a 
Swedish correspondent. We found the <i>Cardium Edule</i> on the sands below Arnside point;
and the <i>Fucus Filum</i>, which is brought hither by the tide. The rocks are covered 
with the <i>Mytilus Edulis, Turbo Littoreus</i>, and <i>Lepas Balanoides</i>; they are 
also clad with the <i>Fucus Vesiculosus</i> and <i>F. Canaliculatus</i>. The Gulls, which 
were here numerous, conisted of the three following species, <i>Larus Canus, L. 
ridibundus</i>, and Winter-gull. Linnaeus makes this a variety of the <i>Larus Canus</i>; 
and Berkenhour supposes it to be the young of the same; but one was domesticated in this 
country, and kept in a garden for four years without changing its distinguishing marks; it
ought, therefore, to be considered as a distinct species.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The rare plants that grow in the salt ditches on the marsh, the 
stony beach, and limestone rocks, may be thus enumerated: <i>Apium Graveolens, Auriplex 
Littoralis, Cochlearia Danica, Triglochin Maritimum, Triticum Junceum, PLantage Coronapus,
Atropa Belladona, Chelidonium Glaucium, Arenaria Tenuifolia, Polygonum Aviculare marinum, 
Roas Arvensis, Crataegus Aria, Conyza Squarosa, Parietaria Officinalis</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After following the beach about three miles beyond Arnside, we 
discovered the <i>Oniscus</i>&#x002A;.........<i>icus</i> among the loose stones near 
low-water mark. This insect has not yet found a place in the British catalogue. It runs 
quickly, in which it differs from <i>Oniscus Assellus</i> as well as in the structure of 
its tail.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This was the end of our excursions; for we returned leaving the 
beach and keeping more on the sands, which were well inhabited by the <i>Lumbricus 
Marinus</i>. We also picked up the <i>Tellina Carnaria, Medusa Aurita</i>, and the 
<i>Alcyonium Bursa</i>. The surface of our road was ruffled here and there, so as to as to
resemble the knap on frized cloth. This appearance is occasioned by a minute shrimp, the 
<i>Canas Linearis</i>, multitudes of which bore the sand perpendicularly, each forming for
its own use a long narrow cell. It was well observed by my friend at the time, that, if a 
portion of sand so perforated should happen to be converted into stone, it would form a 
<i>tubiporus</i> every way like that in the neighbouring rocks, the slenderness of its 
tubes excepted. The remark was ingenius, and perhaps not very inconsistent with the 
operations of Nature; for, though the process of petrifaction is unknown, it is highly 
probable, nay almost demonstrable, that the calcareous <i>strata</i> occupying a vast 
extent of this country were originally loose sand mixed with marine bodies, just as it 
appears to be at this day in the capacious channel we have been exploring. The remaining 
part of our route lay through places already descibed; and the few new observations that 
occured do not seem worthy of a place in this narrative.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &#x002A;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">X. Z.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Petition for Peace</Keyword> <Keyword>Morpeth, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1795 p.305
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>petition for peace</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>
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Petition for Peace, Carlisle</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Parliamentary Proceedings of Lords and Commons in 1795.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>January</i> 22.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. <i>Curwen</i> presented a petition from the inhabitants of 
Carlisle, for a speedy and effectual peace.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lord <i>Morpeth</i> produced a protest, which, he said, was signed
by 12 or 1300 inhabitants, who, notwithstanding the general inclination for a peace, did 
not agree or participate in the proceedings of the petitioners. He spoke much of the 
respectability of the persons signing the protest; which was done from a sense of duty, 
and not in consequence of any solicitation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. <i>Curwen</i> defended very zealously the character and 
principles of the petitioners who drew up this address in consequence of an adverisement 
calling for a public meeting. It was a petition very far from partaking of the spirit of 
party or opposition, which the subscribers not only disclaimed for themselves, but also 
directed their representatives to join with any gentlemen who were in favour of peace, and
not to be influenced in any degree by the conduct of the party, by whom, from experience, 
they knew they were liable to be deceived. Were the petition drawn up in any other spirit,
he should be ashamed to bring it before the House. He was sure that it was not 
manufactured, nor was any influence used in bringing it forward, though he was very well 
assured that very active influence was employed in producing their protest. The characters
of the petitioners were exceedingly well known, as they consisted of the most respectable 
inhabitants of Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. <i>Wallace</i> did not deny but that some of the signatures to
the petition were highly respectable; but, with regard to the generality of them, he would
not pretend to say any thing. Their object he could by no means commend, as it seemed 
intended to obstruct the operations of Government: nor was it sanctioned by a majority of 
the inhabitants of Carlisle, and of the county of Cumberland in general. The only argument
adduced to prove that it conveyed the general sense of the inhabitants was, that it came 
from a public meeting, convened by advertisement. It was not, however, his opinion, that 
the sense of the country was accurately collected by such meetings; besides, the petition 
was not signed by the chairman, by order of the meeting, but signatures taken 
individually, and persons invited for that purpose. It was but too notorious, that 
petitions could in this manner be procured for almost any cause; and the straights the 
abettors of the petition were driven to were evident, from their applying for signatures 
to strangers and children, one of whom was a boy of 13 years of age, apprentice to a 
hair-dresser. He confessed there was a very ardent wish for peace, but it was not for a 
premature peace, but one consistent with the honor, interests, and the safety of the 
country.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. <i>Fox</i> was sorry the advisers of the protest had not drawn
it up in a shape which would admit of its being received by the House. For then it would 
appear, that the opinions of the subscribers to the petition, and those to the protest, 
were precisely the same respecting the necessity for an immediate peace, and that they 
only differed on the propriety of making in this way any application to Parliament.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>Chancellor of the Exchequer</i>, on the other hand, 
contended, the subscribers to the protest having declared their desire for peace, when 
Parliament in their wisdom should think proper, possessed an object perfectly distinct 
from the petitioners, who desired a peace at present, on whatever terms it might be 
gained. The address was not signed till after Parliament, in its address to the throne, 
had declared, that a secure and honourable peace was only to be obtained by a vigourous 
persecution of the war, and the subscribers, in submitting to their prudence and wisdom, 
professed to entertain the same opinion as the House.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The question, that the petition do lie upon the table, was put, 
and carried.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1795 p.569
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Lanercost Priory</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>July</i> 10.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">LANERCOST priory is omitted in the new History of Cumberland, 
though all the places around it in Eskdale ward are treated at large, and prints of it 
given in the second part of vol. I.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. H. has described it, in his Tour to the Lakes, in all the pomp
and flowers of language. Forgetting that he was there "in the character of an itinerant 
only," he has preached a sermon on the languishment which hangs on the very curiosity 
which excited him to advance. <i>Imagination</i> is immediately <i>figured</i> from 
<i>conception of the rites</i> which once hallowed this place. The benevolent mind turns 
away from ideas of those horrid crimes which, through the corruption of men, polluted 
these holy mansions, and <i>will not yield to the sable character which would blot out all
pleasing visions."</i> p.268. "It is profitable for the impetuous and ambitious spirit of 
youth to visit such a remonstrating
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1795 p.570
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<Paragraph rend="quote">representation," &amp;c. &amp;c. Oh! it is so moving one can read 
no more
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Two such modern smarts are introduced into an inside view of the 
priory, in the second part of the first volume.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I am led to these enquiries by looking over your former volumes in
the XIVth of which are give two curious inscriptions from this old ruin: the one of Roman,
the other of Gothic, antiquity: of the latter a more correct copy is much wished for, 
though it is much to be feared Mr. H. cannot be depended upon to make a <i>fac simile</i>,
such wretched work he has made of others.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If I should have overlooked Lannercost in a work that has no plan 
nor index, who is to blame?
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<Paragraph rend="quote">P. P.
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Dacre Bears</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sproxton, July</i> 30.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE Editors of the History of Cumberland, rather to my 
surprize,have not favoured the publick with drawings of the four pillars in Dacre 
church-yard; I therefore send you sketches of them taken in the summer of 1795. (see 
<i>Plate I. fig.</i> 2, 3, 4, 5.) My own remarks nearly agree with the following 
description they give us:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"In Dacre church-yard are four remarkable monuments, being 
the figures of bears, about five feet in height, sitting on their haunches, and clasping a
rude pillar, or ragged staff, on which two of the figures rest their heads; the other two 
carry on their backs the figures of a lynx; one is in the attitude of attempting to rid 
himself of the animal on his shoulders, with his head twisted, and paw cast behind him. 
They are placed on a square, two to the East of the church, and two to the West."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Afterwards follows a quotation from Bishop Nicolson, the same as 
copied by Burn in 1777.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"That these look like some of the achievements of the 
honourable family that so long resided at the neighbouring castle, which has since been 
illustrated by a very worthy descendant of the family, on account of their claim to the 
hereditary forestership of Inglewood forest: and the more so as one sees these jagged 
branches over and over introduced in the chapel of Naworth castle, which is so rich with 
arms and cognizances; and where this jagged branch is, in some places, even thrown across 
the Dacre's arms <i>fess-wise</i>. Ranulph de Meschines, lord of Cumberland, granted this 
office of Forester to Robert D'Estrivers, lord of Burgh upon Sands, in fee; his arms were 
<i>Argent</i>, three bears <i>Sable</i>. The heiress D'Estrivers married Engain; the 
heiress of Engain married Morvil; the heiress of Morvil married Multon; and Dacre married 
the heiress of Multon, and by her had the same right as the others to the forestership of 
Inglewood; which was so honourable, and gave so great command, that there is no wonder the
family should wish, by every means, to set forth their claim to it, and, amongst others, 
by cognizances taken in allusion thereto, especially as the Crown, about this time, seems 
to have interfered with them, in regard to this right. Surely nothing could be more 
naturally adapted to this idea than this Bear, which was the arms of their ancestor, the 
first grantee of office. The branch of a tree, which seems so very allusive to forests and
woods, agrees with the same notion: and it is not improbable but this might be originally 
a badge used by Robert D'Estrivers himself, and that he chose the bears in his arms, 
because they were inhabitants of forests."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Editors remark, that in the old town-house walls at Penrith 
(burnt down, I think, in 1770) bears and ragged staves were represented.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dacre</i> according to Burn, is noted for having given name to,
or rather received its name from, the Barons of Dacre, who continued there for many ages. 
It is mentioned by Bede, as having a monastery there in his time; as also by Malmesbury, 
for being the place where Constantine, king of the Scots, and Eugenius, king of Cum-
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">berland,
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[Cum]berland, put themselves and their kingdom under the 
protection of the English king, Athelstan. The true name of the family was D'Acre, from 
one of them who served at the siege of Acre (or Ptolemais) in the Holy Land; who, from his
achievements there, having received the name of the place, imparted the same at his return
to his habitation in Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When this noble family deserted their ancient mansion, the castle,
I am not informed. The estate was sold by Anne Lennard, Baroness Dacre, and others, in the
year 1716, to Sir Christopher Musgrave, of Edenhall, bart. who conveyed it to the 
grandfather of the present proprietor Edward Hassell, of Dalemanin, Esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I should wish to know from any of your correspondents, Mr. Urban, 
whether anything like these pillars occurs in church-yards in other parts of the kingdom; 
and what is the most general opinion respecting them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W. M.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 30.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN, I CANNOT help regretting that your excellent 
correspondent W.M. p.985, has not expressed himself more clearly, by his pencil I mean, 
respecting the <i>lynxes on the shoulder</i> of two of the Dacre bears. I will allow the 
editors of the new History of Cumberland to see any thing any where; but, as I cannot see 
with their eyes, I do not see in W.M.'s drawings any thing like the lynxes, or the paw 
cast behind one of the bears to rid himself thereof. The bear may have been the badge or 
cognizance of the Dacre family as successors to that of D'Estrivers: whether the <i>ragged
staff</i> was connected with the bear in this instance as with the family of the
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<Paragraph rend="quote">earls of Leicester, on their monuments in the beautiful Beachamp 
chapel at Warwick, is another question; but, if it was, it may be doubted whether what is 
mistaken for the <i>lynx</i> be not the <i>jagged branch</i>, part of the ragged staff or 
pillar against which the bears lean, which without it would be smoother than the ragged 
staff is generally represented by Virgil's <i>stipes gravidus nodis</i>, AEn. VII. 507, 
and the <i>nodosus stipes</i> of Ovid, Ep. X. 101.
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</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1796 p.843
</Paragraph>
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</Marginal>
Westmorland Carts</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G7960843.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 9.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TRAVELLING a short time since in the North, I was struck with the 
peculiarity of the carts used in Westmorland, and some parts of Lancashire, and was 
induced to make the enclosed sketch, (<i>fig.</i> 9). It is surprizing with what facility 
a horse will ascend and descend the steepest mountains with one of these carts loaded, 
owing, I believe, to the shafts being elevated and consequently less weight thrown on the 
horse's back.
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<Keyword>Colby, Dorothy</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1797 p.725
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Wharton Family</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sept.</i> 10.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE lady, concerning whom a correspondent enquires in a note in 
p.283 was Dorothy Colby, daughter of --- Colby &#x002A;, and his wife, first, [to] --- 
Tamworth; and, 2dly, to Philip third Lord Wharton, whose second wife she was, and to whom 
she bore a son surnamed Henry. Allow me to request some information relative to the barony
of Wharton, granted by King Henry VIII. to Sir Thomas Wharton, knt. for his signal 
services against the Scotch at the battle of Sollom-moss, in 1543. This baron de-
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
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<Paragraph rend="quote">scended
</Paragraph>
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, Lucy, Lady</Keyword> <Keyword>Morrice, William, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1797 p.726
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[de]scended in a direct line from the original grantee to Thomas 
fifth Lord Wharton, who was created Marquis of Wharton, and was the father of the Duke of 
Wharton, "the scorn and wonder" of his time; who, rebelling against the Crown of Great 
Britain, fled to Spain, and died there in extreme poverty. Leaving no issue, all his 
titles but that of baron became extinct; and it does not appear that the barony was 
claimed by either of his sisters; of whom Lady Jane was married, first, to Mr. Holt, of 
Redgrave, in Suffolk, and 2dly, to Robert Coke, esq.; and Lady Lucy was the wife of Sir 
William Morrice, bart. Their brother having been in a state of rebellion, it is supposed 
he was attainted, and that his titles were consequently declared to be forfeited; or it is
probable that the barony would not have remained so long without a claimant. I am 
desirous, therefore, of knowing whether the titles were so forfeited, and whether the 
first Lord Wharton was called to the House of Peers by writ or patent; and, if by the 
latter, whether the barony was limited to to heirs-male, or extended to heirs-general. As 
Lady Jane Coke left her great fortune to a lady of obscure birth, who had been her 
companion, who was in no wise related to her, and who afterwards married the late Earl of 
Pomfret, it is presumed that she had no issue by either of her husbands. And I am desirous
of knowing whether the Lady Lucy had any issue by Sir William Morrice, whose title is 
probably extinct, there being no such name in the list of barons of either of the three 
kingdoms. If the titles were not forfeited, and if the barony was granted by writ, or 
extended to heirs-general, and if neither Lady Jane nor Lady Lucy left issue, the barony 
of Wharton musts be in abeyance between the representatives of Philip fourth Lord Wharton,
by his second wife, Jane, dau. of Arthur Goodwin.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Any information upon this subject, and particularly whether the 
titles are considered as forfeited, will much oblige
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">VIATOR A.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1797 p.940
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 6.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN answer to the queries of Viator A. pp.725,726, I inform him, 
that the barony of Wharton is understood to be a barony in fee, descendable to 
heirs-general of the body of Sir Thomas Wharton; who, as no reference is made by Dugdale 
in his Baronage, vol.II. p.389, to a <i>patent</i>; must have been summoned to parliament,
by writ, 1 Edw. VI. For the descendants of Philip Lord Wharton, by Jane Goodwin, I refer 
him to the <i>Stemmata Chicheleana</i>; a book which I have not at present, but which I 
recollect states various issue. There is certainly no remaining issue of Thomas, Marquis 
of Wharton, his son. Mary, daughter of Philip Lord Wharton, married Sir Charles Kemeys, 
bart. whose daughter by her married Sir John Tynte, bart. died 1785 withjout issue by his 
wife, Anne, daughter and heir of Dr. Busby, of Addington, in Bucks; in consequence of 
which his sister's son, who married John Johnson, esq. late a lieutenant-colonel in the 
guards, has become the representative of this daughter of Lord Wharton. Her husband has 
assumed the name of Kemeys-Tynte. (See Collinson's Somersetshire, I. 80.) Philadelphia 
Wharton, another daughter, married Sir George Lockhart, of Carnwarth, and afterwards Capt.
John Ramsey, son to the Bishop of Ross. She died July 3, 1722, leaving issue by Sir George
two sons and a daughter, of whom George, the eldest, died 1761, leaving nine children. 
(See Noble's Cromwell, II. pp.269,271.) Margaret Wharton married Major Dunck, of Pusey, in
Berkshire, esq. whose issue seem all extinct. (See Noble, <i>ut supr.</i> p.447.) Anne 
Wharton married William Carr, a Scotchman. (Dugd. Bar. II. 390.) Philip Lord Wharton had, 
by a former wife (Elizabeth Wandesford), a daughter, Elizabeth, second wife of Robert 
Bertie, third Earl of Lindsay, whose heirs-general are Lady Willoughby, of Eresby, and the
Countess of Cholmondeley. These ladies have certainly a co-claim to this barony; for the 
exclusion of <i>half-blood</i> does not, as I apprehand, apply to the inheritance of 
honours.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The marriage of Philip Lord Wharton with Dorothy Colby is not 
mentioned by Dugdale. If your correspondent be right in this, she must have been his 
<i>third</i>, not his <i>second</i>, wife.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The statute books will tell whether an act of attainder passed 
against the eccentric Duke of Wharton. I guess not. A bill of indictment for high treason 
was found; and it proceeded, I think, to outlawry. I know <i>one</i> of the 
<i>co-heirs</i> does not consider the <i>barony</i> forfeited.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">F. S.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">F.S. will observe, that I was right with respect to Dorothy Colby 
being the <i>second</i> wife; for, it was Philip, <i>third</i> Lord Wharton, who married 
Dorothy Colby to his <i>second</i> wife, and not Philip, <i>fourth</i> Lord W, who had 
indeed three wives, from two of whom descend the Bertyies, Tyntes, and Lockharts.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 15. A shocking accident happened this evening at 
<i>Carnforth</i>, about 5 miles from Lancaster, As one of the stage coaches, generally 
termed the opposition coach, was proceeding to Kendal, the box on which the driver sat was
by some means forced to one side rather suddenly; in consequence of which he fell to the 
ground, and the wheels instantly passing over his head occasioned his immediate death. He 
has left a widow and four small children.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Staindrop, June</i> 11.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WITH this you will receive a drawing of Cockermouth castle, 
Cumberland; which I took but a few days ago; and, as I am informed no similar view has 
ever been published, I apprehend it will readily find a place in your valuable Miscellany.
This castle stands upon a hill South of the river Dirwent, and West of the Cocker; it is 
very strong, and the walls are 600 yards in compass. On the East side, over the gate-way, 
are the arms of the Moltons, Humphranvilles, Lucys, and Percys. In this place are the 
remains of a vaulted cellar, and some walls of a chapel. It is supposed to have been built
soon after the Conquest by William de Meschines.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">S. R.
</Paragraph>
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Bridge<Note>Force Mill Bridge ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Force Mill Bridge, Force 
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  <Keyword>riding</Keyword>  <Keyword>accident</Keyword>  <Keyword>Hawkshead</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Accident near Hawkshead</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>May</i> 13. A few nights ago three gentlemen set off from 
<i>Hawkeshead</i>, to go to a place near <i>Ulverston</i>, in Lancashire: soon after they 
got upon the road, which is in some parts very indifferent, and in general very uneven, 
two of them proposed to gallop their horses to a certain distance, of a few paces, for a 
trifling wager. They were riding at full speed, when, coming to a place called Foss Bridge
(about 6 miles from Hawkshead), at the bottom of a steep hill, both horses ran with such 
violence against the dry parapet wall of the bridge as to break it down; both, of course, 
plunged into the stream, the bed and sides of which are rock. One of the gentlemen (a 
young man of the name of Taylor) was killed upon the spot, as also was his horse. The 
other one had one of his thighs broken, and the leg shattered in a dreadful manner. The 
third person, whom they had left at some distance behind, passed the bridge soon 
afterwards, without perceiving what had happened; but not long after, the discovery was 
made by a man travelling that way, who was alarmed by the groans of the survivor, whom, 
with the dead body of his companion, he found in the horrible situation above described.
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</Marginal>
The Eden at Stenkrith Bridge</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Garden-court, Temple, July</i> 18.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IF an ordinary observer of Nature may find his way into your 
respectable Magazine as well as the more minute enquirers into that subject, may I beg 
leave, through the medium of it, to publish a short description of what appears to me a 
most striking natural curiosity in the North of England? It is called by the 
country-people STANKTHRED BRIDGE, and is about half a mile West of the town of Kirby 
Stephen, in the county of Westmorland. I have not found any account whatso-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">ever
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Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>road, Kendal to Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>toll 
gate</Keyword> <Keyword>tolls</Keyword> <Keyword>inn, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Coopkarnal Hole, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1799 p.643
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[whatso]ever of it in print; and the reason why it has not been 
mentioned by any of the numerous tourists through Craven in Yorkshire, and to the Lakes, I
apprehend it no difficult matter to account for. There are two routes to the lakes; one by
the way of Lancaster, through Craven, which is beginning the Lakes at the western end; and
the other lies through Brough and Appleby, which enters upon them by Penrith, at the 
Eastern extremity. Now, Kirby Stephen lies nearly in the middle of a most dreadful 
cross-road, of about 40 miles, which connects these two tracks to the Lakes, and runs 
along the South of Westmorland, almost forming the boundary between that county and 
Yorkshire. The bad state of this road, and the exorbitant demands for toll at all 
turnpikes, are of themselves sufficient evidence of its desolate and unfrequented state. 
It was my fortune to visit these Lakes with a friend last Summer, and we entered upon the 
tour at Penrith, and terminated it at Ambleside and Kendal. In returning, we determined to
take the cross-road I have above described, and accordingly travelled from Kendal to 
Brough. Upon stopping at Kirkby Stephen, to refresh ourselves, we enquired of the landlord
of the inn if there was any thing in the place or its neighbourhood deserving the 
attention of strangers. Our host, who was rather a sensible fellow, told us that there was
this natural curiosity at Stankthred Bridge, which was about half a mile from his house, 
and which some few solitary travellers had occasionally visited. We were accordingly soon 
furnished with a guide to the spot; and such was our impatience, that we reached it in a 
few minutes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This phaenomenon consists of the bed of a river, formed entirely 
of rocks, of different strata of white stone, rather level on their surface, as if worn 
with water. The stream, which in Summer is very slender and small, runs from North to 
South, not <i>over</i> this bed of rocks, but through a passage or fissure in the middle 
of it, from about a foot to a yard wide in different places, but extending in depth to the
bottom of the <i>rocks</i>. In Winter, when the torrents descend from the mountains, their
surfaces are of course quite overflowed. I was much pleased with tracing the course of the
stream as it rushed along its narrow channel. It was, in some places, ten or fiftenn feet 
below the surface of the rock; and, at other places, was obliged to spread itself, in 
order to find a passage, thence descending in fine cascades, one of which, near the 
bridge, descended a perpendicular height of near twenty feet into a large basin formed in 
the rock, with great noise and grandeur. These waterfalls proceed not only from the 
different number of strata in different parts of the bed of the river, but are likewise, 
in a great degree, occasioned by the nature of the country, which is uncommonly 
mountainous, a high ridge of mountains running all along the Southern boundary of 
Westmorland, down which rush several streams in different places, and this one amongst the
rest. I walked along the bed of this river over the tops of these rocks, and they seemed 
to me (judging form the fissure along which the water ran) to be about thirty of forty 
feet thick. The breadth of this bed of stone was nearly the same, and extended in length 
about a quarter of a mile. If this sort of appearance presented itself in Italy instead of
England, no naturalist would hesitate a moment to determine it the effect of some volcanic
eruption. It has every feature which marks the character of a torrent of lava, rushing 
into the bed of a river, and filling up the space it occupied. It is also extraordinary to
accunt for the manner in which the stream has worked its passage through this bed of 
intruding lava, particularly as the distance is so great; to effect which, there is no 
doubt that it must have required many ages. For my own part, when I combine the appearance
of this bed of lava with the shape of the mountain which overlooks Stankthred Bridge and 
the town of Kirby Stephen, I have no doubt that it is the eruption of some volcano, and 
that the mountain, instead of discharging a stream of water as at present, has formerly 
poured from its bosom a torrent of liquid fire, the remains of which are now seen. This 
will not appear so extraordinary, when we consider that it has long been a fact 
ascertained by naturalists, that calcined rocks, pumice-stone, and lava, the undoubted 
vestiges of volcanos, are not peculiar to any country or climate. They have been 
discovered in France, Germany, the West Indies, and the islands in the South Seas. There 
are even as many proofs of the existence of extinguished
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">eruptions
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1799 p.644
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<Paragraph rend="quote">eruptions in this island. It is well known that in the strata of 
Darley Moor, in Derbyshire, there is both lime-stone and lava; in the former of which Mr. 
Moor of Bakewell, lately discovered the remains of a petrified crocodile. Many other 
instances might also be adduced; but I have never heard of or seen any thing of this kind 
so perfect in its shape, and so peculiarly possessing the features of the Sicilian torrent
of lava, as the place I have been describing. If any of your readers can give me a 
satisfactory explanation of this phaenomenon, I shall be much obliged to them. At present 
I cannot forbear adding it to the list of those examples of the disordered face of Nature,
which go strongly to prove an unbounded succession of events, and unceasing revolutions of
Nature, through invulnerable ages and an eternity of time.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">G. COOPER.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1799 opp p.833
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Gosforth Cross</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">H. Serjeant esq. fecit 1799
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Gosforth Cross</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sept.</i> 29.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE inclosed drawing (<i>Plate I. fig.</i> 2.) may, perhaps, be a 
small subject of entertainment to your Antiquarian readers. It represents a column at 
present extant in the church-yard of the parish of Gosforth, situated 12 miles Southward 
of Whitehaven, in the county of Cumberland. It stands above 15 feet above the ground, and 
is about 14 inches mean diameter, and formerly, as is reported, had a fellow column at 
about 7 feet distance, with an horizontal stone between the two, on which was rudely cut 
the figure of a large and antique sword. This stone has been taken away within memory; and
the cross which crowned the two columns, after that the column was cruelly cut down and 
converted into a style for a sundial, which was put into the parson's garden of Gosforth, 
and there remains. On this column I once, by means of chalking, discovered two figures of 
horses and men; but these were faint. It is much more perfect, and perhaps less injured by
time, than those spoken of by Camden as being in Penrith church-yard; and are much taller,
and of more elegant shape. They are sepulchral monuments, and of Christian days. What else
may be supposed of them, I leave to your Antiquarian correspondents.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">CARBO.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The cross at Gosforth (p.833), of which not the least notice is 
taken in Burn's History of Cumberland, vol. I. p.583, was probably at the head or feet of 
a grave, like those in the church-yard at Penrith.
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  <Keyword>Buttermere</Keyword>  <Keyword>A Rambler</Keyword>
</Marginal>
A Rambler's Revisit to Buttermere</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 2.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BEING among the English Lakes part of the winter of 1797-8. I felt
an irresistable wish to re-visit <i>Buttermere</i>; that I might see, what I formerly 
called "the <i>incomparable</i> Scale Force water-fall,"
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1800 p.19
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<Paragraph rend="quote">bound up in icicles; but my grand intention was, to settle an 
account with my own mind; and do away any false pride, which the handsome things said of a
young creature at Buttermere might have disordered her with.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Jan. 8, 1798, I left the Salutation-inn, at Ambleside, where I 
always feel myself at home: there, "A Fortnight's Ramble" originated, and a great part of 
the poem on Windermere was written. We had an exhilerating clear atmosphere, and not a 
breath of air. Grasmere valley and lake were in the sweetest view; the reflection in the 
water of the sheep grazing on the island was most famous, and the tones of the 
wether-bells, as they nibbled along, delightful music. Besides, the surface shewed, what I
never observed before, a sugar-loaf top of snow, peeping amongst other hills, apparently 
to the naked eye all of the same height; but the lesser hills were green or rough as 
Nature formed them. No one could have passed this scene, without half an hour's 
admiration, and particular attention to the chaste summit; which proves it to be a 
mountain, on the highest part of which only there was then snow.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A rock on the top of Helm Crag exactly resembles a thirteen-inch 
sea-mortar, ready to burst forth her formidable shell at 45 degrees elevation; military 
men would be much struck with it; and yet it had formerly escaped my notice, till a 
gentleman desired me to observe it. I then went to Robert Newton's, and took care to order
a cup of his "good woman's preserved gooseberries" at breakfast, and was made a great deal
of. I had no sooner breakfasted, but was shewn by Robert a near path to the high road; and
seeing a person brushing up it, I made such expedition I overtook a clergyman of the 
county before he had surmounted it; like myself, he was on foot to Keswick [ ] take 
advantage of this very fine day. There cannot be a better road, and the varieties in view 
are superb, or pleasing; I had never walked farther than Grasmere that way. The returning 
look from the top of the road into the valley, overpowered me with delight; the icy gems 
that studded the opposite hills, on which the sun had influence, were innumerable; this 
quiet vale, thus bedecked, was superior to whatever the strongest fancy could conceive; 
and I am certain, as we saw it, must always live in my companion's remembrance. I have a 
stronger proof than any thing I can say, of the indelible appearance of this valley, and 
shall go aside from my present walk to make it known. On my return from this excursion, I 
had stopped at the Cherry-tree, the half-way house, and learnt that the chearful old 
woman, spoken of in the Ramble, was dead; the other, now 84, was nursing a sickly looking 
infant, which she held in her withered arms with much affection, and bitterly lamented 
that colds had been very prevalent, and fatal to the children about them. The house looked
so gloomy to what it formerly did to me, I hastened out of it, although I was feebly asked
if I chose to have a bed; and soon overtook a weary old soldier, that seemed to toddle on,
overcome by fatigue. He told me he had walked that morning from Whitehaven, that he was 
hastening to Liverpool, to chastise a captain of a ship, with the crab-stick in his hand, 
for cruelly treating his son when at sea. I soon drew him from that disagreeable subject, 
"to shoulder his staffe," and talk the fights he had been in. As we advanced, and I 
pointed to the mortar on the crag, he was quite delighted with the remark, and said,- 
"that bull-dog looks as if it was going to open u[ ]on us, to hinder our passing the 
Gaut;" and for himself, when he came to a full command of Grasmere, he thus spoke - "Forty
years
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<Keyword>Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Cockermouth Castle, Cockermouth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Cocker, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Lorton 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1800 p.20
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<Paragraph rend="quote">ago I first came this road, a recruit from Whitehaven - I thought 
this sight at the bottom of the hill very beautiful, I have passed it several times since,
and have been all over the world; it is sixteen years since I last saw it, and I have 
never seen any thing so pretty." The unadulterated taste of an uneducated veteran is my 
excuse for the digression; and the truest compliment Grasmere ever received.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I was entertained with many anecdotes, by the clergyman, of 
particular people, in different valleys we crossed; and his information would have been 
very useful, had I <i>ever</i> thought of publishing this. On my expressing a wish to 
avoid the town of Keswick, he led me by the head of Derwentwater, by that part which had 
been so cruelly dispoiled of its venerable oaks by the Greenwich-hospital commissioners, 
and which robbed that beautiful lake of a grand and irreparable feature; the boughs were 
wont to be so thick and entwined, boys could pass from one branch to another, through an 
immense wood. My companion went with me to the bridge, purposely to point out a path to 
the parsonage-house; that common station of lake-fanciers, and by which I was to proceed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We had passed the foor of gigantic HELVELLYN, and I was now 
beneath "<i>the giant Skeddaw</i>." The base was much decorated with furze-like bushes, in
summer-like bloom. The frost occasioned this part of the road to be uneven, and 
disagreeable. I passed Little Crosthwaite, and was directed to the border of 
Bassenthwaite-water, at this time seen to greater disadvantage than any other lake, having
been lately so overflowed: many trees were torn from their beds, and it was very swampy; I
had consequently a most uncomfortable walk to the inn at Ouse bridge, near the outlet of 
the lake; where I closed the day in a good room, over a Christmas goose-pye, and by a 
blazing fire.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the morning I hugged my bed, thinking, from the roaring of the 
lake, there was a storm; and was astonished, when I drew myself out, to find the day as 
calm as the preceding: this effect was occasioned by a "<i>bottom wind</i>," of which so 
much has been said, and whose turbulent powers require to be seen to form an idea of, and 
cannot be contemplated upon without emphatic admiration towards the invisible Creator of 
wonders.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The land here is much better than about Ambleside, or Hawkeshead, 
but not so rich in wood: the hills and the mountains were in such new shapes, and varied 
cloathing, I was gratified; and many houses about the lake must in summer have some 
sumptuous views, that are now in disorder; and pleasing ones, which are now swampy, and 
defiled with coarse reeds. The dirt on the highway is deep, but the bottom sound. In 
short, there is nothing to induce us to pay Bassenthwaite-water a second winter visit.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On starting I hurried on to Cockermouth, and walked up to the 
castle to admire the view from it; thence, towards Lorton, and went through a beautiful 
summer valley, which the river Cocker waters in his passage from Crummock-lake. I had 
passed Lowes Chapel, and had many formidable strides to take, over rugged and unbeaten 
ground, before I could be within a certain compass of my first object, <i>Scale Force 
Water-fall</i>. Not that I supposed the effect could be so enchanting as the state I had 
described it in: for motion is the very life of cascades: but I conceived its then Gothic 
style would be a <i>new</i> kind of beauty to me. I sat some time upon a stone, very much 
pleased with my solitary situation, and the manly thoughts which crowded upon me. The time
of the day would not allow me to rest long. I made very many efforts to overcome the 
glassy hill; and although I had sharp nails in the balls of my shoes, and large stubbs to
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1800 p.21
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the heels, with a pike to my hazle-stick, my efforts were useless:
I tumbled twice, and slid bodily down the hill again. Difficultues increased my ideas of 
its magnificient state; bedsides the innate dislike we feel in being overcome. I changed 
the mode of attack, and took a sweep by the left; the rise through which we had in the 
summer 1792 been wet by splashes from loose stones, and which in the Ramble called 
"<i>beau-traps</i>," one of your correspondents wished for an explanation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Although the surface was ice, the rough grass and water oozing 
through had made it both hollow and rotten. I soon got over my shoe tops, and up to one 
knee, and I then felt myself conquered, gave up the pursuit, and determined to bear a 
great disappointment with due meekness; but could not nevertheless help resting upon my 
thoughts, and deeply regretting the fight I had lost.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I had a bad mile and a half of this uneven slippery road, and 
night was closing fast. Too wet to care where I trod, I kept on the margin of 
Crummack-lake, till I had passed the head of it; and reached an apology for a bridge, over
the rapid brook that fills the lake: half the hand-rail of the bridge was forced away, 
with only a narrow birch-tree and broken turf in a separation between it and a crooked 
plank; I stood considering how I was to get over, and congratulated myself on being a good
swimmer, in case I should be doused in the attempt. To wait for assistance would have been
useless; the passage was too well known by the natives to be trusted to, and strangers 
were never seen at this season of the year; no house was within call; and I had not seen a
human being for several hours. What could a weary stranger do? I got a pole, and thumped 
against the planks to try their strength; finding they did not give way, and having fixed 
upon some oziers I would attempt to seize in case of a plunge, I first threw my faithful 
hazle over, mounted stride, with my shoes in one hand, and coat across my shoulder: 
luckily these honest precautions were useless, for I crept over in safety. After jumping 
about a little, the natural consequence of an escape, I became as bold as a lion; though 
must frankly confess, there were certain qualms about me, when at the other side, which 
were somewhat akin to fear.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I was all hurry to reach the village of <i>Buttermere</i>, and 
made up to the public-house, in which I was received by the chief object of this Ramble; 
and was given to understand I might have a bed, but should be much disturbed, as they were
going to have an annual dance, for the benefit of one <i>Askew</i>, a blind fiddler of 
Whitehaven.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Nothing could more delight me than this information, because, 
amidst the life and unaffected mazes of a rustic dance, an observer can look deeply into 
the hearts of the happy throng.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This Askew, bye the bye, is not only a great favourite with the 
Cumberland lads and lasses, but has much more musical skill than inspires the itinerants 
of his profession; and much more humour in playing, than many who have the advantage of 
eyes to lead them by. And though he does not come up to old blind <i>Metcalfe</i>, of 
Harrogate, who has made so many roads and built so many bridges, like him he can find his 
way every where; and can actually go (where there are paths) over these tremendous 
mountains unattended. "<i>His staff,</i>" he says, is "<i>his friend, and his God his 
guide.</i>" I found him at dinner, having just arrived; and I mellowed his meat with some 
sound beer. I was no sooner seated in a two-armed chair, but the daughter of the house, 
seeing the dirty condition of my legs, brought me ere I asked some warm water, and her old
father's shoes and stockings: as this unaffected kindness was performing about me, how 
true to my heart it was to find,
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1800 p.22
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<Paragraph rend="quote">I was unremembered among my friends.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This <i>Mary</i> is the young person described five years and a 
half ago; under the character of
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"SALLY OF BUTTERMERE."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">My dinner, being cold corned surloin of most marbled beef, was 
soon ready, and fire in a small room prepared for me. I was waited upon by Mary, and 
contrived to joke away famously, and the dirtiness of the walls, gave me a fine 
opportunity; for I observed writing in Greek, in Latin, in French, and English, upon them;
all about her, and which I gave her to understand were the probable reasons of the walls 
not having lately been white-washed. Her denial too much crimsoned her face, for me to 
believe her; and the next morning I saw the compliments <i>in English</i> were rubbed out.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Here is a noble field of thought! which, if the reader 
understandeth, will rejoice him - and if he does not - it matters not. Mary's hair, so 
ornamental when we before saw her was folded under her cap; she went out to prepare for 
the dance; on my calling suddenly, she instantly came in; her hair was down her back 
rather darker coloured, remarkable thick, and near a yard long: and I regretted it was 
going to be concealed under a cap. The blind man had expressed himself so well, I wished 
to hear more, and ordered a pipe to my first seat in the chimney-corner; not doubting but 
I should pass very well, both by my dress and talk, for a farmer.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">About 7 o'clock, a well-dressed young man, full 6 feet high, rosy 
as the morning, with fine black eyes and hair, of a sweet countenance, was the first 
person that came in; and I drew him into conversation. From this youth's early arrival, 
and from the modesty of his speech, I could not help wishing, and even thinking, that he 
was Mary's favourite; and I determined to observe accordingly. At eight, I heard a distant
burst of laughs, and, guessing the casue, ordered Askew to play, as quick as possible, 
"Come haste to this wedding;" and a rare parcel of lads and lasses rushed in. I guessed 
this music would hinder them from immediately eyeing the stranger; for I knew every body 
in these sequestered valleys are the most inquisitive and observing in the world; besides,
I half buried myself in a cloud of smoke. Some of them stopped to tap Askew on the back; 
some shook the old woman of the house by the hand, and some <i>peer'd</i> through the 
cloudy atmosphere at my phiz. - All this was done in a minute, when up stairs they 
clattered, and a reel commenced.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There was not one of them but curiosity soon brought down to have 
a peep at me; and I had, I was pleased to see, a few courteous looks from some pretty 
girls. I had smoked the little all of tobacco in the house, and now felt myself 
sufficiently acquainted to go amongst them. - They were the very rosiest-cheeked mortals I
ever saw; - the men kept excellent time, and rattled on the floor with a variety of stops 
(sic); the women danced as easily as the men determinedly. The dance was never long, and 
the moment the fidler ceased another set that were ready called a fresh tune, and began. I
was glad to notice the black-eyed youth hand out <i>Mary</i> and another young girl, and 
call for a reel; and, I honestly say, I never saw more graceful dancing, or a woman of 
finer figure to set it off, than in <i>Mary of Buttermere</i>. I was delighted that this 
exhibition lasted three times longer than any former one. The fidler knew how well she 
danced; indeed he had told me, and said, "she shall set herself off before you." At the 
conclusion, the youth turned round to <i>Mary</i>, and most respectfully bent one knee, 
then led her, I thought, not unwillingly to her seat. Here was a field for a rural 
observer.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I now went down stairs, and had the pleasure to hear my health 
drunk. Some of them, understand-
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<Keyword>Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Fish Hotel, Buttermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>clogs</Keyword> <Keyword>dancing</Keyword> <Keyword>puseoudi</Keyword> 
<Keyword>ale posset</Keyword> <Keyword>Mary of Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Sally of 
Buttermere</Keyword>  <Keyword>Robinson, Mary</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1800 p.23
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[understand]ing there was not any more tobacco to be procured, 
came and opened all their little papers in the dish; and they agreed, that "I was yan of 
the cheariest streangers they had e'er seen he Buttermere:" such like expressions were 
sure to enliven, and I was by this too much a part of this happy group, to continue at my 
pipe; however, I just took some more whiffs, to let them see I did not refuse their ready 
gifts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A stout man, more than six foot, belonging to Lorton, about this 
time entered, and most piteously regretted he had not known of the dance, as his 
iron-bound clogs were too heavy to dance in: mine being by this time dry, I offered to 
lend them for the night; but he had the disappointment to find them too short, or, he 
said, "they would ha done very weel;" though by the bye they weighed 2lbs 7 ounces. - 
However, he soon was amongst the dancers, and footed it away in his stocking-feet; and 
after they were worn out, barefooted.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At eleven, the females all came down stairs, and the old mother 
waited upon me at their desire, "to request I would go into the parlour, and partake of a 
Christian custom." A large bowl was upon a dish full of what they called "Pouseoudi," or 
an ale-posset, with some rum and plenty of nutmeg, sugar, and bread. Spoons garnished the 
dish, and every body was to take one: upon the women finding there was a spoon wanting (as
I of course let them help themselves), they one and all offered me theirs, and <i>Mary</i>
flew out of the room and brought in another. We then, on a kind of signal, began; and most
excellent and stomach-warming it was: when we had finished about three-quarters of the 
bowl, some one recommended that we should leave the rest for the old mother, because she 
had made it so good; instantly every spoon was on the dish; and I am not ceratin, whether 
this natural civility both to me and to the old woman did not warm my heart more than the 
good posset.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">While thus feasting, the men were not idle; and all manner of 
sounding steps, from the shuffle of pumps to the force of iron-clad shoes, were labouring 
over our heads, with the variety of sound attributed to a Dutch concert.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Several times, when Mary and her female friend came down to have 
their own talk, the black-eyed swain was in her wake, but did not follow them into the 
parlour; once indeed I persuaded him to come in, but they joked him out again; and, by 
finding myself sufficiently intimate to have my joke too, I took his part, and learnt - 
"We make nothing of him, he's only a next-door neighbour, - <i>that's all.</i>" I shrewdly
guessed he was next neighbour to the heart; but was rather more certain that Mary was in 
his. I told them, I had somewhere read of a "Sally of Buttermere," and asked which was 
her? The friend replied, "My name is <i>Sally</i>; but this Mary here is the Sally the 
South-countryman wrote about, and I love her above all the world." Some of the lads were 
getting mellow and noisy; and I had in consequence a famous share of chat with the fair 
two; whom I could not avoid giving a decided preference over many other buxom lasses.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mary Robinson has really a heavenly countenance, yet is she far 
from a perfect beauty; and in a few years she may even grow too large ever to have been 
thought what she now is. She is nineteen, and very tall; her voice is sweetly modulated; 
and in every point of manners she appeared such as might be fitted
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Or, to shine in Courts with unaffected ease," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On speaking about her hair, her friend immediatley unpinned her 
cap, and let it afloat; and, at my request, that natural ornament was left to flow.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was pleasant to see all the
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">women
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<Date>1800</Date>
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<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Rambler's Revisit to Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Buttermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Fish Hotel, Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>costume</Keyword> <Keyword>Fortnight's 
Ramble to the Lakes in Westmoreland, Lancashire, and Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Mary of
Buttermere</Keyword>  <Keyword>Robinson, Mary</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1800 p.24
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<Paragraph rend="quote">women well and plainly dressed in neat check-aprons, a useful and 
becoming part of rural dress; nevertheless we had a fine glare of ribbons.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">About two, the party went, as they had come, all together. A 
homely bed served me as well as a bed of down could have done; for the hurry both of body 
and mind, in so interesting a day, chased away sleep; yet I had a sufficiency to be 
refreshed. In the morning, our heroine was in her working dress; and she exhibited just 
enough of hair, to convince me that she had taken my hint properly.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The weather was louring; and I did not wish, in case of a 
downfall, to be entombed in Buttermere; therefore, taking the opportunity of being alone, 
I told her I knew the author of a Fortnight's Ramble, and as such had something to say to 
her; she curtsied respectfully; and taking her by the hand I began:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"<i>Mary</i>, I wrote it, and rejoice in having had such an 
opportunity of minutely observing the propriety of your behavious. You may remember, I 
advised you in that Book never to leave your native valley. Your age and situation require
the utmost care. Strangers will come, and have come, purposely to see you; and some of 
them with very bad intentions. We hope you will never suffer from them; but never cease to
be upon your guard. You really are not so handsome as you promised to be; and I have long 
wished, by conversation like this, to do away with what mischief the flattering character 
I gave of you may expose you to. Be merry and wise."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">She told me, she sincerely thanked me, and said, "I hope, Sir, I 
ever have, and trust I always shall take care of myself."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I then gave her a a hearty salute; bade her <i>farewell!</i> and, 
teeming with good wishes towards my felow mortals, <i>toiled</i> out of <i>the Valley of 
Buttermere</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A RAMBLER.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1801 p.143</Title>
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<Date>1801</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1800s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Descriptive Tour and Guide to the Lakes, Caves, Mountains, and other natural 
curiosities, in Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, and a part of the West Riding of 
Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Housman, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Guide to the Lakes</Keyword>
<Keyword>advertisement</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1801 p.143
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Housman's Tour of The Lakes</Keyword>  <Keyword>advertisement</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Housman's Tour of The Lakes</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G8010143.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">41. <i>A descriptive Tour and Guide to the Lakes, Caves, 
Mountains, and other natural curiosities, in</i> Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, 
<i>and a part of the West Riding of</i> Yorkshire. <i>By</i> John Housman.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"THE following sheets form part of a more extensive topographical 
work by the same author; and a few copies have been printed for the accommodation and 
convenience of such travellers as may think the whole work either too bulky or too 
expensive. Besides his own observations, made in the course of his different tours, the 
author has had recourse to the works of several popular writers, from which he has 
extracted such passages as appeared to him the most interesting; and upon the whole has 
endeavoured to digest and arrange a concise and correct <i>Guide</i> to the <i>Lakes</i>, 
&amp;c.; which he humbly hopes will be found an useful companion to the visitors of the 
many scenes and uncommon works of Nature within the district. With respect to the several 
stations for views, he has confined himself to general directions, leaving to the artist 
of taste to select for himself such as may answer his particular purpose. Unexaggerated 
descriptions, in plain and simple language, are here principally aimed at; and if the 
author in any instance has failed in the truth and justness of his representation, he 
intreats the candid reader to attribute such inaccuracies either to some unperceived 
mistake of his own, or to the misinformation of others, and not to any design of passing a
deception upon the publick. <i>Corby, June,</i> 1800." Advertsiement.
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<Title>Gents Mag 1802 p.633</Title>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>History of the Roman Wall</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Shakespeare, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Wall, The<Note>Hadrian's Wall</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Agricola</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword> <Keyword>Severus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Warburton</Keyword> <Keyword>Gough, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Picts 
Wall<Note>Hadrian's Wall</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Severus's Wall<Note>Hadrian's 
Wall</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>map, Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>map, 
Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>map, Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> 
<Keyword>umbrella</Keyword>  <Keyword>Britannia</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1802 p.633
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword>  <Keyword>History of the Roman Wall</Keyword>
</Marginal>
History of the Roman Wall</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G8020633.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Review of New Publications
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">114. <i>The History of the</i> Roman <i>Wall, which crosses the 
Island of</i> Britain, <i>from the</i> German <i>Ocean to the</i> Irish <i>Sea. Describing
its antient State, and its Appearance in the Year</i> 1801. <i>By</i> W. Hutton, F.A.S.S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"You can never bring in a WALL - what say you, Bottom?" 
SHAKSPEARE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WE have received much pleasure in reviewing former topographical 
works by this writer, who keeps up the ball of curiosity and narrative to the last.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Having had the pleasure of seeing many antiques of various 
ages and people, it naturally excited a desire of proceeding in farther research; and the 
eye, unsatisfied with seeing, induced a wish to see the greatest of all the curiosities 
left us by the Romans, THE WALL; the wonderful and united works of Agricola, Hadrian, and 
Severus." ... "What astonishment must arise at the sight of the grandest production of Art
in the whole island! the united work of a Commander in Chief and two Emperors, assisted by
three powerful armies, and aided by a long series of years!" ... "I consulted all the 
authors I could procure; which strengthened desire. But I found they were only echoes to 
each other. Many have written upon the subject; but I could discover that very few had 
even seen it, and not a soul had penetrated from one end to the other. Besides, if those 
who paid a transient visit chose to <i>ride</i>, they could not be minute observers. Poor 
Camden travelled it till he was frightened, ran away, and wrote hastily. Horsley was 
weary, and retreated; but wrote more correct. The judicious Warburton, whom I regard for 
his veracity, rode on, desisted, and then remarked, "He believed he had trod upon ground 
which no foot had ever trodden since the Romans." He also transcribed Horsley, whom Mr. 
Gough professes to follow. I envied the people in the neighbourhood of the Wall, though I 
knew they valued it no more than the soil on which it stood. I wished to converse with an 
intelligent resident, but never saw one. I determined to spend a month, and fifty guineas,
in minutely examining the relicks of this first of wonders; began to form my plan of 
operations, and wrote my sentiments to an eminent printer in London, for whom I have a 
singular regard; but, receiving no answer, I gave up the design, and, as I thought, for 
ever; destroyed my remarks, closed with regret all my books of intelligence, and never 
durst open them, lest it should revive a strong inclination, which I could not gratify. 
About four years elapsed, when my family agreed with a gentleman and his lady to visit the
Lakes. They enlisted me of the party, in which they found no difficulty, becasue the 
temptation lay in the neighbourhood of that wonder which had long engaged my 
ideas&#x002A;. I have given a short sketch of my approach to this famous bulwark; have 
described it as it appears in the present day, and stated my return. Perhaps I am the 
first man that ever travelled the whole length of this Wall, and probably the last that 
ever will attempt it. Who then will say, he has, like me, travelled it twice! Old people 
are much inclined to accuse youth of their follies; but on this head silence will become 
me, lest I should be asked, "What can exceed the folly of that man, who, at seventy-eight,
walked six hundred miles to see a shattered Wall!" <i>Preface.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"This first and most remarkable piece of Antiquity in the 
whole island is known by several names, some of them erroneous. It bore that of 
<i>Agricola</i>, which is now lost. <i>The Picts Wall</i>; but this seems inconsistent, 
for they had no concern with the Wall, except to pull it down; and I think it should 
rather bear the name of the man who built it up. Sometimes <i>Hadrian's Wall</i>; but I 
cannot see why a bank of earth should bear the name of a <i>Wall</i>. Our idea of a wall 
comprehends an erection of brick or stone. Perhaps Hadrian's <i>Bank</i> would be more in 
character, as agreeing with the materials of which it is composed. <i>Severus's Wall</i> 
is more proper, because he erected the stone wall, part of which is remaining. It is often
called <i>The Roman Wall</i>, and by way of pre-eminence, <i>The</i>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">&#x002A; "Thirteen months elapsed after we had resolved upon
our journey, when our friends declined the adventure; but we, having fed upon the 
imaginary but delightful repast, could not relinquish it. I procured for myself the 
exclusive privilege of <i>walking</i>, which, of all the modes of travelling, I prefer. My
daughter rode behind her servant; and we agreed not to impede each other on the way, but 
meet at certain inns, for refreshment and rest. I was dressed in black, a kind of 
religious travelling-warrant, but divested of assuming airs; and had a budget of the same 
colour and materials, much like a dragoon's cartridge-box, or postman's letter-pouch, in 
which were deposited the maps of Cumberland, Northumberland, and the Wall, with 
appendages; all three taken out of Gough's edition of <i>Britannia</i>; also, Warburton's 
map of the Wall, with my own remarks, &amp;c. To this little pocket I fastened with a 
strap an umbrella in a green case, for I was not likely to have a six weeks tour without 
wet, and flung it over that shoulder which was the least tired. And now, July the 4th, 
1801, we begin our march." (pp.107-109.)
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Wall.</i>
</Paragraph>
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Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Julius Caesar</Keyword> <Keyword>Agricola</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Antoninus</Keyword> <Keyword>Severus</Keyword> <Keyword>Scots</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Saxons</Keyword> <Keyword>Danes</Keyword> <Keyword>Normans</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Britons</Keyword> <Keyword>Picts</Keyword> <Keyword>border wars</Keyword> 
<Keyword>milecastles</Keyword> <Keyword>roman forts</Keyword> <Keyword>Romans</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Debatable Land, Kirkandrews</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1802 p.634
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G8020634.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Wall</i>. That <i>man</i> is born a savage, there needs 
no other proof than Severus's Wall. It characterizes two nations as robbers and murderers.
Nineteen in twenty of our race sustain half this character during life. Some individuals 
correct the crude passions, adhere to justice, and avoid whatever is worthy of blame." 
(pp.1,2,3)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Our old historians always term the Scots <i>Barbarians</i>:
to this I assent. They surprised the innocent, murdered them, laid waste their country, 
took the property, and <i>left the place</i>. Allow me, without the aid of Dr. Johnson, to
illustrate the word <i>Barbarian</i>. Julius Caesar, Agricola, Antonine, Severus, &amp;c. 
went one step farther than the Scots; they surprised, murdered, plundered, and <i>kept 
possession</i>. Our venerable ancestors too, the Saxons, Danes, and Normans, who came over
in swarms, butchered, robbed, and possessed; although they had no more right than I have 
to your coat. Whoever deprives an unoffending man of his right, comes under this word. It 
follows, no war can be justified but that of defence. It is an old remark, that "idleness 
is introductive of mischief." The <i>Picts</i>, now Highlanders, confirm this remark. 
Strangers to commerce, to the arts, and, from the barrenness of the country, almost to 
agriculture, they led a life of indolence. Their chief avocations were hunting, basking in
the sun, procuring fuel from the heath, and fish from the water. In some of these, the 
women bore a part. Idleness of body promotes idleness of mind. They were savage, 
voracious, domineering, except to their chiefs, who were as savage as themselves, but to 
them they paid implicit obedience. Servility is the attendant upon a mind debased. Men 
thus situated must feel the effects of want. Nature and necessity made them courageous. At
the beck of the chief they entered the Lowlands, which they sometimes robbed; but oftener 
joined the inhabitants in partnership, and penetrated the borders between Scotland and 
England; and, when not opposed, killed, burnt, and pilfered, at pleasure; then returned, 
singing in Erse, their native tongue. While the Britons were supine, or quarreling with 
each other, or while their power was withdrawn from the frontiers, and employed against 
other enemies, the Scots and Picts made their inroads. Booty was the word; but this could 
not be had without blood. This astonishing rampart, the production of three eminent 
persons, and at three different periods, was designed to remedy the mischief described." 
(pp.7-10.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The Wall was about eight feet thick, and twelve high, to 
the battlements, which rose about four more; so that, viewed in profile, it would appear 
much like a chair, the main part forming the seat, and the embattled part the back. At the
foot of the Wall, on the North, a ditch ran parallel." (p.22.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On its length, 70 miles, were 18 <i>stations</i>, or 
<i>cities</i>, 81 <i>castles</i>, called by the country-people, from their distance, 
<i>Mile</i> castles, about four between every station; and about 330 <i>turrets</i>, or 
watch-towers, at the distance of about 808 yards each. The time employed in finishing 
these united and almost immoral works it is impossible to tell; nor could they be 
completed for so small a sum as 100 millions of our present money, exclusive of the land 
they occupy, which is more than 5 square miles, or 3000 acres. Constantine, (not the 
<i>Great</i>) first neglected it, and the Picts broke in. In the reign of Theodosius the 
Romans withdrew from Britain, A.D.402; and the Wall, after having remained in perfection 
200 years, went to decay, and was never after effectually repaired. Some good stories, and
suitable observations on them, are told of the state of the border, and the 
<i>debatable</i> ground in succeeding times, till the latter was divided between the two 
nations, 1549.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Had there been no other argument for a Union between the 
two kingdoms, the blood which cried from the borders was sufficient. Much has been said, 
both for and against it; but one short remark will decide the question. If the members of 
a vast family are obliged to reside together, whether is it better to live upon equality, 
and in harmony, promoting each other's interest, or, each to do the other all the mischief
in their power? It may be said, 'the Scots lost their sovereignty.' They did, just as a 
tradesman loses <i>his</i>, who, having pursued his business upon his own account, with 
small gains, enters into a partnership with a greater, and multiplies his accumulations 
tenfold." (pp.93,94.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Thus we have wandered through the long series of 1500 
years; have seen the rise, meridian, and fall, of the grandest work ever produced by 
European hands; have observed, with a melancholy eye, the depraved state of human nature, 
the defection of law, of the power to protect, and the insatiablity of property; but, with
a smile, have seen the termination of a quarrel which had continued fifty generations. 
This short indference may be drawn from the whole: that protection on one side, and 
liberty and obedience on the other, are the foundation of all just government." 
(pp.103,104.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of <i>Liverpool</i>, Mr. H. observes that "the <i>street</i> is 
crowed with shipping;
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>History of the Roman Wall</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hutton, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Heysham, 
Lancashire</Keyword> <Keyword>Romans</Keyword> <Keyword>Britons</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>moss troopers</Keyword> <Keyword>border wars</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, Housesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>Borcovicus<Note>roman fort, 
Housesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Union, England 
and Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Castlesteads</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Petriana</Keyword> <Keyword>Castlesteads, Walton</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward I 
Monument, Burgh by Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard, Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Norfolk, Duke
of</Keyword>  <Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl of</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1802 p.635
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">the stile of business is amazing, and is enough to ruin 
Bristol and eclipse London." (p.122.) - At <i>Heysham</i>,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Upon the crown of a rock, joining the church-yard, is a flat, 
thirty yards diameter, which precipitates into the sea, where stand the remains of a 
chapel. In this repository of the dead was taken up a stone coffin, which now lies above 
ground, and seems to fit a corpse five feet ten, and to have stood the test of a thousand 
years. A hollow is cut in the hard grit, for the head, neck, shoulders, &amp;c. Upon this 
bare rock is a level part, six yards by three and a half, in which have been cut six 
hollows, or coffins, in a row, in the form of a human body, about twelve inches deep, with
a groove round each, to admit a lid. This was probably the depositary of one family, who, 
instead of <i>sinking</i>, may be said to <i>rise</i> into the grave. The West side of 
this rock is washed by the waves, and elevated about fifty feet above them. These 
receptacles of the dead look like half a dozen mummies, in rank. (pp.130,131.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Receptacles</i> must be like <i>catacombs</i>, and the bodies 
in them like <i>mummies</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The passage 8 miles over the <i>Kent</i> sands (p.132-139.) is 
truly interesting; also, the description of <i>Windermere</i> (p.141-146.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At Penrith the father and daughter parted, he for the Wall, she 
for the Lakes. Antiquaries as we are, we wish they had kept together.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A mile from <i>Shewenshields</i> is the famous <i>Busy gap</i>, 
about 29 miles from Newcastle, so called from the frequency of the Picts and Scots 
breaking through this gap, and suprising the Romans and Britons, and afterwards of the 
Moss troopers; "a break in the mountain over which the Wall ran, now filled up by a common
field-gate, two yards and an half wide." The feats of the Moss troopers have been greatly 
exaggerated; but "a more dreary country than this can scarcely be conceived. I do not 
wonder it shocked Camden. The country itself would frighten him, without the troopers." 
(p.229.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The station <i>Borcovicus</i>, now <i>House Steads</i>, is 
much elevated; declines to the South; the ramparts are plain. A very large Suburb seems to
have been added to this populous City, now reduced to one solitary house; the whole about 
fifteen acres. The curious observer, I believe, may count twenty streets. The population, 
perhaps, could not be less than two or three thousand souls. From the melancholy relicks 
on the spot, it must have been graced with some elegant buildings. A Temple, no doubt, was
one. I saw the square base of a large pillar, with a circular shaft proceeding from it, 
fourteen inches in diameter, curiously moulded. Another, of a different form, with a 
square shaft eighteen inches diameter; noble remains of fifteen hundred years! which 
loudly declare the days of ancient splendour. The castle stood at the corner, North-west, 
within the Station; was itself moated round, as were also the Station and the Suburbs, 
separately. Joining the Wall, within, are the remains of a Court of Justice, about twelve 
yards long and six wide. In the West corner was the judge's seat, six feet in diameter, 
and quoined with stone, ten courses of which remain. It is not easy to survey these 
important ruins without a sigh; a place once of the greatest activity, but now a solitary 
desert; instead of the human voice, is heard nothing but the winds. In the farm-house, 
down in the valley, the jamb which supports the mantle-tree is one solid stone, four feet 
high, two broad, and one thick, complete as in the day the workmen left it, as in the 
plate annexed; which may also be found in Warburton's History of the Wall, plate III. 
p.60; and in Gough's improved edition of Camden's <i>Britannia</i>, vol.III. plate xvii. 
p.245. There are also many curious figures, all Roman, in this Station." (pp.235-237.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"At <i>Bradley-hall</i>, a single farm-house, I consider 
myself in the middle of the kingdom, between the German Ocean and the Irish Sea; 
consequently, upon the most elevated ground between both, and distant, in a strait line, 
by land, about fifty miles from each. We must allow, from the convexity of the globe, a 
rise of one hundred and fifty yards; and the mountain on which I stand will perhaps give a
rise of forty more. It follows, I am elevated one hundred and ninety yards above the sea. 
The prospects are not grand, but extensive, and rather aweful." (p.240.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The works at <i>Cambeck</i>, the ancient <i>Petriana</i>, 
are wholly gone; for a gentleman, who, like other 'wise men from the East,' had acquired a
fortune in India, recently purchased the estate on which this castle stood for 130,000l. 
stocked up the foundations, and erected a noble house on the spot. Other Stations preserve
the ruins, but this only the name, and is the first which has been sacrificed to modern 
taste." (p.271.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Upon the spot of Edward the Third's departure at 
<i>Burgh</i>, Henry Howard, Duke of Norfolk, proprietor of the land, erected a monument 28
feet high, 1685, declaring the event in Latin. Time and the weather have reduced this 
monument, and the fragments now lie round the spot. Lord Lonsdale is proprietor of the 
estate by exchange of property with the Duke, and, I was
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">informed,
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<Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Shakespeare,
William</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, 
roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Romans</Keyword> <Keyword>legions</Keyword> 
<Keyword>cohorts</Keyword> <Keyword>Warburton</Keyword> <Keyword>Gough, Richard</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Britannia</Keyword>  <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1802 p.636
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">informed, had promised to erect another, which the country 
wait for, or would erect it themselves. Edward's bowels are said to have been interred in 
the church." (p.297.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Hutton "crossed the kingdom twice, under a burning sun, and 
without a drop of rain, in seven days and six hours." (p.312.) When he returned homeward 
he was thoroughly drenched.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"By easy marches I arrived a Birmingham Aug. 7, 1801; after 
a loss, by perspiration, of one stone of animal weight; an expenditure of forty guineas, a
lapse of thirty-five days, and a walk of six hundred and one miles. As so long and 
solitary a journey on foot was, perhaps, never wantonly preformed by a man of 
seventy-eight, it excited the curiosity of the town, which caused me frequently to be 
stopped in the street to ascertain the fact. I shall, 'to satisfy all whom it may 
concern,' give the journal of the day, in the following table." (pp.339,340.)
</Paragraph>
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<Table>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>1801.</Cell><Cell>Slept 
at</Cell><Cell>Miles</Cell><Cell>Add.</Cell><Cell>Tot.</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>July 4, 
Sat.</Cell><Cell>Lichfield</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>16</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>5, Sun.</Cell><Cell>Stone</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>22</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>6, M.</Cell><Cell>Hulmes 
Chapel</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>25</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>7, 
Tu.</Cell><Cell>Warrington</Cell><Cell>18</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>19</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>8, 
W.</Cell><Cell>Liverpool</Cell><Cell>18</Cell><Cell>3</Cell><Cell>21</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>9, Th.</Cell><Cell>Ditto</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>10, 
F.</Cell><Cell>Tarlton</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>21</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>11, 
Sat.</Cell><Cell>Garstang</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>21</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>12, 
Sun.</Cell><Cell>Haysham</Cell><Cell>17</Cell><Cell>3</Cell><Cell>20</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>13, M.</Cell><Cell>Ditto</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>14, Tu.</Cell><Cell>Hest 
Bank</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>6</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>15, W.</Cell><Cell>Newby 
Bridge</Cell><Cell>18</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>19</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>16, 
Th.</Cell><Cell>Ambleside</Cell><Cell>15</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>16</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>17, 
F.</Cell><Cell>Penrith</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>25</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>18, 
Sat.</Cell><Cell>Stanwix</Cell><Cell>20</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>21</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>19, Sun.</Cell><Cell>Burgh<Note>return from 
Boulness</Note></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>22</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>20, M.</Cell><Cell>High 
Walton</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>15</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>21, Tu.</Cell><Cell>Twice 
Brewed</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>14</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>22, W.</Cell><Cell>Harlow 
Hill</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>22</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>23, Th.</Cell><Cell>Newcastle</Cell><Cell>17</Cell><Cell>1 
re-</Cell><Cell>18</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>24, F.</Cell><Cell>Walwick 
Chesters</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>turn</Cell><Cell>22</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>25, Sat.</Cell><Cell>Glyn 
Velt</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>18</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>26, 
Sun.</Cell><Cell>Hesketh</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>28</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>27, M.</Cell><Cell>Shap</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>19</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>28, 
Tu.</Cell><Cell>Burton</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>20</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>29, W.</Cell><Cell>Ditto</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>30, Th.</Cell><Cell>Ditto</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Aug. 1, 
Sat.</Cell><Cell>Ditto</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>3</Cell><Cell>3</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>2, 
Sun.</Cell><Cell>Preston</Cell><Cell>25</Cell><Cell>1</Cell><Cell>26</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>3, M.</Cell><Cell>Wigan</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>17</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>4, 
Tu.</Cell><Cell>Knutsford</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>25</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>5, W.</Cell><Cell>Newcastle under 
Line</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>24</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>6, Th.</Cell><Cell>Wolsley 
Bridge</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>21</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>7, F.</Cell><Cell>Saitley, near 
Birmingham</Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>26</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell></Cell><Cell>601</Cell></Row>
</Table>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"I have treated but little of Roman inscriptions, or of 
Legions, and Cohorts, for several reasons. They are all totally vanished from the Wall and
Stations where they were placed. Some few have been presrved by the connoisseur, in dusty 
lumber-rooms, which seldom see light; but more are converted into slabs, steps, and 
lintels, others for viler purposes; but all neglected, and many more destroyed. The few 
that remain are nearly obliterated; and, were they not, they are written in 
half-characters, and in Latin, not easy to understand; and, being unacquainted with the 
Latin tongue, it might seem presumptuous in me to attempt it. Besides, with what success 
could I explain that about which the Learned themselves differ? And, if they could be 
explained, what do they amount to? only that such a regiment or company resided in a 
certain place, when all are equally unknown; and, to the generality of readers, nothing is
more dry. When he has laboured through a parcel of miserable letters, what is he the 
wiser? I allow, a stone of such antiquity becomes a curiosity; but a piece of antiquity, 
when not understood, sinks in value; and still more, if not of moment. The hungry 
enquirer, who can relish a dry husk, may find in Warburton all which have been discovered 
in latter ages, to the number of one hundred and fifty-two; also in my friend Mr. Gough's 
edition of Camden's <i>Britannia</i>. I design this work a present to a book-seller. As it
will be cheap to him, I wish it cheap to the purchaser. I would have it sweet as the 
apple; but, if I load it with parings, like putting garlick into his repast, it will swell
the book, the price, and the disgust." (pp.323-325.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Thus hath he, WALL, his part discharged so;</Line>
<Line>And, being done, thus WALL away do go."</Line>
<Line>SHAKESPEARE.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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Robert Walker, Obituary</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Aug.</i> .. In advanced age, at Seathwaite, near Ulverstone, 
co. Lancaster, the Rev. G. Walker, upwards of 60 years curate of that chapel. This 
venerable man continued to discharge the duties of his sacred function till within the 
last four years, when, his sight failing, his office was supplied by another clergyman. 
Mr. Walker, upon a small stipend, with great industry and oeconomy, brough up a large 
family in a very decent manner, giving to one of his sons, since deceased, an academic 
education, and living contented, in his retired situation, without a wish to change it. He
was beloved by his family, and respected by all who knew him.
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John Hatfield and Mary Robinson</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Monday, December</i> 27.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">John Hatfield this day went through a fourth examination at 
Bow-street; in the course of which the following letter from "Mary of Buttermere" was read
by Mr. Reeves:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The man who I had the misfortune to marry, and who has 
ruined me and my aged and unhappy parents, always told me that he was the Hon. Col. Hope, 
the next brother of the Earl of Hopetoun.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Your grateful and unfortuunate
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"servant, MARY ROBINSON."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The unaffected simplicity of this letter, coming from one who, 
though wounded in the most feeling manner, abstained from the severity of reproach; and 
though it breathed the soft murmur of complaint, yet was, throughout, remote from 
virulence or abuse, excited in the breast of every person present the sympathetic emotion 
of pity and respect for the unmerited sorrows of a female, who has manifested a delicacy 
of sentiment, and nobleness of mind, infintely beyond her sphere of education.
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Ravenstonedale Church</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">South View of Ravenstonedale Church / in Westmoreland.
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<Keyword>St Edmund's Hall, Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>Fothergill, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Queen's College, Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>Fothergill, Anthony</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 10.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">RAVENSTONEDALE Church, Westmoreland, (<i>fig.</i> 5.) was rebuilt 
in 1745. The following is part of a monumental inscription in this edifice: "Sacred to the
memory of George Fothergill, D.D. and principal of St. Edmund's Hall in Oxford, where he 
lies interred, who departed this life Oct. 5, 1760, aged 54. He was a person of great 
parts and learning, and of most exemplary piety and virtue, which made his death greatly 
lamented." Dr. George Fothergill was the son of a very respectable yeoman of this parish; 
and his brother, Thomas Fothergill, was many years provost of Queen's college in Oxford, 
and died in 1796.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In this church is also the following inscription
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"To the memory of Anthony Fothergill, / late of Brownber, / 
whose natural talents, and acquired knowledge, / rendered his character truly respectable.
Though placed in a humble station, / he distinguished himself by a firm adherence / to the
cause of Truth, Liberty, and rational Religion. / His integrity of heart, / social 
disposition, / and uncommon abilities, / gained him general esteem. / He departed this 
(his chequered) life / June 13, 1761, aged 75"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Anthony Fothergill published a work, entitled "Wicked 
Christians practical Atheists." From the inscription to his memory it might be inferred, 
that he had imbibed Deistical notions. It is evident however from his writings, that his 
disbelief of Christianity proceeded no further than a renunciation of the doctrines of 
original sin.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CLERICUS WESTMORIENSIS
</Paragraph>
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<KeywordList>
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and Part of Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>tour</Keyword> <Keyword>Hill, Rowland</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1802 p.1203-1204
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Review of New Publications.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">238. <i>Journal of a Tour through the North of</i> England <i>and 
Part of</i> Scotland; <i>with Remarks on the present State of the Established Church 
of</i> Scotland, <i>and the different Secessors therefrom: together with Reflections on 
some Party Distinctions in</i> England, <i>shewing the Origin of these Disputes, and the 
Causes of their Separation. Designed to promote Brotherly Love and Forbearance among</i> 
Christians <i>of all Denominations; and some Remarks on the Propriety of what is</i>
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>called</i>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">p.1204:-
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G8021204.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>called Lay and Itinerant Preaching. By</i> Rowland Hill. 
<i>M.A. late of</i> St. John's <i>College</i>, Cambridge, <i>and Minister of</i> Surrey 
<i>Chapel.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE title-page sufficiently discovers the design and tendency of 
this pamphlet. We learn from it, that, when Mr. Hill was a member of the University of 
Cambridge, that University "was almost in total darkness. ... ... He hopes some Gospel 
<i>hero</i> in the neighbourhood of Penrith will make it a point to to besiege that town 
(p.8); and he laments that "there seems to be an <i>awful death</i> prevailing over the 
people of Carlisle, though they have not wanted the blessing of some most faithful Gospel 
sermons from the dean, and his brother, the late Mr. Milner, of Hull, whose abundant 
services to the Church of Christ, not only as a preacher but as an ecclesiastical 
historian, together with his other useful publications, will render his name deservedly 
respected by all livers of the Gospel, and of good and useful literature" (p.9); yet "his 
sentiments, perhaps, might have been more correct according to Scripture rule, if less 
favourable to high-church discipline." ... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">And more of the same into Scotland.
</Paragraph>
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Hutchinson</Keyword>
</Marginal>
William and Mary Wordsworth</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Marriage
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. W. Wordsworth, esq. of Grasmere, to Miss Hutchinson, of 
Wykeham, Scarboro'.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Rusland, Colton</Keyword> <Keyword>Walker, William Tyson</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ulverston</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Ulverston</Keyword> <Keyword>Penny, 
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sproxton, Leic. Dec.</i> 11.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IT would give me, and more of your readers, much satisfaction, I 
am sure, if any of your correspondents would favour us with more particulars of the late 
Rev. Mr. Walker, of Seathwaite, near Broughton, Lancashire, whose death appears in 
vol.LXXII. p.878.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The character given there of that most worthy and singular man is,
that "he was more than 60 years curate of that chapel; and that, upon a small stipend, 
with great industry and oeconomy, he brought up a large family in a very decent manner, 
giving to one of his sons, since deceased, an academic education, and living contented in 
his retired situation, without a wish to change it. That he was beloved and respected, 
&amp;c."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I lament much that justice is not likely to be done to such an 
extraordinary character, by giving the world an example of what industry, oeconomy, and 
good management, will do. I will, however, throw in my mite.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Near thirty years ago, I knew him a little, and soon after formed 
an intimacy with his son, who was of Trinity College, Dublin, and in the year 1776 was 
presented to the perpetual curacy of Rusland, near Ulverstone, worth about 30l. a year, 
which he soon vacated for the cure and free-school in Ulverstone, where he died many years
ago. He was a young man of considerable abilities, benevolent and generous, but expensive.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Some anecdotes of the early part of the old gentleman's life I had
from the late William Penny, of Penny-Bridge, esq. his patron. Mr. Penny informed
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">me
</Paragraph>
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>biography</Keyword> <Keyword>Penny, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>lawyer</Keyword> <Keyword>innkeeper, clergyman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>spinning</Keyword> <Keyword>Sugar Water Sunday</Keyword> <Keyword>Plumb 
Fair</Keyword> <Keyword>Cherry Fair</Keyword> <Keyword>Queen Anne's Bounty</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1803 p.18
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<Paragraph rend="quote">me that he presented him to the perpetual curacy of Seathwaite, 
when it was no more than 8l. a year; that he married early in life, and, I think, brought 
up more than ten children, besides several that died in infancy. In this I am not clear 
that I am correct, any farther than his family was very large. This 8l. a year, and 
teaching a village school in one of the most retired places of the North, which probably 
never brought him in more than another eight, and more probably not five, was apparently 
all he had to live upon. It is impossible that with such a pittance, without patrimony, he
could support an increasing family. He had of course may other helps. He was steward of 
the court for his patron Mr. Penny; and, no doubt, received many perquisites in a copyhold
manor which consists of small inheritances. He made wills, bonds, conveyances, surrenders,
and every thing of the kind; and, in short, was the only lawyer in the neighbourhood. He 
more than educated his children; he trained them up to habits of industry, and gave them a
living example of it in his own person. To his scholars he did the same; for, at the very 
time he taught them to read and write, he was spinning in the chancel, which was his 
school. I think after this, Mr. Urban, I have paved the way for what follows, and shall 
not suprize your readers very much when I add, that this clergyman was not only a spinster
but a publican (or, rather, his daughter, in whose name, to save appearances, the licence 
was granted); and by this <i>calling</i>, I do really believe, he did more good than he 
was able to do by precept. No late hours, no tippling, no immorality or indecency of any 
kind, would he suffer; though mild and gentle, he would shew his authority when he 
pleased. By persevering in this plan, when there was not another public-house of a 
contrary description to counteract his benevolent designs, he would have it in his power, 
with few exceptions, to train up the rising generation in religion and virtue. Village 
ale-houses, for the most part, from experience I affirm, are great impediments to the 
well-meant endeavours of a conscientous clergyman, which cannot have their proper effect 
so long as they continue, as they almost universally do, under little or no regulations.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Walker, though strict and rigid in some cases, yet was 
naturally of a liberal turn of mind, and had no objection to allow the innocent pleasures 
of youth, as will appear from the following circumstance.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In some places of the North of England, they have their plumb 
fairs, cherry fairs, sugar and water Sundays, or some other annual meeting, which 
evidently have the same origin as the wakes or feasts in the Midland counties, viz. the 
dedication of churches to some Saint.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the Sunday when the young people met at Seathwaite to partake 
of fruit, cakes, and ale, as usual, Mr. Walker's first care, when the bell rung, was to 
clear the house, and conduct them all to the chapel. After a suitable discourse, they all 
returned to their mirth, when he condescended to be their waiter, and <i>Coming, coming, 
Sir,</i> with his band yet on, was the echo to their call.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Perhaps it was not in his power to prevent all irregularities at 
all times in his house; but, from the great respect every one had to his general 
character, he could do what others could not.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is not easy to conceive what profits would arise to one 
situated in such a sequestered vale (who was hospitable and generous in the extreme) <i>by
selling ale</i>; one that many times would take nothing from either friends or strangers. 
Multitudes have been benefited by his bounty, and myself among the number. The first time 
I called at his house with his patron's compliments (though totally unknown to him), there
appeared benignity and gratitude inexpressible in his countenance, and , eat and drink 
what I would, there was nothing to pay.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His living did not long rest at 8l. a year; but gradualy 
increased, and principally from the following cause. A party of gentlemen from London, 
long before it was fashionable to visit the Lakes, accidentally stumbled upon his house 
for refreshment. Here they found, to their astonishment, plenty of homely fare, and a cup 
of excellent ale; their host also a sensible and agreeable companion, surrounded by a 
houseful of children, all so neat, so industrious, and so happy, that, after their return 
to town, they raised (oftner than once, I believe) 200l. by subscription, which commended 
another 200l. from Queen Anne's Bounty. The income from this, when laid out in land, 
together with what fell by lot at dif-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1803 p.19
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[dif]ferent times, and the original 8l. made the living at least 
worth about 60l. a year. But may years before he was in possession of 60l. a year, most of
his children were brought up, educated, and fixed in business. One became a partner in the
house of Bolton and Fothergill, Birmingham. Others were imprudent, and cost him very 
considerable sums of money. The improvement of the buildings, premises, &amp;c. expended 
under the idea of his son succeeding him (which he had the promise of), helped to drain 
his little purse. It is really beyond the power of belief that, his situation and 
circumstances considered, with the common and extra expences of his family, which in some 
cases were great, he could have kept level and clear from debt; but it will appear still 
more incredible when I mention that Mr. Penny told me five and twenty years ago, "<i>that 
he knew Mr. Walker was worth a thousand pounds.</i>" With this suprize upon your readers, 
I will take my leave, as the family have, from distance, since that time altogether ceased
from my observation,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W.M.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">SIZERGH church, WESTMORLAND.
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<Paragraph rend="text">... if such ever existed ...
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>March</i> 28.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I BEG leave to present you with a drawing of Sizergh church, 
Westmoreland, from the pencil of a friend (<i>fig.</i> 2.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This antique fabrick is built of a freestone, with the exception 
of a wing, in which is a porch in imitation of the Saxon, which was added by the good Bp. 
Wilson, whilst chaplain to William Earl of Derby, in 1692. By-the-by, the worthy and pious
man did not shew himself an adept in architecture, because the remainder of the church is 
built in the rude Gothic style which prevailed in the reign of Richard III. at which time 
the church at Sizergh was built, at least such is my opinion; but I speak it under 
correction.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Youghall family (of which was the Sir Sir John Youghall who 
was shot by an arrow at the seige of Joppa (Histoire de la Croix par Froisart, at Paris, 
1643) caused in memory of that event the family arms to be affixed above the South 
portico, of which I have sent a copy. Those of the family of Martlemere (a lion couchant, 
Gules, with three arrows Argent), are also affixed to the North entrance. As there is no 
singularity about the latter, except their being superbly ornamented and painted on oak, I
have not sent them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">P. WOODWARD.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">This has been described as a 'spoof'.
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John Hatfield's Trial</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>August</i> 15. This day (Monday) the notorious Hatfield was 
tried on a charge of forgery, and convicted, at the Carlisle Assizes. On being called for 
his defence, the prisoner addressed himself to the jury. He said, he felt some degree of 
satisfaction in being able to have his sufferings terminated, as they of course must be, 
by their verdict. For the space of nine months he has been dragged from prison to prison, 
and torn from place to place, subject to all the misrepresentations of calumny. "Whatever 
will be my fate," said he, "I am content; it is the award of justice, impartially 
adinistered; but I will solemnly declare, that in all my transactions, I never intended to
defraud or injure the persons whose names have appeared in the prosecutions. This will I 
maintain to the last of my life." The jury, notwithstanding the plausible defence of the 
prisoner, found him guilty on two indictments.- At eight on Tuesday morning, the prisoner 
was brought up to receive judgment; when Baron Thompson, after beseeching him to employ 
the remaining part of his time for eternity, and hoping that he would find mercy at the 
hour of his death, and day of judgment, pronounced sentence of <i>death</i> in the usual 
form.- The prisoner heard it with firmness, bowed respectfully, and was taken away from 
the dock, and thence to the gaol. From the evidence which traspired on the trial it 
appears that Hatfield is of a respectable family. He is a man of much address, and
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<Paragraph rend="quote">formerly himself kept his carriage in Devonshire: his motives for 
the extraordinary career he has lately run are rather veiled in mystery, and will most 
likely remain so, as no hopes of pardon were held out to him on his condemnation; and he 
has since, we find, been ordered for execution on Saturday the 3d of September.
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Wetheral Church</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">View of WETHERALL CHURCH, from Corby Walks.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 2.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PERMIT me, Sir, to add to your collection of churches, by 
transmitting you a drawing of one in Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wetheral church is a handsome edifice, built with stone in the 
Gothic style, consisting of three ailes, supported on each side by three massive pillars. 
The nave is divided from the chancel by a fine Gothic arch. The South side of the chancel 
apparently bears greater antiquity than the rest of the building: two inscriptions in 
Gothic letter remains there; one over the door, the other over the window, viz.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Orate p' anima Richardi Wedderhall. / [D]rate[ ] Willi'mi 
Thornton abbatis.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1774, the roof was covered with blue slate; and in 1789 and 
1790, the whole was flagged, stalled, plastered, and ceiled; the tower was built, finished
with four spires, and a bell hung therein. In 1790. the chapel over the burying vault, 
belonging to Corby Castle, was rebuilt by Henry Howard, esq. to the memory of his lady and
ancestors.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Between the north aile and the chancel of the church are the 
effigies of a man and woman in alabaster, which (it is supposed) are sacred to the memory 
of Sir Richard Salkeld, who resided at Corby Castle. There is an inscription to this, but 
it is almost obliterated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">C.H.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>roman finds</Keyword> <Keyword>sacrificial vase</Keyword> <Keyword>Sewell's 
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<Keyword>praefericulum</Keyword> <Keyword>patera</Keyword> <Keyword>sacrifice</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>Flat Hall<Note>Whitehaven Castle</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Whitehaven Castle, Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1804 p.269
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  <Keyword>roman sacrificial vases</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>
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Roman Sacrificial Vases</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Description of the</i> Roman <i>Sacrificial Vases lately 
discovered in</i> Sewell's-lane, Scotch Street, Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These antiquities are so valuable, both from their rarity, and 
from the elegance of the workmanship, that they must be extremely precious in the eyes of 
the Antiquary. The name that the vase is generally distinguished by is 
<i>praefericulum</i>, and it is understood to have been appropriated to the holding of 
incense, &amp;c. used in the sacrifice. Many of these have been brought from Greece and 
Siciliy, and have been highly estimated by the curious, for the elegance of the 
workmanship, and the beauty of the relief in the ornaments. But the Grecian vessels are 
principally of fine clay, or bronze. These vases we are speaking of, we believe, are the 
first which have been discovered in Britain; and the sculpture of such a vessel but once 
appears among all the altars found in this country: it is on a beautiful Roman altar, 
discovered at Ellenborough, which was removed to Flat-hall, at Whitehaven, and is now in 
the possession of Lord Viscount Lowther. This altar is inscribed "<i>Genio loci, Fortunae 
reduci, Romae AEternae, et Fato bono</i>," &amp;c. It is said to be the most curious Roman
altar that ever was discovered in Britain, and is particularly described both by Camden 
and Horsley, who go into a long train of conjectures respecting the instruments sculptured
on its side, which are the <i>praefericulum</i>, the <i>patera</i>, the axe, and the 
knife.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">- The metal which the vessels in question are formed of seems to 
be a composition of refined brass, capable of receiving a very high polish, and so 
flexible that it allowed the artificer to form them extremely thin. At the top and bottom 
of the vases it is evident that they have been turned and finished in a lathe. From there 
being no accompanying altar or inscription, we regret we cannot suppose exactly the time 
of the Empire when these sacred vessels have been used. The only guide is the elegant 
sculpture of the handles, which consists of four tiers of groups of figures, in excellent 
workmanship, and all apparently illustrative of sacrifice. The uppermost seems to be two 
persons holding, or preparing, a cow or bullock for sacrifice; the next, a person taking 
hold of a hog for the same purpose; the third, a priest cloathed in his robes, standing at
an altar, holding something on it; the lower one, which is the most beautiful, is, on the 
one side, a man cloathed in complete armour, holding a knife, as if going to sacrifice a 
sheep or a lamb, which another person below holds for that purpose; on the other side the 
priest stands, with another knife or sword, attending the ceremony. These vases are, from 
their extreme rarity, and from other cause, unquestionably of much greater value than we 
were first induced to set upon them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This piece of antiquity has been preserved, because it fell into 
the hands of a judicious mechanic; but we have heard it asserted as a fact, that some 
remains of antiquity, found in this neighbourhood, was a few years ago carries to a 
founder, who consigned it to the furnace, because no one present understood that such a 
thing was of the smallest value!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Carlisle Journal</i>
</Paragraph>
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman camp</Keyword>  <Keyword>Pykethwaite Fell</Keyword>
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Pikethwaite Fell Camp</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1804 p.305
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Carlisle, Jun.</i> 12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN this Northern nook of our England, contiguous formerly to that 
lawless territory of the <i>Border</i>, the monuments of the elegant arts are none, or 
few; while martial relicks, and remains of bold though crude architecture, are frequent. 
The Antiquary often stumbles upon the Roman Cassis, or Saxon helm; and even in our wildest
Muir-land the Grouse are frequently found encamped on the deserted station of the Victor 
Legions, or lurking under Saxon Dykes. I send you, Sir, the outline of a camp on 
Pykethwaite fell, near Christenbury Craggs in this county, (<i>fig.</i> 9). It does appear
to our Antiquaries, whether it should be classed among the Saxon or the Roman ones. 
Without troubling you with any more remarks, which would but fill, without adorning, the 
pages of your excellent Magazine, I subjoin the drawing, <i>fig.</i> 9.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A. A. Ruins of a wall, about two feet and a half wide.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">B. B. Ruins of ditto, about one foot and a half wide.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">C. Sunken 
&#x03B5;&#x03BD;&#x03BD;&#x03B5;&#x03B1;&#x03B3;&#x03C9;&#x03BD;, nearly paved round with 
strongly cemented stones.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">D. Sunken circles, paved round in the same manner, supposed to be 
meant for fires.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It seems as if a large fire was kept in the centre of the camp, 
others between two walls, and more occasionally without; probably as beacons at night, or 
to keep off the wolves. I leave it to some of your ingenious correspondents to comment 
upon the shape of this singular camp, and to assign it to its proper definition, style, 
title, and addition.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">J. HUDSON.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Sandys, Edwin</Keyword> <Keyword>York, Archbishop of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rawlinson, Willliam, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Law, Bishop</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Rawlinson, Robert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Askew, Anthony</Keyword> <Keyword>Emanuel College, Cambridge</Keyword> 
<Keyword>St Bartholomew's Hospital, London</Keyword> <Keyword>Addison, Lancelot</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lichfield, Dean of</Keyword> <Keyword>Addison, Joseph</Keyword> <Keyword>Barwick,
John</Keyword> <Keyword>St John's College, Cambridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Barwick, 
Peter</Keyword> <Keyword>Bellingham, Allan</Keyword> <Keyword>Burn, Richard</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Chambers, Ephraim</Keyword> <Keyword>Encyclopaedia Britannica</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ducket, Lionel</Keyword> <Keyword>Jesus College, Cambridge</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dawson, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Fell, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, John, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Fothergill, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Fothergill, George</Keyword> <Keyword>St Edmund's Hall, Oxford</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Queen's College, Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>Fothergill, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Garnett, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Gibson, Edmund</Keyword> <Keyword>Gilpin, 
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<Keyword>Hogarth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton, Richard, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Leyburn, Roger</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennyngton, Adam</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1804 p.322
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Worthies of Windermere</Keyword>
</Marginal>
The Worthies of Windermere</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 13.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE inclosed account of the Worthies of Winandermear has been sent
me by a literary friend; and it will inform, and, I think, amuse some of your readers; and
if you will give it a place soon in your Magazine you will oblige, Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PHAROS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE WORTHIES OF WINANDERMEAR.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Nations, provinces, and counties, have proudly boasted the births 
of men eminent for Arms, Arts, or Sciences. In the same county, Learning, Wit, and Parts, 
have appeared more in one age than another. Homer, Virgil, Milton, were of different 
countries. The Lake of Genoa may boast of Rousseau and Voltaire; but it is true, that in 
these latter days more men of letters, and of learned professions, have been born on the 
banks, or within a few miles, of the famous Lake Winandermear in England, than in any 
other part of the world of the like extent, and within the same space of time, that we 
know or have read of. For instance:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>The late</i> Rev. Dr. Edwin Sandys, Lord Archbishop of 
York.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Daniel Rawlinson, from Griesdale, citizen of London.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Sir William Rawlinson, one of the first Lords Commissioners 
for the custody of the Great Seal of England.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Rev. Dr. Law, Lord Bishop of Carlisle, one of whose sons was
also mitred during the father's episcopacy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Robert Rawlinson, chief justice of Chester, &amp;c. &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Anthony Askew, the great Grecian of Emanuel college, 
Cambridge, and of St. Bartholomew's hospital.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">- These were all near neighbours born, and were progenitors 
of great, respectable, and flourishing families, now in being.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Launcelot Addison, dean of Lichfield, father of the 
celebrated and highly-eminent Joseph Addison, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. John Barwick, of St.John's college, and dean of St. 
Paul's.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Peter Barwick, physician to King Charles II.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Allan Bellingham, king's counsel, and a bencher of the Inner
Temple.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Richard Burn, LL.D. author of Justices' Law, &amp;c. &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Ephraim Chambers, F.R.S. original author of the Cyclopaedia.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Lionel Ducket, fellow of Jesus college, Cambridge, and a 
great benefactor to it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Robert Dawson, bishop of Clonsert in Ireland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The Rev. Dr. Fell, who founded the Fourness-fell fellowship 
at St. John's college, Cambridge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Sir John Fleming, bart. lord bishop of Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">William Fleming, archdeacon of Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The Rev. Dr. Thomas Fothergill, master of St. John's 
college, Cambridge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. George Fothergill, principal of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Thomas Fothergill, provost of Queen's college, Oxford.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. John Fothergill, a Quaker, and eminent physician in 
London.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Thomas Garnet, natural philosopher, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The Rev. Dr. Edmund Gibson, lord bishop of London.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Bernard Gilpin, of Queen's, and also of Christ-church, 
Oxford, a great character in the persecuting times of Queen Mary, and who preached a 
remarkable sermon before <i>and at</i> Barnes, bishop of Durham.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Richard Hogarth, father of the ingenious and inimitable 
artist William Hogarth.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Sir Richard Hutton, a judge of the Court of Common Pleas.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Roger Leyburn, a bishop of the Church of Rome.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The Rev. Adam Pennyngton, of Boston, in Lincolnshire, who 
first endowed the free-school at Kendal.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Sir John Preston, a judge of the Court of Common Pleas.
</Paragraph>
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Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>Travels, or Observations relating to Barbary and the 
Levant</Keyword> <Keyword>Seed, Jeremiah</Keyword> <Keyword>Shepherd, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Smith, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Bede</Keyword> <Keyword>Smith, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Taylor, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>logarithms</Keyword> <Keyword>Taylor, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Hebrew</Keyword> <Keyword>Tickell, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Waugh, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, John, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Watson, 
Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Llandaff, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennington, Isaac, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1804 p.323
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G8040323.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The Rev. Dr. Preston, lord bishop of Killala and Ferns.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Christopher Phillipson, a barrister, and a major in the 
army.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Robert Phillipson, a bencher of the Middle Temple.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Postlethwaite, master of Trinity college, Cambridge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Barnaby Potter, provost of Queen's college, Oxford, and 
lord bishop of Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Thomas Savage, of Queen's college, Oxford, Master of the
Rolls, lord chancellor, bishop of Durham, archbishop of York, ambassador to Rome, and 
Cardinal St. Prazides.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Thomas Shaw, principal of Edmund-hall, Oxford, regius 
professor of Greek, and known to the Learned World by his Travels to Barbary and the 
Levant, &amp;c. &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Jeremiah Seed, an able orthodox divine, and an amiable man, 
whose writings were much esteemed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The Rev. Dr. Shepherd, professor of experimental philosophy 
at Cambridge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The Rev. John Smith, famed for his historical works of the 
Venerable Bede.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Thomas Smith, of Queen's college, Oxford, and Lord 
bishop of Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The Rev. Dr. John Taylor, noted for his Hebrew-English 
Concordance.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Mr. Thomas Taylor, who complied (a modern work) the best 
book of Logarithms ever published.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Thomas Tickell, esq. an ingenious poet and author, and 
contemporary with Addison, Steele, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. John Waugh, of Queen's college, Oxford, and lord bishop 
of Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Sir John Wilson, a judge of the Common Pleas at Westminster.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>The present</i> Rev. Dr. Watson, lord bishop of Landaff.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Sir Isaac Pennington, Regius professor of physick.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Sir Alan Chambre, a judge of the Common Pleas at 
Westminster.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dr. Ainslie, of the College of Physicians, London.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Daniel Braithwaite, esq. F.R.S. of the antient family at 
Ambleside.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Adam Walker, the philosophical lecturer in London, &amp;c. 
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Romney, Cranke, and Gardner, three ingenious artists.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Messrs. Millers, Ainslie, Hall, Bell, Harrison, and Hudson, 
young gentlemen of great promise in the University of Cambridge and at the Bar.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">It has been supposed that the ancestors of the great naval 
hero, Lord Nelson, Duke of Bronti, resided near the borders of this Mear, on the west side
of it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Katharine, the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, and wife of 
Henry VIII. was born at Kendal, near the lake.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Anne, Countess of Pembroke was born not far distant; and her
memory is with great reason respected in all the county of Westmorland, as well as on the 
banks of this delightful lake.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1804 p.846
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>Observations, chiefly Lithological, made in a 
Five Weeks Tour to the principal Lakes in Westmoreland and Cumberland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Lithological Observations in The Lakes</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Reviews of new publications:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">170. <i>Observations, chiefly Lithological, made in a Five Weeks 
Tour to the principal Lakes in</i> Westmoreland <i>and</i> Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE state of Europe preventing our author from making a second 
visit to the Alps, he was led to turn his views to the Apennines of his own country. 
Passing through Buxton, he agrees, with Faujus de St. Fond, that it is, "a 
<i>cheerless</i>, dreary tract, and, unlike other mountainous countries, totally devoid of
the picturesque." Nor is he at all partial to Manchester; ...
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Five Weeks Tour to the principal Lakes in Westmoreland and Cumberland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>tour</Keyword> <Keyword>Lithological Observations in The Lakes</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>minerals</Keyword> <Keyword>Crosthwaite's Museum, 
Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton's Museum, Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Skiddaw, 
Underskiddaw</Keyword>  <Keyword>shiver</Keyword>  <Keyword>granite</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1804 p.847
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is the opinion of many eminent men, that the air of mountains 
produces a peculiar animation and cheerfulness. At Keswick we have an account of the 
museum of Mr. Crosthwaite, and the rival one of Mr. Hutton, both abounding with 
curiosities and information; but the latter has the minerals, though small in number, 
better arranged.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The summit of Skiddaw is covered with a whiteish shivery slate, 
which threatens to slide down with every gust of wind. The broken state of this slate 
makes the present summit appear the ruins of others; a circumstance as extraordinary in 
appearance as difficult to be accounted for. It is impossible for a better description of 
Skiddaw to be given than this; but who can be so astonished when it is from the pen of the
wonderful Mrs. Radcliffe?" (p.58.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In chap. VII. granite is determined, by M. de Luc, "to constiture 
the great mass of mountains decidedly primordial; and no where is it ever seen to depart 
from its truly generic character, that of exhibiting no marks of its first formation. ... 
It occupies a large part, and may be said to take its rise from three distinct parts of 
Great Britain, - Scotland, Caernarvonshire, and Dartmoor; ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This is an entertaining narrative, even to those who object that 
it is not strictly lithological.
</Paragraph>
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Obituary, George Kendall</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Rev. George Kendall, curate of Natland, and master of the free 
grammar-school at Kendal, in Westmoreland.
</Paragraph>
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</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1804 p.954
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Earl of Carlisle, Verses</Heading>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G8040954.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote">VERSES <i>sent by the Earl of</i> CARLISLE <i>to the Archbishop 
of</i> YORK, <i>on his inclosing the Tomb of Archbishop</i> GREY <i>(a principal 
Benefactor ot the Minster) with a beautiful Gothic Railing of Cast-iron.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>FROM rude approach, and from the touch profane,</Line>
<Line>This gen'rous Markham guards this crumbling fane,</Line>
<Line>Revives just praise to Grey, makes widely known</Line>
<Line>A course of lib'ral actions like his own.</Line>
<Line>And should a baser age, unmov'd, survey</Line>
<Line>Our much-lov'd Prelate's mould'ring tomb decay,</Line>
<Line>View Time's coarse hand each grateful line efface,</Line>
<Line>Nor the broad tablet to his worth replace;</Line>
<Line>Yet on the spot, where once was plac'd his urn,</Line>
<Line>Shall true Religion ever weep and mourn;</Line>
<Line>A reverential awe around shall spread,</Line>
<Line>And Learning point where rests his holy head.</Line>
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Earl of Carlisle, Stained Glass</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The Earl of Carlisle has presented to the Dean and Chapter of 
<i>York</i>, for the embellishment of the Minster, a window of beautiful painted glass, 
purchased during the late troubles in France from the church of St. Nicholas, at Rouen. 
The subject is the visitation of the Virgin Mary; the figures as large as life, admirably 
drawn, and always considered to have been designed either by Sebastion de Piombo, or 
Michael Angelo.
</Paragraph>
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Tour of the Lakes</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Tour of the Lakes of Cumberland and Westmorland</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>June</i> 5.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE following simple narrative of a short tour to the Lakes of 
Cumberland and Westmorland, in the months of August and September last, is entirely at 
your service.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">B.T.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sunday evening, Aug. 12. Moving slowly over Highgate-hill, the 
groups of domes and spires scattered over the vast plain of London burst upon us for a few
moments and disappeared. The shades of Night gathered fast about us ere we had reached ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Verulam, Watling Street, Woburn Abbey, Leicestershire, Leicester, 
Derbyshire, ...
</Paragraph>
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<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G8050507.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G8050508.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
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<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G8050610.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G8050611.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G8050709.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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</References>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G8050711.jpg
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</References>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G8050805.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
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<Paragraph rend="text">There is no description of Cumbria till p.806.
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<Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>road, Kendal to Sedbergh</Keyword> <Keyword>Staveley, 
Over Staveley</Keyword> <Keyword>Ings, Hugill</Keyword> <Keyword>road, Kendal to 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Bowness-on-Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Windermere 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1805 p.806
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<Paragraph rend="text">Hackfall, Masham, Middleham, Askrig,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... forward to Sedbergh, and in our way saw Hardraw force. Its 
perpendicular height is considerable, and the eye unaccustomed to these objects follows 
the precipitation of the water into the gulph beneath with a sensation of horror.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The country assumed a more interesting face as we drew nigh to 
Sedbergh, than we had seen for miles. On approaching Kendal, across open and dreary moors,
our attention was arrested by the bold, black summits of Westmoreland, terminating the 
horizon. Towards evening we crossed the river Kent, and after a hasty meal in the moping 
town of Kendal, hurried through Stavely and Ings to catch the sun's last lingering rays on
the mountains. The Lake of Winandermere burst upon us in all its tranquil glory, as we 
approached Bowness, a little village on its Eastern shore. For a few minutes we were 
tempted to quit our chaise, and walked about 200 yards to the gate of a meadow, which 
commended the most central view of the Lake. <i>Here</i>, and at this <i>moment</i>; the 
novelty of the scenery, the serenity of the evening, the glassy stillness of the water, 
the terrible grandeur of the mountains, and the little hamlets couching at their feet, 
inspired a charm peculiar to first impressions, and evanescent as the monent that gave it 
birth! Winding round its cultivated banks, the prospect varying at every turn, we took 
shelter in the delicious repose of Low Wood, a spot which I soon ventured to predict, 
would, at no very distant period, become the favourite resort of every Northern traveller 
who has any correct taste for the wild or beautiful in Nature!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>To be continued.</i>)
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<Paragraph rend="quote">TOUR TO THE LAKES OF CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Continued from p.</i>806.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON the morning of the 19th we opened our astonished eyes on the 
glorious expanse of Windermere, floating a tract of country 14 miles in extent. The beams 
of the rising Sun
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1805 p.919
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<Paragraph rend="quote">quivered prettily on the margin of the Lake, and a little fleet of
boats rode at anchor in the peaceful harbour of Low-wood. We ascended a gentle eminence in
a lane leading to the village of Troutbeck, and frequently turned to survey the prominent 
beauties of the surrounding landscape. The stupendous chaos of rocks terminating the 
Northern shore, to us appeared no other than the <i>Pyrenean Chain</i>, and a very 
moderate exertion of the fancy transported us to the classic borders of the <i>Leman</i> 
Lake. Notwithstanding the variety of character which the shores of Windermere present, the
oblong regularity of its sides is rarely diversified by the jutting of a promontory or the
sinuosity of a bay. Before us rose, in a magnificent cluster, the rocks of Hardnose, 
Wryknot, Rainsbarrow, &amp;c. towering one above another in awful grandeur, and 
harmonizing all the infinite varieties of shade, while the silver pikes of Langdale 
undulating fancifully along the verge of the horizon, filled the broken intervals of 
distance. From these sloped the tame fells of Coniston, degenerating Southward into low 
and naked downs, shelving to the shores enlivened here and there by inclosures of green 
pasture and yellow corn. Some handsome knolls, pointed with wood, variegate the ornaments 
of the Eastern beach. The mediocrity of the Southern boundary, however conspicuous, might 
have escaped the severity of Criticism, if it were not unfortunately exposed by the 
splendour of connexion. In scenes like these, where Nature, working in the style of a bold
and independent Master, launches into the wild and fanciful, and soars beyond the 
conception of human genius, we are unable to reconcile an association so distasteful, and 
would rather have been blind to the beauties, than have witnessed the deformities of the 
picture. Consistency is surely compatible with the boldest design; and it is painful to 
see the <i>liveliest</i> colours mixed on the same canvass with the <i>sombre</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The woody valley of Troutbeck, or Trout-river, an interesting walk
of two miles from Low-wood, boasts a few scattered cottages, a moss-grey church, and a 
stream. so beautifully clear that not a fish nor a weed can escape detection. But these 
are not the only boast of Troutbeck. The modest register of her sons, "To fortune and to 
Fame unknown," is ennobled by the birth of <i>Romney</i> and <i>Wilson</i>; names 
honourably distinguished in the history of our Arts and Jurisprudence.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We crossed the river and mounted a green slope, ornamented by the 
neat and hospitable mansion in which the learned Judge tranquillized the evening of his 
active life.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Untainted by the guilty bribe,</Line>
<Line>Uncurs'd amid the harpy tribe,</Line>
<Line>No orphan's cry to wound <i>his</i> ear,</Line>
<Line><i>His</i> honour and <i>his</i> conscience clear!</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is a capacious quarry above Troutbeck, that furnishes a 
stone of excellent durability, and from this were conveyed the materials employed in the 
last reparation of Westminster Hall. On our descent towards the Howe, and the farm-house 
of the Stricklands, we snatched a glance of the river working its way furiously through 
the glen, and almost buried in the depth of its woody sides. Here opened an extensive view
of the Southern shore, comprising the farthest sweep of the Lake, and the islands floating
in its bosom. Beneath us, in a marshy bottom, stood the heavy edifice of Calgarth House, 
the residence of the Bishop of Llandaff; a station so unhappily selected, as to exclude 
every interesting view of the enchanting scenery that surrounds it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On our return we made a frugal meal in the arbour of Low-wood. The
sun shone most splendidly on the mountains, and the serene azure sky was without a cloud. 
The white sail flitted by the wall of the garden, relieved at intervals by the alternate 
dashing of the labouring oar.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We revelled through the long evening under the majestic rocks of 
Rydal. The path winding round the head of the Lake opened upon a rich vale of meadow, 
luxuriant from the moisture of its mother streams. Here we crossed the river Rothay, and 
traced it through the valley, which is of the finest verdure. We were awed at the approach
of those rugged rocks that looked so smooth and silken at a distance. Their broad bases 
are shrouded in a labyrinth of wood, while their loftier sides are occasionally broken by 
a projecting point, or an insulated hollow. Here the solitary cow, cautiously descending, 
crops in uninterrupted security the delicious herbage. Such is the tremendous elevation to
which she aspires, that the animated speck would be unperceived but for an accidental
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1805 p.920
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<Paragraph rend="quote">motion. But, notwithstanding the cautious inactivity of these 
animals, they are sometimes punished for their temerity, and precipitated lifeless into 
the pastures. We passed some enviable cottages at the foot of this Alpine pile. The Rothay
kept pace with us until we reached Rydal, but not without a soft murmur. Ambleside is a 
little straggling town, shutting up the pass to the vales of Ulswater and Keswick, and 
indebted for much of its interest to its situation. This is celebrated by the Antiquaries 
as the well-selected station of a Roman encampment, the site of which presented a natural 
barrier to the incursions of an enemy. Curiosity has not been deficient in exploring, nor 
has industry failed to accumulate, the rich relics of military valour; for here the very 
guides are <i>Philosophers</i>, and a town is poor indeed that cannot boast a 
<i>Museum!</i>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>To be continued.</i>)
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<Paragraph rend="quote">TOUR TO THE LAKES OF CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Continued from p.</i>920.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MONDAY, 20th of August; embarked at Low Wood, and made a pleasant 
voyage of six miles to Mr. Curwen's Island. We could not but admire the stillness and 
transparency of the Lake, which is in some parts nearly 100 yards deep, and three quarters
of a mile across. In the winter season it is frequently so rough as to render the 
management of a boat extremely hazardous. It abounds with Char, a coarse fish, caught in 
nets, of which great quantities are potted. In addition to these there are Trout, Perch, 
and Eel; the former are more numerous in the brooks and rivulets by which the Lake is fed.
The Eels are pierced by a sharp instrument, a model of the harpoon, as they coil unwarily 
on the grassy bottom. On our approach, the village of Bowness rose among the trees on the 
opposite shore. From the poetical rhapsodies of the guides, in delineating the charms of 
these islands, the imagination revels in fairy bowers and Rosicrusian Sylphs. But, instead
of these, what Mr. Gray would have expressly termed a <i>Rus in Urbeish</i> house, and a 
neglected garden, served rather to excite pity than to aggravate disappointment. The 
shores (as might be expected) are low and uncommanding. A lofty point of rock on the 
Western beach is occupied by a station house, erected by the same gentleman. Here, after a
laborious ascent, we gained little novelty of prospect, and surrendered much of the 
grandeur of the mountain scenery.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the 21st, we sallied out with our Rozinantes, admirable 
subjects for Bunbury. Made towards the little village of Clappersgate at the water-head; 
admired the situation of Miss Pritchard's house, and envied Mrs. H-- her cottage window; 
passed, to the left of the road, Hawkshead, a neat market town at the head of Esthwaite 
water. Coniston Fells presented a savage aspect as we drew nigh to the Northern shore. The
Lake is six miles long, and, like Windermere, the glory of its banks is concentrated in a 
single point of view. In a shrubbery on the Western edge stands Coniston Hall, the antient
seat of the Flemings. This is a well-chosen situation. Hence we had a wild ride among the 
mountains; passed Loughrigg Tarn, a Lake not larger than an orchard-pond, and descended by
a steep and narrow track into that glorious amphitheatre of rock, which shuts in the 
little peaceful vale of Grasmere. Here Nature has worked with the hand of an Enchantress, 
and I do not envy the Philosopher his feelings who can pass it without emotion. For 
myself, I could only exclaim with the Poet, "<i>Sic meae sedes utinam Senectae</i>." the 
white church shot up its taper spire from among a group of scattered cottages at the 
remotest corner of the valley. This presented a pastoral landscape, rich in trees and 
cattle; and finished with all the minuteness of a pencil; while the Lake, like a sheet of 
polished silver, reflected every leaf in its bosom. <i>Here</i> too, is a green islet, but
it is subject to the undisputed dominion of the water-fowl. In such a spot, where nothing 
is to be seen or heard that can disturb the interest derived from Nature, it is surely not
surprising, if some distaste should be excited to the bustle of commerce and the "busy hum
of men." The Lake of Grasmere, basoned in rock, a frontier so terrible, as even to strike 
the warrior with dismay, might have lain for ages beneath the veil of primaeval obscurity;
and it is much to be feared that the facility of access to a scene of such commanding 
beauty, may prove fatal to its most bewitching attractions. Descending Grasmere Hill, we 
rode along the rushy margin of Rydal water, and in front of us appeared Rydal Hall, the 
respectable mansion of Sir Michael le Fleming, at the skirts of a lofty range of 
mountains. On our return to Low-wood, we were saluted with a reiterated chorus. The report
of a small cannon fired from the shores of the Lake had awakened drowsy Echo from her 
cell.
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<Keyword>Thirlmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Armboth House, Armboth<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Castle Rigg<Note>Castlerigg Brow</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Castlerigg Brow, 
Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Vale of Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Lake of Derwent<Note>Derwent
Water</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Keswick</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Great Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>St Kentigern, Great 
Crosthwaite</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1805 p.1011
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<Paragraph rend="quote">On the 22nd we stopped at Rydal, in our route to Keswick, and 
lingered away an hour in the rich woods of Sir Michael. Ascending under a close covert 
shade, about 200 yards from the mansion-house, our progress was suddenly arrested by the 
broad bed of the Rothay dashing with a foamy fury over the precipitous sides of a 
tremendous gill, "<i>bosomed high in tufted trees</i>." After tumbling with a horrid roar,
nearly an hundred perpendicular feet, it is hurried down a gradual declivity into a 
current perpetually agitated by smaller impediments. Hence we dived into a narrower glen, 
which the rampant boughs have wrapped in almost Cimmerian gloom. After walking some steps,
the guide who preceeded us flung open the door of a small summer-house in ruins, nodding 
over the brink of the river. The momentary effect was electrical! and we drew back with 
involuntary surprize. The suddenness and velocity of these impressions defy every attempt 
to describe the effect they produce upon the sensations of the spectator. The water of a 
small bason, hollowed in a bed of stone, and darkened by the impending foliage is thrown 
into a tremendous agitation by two small steams falling six or eight feet from the clefts 
of a small shelf of rock. One of them is a broad ribband torrent, fretting itself into a 
white foam; the other a little rippling stream. whose current disperses as it falls. The 
fine marble slabs that form the sides of the bason, are carpeted by a thick brown moss; 
and the light which is denied admittance through the trees, is ushered in at the arch of a
small wooden bridge above the falls, and reflected from the surface of the water.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This finished miniature, the beauties of which are elegantly 
delineated by the pen of Mr. Mason, affords every effect that is striking in the 
arrangement of light and shade, and all that is exquisite in the delicacies of contrast.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Nothing can exceed the interest of the ride form Ambleside to 
Keswick. From the bridge of Grasmere the eye ranges with rapture over its secluded valley,
and contemplates with astonishment the awful grandeur of the mountains by which it is 
environed. At the foot of Helme Crag, an immense broken pile, which, like the ruins of 
some giant citadel, guards the North East side of the valley, the road winds through the 
romantic vales of Legberthwaite and St. John.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We now ascended Dunmail Raise, so named from Dunmail, the last 
King of Cumberland, who was defeated and buried here by Edward the Saxon. The place of his
interment, marked by a rude heap of stones, is still retained as the line of demarkation 
between the counties. On the right of the road Helvellyn lifts its awful form, a mountain 
of tremendous grandeur, upon whose brow the snow hangs as upon a glacier. The cottagers, 
nestling at its base, pride themselves in the shelter of this impenetrable rampire, and 
stoutly repel the imputation of the Keswick peasantry, who assert the greater altitude of 
their native Skiddaw. Here we passed the little modest chapel of Wythburn, noticed by Mr. 
Gray. The antient salary of its Curate, we were credibly informed, amounted to 2l. 10s. 
<i>per annum!</i> Leathes-water is a picturesque expanse in the bosom of the valley. The 
surrounding mountains fling a deep shade over the surface of the water, and a narrow 
peninsula jutting from the margin, affords an easy intercourse to the shepherds of the 
opposite border. The Western edge swells into a little promontory, decorated with a neat 
manor-house shrouded in trees. But the objects of greatest beauty are a group of Rocks, 
which raise the closing screen of the landscape. These wear a variety of figure and 
ornament; some of them are pyramidal, and dressed in green wood to the very summit; other 
magnificently turreted, project boldly, as if to display their naked sides of silver grey.
In the back ground are seen the broad gloomy ridges of Saddleback and Threlkeld Fells, 
hung with a pall of the deepest sable. On Castle Rigg, an eminence, distant about a mile 
from Keswick, we rested to examine the prospect which has been distinguished by the 
rapturous encomiums of Mr. Gray. It is a bird's-eye view of the vale, discovering a large 
extent of variegated enclosure, to the exclusion of those points from which is derived its
particular and prominent character.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of the Lake of Derwent by much the finer part lies concealed; the 
poor town of Keswick is an unassimilated and discordant feature in the bottom; nor is 
there any picture in the naked object of Crossthwaite church. The
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<Paragraph rend="quote">river,
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  <Keyword>Tour of the Lakes of Cumberland and Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Wrynose Fell, Lakes</Keyword> <Keyword>Hard Knott, 
Eskdale</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Wrynose</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, 
Skiddaw</Keyword> <Keyword>Skiddaw, Underskiddaw</Keyword> <Keyword>Bassenthwaite 
Lake</Keyword>  <Keyword>errata</Keyword>  <Keyword>Greek</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1805 p.1012
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<Paragraph rend="quote">river, however, it must be admitted, is creative of considerable 
interest in its vagaries from Lake to Lake. Skiddaw rears his giant head at a respectful 
point of distance, and the lower boundary of Bassenthwaite Lake, which is naked and 
uniteresting beyond description, is happily shut out from the view. But, indeed, the 
fervour of composition appears in this instance to have a little overstepped the modesty 
of Nature.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>To be continued.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Erratum</i>.- In the last paper, for <i>Wryknot</i>, read 
<i>Wrynose</i>; for <i>Hardnose</i>, read <i>Hardknot</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The origin of these outlandish terms has been in some few 
instances successfully traced from the Greek, from the connexion existing between that 
language and the antient Celtic. The Author submits to the decision of his readers a 
conjecture with which he has been favoured on the derivation of the name Wrynose, 
<i>viz.</i> the Greek &#x039F;&#x03C5;[ ]&#x03B1;&#x03BD;&#x03BF;&#x03C2;, from its 
height; the corruption is easily deduced, more especially if it is considered that the 
English w corresponds with the Greek letter [ ]; and that the disposition to give an 
<i>intelligible</i> pronunciation to an <i>unintelligible</i> term (in frequent use among 
the vulgar) has proved the most prolific source of etymological difficulties. Skiddaw 
probably owes its origin to the Greek word &#x03A3;&#x03C7;&#x03B9;&#x03B1;, "<i>for 
shadows, clouds, and darkness rest upon it</i>.
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<Keyword>Derwent Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Watendlath 
Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent Isle, Derwent Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent Isle House,
Derwent Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Pocklington, Joseph</Keyword> <Keyword>regatta, Derwent 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1805 p.1121
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<Paragraph rend="quote">TOUR TO THE LAKES OF CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Continued from p.</i>1012).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">KESWICK is a small mean market town, situated 25 miles N.W. of 
Kendal, and subsisting on a manufacture of linsey and woollen yarn: the Lake, three miles 
in extent, and of a shape irregularly circular, derives its principle nourishment from the
rivers of Derwent and Lodore; it is profusely sprinkled with islands arrayed in rich 
liveries of green. On the most considerable of this little archipelago stands a tasteless 
mansion, the residence of a gentleman whose splendid regattas have acquired him an 
extensive celebrity in the county. Of the water scenery, if we consider it abstractly, 
much cannot be said; but the elevation of its side and front screens is without parallel 
in grandeur. The tour of the Lake, affording a most interesting walk of nine miles, 
presents every variety of which the gradual change of situation, and the unceasing 
interposition of new objects, are anywhere susceptible. It is a secret among the 
best-informed guides, and one of admirable importance, to keep as nearly as possible to 
the margin of the water for the purpose of a view; for, in proportion as we receded, we 
diminish the extent of the foreground; points of great elevation, as they render the 
objects beneath them scanty and diminutive, are for a similar reason not generally 
preferred. This lake and its environs demand more than any an attention to these rules; 
for it must be evident to the meanest observer, that Nature has
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<Keyword>floating island, Derwent Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Fawe Park, Above 
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<Keyword>oak</Keyword> <Keyword>Cockshot Hill, Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Barrow 
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<Keyword>Wallow Crag<Note>Walla Crag</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Walla Crag, St John's 
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<Keyword>Gowder Crag, Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Shepherd's Crag, Borrowdale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lodore Falls, Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Grange 
Fell, Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Gate Crags<Note>Goat Crag ?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Goat Crag, Borrowdale<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Castle Crag, 
Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>settlement, Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Castle Head, 
Keswick</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gray, Thomas</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1805 p.1122
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">not <i>here</i> distributed her favours with an equal hand, 
scattering those ornaments with a fastidious frugality, around which she wantons in the 
most luxuriant profusion. When I first beheld the Lakes of Derwent and Bassenthwaite, I 
could not easily divest my mind of a persuasion that thay had once been united, and that 
the intervening plain had originally formed the bed of the water. Such an alteration, 
taken as a whole, might powerfully contribute to the scenic consistency of the valley; but
perhaps an expanse so equally extensive would rather degenerate into tameness, than raise 
the landscape in the scale of grandeur. The character of the Mountain scenery is here 
happily diversified; we have the undulating velvet slope, the mouldering earth crag, the 
sullen grey cliff, and the rock of silvery whiteness, sparkling like agate in the 
interstices of the shrubby mantle with which it is overspread. The water of Derwent, which
is of the clearest crystal, is sometimes curled into little eddies, and presents a surface
as much agitated as that of boiling water,owing to what is technically denominated <i>a 
bottom wind</i>, the infallible omen of an approaching tempest. This ruffled face of the 
Lake, from whatever cause, is by no means unfrequent, and gives an interesting vivacity to
the scene; it is moreover an appearance which has not escaped observation in the glownig 
(sic) catalogue of Virgil's beauties:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Speluncae, <i>vivique lacus</i>, - mugitisque boum,</Line>
<Line>Non absunt.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Towards the Southern extremity of the Lake is occasionally seen 
what the guides call a floating island. This phaenomenon, which is peculiar to stormy 
weather, the Keswick philosophers explain by saying, that a torrent is discharged at this 
point beneath a turf bank, which swells from greater or less upward pressure, to different
degrees of convexity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Artificial islets, we are told, float upon the Lakes of Mexico and
China; and, however Philosophy may solve the problem in Nature, Poetry, less scrupulous 
ofher authority, has lately wrought the artificial image with peculiar felicity to the 
hands of the voyager:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>We reach'd the shore,</Line>
<Line>A <i>Floating Islet</i> waited for me there,</Line>
<Line>The beautiful work of man; I sat my foot</Line>
<Line>Upon green growing herbs and flowers, and sate</Line>
<Line>Embower'd in odorous shrubs; four long light boats</Line>
<Line>Yoked to the garden; with accordant song,</Line>
<Line>And dip and dash of oars in harmony,</Line>
<Line>Bore me across the Lake.</Line>
<Line>SOUTHEY'S Madoc.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the evening of the 22d we sauntered through a delicious grove 
of oak and fir, crowning an eminence which overhangs the West border of the Lake; in our 
way, we learned with regret, that the Dryads of Crow Park were no more; the greater part 
of the land here is annexed to the estates of public charities or private manors; and it 
is indeed a subject of deep and universal regret to the lovers of Lake scenery, that the 
coppice wood and forestries should be so often and so barbarously mutilated, and the 
shores denuded of their fine foliage trimmings, by the avarice or caprice of their 
tasteless owners:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Sed non omnes arbusta juvant.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the brow of Cockshut-hill we caught the grand outline of the 
vale, under the mellowing rays of a majestic sunset: behind us stretched the frightfully 
stupendous wall of Barrow and Wallow Crags; and from these was extended a chain of cliff 
bounding the vale of Watendlath: next rose the grandly-wooded rocks of the Lodore, forming
a magnificent circus for its fall: still farther yawned the terrific jaws of Borradaile, 
closed on either side by the huge precipices of Grange Fell and Gate Crags. In the midst 
of this dreary chasm, an isolated spire of rock, invested on all sides with foliage of the
liveliest verdure, stood like a tower. This is Castle Crags which the Antiquaries dignify 
with the honours of a Roman Fort. Of this, if it ever existed, Time has long sapped the 
foundations, and dispersed the ruins; but its muffled pediment has not denied a refuge to 
the later posterity of the Roman Eagle. Descending to join the road, we climbed 
Castlehead, a pretty tufted hill about half a mile distant from Cockshut. This is a most 
commanding eminence. Had Mr. Grey, seated on its summit, consented for once to loosen the 
bandage from his eyes, and contemplate magnificence without terror, we could but faintly 
conceive the glowing touches of his animated pencil. Directly beneath us lay the town of 
Keswick, in as much obscurity as we could wish.
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<Keyword>Greta, River</Keyword> <Keyword>road, Penrith to Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>road,
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Grange</Keyword> <Keyword>monk</Keyword> <Keyword>Furness Abbey, 
Barrow-in-Furness</Keyword> <Keyword>Gray, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Gordon, William, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent Bay, Above Derwent<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Greta 
Hall, Keswick<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Villa Lucretilis<Note>Greta Hall 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Of the lake-spread plain, prettily illuminated by the last 
floating beams of the Sun, we commended the whole extent: the double-coned Skiddaw frowned
awfully in the distance; while the rocks of Borradaile and Lodore advanced boldly to the 
very borders of the Lake. The vale of Newlands, an abyss of Elysian beauty, the fanciful 
meanders of the Derwent and Greeta in the bottom, and the roads to Cockermouth and Penrith
intersecting the mountains, contributed to variegate and soften the rougher features of 
this glorious landscape.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">23d. Made a pedestrian survey of the Lake. An hollow in the 
crumbling summit of Wallow Crag is named Lady's Rake, from a prevalent but almost 
incredible tradition, that by this steep Lady Derwent effected her escape from Cumberland,
at the period of her Lord's arrest. The fall of Lodore presents a singularly-harmonious 
assemblage of the sublime and beautiful. We seated ourselves within the verge of a 
spacious and symmetrical amphitheatre; from the hollow of which, the wild wood in 
picturesque confusion hung.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The character of this famous fall (the Niagara of England) varies 
with the season, as might be expected from the nature of its resources: the cataract, 
which during the floods rolls with uninterrupted volume and impetuous velocity, and shakes
the mountains with its rebound, dwindles in the drought of summer into a thousand little 
rills, babbling in the hollows moulded by their continued eddy, or fretting to find a 
passage between the spiculi that start from the ragged bottom of the rock; these at length
join, and, as if impatient of delay, wind off into a smooth rivulet on its journey to the 
Lake. The variegated tints of the foliage, and the rainbow lustre of the tremulous spray, 
glistening in the Sun's beams, contribute to the splendour of the scene.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We proceeded (the sound of the torrent still vibrating in our 
ears) through the villages of High and Low Lodore. A grey-headed man, bent with age and 
its infirmities, feebly opened a gate, and implored our charity. We were suprized to learn
that this <i>poor</i> man, who appeared to annex a bare subsistence to his employment, was
the unenvied possessor of as many acres as would secure to a contented mind the blessing 
of independence:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"<i>Multas inter opes inops.</i>"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Grange is a small village in the mouth of Borradaile, once 
used as the repository of their tithe-grain by the Monks of Furness. A little stone bridge
thrown across the river here is nearly gone to decay: here we saw the farm house, whither 
Mr. Gray fled for shelter from the inhospitable frowns of Borradaile. Following the upward
course of the Derwent, we found a path recently led through the wild woods of Lord William
Gordon, who has a pretty <i>Cottage orne&#x00E9;</i> washed by a bay of the Lake: the wood
walks of his garden are tastefully embroidered with all the rich varieties of fir and ash,
and afford a delicious retirement: at intervals we snatched a glimpse of the water, and 
from a high point of ground, called the silver field, gazed upon the empurpled majesty of 
Skiddaw. Its insular situation and enormous size afford a striking contrast to the line of
rocks girdling the distant shore, which seem shrinking from the perils of competition. Its
dun sides, outstretched to a tremendous extent, are broken by frequent gills and 
excavations; clouds skirt its awful summit; and its stupendous base is blended, by many 
wavy and fantastic lines, into the smooth level by the subjacent plain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Hence we marched under cover of a huge slate rock, looking down 
upon the vale, and fell into the Cockermouth road, at a distance of two miles from 
Keswick.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As we crossed the rapid tide of the river Greeta, we observed, at 
the distance of a stone's throw from the road, an old embattled brick mansion, apparently 
an uninhabited ruin; in this however we were mistaken; it was the <i>Villa Lucretilis</i> 
of one among the celebrated of that <i>Corpusculum Poetarum</i>, who, it cannot be denied,
have afforded abundant specimens of the <i>exuberance</i> of genius. His lyric brother 
occupies a cottage on the banks of Grasmere, for which, as his landord assured us, he pays
an annual rent of 5l. - <i>Sic itur as astra!</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Our facetious landlord amused us at the dinner-table with a 
recital of the feats of those <i>magnanami heroes</i>, whom he termed <i>pedestrians</i>, 
and of their first incursions into the Northern
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1805 p.1124</Title>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1805 p.1124
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<Paragraph rend="quote">counties. Some years ago, he observed, the young nobility and 
gentry, arrayed like sailors, with knapsacks flung at their backs, gained a difficult 
admission into his bar parlour; what was his suprize to discover that these gentlemen, 
apparently so little nice, were in fact the most fastidious of his guests; there were 
however excellent paymasters, and from his frequent experience of their liberality, he 
regretted seriously the loss of thier patronage. Nothing could be more absurd than this 
extravagnace, which like most other excesses, however, soon corrected itself: this was 
that cant and affectation of stoicism, which would convert a toil into a pleasure, by 
combating the existence, or stealing the perception of pain; and which as it originated 
only in sophistry, soon terminated in disgust. What athlete could endure a series of such 
sudden and extraordinary labour? What but the annihilation of that lively sympathy 
existing between mind and body, could enable a toil-worn traveller to participate a 
pleasure, which can only be relished in the full flow of strength and spirits, is at best 
only a transient, and of so delicate impression, as to be generally greatest in 
anticipation? Gross mistakes too were commonly committed in diet or management, which, 
with the debilitating effects of over-fatigue, either cooled the courage of the Hercules 
in his onset, or left him, if he persisted, "<i>ad extremum ridendus</i>." In short, the 
result of these chivalrous adventures always convinced me, (in the language of the French 
proverb): "<i>Que la jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle!</i>"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>To be continued.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Although the article ends to be continued, there seems not to be 
any more. The index to volume 75 for 1805, under Cumberland, tour to, lists pp.609, 709, 
804, 918, 1010, and 1121. The index for volume 76, 1806, has no relevant entry. The errata
early in 1806 mention the author's indisposition.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1806 p.39
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<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A;&#x002A;&#x002A; The following errors occurred in our last
continuation of "<i>A Tour to the Lakes</i>," owing to the author's severe indisposition, 
and distance from the Metropolis. We lament that a similar reason must be offered as his 
apology for postponing this month's communication.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.1122, col.1, l.15. read <i>equably</i>. - 1, - 56, 
<i>authorities</i>. - 2, - 43, <i>Castle Crag</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.1123, col.1, l.29 read, the wild wood hung in picturesque 
confusion. - Col.2, l.34, read, the smooth level <i>of the</i> subjacent place. - l.58 
read, <i>magnanimi</i>. - L.59. read, <i>pedesterians</i>. This was the landlord's 
pronunciation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.1124, col.1, l.19, read <i>steeling</i> us to the perception of 
pain. L.41 read <i>le jeu</i>, &amp;c.
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Gaol<Note>Carlisle Gaol</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Gaol, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>gaol, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle City Gaol, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>County Bridewell, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>gaol, Cockermouth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>County Bridewell, Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>gaol, Whitehaven</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Whitehaven Town Gaol, Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>gaol, 
Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Westmoreland County Gaol<Note>Appleby 
Gaol</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby Gaol, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>debtor</Keyword> <Keyword>felon</Keyword> <Keyword>prisoner</Keyword> 
<Keyword>gaoler</Keyword> <Keyword>doctor</Keyword> <Keyword>Mullender, Joseph</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Scottish Gate, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Bowman, Joseph</Keyword> 
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James</Keyword>  <Keyword>Bushby</Keyword>  <Keyword>Metcalfe, James</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1806 p.102
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>gaols</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cumberland</Keyword>  <Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Mr Neild's Remarks on Cumberland Etc Gaols</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr.</i> Nield's <i>Remarks on</i> Cumberland <i>&amp;c. 
Gaols.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CUMBERLAND COUNTY GOAL at CARLISLE. <i>Joseph Mullender</i>, 
gaoler, 40l.; and a blacksmith for his attendance, 2l. 2s. <i>per annum</i>. Fees, 
debtors, 11s.; felons, 13s 4d. For the conveyance of transports, one shilling per mile if 
less than 5, but if they exceed that number 9d. per mile. Garnish, 1s. 6d. Chaplain, Rev. 
Mr. Mark; duty, prayers and sermon on Sunday; salary 20l. Surgeon, Mr. Hodgkin, salary, 
5l. 5s. for attendance: medicines paid for by bill. Allowance. Debtors, on applying to the
Justices, obtain 1s. 3d. a week; felons 2s. a week.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The court spacious, 85 yards by 36; has a pump with fine water; it
was formerly common to all prisoners, but now a part is appropriated to the felons, 15 
yards by 8, and separated by iron pallisades; through which they can converse with the 
debtors, or any persons who visit there. The gaoler's house is at one end of the court, 
and the chapel (built, as appears by the date, in 1734) adjoins, and where the prisoners 
mix indiscriminately to hear divine service.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Master's side, debtors have five rooms in the keeper's house, for 
which they pay 2s. 6d. per week; two sleep in a bed. Commons side, debtors have 4 <i>free 
wards</i>, 28 feet by 18, and a small room; but they are in a very dirty and ruinous 
state; with windows opening into the court; formerly they looked into the street. The 
sexes are separate at night, but together all day. The wards for felons are 2 rooms, down 
a step or two; dark, damp, and dirty; one of them, 7 yards by 5, the day room, which 
serves likewise as a night room, had a window to the street; through which spiritous 
liquors and tools for mischief might easily be conveyed, but it is now bricked up. The 
condemned room is only 11 feet by 9. There are two rooms over these, called the house of 
correction, where women are lodged; and straw only is allowed to those prisoners who 
cannot pay for a bed. Transports have not the king's allowance of 2s. 6d. a week. No 
infirmary; no bath: Act for preserving the health of prisoners, and clauses against 
spiritous liquors, not hung up. Number of prisoners, April 1st, 1800; debtors, 28; felons,
&amp;c. 5. January 30th 1802, debtors, 4; felons, &amp;c. 8. September 20th 1802, debtors 
16; felons, &amp;c. 7. This gaol is in a very ruinous and dilapidated state, but there is 
an excellent situation near the castle, where I was informed a new gaol was proposed to be
built; the session house might likewise adjoin, the present one being very old, and very 
inconvenient from its being in the middle of the town, and distant from the prison.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CARLISLE CITY GAOL. Over the <i>Scotch gate</i>, is only one 
ruinous room about 20 feet square, with a fireplace, and a window 4 feet by 1 1/2. No 
allowance. No court. No water. It was filled with lumber when I was there; no prisoners 
had been confined in it for 10 years. The prisoners from the city are kept in the County 
gaol by agreement between the Corporation and the keeper. No <i>town debtor</i> can now be
imprisoned for less than 10l.; they seldom exceed 2 or 3 in a year, and those only for a 
short time.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">COUNTY BRIDEWELL at COCKERMOUTH. <i>Joseph Bowman</i> keeper, 
salary, 20l. Has a small court yard, and 2 rooms on the ground floor, one of which is 
called the <i>strong room</i>; persons for small offences are committed here for a short 
time. No allowance.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WHITEHAVEN TOWN GAOL, is part of the workhouse, and consists of a 
dungeon where prisoners are confined for a night.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WESTMORELAND COUNTY GAOL at Appleby. <i>James Bewsher</i>, gaoler,
salary, 20l. he is a blacksmith, and his workshop is at the foot of the bridge, nearly 
opposite the gaol. Fees, felons, 6s. 8d.; debtors, 13s 4d. out of which the under-sheriff 
receives 6s. 8d. for his <i>liberate</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For conveyance of transports to Whitehaven, 1s. per mile. Garnish,
1s. Chaplain, Rev. James Metcalfe; salary, 15l.; duty, prayers and sermon Sunday 
afternoon. Surgeon, Mr. Bushby, salary, none; makes a bill. Allowance: debtors, none; 
felons, 4d. a day. Remarks: This gaol was built by the County. The Earl of <i>Thanet</i> 
is hereditary sheriff, and pays the gaoler his salary. The prison itself is out of reach 
of the floods, but the water overflows part of the court yard, which is 32 yards by 22; 
and there being no other court, all descriptions of prisoner associate together in the day
time. The lower part of the gaol consists of 4 vaulted wards for felons, 14 feet 6 inches 
by 18 feet; a window in each, but no chimney; no cooking-
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">room,
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<Keyword>gaol, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>gaoler</Keyword> <Keyword>Hayton, Miles</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1806 p.103
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[cooking-]room, the provisions are dressed in the open arch, under
a flight of steps; which lead to 3 good roooms with chimneys, for debtors; the floors of 
the wards are flagged; and each prisoner is allowed straw and 2 blankets. Gaol delivery 
<i>once</i> a year; a pump in the court; the Act for preservation of health and clauses 
against spiritous liquors conspicuously hung up. The gaol clean. I copied the table of 
fees which are hung up, <i>viz.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the Midsummer General Quarter Session of the peace holden at 
Appleby, in and for the said county, on Friday the 24th day of July 1797: the following 
table of fees to be taken by the keeper of his majesty's gaol at Appleby aforesaid, were 
unanimously agreed to by the bench of justices then present, <i>viz.</i>
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<Table>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell><i>s. d.</i></Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>For the discharge of a debtor</Cell><Cell>13 4</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>For every person committed by a warant of a justice of the peace</Cell><Cell>6 
8</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>For a copy of committment when demanded</Cell><Cell>1 0</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>For a certificate of committment in order to obtain a writ of habeous 
corpus</Cell><Cell>2 6</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>For signing a certificate, in order to obtain a supersedeas or a rule or order 
of court</Cell><Cell>2 9</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>For the discharge of a prisoner by proclamation at the Assizes or general 
quarter sessions</Cell><Cell>13 4</Cell></Row>
</Table>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">There being no chapel, divine service is performed in the debtor's
day-room.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Prisoners, Feb. 2 1801: Debtors, 2; felons, none. Sept. 24, 1802: 
Debtors 4; felons, none.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">No employment furnished by the County; but handicarft trades, such
as tailors, shoe-makers, &amp;c. sometimes get employment from the town.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">COUNTY BRIDEWELL, APPLEBY. Built, as appears by the date, 1639. 
Gaoler, <i>John Atkinson</i>, salary 12l.; no fees; 2 cells 23 feet by 8, with vaulted 
roofs; straw on the floor: No light or air but what is admitted by an aperture 12 inches 
by 4: subject to the floods. One large room upstairs, insecure. No water accessible to 
prisoners. Neither the act, nor clause against spiritous liquors hung up. Prison very 
dirty, but it appears little used. Prisoners, 24th September, 1802; 2 Inmates.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">KENDAL, WESTMORELAND. Gaoler, <i>Miles Hayton</i>, salary 30l.; 
and one fourth of the prisoners earnings. Felons fees and garnish abolished; debtors fees,
2s. 4d. on being liberated. Allowance none. Any debtor arrested by process issuing out of 
the borough court, is allowed 6d. a day, after three court days; a court is held every 
three weeks. Allowance to felons 4d. a day. Chaplain, Rev. Mr. Briggs, salary 10l. Duty, 
Sunday afternoon. Surgeon from the dispensary when wanted. For the conveyance of 
transports 1s. per mile.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Remarks: This is the town gaol and bridewell, and judiciously 
situated on an eminence a little way out of town. Debtors have a spacious airy court 28 
yards by 12, with pump water, and six sizeable rooms, with sash windows, and fire-places 
to four, airy and clean; they open into a lobby near 5 feet wide; for the use of these 
rooms the debtor pays nothing if he finds his own bed; but if the keeper furnishes one, he
is paid 8d. a week for a chaff-bed, and 1s. a week for a feather-bed; two lie together. 
Men felons court, (which opens into the debtor's yard) is 10 yards by 7, with a day-room 
and a fire-place in it, and on the ground floor are 4 sleeping cells with vaulted roofs 
about 10 feet by 9 each, lighted and ventilated by an aperture in the door, 12 inches 
square; iron grated. Straw on a wood bedstead, a blanket and a rug. Upstairs is one room, 
8 feet square. Women felons have a separate court in front of the building, 12 yards by 
10, 4 sleeping-rooms about 8 feet square, and 2 work-rooms, in one of which a woman was 
weaving, and in the other a woman spinning; one room with a single loom in it, at which a 
man was weaving. The looms are humanely sent from the workhouse, for the use of the 
prisoners during confinement; and each prisoner is allowed three fourths of his earnings 
for their maintenance, and the other fourth to the keeper. there was one woman in solitary
confinement, whose employment and support depended wholly on her friends. there is a very 
neat chapel, which has 2 separate doors for entrance, with a folding screen in the middle,
so that the women can neither see or be seen by the men. Every part of this gaol is well 
supplied with water. the act for the preservation of health, and clauses against spiritous
liquors, conspicuously hung up. The gaol very clean. Prisoners, 3rd November 1801, 
debtors, 2; felons, &amp;c. 7; lunatics,
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">8.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1806 p.104
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<Paragraph rend="quote">3. 1802, Sept. 25th, debtors, 3; felons, &amp;c. 4 men, 3 women; 
lunatic 1.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Kendall, Sept.</i> 27, 1802.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">My dear friend,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I have just been visiting the workhouse at this place, (Kendall) 
and am much pleased with the industry, oeconomy, and cleanliness of it, but the ceilings 
are too low, and the kitchen improperly placed. Doctor Haygarth's rules to prevent 
infectious fevers are stuck up in various parts of the house, and by the attention of the 
managers, health is preserved, and labour productive; for none are suffered to be idle who
are capable of working. Paupers in the house 99, of these there are children under 5 years
of age 22; old and unable to work 12; sick 5; at work 60.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. The children of the workhouse in Kendall have not their best 
interests compromised for immediate gain; they are not considered as mere machine, and 
care is taken to cultivate and improve their minds; and easy opportunity is afforded by 
means of the READING SCHOOL, of giving to the children of the poor a decent education, 
without taking them from productive labour. The <i>book</i> is considered as a relaxation 
from <i>work</i>, and <i>both</i> succeed better; this is most particularly exemplified 
here; the children not only enjoy the privilege of mixing with other children, and of 
being raised from a state of extreme degradation, but at the same time <i>earn</i> more 
than when they confined within the precincts of the house. From the account which I have 
seen, it appears, that <i>forty-five children</i> have so conducted themselves, as to have
received premiums this year (1802) amounting to 14l. 5s. 2d., and to contemplate their 
decent appearance, and the manner of behaviour, must be truly gratifying to every 
philanthropist &#x002A;.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The connexion between gross ignorance, profligacy of character, 
and abject poverty, is easily traced; for a very large majority of those, who have come 
under my observation as a magistrate, for felony, or misdemeanours, or vagrants, or to 
filiate bastards, or even to be examined respecting their settlements, are unable to write
their own names.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, truly,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">JAMES NEILD.
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; What an excellent example does not this present to the 
guardians of the workhouses of Bury St. Edmund's and Norwich! And the reflections of Nield
in his account of Kendall, drawn from long and deep experience, demand the serious regard 
of every guardian of the poor, and of every magisttrate in the United Empire. J.C.L.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1806 p.401
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>An Account of the</i> WINDOW <i>presented by the</i> EARL OF 
CARLISLE, <i>to the</i> DEAN <i>and</i> CHAPTER <i>of the</i> CATHEDRAL <i>at</i> YORK. 
(<i>See Plate I.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THIS fine Picture (for so it may be called) of the Visitation, was
bought at Rouen in Normandy, and originally adorned the East window of the Church of St. 
Nicholas in that place. It is now placed in the East window of the South aile in York 
Cathedral, opposite Archbishop Bowet's monument, through the opening of which, when it is 
seen, confined as it were within a magnificent Gothic frame, the effect is enchanting; nor
are its beauties in the least eclipsed by the other brilliant windows with which the 
matchless pile abounds.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the roundness and bold relief of the figures, which are as 
large as life, and the richness of the colouring, it is esteemed by those who are 
conversant with the works of that master, to be the design of Sebastian del Piombo, the 
inventor of painting upon walls in oil, who lived in the utmost esteem with Pope Clement 
VIII. was the great favourite of Michael Angelo Buonaroti, and whose martyrdom of St. 
Agatha is pronounced equal to the best works of Raphael, Titian, or any of the great 
masters.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">S.
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Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Ponsonby</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Ponsonby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Fitzponson, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Ponsonby, Alexander</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ponsonby, Richard</Keyword>  <Keyword>Ponsonby, Robert</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1806 pp.412-413
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Ponsonby Family</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 10.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN turning over the pages of Nicolson and Burn's History of 
Westmorland and Cumberland, I find the following particulars of the Ponsonby family, which
seem to have escaped the notice of our Genealogists. Vol.II. article <i>Ponsonby</i>. 
"Ponsonby, the habitation of Ponson, was so denominated from a family of that name of 
antient time, which family afterwards took name from the place De Ponsonby, of which 
family and name there are several yet remaining.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There was one Ponson in the reign of King Stephen and Henry I. His
son, John Fitz ponson, was fined in Henry the Second's time, because he wanted pledges. 
Alexander, son of Richard Ponsonby, lived about the
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">time
</Paragraph>
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</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">time of Edward II.; and William in the reign of Edward III; and 
Robert in the reign of Richard II.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BIOGRAPHICUS
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Castlerigg Fell, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At <i>Whitehaven</i>, about three P.M. some tremendous peals of 
thunder were heard, and considerable damage was done by the lightning. At Rothersike 
Green, in Low Quarter, in the parish of <i>St. Bees</i>, two heifers were killed; thirteen
others close by received no injury. Several ash-trees were much damaged. Five sheep were 
killed on Castle-rig-fell, near <i>Keswick</i>. One of them had the wool stripped off one 
side, from the head to the tail. The electric matter had taken a circular direction, and 
turned up the soil as with a spade.
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  <Keyword>Lowther, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Reckoning House<Note>Court 
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehaven, Jan.</i> 1.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">YOUR Readers will be glad to be informed of a circumstance that 
must afford great pleasure to numbers. The Rt. Hon. Lord Viscount Lowther has, it is 
believed, (without any solicitation) given orders for the immediate fitting up of the 
building in Lowther-street, long known by the name of the Reckoning House, which, from its
ruined state, was re-erected a few years ago, but left unfinished. His Lordship has been 
pleased to direct the completing of this edifice, with the liberal view of accommodating 
the town with a suitable COURT-ROOM, COFFEE-ROOM, and LIBRARY, under one roof; and 
considerable progress has already been made in the work. All who have seen the plan, 
highly approve of the arrangement; of which some idea may be formed by others, from the 
following imperfect sketch: On the ground-floor, on the right hand side of the lobby, will
be the Court-room, with a smaller apartment, for the purpose of a withdrawing-room for the
magistrates. To the left of the entrance, the apartments for the housekeeper, or manager; 
which consist of a large parlour, two bed-rooms, pantry, closet, &amp;c. and a private 
stair-case to the library and reading-room. The winding stair-case to the first-floor (or 
upper story) is in the centre of the building, fronting the street; a double flight of 20 
steps on each side: surmounted by a very handsome portico. This floor comprises (to the 
right) the Coffee-room; with two smaller apartments for filing the newspapers, &amp;c. and
on the left are the Library and Reading-room. The dimensions of the principal rooms are as
follows, <i>viz.</i> the Court-room, 22 feet by 21 feet 8 inches; private box, 10 feet 8 
inches by 7 feet; the Coffee-room, 24 feet by 22 feet; the Library, 16 feet 4 inches by 7 
feet; the Reading-room, 19 feet by 14 feet. The whole is well lighted; and the interior, 
we understand, is to be fitted up in a very handsome style. The line of iron palisadoes, 
extending the length of the building, will be 50 feet, including the gates in the centre; 
and the breadth of the area, within it, is 32 feet. The arrangement, and the manner in 
which it is intended to be finished, are such as cannot fail of uniting elegance with 
convenience. It is expected to be completed by Whitsuntide.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">J.W.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1807 p.473
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Storms, Whitehaven</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>May</i> 12. A most tremendous thunder-storm commenced at 
<i>Whitehaven</i>, about 5, and continued for an hour, accompanied by a heavy fall of hail
stones. Its course was nearly from South to North. Copious showers of rain succeeded. Mr. 
Murray, a drayman at Parton Brewery, was on the road with a dray, when the horse took 
fright at the thunder, and he was found not long after speechless, and apparently 
insensible. He expired early next morning. It is supposed that the dray had passed over 
his back.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Whitehall, April</i> 4. Rt. Hon. William Viscount Lowther, 
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Quantity of Rain</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Rainfall for various places in England and Scotland, including 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A;&#x002A;&#x002A; <i>THE Medal in Plate II. has been sent 
us by a Correspondent without any accompanying history, which some of our Readers will 
possibly supply.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">of the two inscriptions on the same Plate, <i>fig.</i> 2 (from Mr.
Tyler of Petworth) was dug up amongst the ruins of the Court of Cockermouth Castle, 
belonging to the Earl of Egremont, in Cumberland, in lowering the ground of that Court in 
1803.
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Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>weather</Keyword> <Keyword>post</Keyword> <Keyword>market, 
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Snows, Cumberland</Heading>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Extract of a letter from <i>Whitehaven</i>, dated Nov. 24. "Ever 
since the memorable fall of snow in 1767, nothing in any degree resembling it has been 
experienced in this part of the kingdom until the night of Thursday last, and the 
following morning, accompanied by a strong gale of wind from the North-west, which drifted
in several places in the streets to the depth of four feet, and to a much greater degree 
in many parts of the country, even to 12 feet. The general post, which usually arrived 
about eight o'clock in the evening, did not appear, and no mail could be sent off. No 
article whatever arrived from the country for Saturday's market. The post boy arrived on 
Saturday evening with the London mail of Wednesday, being 23 hours later than usual. It 
was brought from Penrith to Cockermouth by a man on foot, the road being impassable for a 
horse. Another fall of snow came on, a little after 11, on Monday forenoon, which 
continued falling when the above account came away."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 4. In <i>Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire,</i> 
and <i>Westmoreland,</i> the weather has been for the last week particularly severe, with 
deep snow, and dreadful hurricanes from the North-east. ... In many parts the 
stage-coaches could not be got on, though drawn by six or eight horses. The Carlisle 
mail-coach, on Monday last, met with great difficulty in getting over Stainmoor, though 
drawn by six horses.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>July</i> 13. The body of Joseph Glendinning was found murdered 
in his own field, near <i>Workington</i>. He was seen very near the place, in company of a
man at present unknown, between seven and eight o'clock in the morning, and was found dead
between two and three in the afternoon; and from every circumstance it appears that the 
murder must have been committed within a few minutes after he was seen with the said 
unknown person. A more cruel and barbarous murder has not been heard of in any country. He
had five wounds in the breast and ribs, eleven in the belly, twelve in the neck, and one 
in the right leg.
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Murder near Dundraw</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">COUNTRY NEWS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Aug.</i> 25. A man named James Hood was tried at the 
<i>Cumberland</i> assizes for the murder of Margaret Smith of Longburn, and Jane Pattinson
her sister. - He had applied for work, as a weaver, at the house of Smith; and, after 
being some time there, took the opportunity, during the absence of Smith, to murder the 
two women, and rob the house of some money. He was traced to Scotland, where he was 
apprehended, and confessed the crime. He was sentenced to death, and executed this day.
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Snow, Cumberland</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 10. A considerable quantity of snow has fallen during 
the last and preceding weeks, in the counties of <i>Derby</i> and <i>Cumberland</i>. There
has also been a severe frost in <i>Lancashire</i>, where ice of a considerable thickness 
was seen.
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Enclosure, Westmorland and Cumberland</Heading>
<References>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Earl of Lonsdale has signified his intention of enfranchising 
his numerous copy-holders throughout <i>Cumberland</i> and <i>Westmoreland</i>, by which 
measure he will be enabled to enclose more than 20,000 acres of land in those countries, 
at this time in a state of commonage.
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Romney</Keyword> <Keyword>portrait</Keyword> <Keyword>artist</Keyword> <Keyword>Hayley, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Romney, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Romney, John and 
Anne</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalton-in-Furness, Dalton Town with Newton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Dendron</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1809 p.1140
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>biography</Keyword>  <Keyword>George Romney</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Life of George Romney</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Review of New Publications</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">155. <i>The Life of</i> George Romney, <i>Esq. By</i> William 
Hayley, <i>Esq.</i> 4<i>to. pp.</i>416. 1809. Payne.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE thousands who have been delighted and interested in Mr. 
Hayley's Life of Cowper will know what to expect from this second specimen of his talents 
as a Biographer; and if, in the present instance, the subject does not afford matter of 
such general importance as in the former, we can venture to assert that Mr. Hayley's 
ingenuity more directly appears in rendering that a most elegant and engaging narrative, 
which others, with no more copious materials, would have left "stale, flat, and 
unprofitable."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Hayley possesses, indeed, a particular felicity in 
commemorating the virtues of a departed friend: and if the remarks he has advanced in the 
early part of this work be attended to, the volume will be perused with those tender and 
indulgent feelings that are seldom excited in the writings of this kind. In the Preface he
observes that its principal defect is, "that it says too much of himself, in proportion to
what it says of others; so that parts of it might rather be intituled ANNALS OF FRIENDSHIP
than the Life of an Artist." And this is, in truth, its proper title, and a title which 
cannot fail to recommend it to all who have known what it is to possess and to lose a 
friend of distinguished worth. In another observation, connected with this, we cordially 
join: "In advanced life there is no occupation more attractive than such affectionate 
study as enables a man to recall and delineate, in the truest point of view, the various 
endowments of persons worthy of everlasting remembrance, whom it has been his lot to know 
perfectly, to love, and to lose."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As Biography has long formed an important branch of our 
Miscellany, we shall avail ourselves of this opportunity to enrich it with an abridged 
sketch of Mr. Hayley's more expanded, minute, and elegant labours.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">George, the third child of John and Anne Romney, was born Dec. 26,
1734, at Dalton in Furness, Lancashire, and was educated partly at a school in the village
of Dendron, but chiefly at home. His father was a builder, merchant, and farmer; and 
George, at the age of twelve, discovered a passion for mechanicks and
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William</Keyword> <Keyword>Romney, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Williamson, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>alchemist</Keyword> <Keyword>Steele</Keyword> <Keyword>Sterne</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Obadiah making his bow to Dr Slop</Keyword> <Keyword>Shandy, Tristram</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Chambre, Alan, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Shakespeare, William</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1809 p.1141
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<Paragraph rend="quote">musick. The fortunate incident which led him to a cultivation of 
his principal art was simply this: "in his youth he observed a great singularity of 
countenance in a stranger at church: his parents, to whom he spoke of it, desired him to 
describe the person - he siezed a pencil, and delineated the features from memory with 
such a strength of resemblance as amazed and delighted his affectionate parents. The 
applause that he received from this accidental performance excited him to draw with more 
serious application." In his fifteenth year he received some encouragement and assistance 
from one John Williamson, whose character appears to to have been a favourite with Romney,
and is represented by his Biographer in the same favourable light. This was a gentleman of
small fortune near Whitehaven, who had "passionately devoted himself to natural 
philosophy, musick, mechanicks, and, above all, to the fascinating study of alchemy," 
which produced his ruin, but attended, in our opinion, with a circumstance that detracts 
very much from the general character here given of him. This <i>madman</i>, for if he was 
not that he was worse, had bestowed "much time, trouble, and money, on preparations for 
the grand experiment of making gold. He drew nigh the decisive hour; and was watching, 
with peculiar anxiety, his furnace, whose fire he had kept, with the utmost regularity, 
for nine months, when his wife requested him to attend some of her company at the 
tea-table. Her persevering importuning induced him, though with great reluctance, to 
comply with her request. Never was conjugal complaisance more unfortunate, except in the 
case of our first parents. While the projector was attending his ladies, his furnace blew 
up, and all his high-raised hopes were utterly demolished by the explosion. In consequence
of this event he conceived an antipathy against his wife so vehement that he could not 
endure the idea of living with her again."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This was bad; but worse a consequence of this man's connexion with
Romney will soon appear. He gave Romney lessons in his art, who repaid him by compassion 
and esteem. When Romney left home, he was placed under the care of a cabinet-maker of 
Lancaster, who, perceiving his bias, suggested to his father the idea of making him a 
painter, and at the same time recommended a young travelling artist as his master. This 
person, whose name was Steele, employed his pupil in other matters than what belonged to 
his art. Having induced a young lady to elope with him to Scotland, "he employed his young
pupil in conducting the delicate and private business of his love, instead of confining 
him to the severer labours of the pencil." In this service Romney contracted a violent 
fever, during which he was attended by a young female, with whom, on his recovery, he 
entered into a precipitate marriage, Oct. 14, 1756. The inconvenience of such a step was 
soon experienced; but instead of a wife and two children proving a spur to his exertions, 
he determined, after the example of his friend the alchemist, to leave them; and having 
given them about 70<i>l.</i> set out for the Metropolis, and never saw his wife more until
he returned to Kendal, in the last year of his life! Mr, Hayley endeavours to soften these
circumstances with a friendly hand, but we cannot say with much success.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">During his residence in the North he practised mostly in 
historical paintings; and Mr. Hayley details his progress, and specifies his principle 
pictures with critical taste. Having become acquainted with Sterne, he delineated some of 
the comic scenes of that Writer. His favourite composition was Obadiah making his bow to 
Dr. Slop, as the Doctor is falling in the dirty lane; but we have here an exquisite 
engraving of another picture, representing the introduction of the bemired Doctor in the 
parlour of Mr, Shandy, a work of great comic power, and now in the possession of Sir Alan 
Chambre. He painted portraits also at York, Lancaster, &amp;c. and some historical pieces 
of the more serious kind from Sterne and Shakespeare.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1762 he arrived in London, where his first patron was one in 
whose praise all who have the happiness to know him will eagerly join, that truly worthy 
and ingenious man, Daniel Braithwaite, Esq. formerly Comptroller of the Foreign 
Post-office. Romney, under his friendly directions, began painting portraits for
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William</Keyword> <Keyword>Romney, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Society for the Encouragement
of Arts, Manufactures etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Death of Wolfe</Keyword> 
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Edmund</Keyword> <Keyword>Humphry</Keyword> <Keyword>Coates</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1809 p.1142
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the moderate sum of five guineas, and became a candidate for the 
prizes distributed by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Sciences. For his 
Death of Wolfe he would have obtained the second prize in 1763; but, after a decision in 
his favour (if we rightly understand this part of his history), it was reversed in favour 
of Mortimer, and the Society voted Romney a present of 25 guineas, which "he accepted with
lively gratitude - not as a compensation for an injury received, but as a free and liberal
encouragement to his promising talents."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1764 he visited the Continent, less on a settled plan of travel
and study than as a short excursion of pleasure. At Paris he was introduced to Vernet, the
celebrated landscape and marine painter, and visited all the galleries and repositories of
art in that city. On his return, after an absence of only six weeks, he resumed his 
labours in Gray's Inn; and in 1765 obtained from the Society of Arts the second prize of 
fifty guineas for his Death of King Edmund; and continued to exhibit pictures for most of 
the London Exhibitions for some years. Of his skill Mr. Hayley remarks, that, "though he 
was continually improving, and his resemblances were eminently strong, yet it must be 
owned, before he visited Italy, his pictures discover the defects arising from a want of 
studious familiarity with the great models of his art: his portraits were often hard, 
cold, and heavy." Such was his success, however, that when he left England, for the sole 
purpose of improvement, he had raised his professional income to no less a sum than twelve
hundred a year. He travelled to Rome with a brother artist, Mr. Humphry, leaving London 
March 20, 1773; they arrived at Rome in June, where Romney devoted himself to intense and 
sequestered study. "Such was the cautious reserve which his singular mental infirmity, a 
perpetual dread of enemies, inspired, that he avoided all further intercourse with his 
fellow-traveller, and with all the other artists of his country who were then studying at 
Rome." Of his pictures while in this place Mr. Hayley has recovered very few notices; but 
the details of his excursion are abundantly interesting, and accompanied by reflections of
great importance to young artists.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the beginning of July 1775 he returned to London, and, after 
residing a few months in Gray's Inn, hired a house in Cavendish Square, vacant by the 
death of Coates, the eminent crayon-painter, and now inhabited by the very ingenious poet 
and artists, Mr. Shee. "It was at Christmas in 1775 that Romney took possession of this 
memorable residence. He was then in the very prime of his life; his health had been 
improved, and his mind enriched, by two years of foreign study: and he had the active good
wishes of several friends in his favour. Yet in his singular constitution there was so 
much nervous timidity, united to a great bodily strength, and to enterprising and 
indefatigable ambition, that he used to tremble, when he waked every morning in his new 
habitation, with a painful apprehension of not finding business sufficient to support him.
These fears were not only early flutterings of that incipient hypochondriacal disorder 
which preyed in secret on his comfort during many years; and which, though apparently 
subdued by the cheering exhortations of friendship and great professional prosperity, 
failed not to shew itself more formidably, when he was exhausted by labour, in the decline
of his life."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Romney, however, resumed his labours with abundant success; and in
1776 acquired the friendship of his Biographer; a circumstance which powerfully increases 
the interest arising from this narrative, as Mr. Hayley now speaks from personal 
knowledge, frequent visits to and from the Artist, and an unreserved correspondence by 
letter. In 1777 Mr. Hayley's admiration of his friend produced the "Epistles to Romney," 
which have been long before the Publick, and are here reprinted as a suitable 
accompaniment to the Memoirs. Mr. Hayley, likewise, while endeavouring to account for the 
fewness of Romney's capital pictures, considering his time and fame, occasionally 
digresses into remarks and anecdotes which are highly entertaining, but for which we must 
refer to the work itself. Let it suffice to notice, in a sketch like the present, that in 
1785 Romney painted portraits to the value of 3635<i>l.</i> His prices now were, for a 
whole-length,
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William</Keyword> <Keyword>Romney, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Royal Academy</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Boydell Shakspeare project</Keyword> <Keyword>Shakespeare, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Shakespeare Gallery</Keyword> <Keyword>Joan of Arc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Magdalen</Keyword> <Keyword>Bacchante</Keyword> <Keyword>Wales, Prince 
of</Keyword>  <Keyword>Constance</Keyword>  <Keyword>Hamilton, Lady</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1809 p.1143
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<Paragraph rend="quote">eighty guineas; half whole-length, sixty; half-length, forty; a 
kit-cat, thirty; and for a head, twenty guineas. It is very remarkable, however, that he 
had never become a member of the Royal Academy, nor exhibited in its rooms. For the first,
Mr. Hayley has very satisfactorily accounted; and his advice to Romney on the subject 
appears to us most judicious. The following reflections and anecdote need no apology:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The emoluments of portrait-painting may be said both to 
support and ruin a great Artist; they afford him affluence, but they impede his progress 
in that higher field of imagination which promises a richer harvest of delight and honour.
Romney felt and lamented the fetters of his profession, and often pleased himself with a 
prospect of shaking them off; but he was not aware of the infinite efforts required to 
break the golden fetters of custom. He was not dazzled or enslaved by the gold he gained, 
for he had a spirit superior to such bribery, and he often threw money away as rapidly as 
he acquired it: but he really had a pleasure in painting a new face, exclusive of all 
pecuniary considerations; and his heart was so tenderly sympathetic, that, if he had 
resolved most solemnly never to paint another portrait for any fresh sitter, yet a lover, 
begging a likeness of his favourite nymph, or a mother requesting a resemblance of a 
darling child, might have melted, in a few monents, his sternest resolution. If the 
facility with which he sympathized in the feelings of those who equired his attention 
often led him to find in portrait-painting much cordial gratification, unmixed with ideas 
of interest; on the other hand it tormented him exceedingly when he was desired to 
preserve an exact likeness, and yet to bestow considerable character on a countenance to 
which Nature had given very little or none. On such occasions he was apt to be very 
faithful in his representation of life; and once, when the portrait of a simple gentleman 
was sent back to him, to receive a more animated countenance, I remember to have seen the 
Artist in much ludicrous perplexity from having vainly tried to make a simpleton, most 
truly delineated, retain his own features and yet look like a man of sense. I could not, 
on this occasion, apply to him an admirable compliment addressed by Dryden to his friend 
Kneller:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Thus thou sometimes art forc'd to draw a fool;</Line>
<Line>But so his follies in thy posture sink,</Line>
<Line>The sensless idiot seems at last to think.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">For, in the portrait alluded to, a weakness of understanding
was still visible, after repeated endeavours of the mortified Painter to give his too 
faithful inanimate image the requested air of intelligence."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When the Boydell Shakspeare was projected, Romney contributed his 
aid; and Mr. Hayley has here favoured us with a very curious and interesting history of 
the rise of that splendid undertaking. The idea of painting from his favourite Shakespeare
was very alluring to the spirit of Romney. He had a quick and keen relish for the beauties
of that wonderful Poet, although his own fancy was so volatile, and his mode of reading so
desultory, that it may be questioned if he ever read, without interruption, two acts of 
the dramas that he most cordially admired. The feelings of Romney often displayed, in the 
strongest point of view, the astonishing force of habit. It seems suprising that a man 
who, with a pencil in his hand, could attend to a single subject for many hours, without 
any symptoms of fatigue, should feel his powers of attention very rapidly exhausted if he 
exchanged his pencil for a book or a pen. The progress of his pictures for the Shakspeare 
Gallery is minutely and critically detailed by his Biographer, at whose house in Sussex 
the Artist first meditated upon the various pictures from Shakspeare which he hoped to 
produce, and there formed the first sketch of his scene from the Tempest.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After he had finished this important picture, in 1790, he was 
induced to visit Paris again, with Mr. Hayley and another friend; and this journey affords
Mr. Hayley many opportunities to introduce those traits of friendship and critical 
digressions which constitute the merit of this volume, and cannot fail to be highly 
interesting to future (especially young) artists, whose proficiency Mr. Hayley seems every
where to consult with parental affection.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1791 we find Romney engaged on a Joan of Arc, a Magdalen, and a
Bacchante, for the Prince of Wales, and Constance for the Shakspeare Gallery. His 
intimacy, at this time, with the celebrated and engaging Lady Hamilton appears to have 
been of most pleasing importance to him as an Artist. He was frequently permitted to avail
himself of the taste
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and graces of that lady, as models, and his admiration of her rose
to enthusiasm. On one occasion he fancied he had lost her esteem. This produced a letter, 
part of which we shall copy, as highly characteristic of the Writer, who, Mr. Hayley says 
with just indignation, had been blamed for illiteracy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- "In my last letter I think I informed you that I was going to 
dine with Sir William and his Lady. In the evening of that day there were collected 
several people of fashion to hear her sing. She performed, both in the serious and comic, 
to admiration, both in singing and acting: but her Nina surpasses every thing I ever saw: 
and I believe, as a piece of acting, nothing ever surpassed it. The whole company were in 
an agony of sorrow. Her acting is grand, terrible, and pathetic. My mind was so much 
heated, that I was for running down to Eartham to fetch you up to see her. But, alas! soon
after I thought I discovered an alteration in her conduct towards me. A coldness and 
neglext seemed to have taken place of her repeated declarations of regard for me. They 
left town to make many visits in the country. I expect them again the latter end of this 
week, when my anxiety (for I have suffered very much) will be either relieved or 
increased, as I find her conduct. It is highly probable that none of the pictures will be 
finished unless I find her more friendly than she appeared the last time I saw her. I had 
it in contemplation to run down for a day or two, before she returned to town, to bring 
you up with me, and I mentioned it to her. She said, 'Do so;' but in a cold manner; 
though, a fortnight before, when I said I would do so, she was very desirous that I 
shoould bring you to town. You will see every thing is in great uncertainty; but it may 
turn out better than I expect;" - which happened to be the case.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The commencement of the year 1792 was a propitious season to 
Romney. It improved his health, and enlivened his spirits, by affording him cheerful 
opportunities of displaying his gratitude towards Madame de Genlis, and other accomplished
ladies of Paris, whose kind civilities to him, as a stranger in their country, he was 
happy to acknowledge and return in his own. He had likewise a very pleasing interview with
the celebrated Cowper at Mr. Hayley's house in Sussex, and painted his portrait, which "he
himself considered as the nearest approach that he had ever made to a perfect 
representation of life and character." Mr. Hayley's feelings on the remembrance of this 
interview between Cowper and Romney are thus tenderly expressed:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"It is with a melancholy gratification that I dwell on the 
remembrance of social and friendly joys, which the grave has superseded, though I trust 
not for ever extinguished. The Painter and the Poet, so kindly just to each other, were 
not only animated in their days of health with similar sensibility, but resemble each 
other in one most affecting circumstance of their mortal pilgrimage: it was the dstiny of 
each to lose the use of his enchanting faculties before his departure; or, to cite a most 
expressive line of Churchill,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'To sit the monument of living Death.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"They were both such delightful associates, in their happier
days, that in the wane of life I cannot but feel their loss as irreparable.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The result attending this conviction is most effectually 
soothed by the hope that I may a little contribute 'to keep their memories green on the 
earth,' by tender and faithful records of those particular talents and virtues in each 
which excited my constant solicitude for the welfare of both during many years, and 
rendered them objects for ever of my indellible affection."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The mention of the death of Sir Joshua Reynolds induces our 
Biographer to offer a few observations on some opposite peculiarities of character in him 
and in Romney. These, we are certain, will prove gratifying to our Readers, and are a fair
specimen of those elegant digressions peculiar to this work, and interesting to the lovers
of the Arts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"We may consider an ardent and powerful imagination, acute 
and delicate sensibility, and a passion for study, as the three qualities peculiarly 
essential towards forming a great Artist. Of these three important endowments I believe 
Nature to have bestowed a larger portion on Romney than on Reynolds; but in her bounty to 
the latter she added some inestimable qualities, which more than turned the scale in his 
favour. They rendered him pre-eminent in these three great objects of human pursuit, in 
fortunr, in felicity, and in fame.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"She gave her favourite what his friend and biographer, Mr. 
Malone, has described as the <i>mitis sapientia Laeli</i>, that mild and serene wisdom 
which enables a man to exert whatever talents he possesses with the fullest and happiest 
effect. She gave him the securest panoply against the arrows of wordly contention, 
highly-polished good humour, which conciliates universal esteem, and disarms, if it does
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1809 p.1145
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">not annihilate, that envious malevolence which genius and 
prosperity are so apt to excite. Dr. Johnson very truly said of Reynolds, that he was the 
most invulnerable of men; but of Romney it might be said, with equal truth, that a man 
could hardly exist whom it was more easy to wound.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"His imagination was so tremblingly alive, that even a 
slight appearance of coldness in a friend, or of hostility in a critic, was sometimes 
sufficient to suspend or obstruct the exertion of his finer faculties.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Had it been possible for Romney to have united a dauntless 
and invariable serenity of mind to such feelings and powers as he possessed, when his 
nerves were happily free from all vexatious irritation, I am persuaded he would have risen
to a degree of excellence in art superior to what has hitherto been displayed: for 
Painting, though we justly celebrate some very glorious characters among the many who have
professed and ennobled it, have never been so honoured and so cultivated as to reach those
points of perfection which it is capable of attaining, but which, we have reason to fear, 
it will never attain, because they can hardly be reached without a favourable coincidence 
of many most improbable circumstances in the fortune of nations, and in the destiny of 
individuals.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Both Reynolds and Romney had the misfortune to begin their 
career under the heavy disadvantage of very imperfect professional education. Several 
works of both may be thought to verify the latter part of a penetrating remark, by Mr. 
Shee, in contrasting the Painters of France and of England. Of the first he says, 'They 
are timourous combatants, who exhaust their powers in preparation, and chill the ardour of
enterprize by their coldness of precaution. We, on the other hand, are often rash 
adventurers, who plunge into dangers against which we have not provided, and rush into the
field before we are sufficiently armed for the fight.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Yet, considering the various impediments that both Reynolds
and Romney had to surmount, the degree of excellence that each attained in their happiest 
productions is highly honourable to the genius of our country, and ought to endear the 
memories of both to every lover of art. In estimating the merits of Reynolds we ought 
never to forget the deplorably abject condition of the Arts in our country when he began 
his career. In the early part of the last century it was acknowledged that nothing could 
be found which seemed to deserve the title of English Art. There is a letter concerning 
Design, written at Naples in the year 1712, by the philosophical Lord Shaftesbury, who was
extremely fond of pictures, in which he says, 'As to Painting, we have as yet nothing of 
our own native growth, in this kind, worthy of being mentioned.' Yet at that time the 
penetration and the patriotic spirit of this contemplative Nobleman led him to predict 
that his Country would gradually form for herself a taste in all the Fine Arts superior to
that of the great rival Nation, in which a despotic and ostentatious Monarch had recently 
affected every kind of pre-eminence'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"It was the opinion of this noble Author, and it seems to be
an opinion in which his active fancy did not overpower his judgment, that to the Arts the 
voice of the people is the breath of life. 'There can be no Publick (he says) where the 
people are not included; and without a public voice, knowingly guided and directed, there 
is nothing which can raise a true ambition in the artist; nothing which can exalt the 
genius of the workman, or make him emulous of after-fame, of the approbation of his 
country, and of posterity.' He therefore thought it an advantage to England that she had 
settled her government on the noble principles of freedom before she began to cultivate 
her native talents for the pencil. Such a public voice, as this celebrated Writer justly 
considered of so much importance, has been gradually formed in our country, in the course 
of the last century; and of all individuals Reynolds may be regarded as having contributed
the most, by the united influence of his pictures and his writings, to its formation and 
to its guidance.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The decease of Reynolds, as I have intimated in noticing 
that event, rather quickened than relaxed the ambition of Romney. He felt all the merits 
of his great departed predecessor, and was anxious so to employ the precarious residue of 
his own impaired health that he also might hope for a considerable portion of posthumous 
regard."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Much of the remaining part of this work consists of those "Annals 
of Friendship" which the Author promised, and which no man can give with more touching 
interest. Among the friends whom genius attached to Romney was the late Lord Thurlow, of 
whom we have many pleasing anecdotes. This distinguished Nobleman has seldom been held 
forth in the more amiable features of his character. In 1797 we find him visiting Mr. 
Hayley's seat in Sussex, and condescending to sit to Mr. H's son, who practised sculpture,
for a bust.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1809 p.1146
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The friendly affability of the learned Peer on this 
singular occasion afforded me frequent opportunties for unreserved conversation with him; 
and in the course of it I stated a question to this experienced judge of mankind, which he
answered with a candid frankness that proved he was aware of his own mental peculiarities.
Our mutual concern for Romney's health led us to speak on the singular state of his mind, 
and on the various mental infirmities so apt to over-cloud the evening of life. In 
discussing this copious topick I asked my contemplative Visitor if he could resolve the 
following question: Suppose two men, of very powerful minds, but of minds differently 
exercised in different lines of life, one, for instance, continually employed in 
scientific researches, and the other in pursuits of imagination; if both their minds begin
to shew symptoms of decline at the same age, which of the two will be troubled with the 
darkest and most oppressive mental infirmities, the man of reason, or the man of fancy? 
'Assuredly the man of reason,' said Lord Thurlow. I could not help repeating inwardly to 
myself,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'His own example strengthens all his laws;'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">silently comparing the fits of spleen to which this noble 
Lord and our friend Romney were occasionally subject: the spleen of Romney burst out in 
rapid and transient flashes, like the explosion of a rocket; the spleen of Lord Thurlow 
rolled forth in a gloomy volume, like an eruption of smoke, followed by a fluent fire, 
from the labouring Vesuvious.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Different as these two memorable men appeared in their 
studies, in the texture of their nerves, and in their public capacities, they greatly 
resembled each other in one particular: whenever they wished to please, the style and tone
of their conversation united uncommon charms of entertaining vivacity and of delicate 
politeness."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1799 Romney retired to Kendal, where he had the comfort of 
finding an attentive, affectionate nurse in a most exemplary wife, who had never been 
irritated to an act of unkindness, or an expression of reproach, by his years of absence 
and neglect.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"His early and long estrangement from a virtuous partner and
parent, so mild and meritorious, was the great error of his life; it appears the more 
pitiable as it proceeded, originally, from mistaken ideas of professional ambition, and it
continued from that awkward pride by which men of quick and apprehensive spirits are too 
frequently deterred from confessing and correcting their own misconduct."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such is Mr. Hayley's apology. We have already hinted a difference 
of opinion on our part, and leave the whole to the determiniation of the Reader.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The death of Romney, which took place in November 1802, is 
recorded here briefly, but with much sensibility. His persoanl character is thus 
delineated:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The person of Romney was rather tall; his features were 
broad and strong; his hair was dark; his eyes indicated much vigour, and still more 
acuteness of mind. The features of the human visage, which he considered as the surest 
index of the heart was in his own countenance very remarkable. By the quick or tardy 
movement of the fibres around the lips, he was accustomed to estimate the degrees of 
sensibility in his sitters; and of himself, in this particular, it might have been said, 
with truth,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'His own example strengthens all his laws:</Line>
<Line>He is himself THE SENSITIVE he draws.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"For his heart had all the tenderness of Nature: never, I 
believe, were the lips of any man more quick to quiver with emotions of generous pity at 
the sight of distress, or at the relation of a pathetic story. His feelings indeed were 
perilously acute. Thye made him a man of many frailties; but the primary characteristick 
of his nature was, that true Christian charity which more than compensates for manifold 
imperfections. He had a deep and cordial veneration for the Saviour of Mankind; and was 
doubly attached to the Religion of Christ. In his season of mental health it animated and 
delighted his mind, in furnishing the finest subjects for the exercise of his art; and 
still more, as affording the only ground for a steadfast hope of eternal felicity. His 
piety, which was sincere, was not the produce of study, but the offspring of feeling. He 
was often disposed to direct his eye to the face of Heaven, and read in the skies, with a 
contemplative and devout spirit, both the power and benificence of God. He used to say, 
that he could find every sentiment in the variations of colouring that he observed in the 
clouds. It must, however, be confessed, that with him, as with most men, a quickness of 
perception to feel and acknowledge the attributes of his Maker had infintely more 
influence on the contemplations of his mind than on the conduct of his life. Sensible that
the profession of Painter exposes a frail mortal to peculiar temptations, Romney was 
anxious to guard his pupils against the perils of immorality by the kindest admonition; a 
proof of his considerate
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<Paragraph rend="quote">benevolence
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">benevolence, which his worthy disciple Mr. Robinson related 
to me, with expressions of the warmest regard and veneration for his memory. As a 
companion, Romney was uncommonly entertaining, from the force and originality of his 
ideas. Though he had not the advantages of a polished education, his extreme sensibilty 
gave a great delicacy to his manners, especially in the company of ladies: he rapidly 
gained their esteem, and and they delighted in his conversation. In the course of his 
annual visits to Sussex, a lady of brilliant talents and extensive reading, who has long 
been dead, used to say, 'I love to meet Romney at Eartham, because I am sure of hearing 
from him such remarks as we hear from no other mortal.' I have often regretted that I 
never formed a collection of his pointed sayings; for I am confident I might have 
preserved several that would not have disgraced the pages of a Caesar or a Bacon, who were
both collectors of apophthegms. I recollect one of his replies to the questions of a lady 
that afforded some suprise and pleasure to a little party of his admirers in Sussex. The 
conversation happened to turn on the effects of emulation among Artists: a lady observed, 
that 'it often produced evil; but (she added) it appears necessary to call forth their 
talents; for, if you take away the spirit of emulation, there seems nothing left to 
animate the genius of a Painter.' "Yes, Madam (replied Romney), there is: and a more 
powerful incentive to laudable exertion." 'Pray, Sir, what is it?' "Religion, Madam," 
replied the serious Artist. The force and justice of his reply was duly felt and 
acknowledged. Indeed, Romney often painted under the influence of this sublime principle: 
he frequently considered the act of painting as an act of devotion, in which he was 
expressly thankful to Heaven for such talents as were given to him, by his solicitude to 
exert them in a manner that might conduce to the great interests of mankind. Had he 
retained health enough to complete his projected picture of the Temptation in the 
Wilderness as happily as he had begun it, in the figure of our Saviour, it might have 
proved a glorious monument of his devout and laudable ambition."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These traits of character are followed by a "Sketch of Romney's 
Professional Character, by Flaxman," and opinions on the same subject by Mr. Hayley and 
other Artists. We shall not attempt to give an idea of the value of these communications. 
To Artists, and to the Lovers of the Art, they must be of incalculable importance. Artists
have seldom been Authors; but the pen, in the hand of such men as Flaxman, emulates the 
professional weapon. If the life of an Artists does not afford those vicissitudes which 
are common to other men, and are supposed necessary to constitute biographical variety, it
affords us what is perhaps more useful, and which is admirably exemplified in this volume,
a series of instructions on the art, and anecdotes of its rise and progress, from which 
the student cannot fail to derive information and improvement of the most engaging kind.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This volume, which is elegantly printed, contains the following 
Engravings, executed mainly by Caroline Watson, in a peculiarly-elegant and 
highly-finished style: 1. Portraits of Romney at different periods of his life; 2. The 
Introduction of Dr. Slop into the Parlour of Mr. Shandy; 3. Sketch of a Shipwreck; 4. The 
Head of Sensibility; 5. Study for the Head of Miranda; 6.Portrait of Madame Genlis; 7. 
Cassandra; 8. Head of our Saviour; 9. The infant Shakespeare; 10. Sir Isaac Newton, with 
the Prism; 11. Portrait of Romney, from a Medallion; 12. Portrait of Romney Robinson. 
These Engravings, we cannot help adding, render this book one of the cheapest purchases 
ever offered to the Publick, as it is undoubtedly one of the most ingenius and 
affectionate tributes ever paid to the memory of a departed friend.
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<Keyword>hail</Keyword> <Keyword>Martindale</Keyword> <Keyword>Gutter Lane, 
Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Vane, F T, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton Hall, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1810 part 2 p.176
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  <Keyword>storm, 1810</Keyword>  <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Storm, Penrith</Heading>
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<Filename size="large">G810B176.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Aug.</i> 4. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In a violent storm of thunder, lightning, and hail, this day, at 
<i>Penrith</i>, considerable damage was done by the lightning: a barn, containing 10 
cart-loads of hay, belonging to Mr. Martindale of Gutter-lane; and a stack, the property 
of Sir F. T. Vane, of Hutton Hall, were both set on fire, and entirely consumed. A horse 
and five lambs were killed in a field near Penrith. Several of the hail-stones measured 
two inches in circumference. ...
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<Title>Gents Mag 1811 part 1 p.178</Title>
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  <Keyword>storm, 1811</Keyword> <Keyword>wind</Keyword> <Keyword>hurricane</Keyword> 
<Keyword>weather</Keyword> <Keyword>spinning mill, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>  <Keyword>Robson and Co</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1811 part 1 p.178
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Storm, Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Feb.</i> 6. In one of the most violent hurricanes of wind, 
accompanied with rain, ever remembered at <i>Carlisle</i>, the walls of Messrs. Robson and
Co's spinning-mill there, which was some time ago consumed by fire, were blown down with a
tremendous crash.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<PersonName>Forster, Thomas</PersonName>
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<Date>1811</Date>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>clouds</Keyword> <Keyword>terminology</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard, Luke</Keyword>
<Keyword>cirrus</Keyword> <Keyword>nimbus</Keyword> <Keyword>stratus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>cumulus</Keyword> <Keyword>rain</Keyword> <Keyword>storm</Keyword> <Keyword>mares
tail</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cavallo, Signor</Keyword>  <Keyword>Van Mons, M</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1811 part 2 p.113
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>clouds</Keyword>  <Keyword>terminology</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Names for Clouds</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G811B113.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The new Nomenclature of Clouds explained.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr.URBAN, <i>July</i> 12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WITH a view to assist your Meteorological Readers in affixing to 
the various clouds which are continually presenting themselves to the eye, their proper 
technical names, according to the new nomenclature, which I have adopted for my journal, I
have procured from my ingenious friend Mr. Luke Howard, of Plaistow in Essex, some rough, 
but accurate sketches of different modifications, which I shall trouble you to engrave 
(<i>See Plate II.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To the generic names of clouds which relate only to their 
modification, I have added certain specific names, calculated to express their particular 
shape, figure, or manner of arrangement; which are circumstances quite different from 
their modifications: at the same time I must remind the reader, that clouds, in passing 
from one modification to another, often remain for some time in an intermediate state; and
it is then impossible to class them at all.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Figures 1. 1. represent <i>Cirri</i>; the large one to the right 
hand is called Cirrus Comoides, from its appearing like a distended lock of hair; the 
straight lines which constitute the cloud on the left have suggested the propriety of 
calling it <i>Cirrus linearis</i>. The former of these, when it prevails, usually 
indicates windy and unsettled weather; it is in many parts of the country called Mares 
Tail, and in Lincolnshire Sea Tree. In giving specific names to the Cirrus it must be 
observed, that its metamorphoses are so numerous as to preclude the possibilty of giving a
distinct name to each of them. Sometimes it appears like an erect feather, at others loose
friges hang from a confused mass of vapour; it frequently looks like a confused bundle of 
threads, and is then termed <i>filiformis</i>; often it forms beautiful network, 
consisting of light transverse bars or streaks, intersecting each other at right angles; 
it is then called <i>reticularis</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Figs. 2. 2. represent a light dark <i>Cirro Cumulus</i>; these 
circumstances depend only on the relative situation of this cloud with respect to the sun;
the nubeculae constituting this cloud, vary something in size and aggregation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fig. 3. is a dark <i>Cirro Stratus</i> seen near the horizon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fig. 4. is the <i>Cirro Stratus Cymoides</i>; a variety which is 
often seen before storms. The Cirro Stratus is a cloud varying much in figure: when it is 
composed of long parallel bars, it is called <i>Striatus</i>; when finely undulated, 
<i>Undulatus</i>; when it gives the idea of the fibres of a muscle, <i>Myoides</i>; when a
large continuous sheet, <i>Planus</i>; this often exhibits the <i>halo</i>, &amp;c. I must
refer your Readers for more particular Definitions and Observations of Meteorological 
Terms in your Magazines for March and May.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fig. 5 represents a <i>Cumulus</i>; the common cloud of fair and 
settled weather, when it appears alone; when it looks rocklike and mountainous, it is 
called <i>Petroides</i>; in this stage it frequently changes into Cumulo Stratus. 
Sometimes the Cumulus seems composed of numerous roundish tubercles, and is then termed 
<i>Tuberculatus</i>; when divided into loose fleeces, <i>Floccosus</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fig. 6. exhibits <i>Cumulo Stratus</i>, which is a compound cloud,
and its formation is most frequently the result of the operation of two or more 
modifications on each other; lone streaks of the Cirro Stratus may be seen as it were 
permeating rocky Cumuli; and the consequence is the formation of Cumulo Stratus, which 
generally precedes <i>Nimbification</i>, and is very prevalent before thunder-storms, when
it often forms beautiful and picturesque skies; as it approaches to Nimbus it increases in
density, and exhibits various tints as its irregular edges happen to catch the Sun's 
light; Cirrose fibres extend from its top and form a crown, and at last it resolves itself
into rain. After the storm has spent itself, the several modifications which preceded it 
may again be seen occupying their several stations in the atmosphere. That these effects 
are produced by the agency of electricity there can be no doubt, after the experiments and
observations of Signor Cavallo, Mr. Howard, M. Van Mons, and others. Indeed varieties in 
the electric state of the atmosphere appear to be the causes of all the diffrent 
modifications and species of cloud. To me the subject of atmospheric electricity seems of 
great importance; for I cannot help thinking that the degree and kind of influence which 
the atmosphere exercises in the production
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>cumulus</Keyword>  <Keyword>print</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
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Gentleman's Magazine 1811 part 2 opp p.113
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G811E02.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G811E02a.jpg
</Filename>
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</Filename>
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</Filename>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>weather</Keyword> <Keyword>electicity</Keyword> <Keyword>De Luc's Electric 
Column</Keyword>  <Keyword>Aerial Electroscope</Keyword>  <Keyword>electroscope</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1811 part 2 p.114
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G811B114.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">of many disorders of health, has never been sufficiently reflected
upon. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... <i>De Luc's Electric Column, or Aerial Electroscope</i> ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... it [the electroscope] is considerably altered by peculiarities
in the electric state of the atmosphere. The prevalence of <i>Cirri</i> ramifying about 
the sky in various directions, and accompanied often by other modifications, by dry 
Easterly and changeable winds, and by many small meteors of an evening, certainly 
indicates a disturbance in the atmospherical electricity; and such kind of weather I have 
noticed to be accompanied by an irregular action of the <i>Electric Column of M. De 
Luc</i>; the bells ring at intervals, and with a kind of hurried pulsation. When such 
weather as I have described is followed by rain, the bells have been found silent. There 
are also other varieties in the kind of pulsation of the bells; sometimes they ring weak 
and regular, sometimes weak and irregularly, sometimes strong and regular, at others 
strong but irregular; the intervals of quiescence are sometimes of longer duration than at
others; these minute variations are probably connected with peculiarities in the state of 
the atmosphere, as I have said above, which are worthy attention, because they may be 
principally concerned in producing many disorders of health which are attributed to 
atmospheric influence; when the weather is settled, when only diurnal <i>Cumuli</i> 
prevail with Westerly winds, then the action of De Luc's Column is the most regular, and 
this is generally allowed to be the most wholesome kind of weather.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. THOMAS FORSTER.
</Paragraph>
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</Classification>
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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1811 part 2 p.124</Title>
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<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Allison, Francis</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1811</Date>
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</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>Drunken Barnaby's Four Journeys to the North of 
England</Keyword> <Keyword>Brathwaite, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Barnabee's 
Journal</Keyword> <Keyword>Chast and Lost Lovers, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Bosworth, 
Willliam</Keyword> <Keyword>Scaveley<Note>Staveley</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Staveley, 
Over Staveley</Keyword> <Keyword>Queen's College, Oxford</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1811 part 2 p.124
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Richard Brathwaite</Keyword>  <Keyword>Drunken Barnaby's Journeys</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Drunken Barnaby's Journeys</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G811B124.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"We let our friends passe idely like our time,</Line>
<Line>Till they be gone, and then we see our crime,</Line>
<Line>And think what worth in them might have been known,</Line>
<Line>What duties done, and what affections shewn;</Line>
<Line>Untimely knowledge, which so dear doth cost,</Line>
<Line>And then begins when the thing known is lost."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BOSWORTH, to the Immortal Memory of the fairest and most virtuous 
lady, the lady --.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN, <i>Chiswell-street.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ONE hundred and fifty years has obscured the name, though it has 
brightened the fame of the Author of the above lines, as prophetic as they are applicable 
to himself. The inquisitive curiosity of posterity, at various periods, to be made 
acquainted with the real name of the facetious but unkown Author of that celebrated little
book <i>Drunken Barnaby's Journal</i>, is confirmed; and, in spite of the prying eyeys of 
posterity, the vigilance, the rewards, and the labour of our literary police, no success 
has ever been able to apprehend and bring to justice this facetious and eccentric 
<i>Highwayman</i>, this High Priest of the Jolly God and Apollo, Author of the two 
following Works:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Barnabees Journall, under the names of Mirtillus and Faustulus, lively shadowed, 
for the Traveller's solace, and to most apt numbers reduced, to the old tune of Barnaby, 
as commonly chaunted, by Corymbaeus."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">First Edition, no date or Printer's name: and,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"The Chast and Lost Lovers, lively shadowed, in the Persons of Arcadius and Sepha; 
and illustrated with severall Stories of Hemon and Antigone, Eramio and Amissa, Phaon and 
Sappho, Deliathason and Verista: being a Description of several Lovers smiling with 
delight, and with hopes fresh as their youth, and fair as their beauties, in the beginning
of their affections, and covered with bloud and horror in the conclusion: To this is 
added, the Contestation betwixt Bacchus and Diana, and certain Sonnets of the Author to 
Aurora; Digested into Three Poems, by William Bosworth, Gent.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>---- Me quoque</Line>
<Line>Impune volare, et sereno</Line>
<Line>Callipoe dedit ire caelo.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">London, printed for William Sheares, and are to be sold at the 
Signe of the Bible, in St. Paul's Church Yard, 1653."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">127 pages, neatly printed, 8vo, with a neat Portrait, engraved by 
G. Glover, representing him in loose hair, whiskers on the upper lip, long and turned up, 
like Charles I. point lace, scolloped, falling over a satin embroidered jacket, aetatis 
30, 1637.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The latter Work was posthumous, though written at the age of 
nineteen; and ushered to the world, after the Author's death, by R. C. with a Dedication, 
"To the true Lover of all good Learning, the Hon. John Finch, Esq.;" and "copies of 
commendatory Verses on these deathlesse Poems, by L. B.; Francis Lovelace; Edmond Gayton; 
S. P.; and L. C."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Having a Volume of Portraits ready for the press, of illustrious, 
eminent, and remarkable Persons, not hitherto or but imperfectly known or engraved, I 
shall be much obliged by any communication, that may throw light on the above Person or 
his Works, as early as convenient, but particularly to point out the spot
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"That closed the scene of all his folly."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I have consulted with the Registers of Scaveley, near Kendal, 
where he terminated both his peregrinations, and dwelt; and the registers of Queen's 
College, Oxford, where it is said he was a graduate; and Appleby, where he was born - 
withut success. The latter register cannot be found.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">William Bosworth, Gent. was descended from the antient and 
illustrious familes &#x002A; of <i>Bokesworth, Boxworth</i>, or <i>Bosworth</i>, of 
Boxworth, by Harrington, in Cambridgeshire, was born in 1607, and died about the year 
1651-2-3; in his journey he speaks of this earlier work then in MS.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; In his Poems addressed to Aurora, he says,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"O scorne me not; I come of noble line;</Line>
<Line>For by the <i>Norman</i> Duke our browes were crowned</Line>
<Line>With lawrell branches, and our names renowned."</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Thence
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Thence to Godstow with my lovers."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And of another bearing the title of "The Jewell," a title common 
at that period to prose as well as poetical works - not yet come to light -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Thence to Daintree with my Jewell."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I should enter into further particulars; but the warning voice of 
brevity, like the warning echo to Barnaby at Burleigh,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Echo replies, Hunger, begone!"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">prevents the analysis of his great merits, and bids me "retire in 
time, ere I trespass upon your valuable pages at too great a length.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">YOURS, &amp;c. FRANCIS ALLISON.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN, <i>Oct.</i> 6.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">I SEND you a sketch of the Deanery of Carlisle, the residence of 
the Rev. Isaac Milner, D.D. Master of Queen's College, Cambridge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. H.W.D.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN, <i>Carlisle, Nov.</i> 19.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AS you have been so obliging as to insert an engraved View of the 
Deanery House at Carlisle in your last month's Magazine, p.305, I hope it will not be 
unacceptable to many of your Readers, to be supplied with a description of that venerable 
structure.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Deanery consists of an inconsiderable part of the Conventual 
buildings, many of which were destroyed at the Reformation. Considerable additions have 
been made by succeeding Deans since the dissolution of the priory, 32 Henry VIII.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The principal room contains a curious painted ceiling, put up by 
Prior Senhouse, who flourished A.D. 1507. It consists of many devices, and is divided into
square compartments. On the crossbeams are painted the following rude verses:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Symon Senus pryor sette thys rofe and scalop here,</Line>
<Line>To the intent that ye should have prayers every day in the yere.</Line>
<Line>Lofe God and thy prynce,</Line>
<Line>And you nedys not drede thyne enymies.</Line>
<Line>Remember man the grete pre-eminence</Line>
<Line>Given unto thee by God omnipotent:</Line>
<Line>Between ye and angells is lytell difference,</Line>
<Line>And all thynge erthly to thee obediente.</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">By
</Paragraph>
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Isaac</Keyword> <Keyword>Caldew, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>organ</Keyword> <Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Resurrection, The</Keyword> <Keyword>St John Preaching in the 
Wilderness</Keyword> <Keyword>Stirkland, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Barrow, 
Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Bell, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Robinson, Bishop</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Smith, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Law, 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>By the byrde and best under the firmament,</Line>
<Line>Say what excuse mayest thou lay or finde,</Line>
<Line>Thus you art made by God so excellente,</Line>
<Line>But that you oughtest again to hym be kinde.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Among the eminent men who have possessed the dignity of Dean of 
Carlisle, may be reckoned Dr. Francis Atterbury; Dr. Percy, the late venerable Bishop of 
Dromore; and the present Dr. Isaac Milner, who is beneath none of his predecessors in 
profound or elegant knowledge, in piety, virtue, and the most amiable demeanour in private
life.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As the present Dean of Carlisle is known, in the Southern part of 
this kingdom, as an eminent natural philosopher, and the continuator of his brother's 
History of the Christian Church, only, it may not be out of place to give your Readers 
some idea of his great powers as a pulpit orator. He makes a point of preaching every 
Sunday, at some of the Churches in this city, during his residence, which continues from 
the latter end of June to the latter end of September. But his principle attendance is at 
the Cathedral; above an hour before the service begins, the numerous congregation have 
taken their seats; and by the time he ascends the pulpit, there is scarcely standing-room.
His congregation, we may aver, consists of several thousands; such a numerous and steady 
attendance bespeaks the best disposition of the people of Carlisle; and we may hope that 
he has been the means of 'turning many from the power of Satan unto God.' The style of his
eloquence is suited to the different classes which he addresses. It is at once elegant, 
nervous, clear, and simple; and the subjects of his discourses are generally of a nature 
to interest both the understanding and the feelings of his audience. It is not in my power
to do justice to his transcendant merits; but I have some pleasure in paying this 
well-mertited tribute to the abilities of one of the first Divines of the age.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Deanery-house enjoys a most beautiful prospect up the Vale of 
Caldew; the background is formed by that grand amphitheatre of mountains, of which Skiddaw
forms the chief feature. The more immediate vicinity is composed of the more cheerful, but
less picturesque, scenes of bleach-fields, print-works, cotton-mills, and the busy 
employment of manufactures.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the immediate neighbourhood of the Deanery are the Refectory, 
part of the Dormitory, and the Cloisters, which open towards the South side of the 
venerable Cathedral. The present worthy Dean and Chapter have done much to adorn the 
precincts of the Abbey, by constructing broad gravel walks winding under the shade of 
venerable lime trees.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Cathedral is partly Saxon and partly Pointed Gothic 
architecture. The East window is a beautiful piece of tracery; indeed the appearance of 
the choir is elegant and grand; the style of its architecture is extremely light. It has 
been repaired at many different periods; the principal contributors to its improvement 
were Bishop Smith and Bishop Lyttelton. The present Dean and Chapter have added an organ, 
which is said to be inferior to none in the kingdom. The Earl of Lonsdale has presented to
this Cathedral two fine paintings, of the Resurrection and St. John preaching in the 
wilderness, which are placed on either side of the altar.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are in this Cathedral monuments of the following Bishops. A 
marble figure, in pontificals, of Bp. Stirkland, <i>temp.</i> Henry IV.; of Bp. Barrow, 
<i>temp.</i> Henry V.; of Bp. Bell, <i>temp.</i> Edward IV.; of Bp. Robinson, <i>temp.</i>
Elizabeth and James I.; of Bp. Smith, <i>temp.</i> Queen Anne; of Bp. Fleming, 
<i>temp.</i> George II.; of Bp. Law, <i>temp.</i> George III. Those of Bishops Bell, 
Robinson, Smith, Fleming, and Law, are furnished with inscriptions, which shall be 
presented to your Readers in some future number. Drawings of this ancient structure (the 
Cathedral) have been made at different periods by Mr. Hearne, Mr. Gayfere, Mr. Carlyle, 
Mr. Clennel, Mr. Fielding, &amp;c. &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. CLERICUS
</Paragraph>
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</Marginal>
Riots, Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>Carlisle Journal</i> states, that tumult and disorder at 
present prevail in that neighbourhood, and to a greater extent than at any time since the 
disturbances first broke out. It then proceeds to enumerate a variety of outrages since 
the 15th, on which day the corn-mill at Monk-hill, near that city, was broken into, and 
plundered by a number of persons. Even the asylum of the poor is not spared by these 
offenders. On Monday night, the 18th, the workhouse of St. Cuthbert's parish, at 
Harraby-hill, was entered by one of the windows, and a quantity of bacon and hams taken 
away.
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<Keyword>road, Longtown to Edinburgh</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennant, Thomas</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1812 part 2 p.6
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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New Turnpike from Carlisle</Heading>
<References>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Hints for a Tour in</i> SCOTLAND; <i>in an Original Letter from
the Hon.</i> DAINES BARRINGTON <i>to a Friend</i> (<i>probably Mr.</i> PENNANT.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>July</i> 17, 1771.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DEAR SIR,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following Route is calculated for a wheel-carriage; and you 
may depend upon being accomodated throughout, at least as well as in Wales.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From Carlisle there is a new turnpike quite to Edinburgh, with 
regular stages, and very decent accomodations.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I don't recollect any thing worth mentioning on this road, except 
that when you come to Selkirk you should inquire for Melrose Abbey.- I would advise you to
lye there, as the house is a very decent one. It is not above 5 or 6 miles out of the road
to Edinburgh.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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Abstract, 1811</Keyword>  <Keyword>Census 1811</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1812 part 2 p.231
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>census</Keyword> <Keyword>counties</Keyword> <Keyword>hundreds</Keyword> 
<Keyword>parishes</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Preliminary Observations on the Population Abstract, 1811</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G812B231.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The following very interesting Extracts are taken from Mr.</i> 
RICKMAN'S '<i>Preliminary Observations on the Population Abstract,</i> 1811.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'THE leading division of England into Shires or Counties appears 
to have been established by our Saxon ancestors about a thousand years since; many of the 
Counties being mentioned in history before the extinction of the Saxon Heptarchy. In the 
Population Abstract the Counties are placed in alphabetical order, and in England each 
distinctly; but in Scotland it has been found necessary to join the shires of Cromarty and
Ross, the former being as it were scattered in about fifteen separate fragments throughout
the latter, and being indeed usually considered in modern laws as forming part of it. Much
inconvenience is experienced by the inhabitants of these shires of Ross and Cromarty from 
these numerous 'Annexations' which were made by authority of two Acts of the Parliament of
Scotalnd in 1685 and 1686.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The further division of the Southern parts of England into 
Hundreds is also unquestionably of Saxon origin, and probably in imitation of similar 
districts which existed in their parent coun-
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">try:
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  <Keyword>hundred</Keyword> <Keyword>population</Keyword> <Keyword>Preliminary 
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<Keyword>hundred, long</Keyword> <Keyword>local authority reform</Keyword> <Keyword>Saxons
Domesday Book</Keyword> <Keyword>divisions</Keyword> <Keyword>circuits</Keyword> 
<Keyword>limits</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry VIII</Keyword> <Keyword>Elizabeth I</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Charles II</Keyword> <Keyword>Poor Law</Keyword> <Keyword>parish</Keyword> 
<Keyword>township</Keyword> <Keyword>ward</Keyword> <Keyword>wapentake</Keyword> 
<Keyword>lathe</Keyword> <Keyword>rape</Keyword> <Keyword>cantref</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1812 part 2 p.232
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G812B232.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[coun]try &#x002A;: but in what manner the name was applied is not
certain. At least 100 (which in Saxon numeration means 120 &#x2020;) Free Men, 
Householders, answerable for each other, may be supposed originally to have been found in 
each Hundred; for that the Hundreds were originally regulated by the population is 
evident, from the great number of Hundreds in the Counties first peopled by the Saxons. 
Thus, Kent and Sussex, at the time when Domesday-Book was compiled, each contained more 
then 60 Hundreds, as they do at present. In Lancashire, a County of greater area than 
either, there are no more than Six Hundreds,- in Cheshire, Seven: and upon the whole, so 
irregular is this distribition of territory, that while several Hundreds do not exceed a 
square mile in area, nor 1000 persons in Population; the Hundreds of Lancashire average at
300 square miles in area, and the Population contained in one of them (Salford Hundred) is
above 250,000.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'This striking irregularity seems to have been felt as an 
inconvenience as early as the time of Henry VIII. when a remedy was attempted by ordaining
<i>Divisions</i> (called also <i>Limits</i> or <i>Circuits</i>), (22 Henry VIII. c.12. 
A.D. 1531.) which still exist (more or less manifestly) in most of the English Counties. 
These Divisions seem to have been formed by a junction of small Hundreds, as convenience 
required in each particular case, and are recognized in subsequent Acts (43 Eliz. and 
12-13 Car. II.) which regard the maintenance and relief of the Poor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'But time, which had caused the irregularity of the antient 
Hundreds, gradually has the same effect on modern arrangements; so that to alter the Names
or Limits of the antient Hundreds would really be equivalent to inventing and learning a 
new and changeable language, instead of retaining the use of that which has been 
established for ages. An instance of the inconvenience of such reform occurs in Wales, 
several of the Counties of which were created by Act of Parliament in 1535 (27 Henry VIII.
c.26.) and the antient Districts called <i>Cantrefs</i> and <i>Commots</i> were altered 
into Hundreds, by virtue of a Commission under the Great Seal for that purpose; but the 
alteration was attended with much unexpected difficulty, three years, and afterwards three
years further, being allowed for it by subsequent Acts of Parliament (28 Henry VIII. c.3. 
and 31 Henry VIII. c.11.); and after all this deliberation the new Counties and Hundreds 
exhibit more instances of indistinct boundary, that is, of Parishes and Townships not 
conterminous with the County or Hundred, than do the antient Counties; while the abolished
<i>Cantrefs</i> and <i>Commots</i> are not yet quite forgotten, and occasionally cause 
some confusion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Such innovations are really unnecessary, as temporary Districts, 
for present convenience will always be settled by Civil Magistrates, or by custom, around 
each place where Petty Sessions are usually holden &#x002A;: and in like manner for the 
business of the Lieutenancy of each County, Sub-Divisions are formed from the antient 
Hundreds, subject to such alteration as circumstances may require.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In the Northern Counties, formerly exposed to hostile invasion, 
Wards and Wapentakes stand in place of Hundreds; and in the Population Abstract they are 
alike arranged in alphabetical order in each County.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Where the Divisions are very antient, as the <i>Lathes</i> of 
Kent and the <i>Rapes</i> of Sussex, or where necessary from the multiplicity of the 
Hundreds, as in Hampshire and Dorset, they are preserved, and their several Hundreds 
ranged under them. The Divisions of Dorset underwent a change in the year 1740.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'One exception to the general arrangement occurs in regard to the 
larger Towns, which as usual are placed at the end of their several Counties. For this 
there is a better reason than at first sight appears: Corporate Towns and some others have
a peculiar jurisdiction, and rarely are in any Hundred. The degree of separation and 
exemption varies infinitely, as might be expected, and cannot be reduced to any general 
rule, being indeed sometimes a subject of litigation. Hence the strict propriety
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; 'Tacitus seems to describe a Hundred-Court very exactly: 
'Eliguntur et principes qui hura per pagos vicosque reddunt: <i>Centeni</i> singulis <i>ex
plebe comites</i>, concilium simul et auctoritas, adsunt.' De Morib. German.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; 'Numerus Anglice computator 1 cent. pro CXX. 
<i>Domesday-Book</i>, vol.1. p.336. <i>In Civ. Linc.</i>'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; 'iin the year 1805, an opportunity occured of learning 
from the several Clerks of the Peace, the places in England and Wales where Petty Sessions
or Divisional Meetings were then usually holden; they amounted to 520; and the number of 
acting County Magistrates was 3,293; but many of these, no doubt, acted under more than 
one Commission of the Peace, which must make the real number much less.'
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">of
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<Keyword>population</Keyword> <Keyword>Preliminary Observations on the Population 
Abstract, 1811</Keyword> <Keyword>Census 1811</Keyword> <Keyword>Poor Returns, 
1776-1803</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, spelling</Keyword> <Keyword>Poor Return Abstract, 
1803</Keyword> <Keyword>ecclesiastical parish</Keyword> <Keyword>civil parish</Keyword> 
<Keyword>parish, ecclesiastical</Keyword> <Keyword>parish, civil</Keyword> 
<Keyword>manor</Keyword> <Keyword>Taxatio Ecclesiatica</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward 
I</Keyword>  <Keyword>tithes</Keyword>  <Keyword>Reformation, The</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1812 part 2 p.233
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G812B233.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">of placing many Cities and Towns at the end of the respective 
Counties:- and, for the sake of comparision, other Towns, which have arisen into 
importance since the disuse of granting charters and immunities, although these Towns are 
for every purpose included within some Hundred of the County,- are placed with the rest. 
The most ready way therefore of finding the Population of a principal Town, is to refer to
the Summary of its County, before searching for the Hundred in which it is locally 
situate. The Metropolis presents an unusual difficulty, as extending into two Counties, 
and therefore has been necessarily inserted distinctly in an Appendix. In the County 
Summaries the Total of entire Hundreds is usually to be found; in the Body of the County 
all recognized Sub-divisions of the Hundred are distinguished, each with its separate 
Total.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'So far the arrangement of the ensuing volume differs little from 
that of 1801, nor indeed from the several Poor Returns of 1776, 1786, and 1803; nor ought 
it to differ from established precedent, without good reason for so doing. But the very 
repetition of such inquiries has been found to render it absolutely necessary to enter 
more minutely into the relative connexion and identity of places than before. This 
necessity will best be understood by stating, that there are in England and Wales about 
550 Parishes which are known to extend into Two Counties, or into more than One hundred or
other Jurisdiction; and that every one of these places creates a danger of duplicate 
entry. No person entrusted with the care of perfecting the Population Returns, can fail to
refer to all preceding authorities; nor, doing so, can fail to apply for Returns to Parish
Officers, who apparently, but not really, have made a default: nor can any effort of 
memory prevent this; the orthography of the names of places being too little settled, and 
indeed many names identically the same occuring too often. to permit any certain 
recognition of the same place. The best method of avoiding these difficulties appeared to 
lie in a more careful attention to the parochial connexion of places; besides that for 
many purposes, particularly ecclesiastical, the knowledge of the Population of a 
<i>Parish</i> is, at least, as useful as that of its constituent parts. The instruction, 
prefixed to the questions of the printed Schedule, was intended to produce information of 
this kind, which indeed had before been asked with some effect, as appears in the Poor 
Return Abstract of 1803; with the help of which, and of the present Returns, it was hoped 
that a successful attempt might be made, to ascertain the parochial connexion of all 
places in Great Britain; so that no Parish should be named in the Enumeration Abstract, 
without a reference to all its constituent parts; and that no such part should be named 
without a reference to its Parish; and this whether the whole Parish be in the same County
and Hundred, or otherwise.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In this attempt some difficulty has occurred, which renders it 
necessary to enter into a brief Statement respecting the Parochial Division of the 
Kingdom; which may be deemed Ecclesiastical rather than Civil.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The Country Parishes in England (in the modern sense of the word 
Parish) seem originally to have been the same extent and limits as the several Manors; nor
could it well be otherswise, because, when it became settled, during the Ninth and Tenth 
Centuries, that Tithe was generally due to the Church, every Lord of an independent Manor 
would of course appoint a Clergyman of his own chusing, or make a donation of his Tithes 
to some religious community. Hence the Parochial Division of England appears to have been 
nearly the same as now established, in the <i>Taxatio Ecclesiatica</i>, which was compiled
in the reign of King Edward the First. (A.D. 1288-1292.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In the Towns indeed there is considerable variation, personal 
tithes having been much more productive before the Reformation of Religion than 
afterwards, and consequently a greater number of Clergymen maintained in populous places. 
Thus the City of London (within and without the Walls, but not including the Borough of 
Southwark), which now reckons 108 Parishes, forming no more than 72 Ecclesiastical 
Benefices, had at that time 140; Norwich, in like manner, is reduced from 70 Parishes to 
37, and other antient Cities in proportion: a sufficient indication that the number of 
Parishes in Towns was formerly suffered to increase in proportion to the population: and, 
besides that personal Tythes and Dues must always have been in a great degree voluntary, 
it appears from the <i>Taxatio Ecclesiastica</i>, that the profits accruing from one and 
the same Parish were not confined to one Spiritual Person, nor even to one Religious House
or Community. Under such circumstances, it is not likely that Town-Parishes were antiently
limited, either in number or extent; but the conflicting rights of Tithe-owners, and the 
perambulations ordained by the Canon Law, must have
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">settled
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<Keyword>Laws for the Maintenance and Relief of the Poor</Keyword> <Keyword>Poor 
Law</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles II</Keyword> <Keyword>township</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1812 part 2 p.234
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G812B234.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">settled the boundaries of Country Parishes much earlier.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In later times the boundary of every Parish has been settled with
precision, and indeed rendered immutable by any authority short of a special legislative 
enactment. This exactness has been produced by the Laws for the Maintenance and Relief of 
the Poor, whose claims on a Parish being regulated by their legal settlement in it, and 
the Assessment or Poor's Rate, which takes place in consequence, being levied according to
the property of the other inhabitants, a double motive for ascertaining the Boundary of a 
Parish continually subsists, and was frequently a subject of litigation after the Poor 
Laws first became burdensome.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'At that time the Parishes of the Northern Counties were also 
found to be much too large for the administration of the Poor Laws, which must always be 
founded upon a personal knowledge of the situation and character of every one applying for
relief, and is therefore a subject to which no general rule can be applied. The 
inconvenience which was felt in the Northern Counties, from this cause, will be easily 
explained, by stating, that 30 or 40 square miles is there no unusual area of a Parish; in
other words, that the Parishes in the North average at seven or eight times the area of 
those in the Southern Counties.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Hence in the 13th year of Charles II. (soon after his 
Restoration) a Law was passed, permitting Townships and Villages, though not entire 
Parishes, severally and distinctly to maintain their own Poor, assigning as a reason for 
this innovation, 'That the inhabitants of Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, 
Northumberland, the Bishoprick of Durham, Cumberland, and Westmorland, and many other 
Counties of England and Wales, by reason of the largeness of the Parishes within the same,
have not and cannot reap the benefit of the Act of Parliament (43 Eliz.) for the Relief of
the Poor.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Under this law the Townships of the North have become as 
distinctly limited as if they were separate Parishes; and of course make separate returns,
which, in the Abstract of 1801, are placed alphabetically in their several Wards and 
Hundreds, but are now arranged under their respective Parishes; whereby the perplexity 
arising from a crowd of explanatory Notes has been avoided, and the convenience of those 
who have occasion to ascertain the Population of a whole Parish, is best consulted. This 
arrangement takes place in all the Counties North of the Humber and the Dee, and 
occasionally elsewhere; and those who compare the Notes on Derbyshire, with the simplifeid
order of the seven more Northern Counties, will perhaps see cause for wishing the 
improvement had been extended farther, or even throughout the Kingdom. - In two of the 
Counties, Northumberland and Westmorland, such an arrangement had previously been formed; 
in the other five it now appears for the first time &#x002A;.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In all the Southern Counties, the place which gives name to the 
whole Parish is always called <i>Parish</i>, though it be only part of the Parish (the 
less important designation merging in the other); nor could this be avoided; but a proper 
note of reference will always be found to accompany the name of such Parishes, as also the
the name of the place so referred to. Besides this immediate and indispensable service 
purpose of the Notes, which appear in the present Abstract to the number of 2,300, they 
will be found to embrace such other information as may tend to elucidate the arrangement 
and connection of places, or to obviate doubts which frequently arise where well-known 
places seem to have been omitted, being indeed included in the Return of their Parish.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In attempting an arrangement of this kind, comprehending the 
whole Kingdom, the question, What is a Parish? has often occurred, and has been found not 
easily determinable. It has been asserted, that a Parochial Chapel is that which hath the 
privileges of administering the Sacraments (especially that of Baptism), and the Office of
Burial. 'For the liberties of Baptism and Sepulture are the true distinct Parochial 
Rights: and if any new Oratory had acquired and enjoyed this immunity, then it differed 
not from a Parish Church. And till the year 1300, in all trials of the Rights of 
particular Churches, if it could be proved that any Chapel had a custom fro free Baptism 
and Burial, such place was adjudged to be a Parochial
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Church.'
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; 'Mr. Davidson, Clerk of the Peace for the County of 
Northumberland, arranged the Townships of that County, under their several Parishes, in 
1777; and W. W. Carus Wilson, esq. an active Magistrate in Westmorland, did the same for 
that County, in 1802; - in arranging the other Counties, when original information could 
not be procured, recourse was had to Mr. Carlisle's Topographical Dictionary, which 
experience proved to be worthy of confidence.'
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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definition</Keyword> <Keyword>extraparochial areas</Keyword> <Keyword>chapel of 
ease</Keyword> <Keyword>perpetual curate</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, spelling</Keyword> 
<Keyword>tything</Keyword>  <Keyword>township</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1812 part 2 p.235
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Church.' (Degge's Parson's Counsellor P.1 c.12.) But, however true
this may have been at the time when Parishes were originally formed, in the present sense 
of the word Parish, it is obviously fallacious, inasmuch as almost every Chapel of Ease 
would thereby constitute a separate Parish: and, in the various degrees of the dependence 
of Chapels on their Mother Churches, (as some rule must be adhered to) it has been deemed 
safe to assume, that where the Curate is appointed and removable by the Incumbent of the 
Mother Church, and more certainly where Church-Rates still continue to be paid towards the
repair of such Church, the chaperly is not parochial. On the other hand, a 
<i>perpetual</i> curacy has not been struck out of the list of Parishes, merely because 
the Curate is appointed by the Incumbent of the Mother Church, his permanent nature 
(especially if the curacy has been augmented under tha laws which direct the distribution 
of Queen Anne's Bounty &#x002A;) seeming to alter the case materially. But this attempt at
definitionis rather meant to show what has been aimed at, than what has been accomplished;
it being impossible to ascertain minutely all such circumstances for the present occasion.
Nevertheless, the doubtful cases are not many; and, for any general purpose, the number of
Parishes and Parochial Chapelries in England and Wales may safely be taken at 10,674.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The number of places in England and Wales, of which the 
Population is distinctly stated in the present Abstract, is 15,741.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The number of Parishes in Scotland is 921; of Population Returns 
is 1,005.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'To arrive at a settled orthography of the names of places would 
manifestly be for general convenience, but is not easily attainable. On the present 
occasion this object has not been slighted; the name which appears on each Return not 
having been adopted without collation with the former Population Abstract of 1801, and 
also with that of the Poor Returns of 1803, whereby frequent errors have been corrected: 
but it is to be understood that this kind of correction has been applied only to the 
Ennumeration Returns, not to those of the Clergymen; so that, in the Parish Register 
Abstract, every name will be found exactly as it appeared to be spelled in the original 
Return.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Besides Parishes and their Tythings or Townships, there are many 
places not contained within the limits of any Parish, and thence called Extra-Parochial; 
and from some of these, Returns of their Poopulation are not easily procurable. They are 
found usually to have been the site of religious houses or of antient castles, the owners 
of which did not permit any interference with their authority within their own limits; and
in rude times, the existence of such exemptions from the general Government of the Kingdom
is not surprising. At present the case is widely different; and there seems to be no good 
reason for permitting the Extra-Parochial places still to avoid sharing the burdens borne 
by the rest of the community. Thus an Extra-Parochial place enjoys a virtual exemption 
from maintaining the Poor, because there is no Overseer on whom a Magistrate's order may 
be served; from the Militia laws, because there is no Constable to make Returns; from 
repairing the Highways, because there is no Surveyor: besides all which, the inhabitants 
have a chance of excaping from direct taxation of every kind.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The number of such places is not inconsiderable, though difficult
to be discovered; the present Volume exhibits about 200 of them; and the subject is the 
more worthy of attention, inasmuch as the acquisition of new land, whether by reclaiming 
forests, drainage of fens, or embankment from the sea, furnishes frequent occasion for 
endeavouring even now to establish Extra-Parochial Immunities.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The subject of complaint being an unreasonable exemption from 
certain general laws, the remedy might be applied to that defect only; so that all such 
places, where any person is found ready to act as Overseer of the Poor, Constable, and 
Surveyor of the HIghways, might be permitted to remain as they are; but the Magistrates of
each
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">County
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; 'The Ct of 1 Geo. I. c.0. &#x0024; 4, is not positive on 
this point; for, after declaring 'that all such Churches, Curacies, and Chapels, which 
shall be augmmented by the Governors of the Bounty of Queen Anne, shall be from the time 
of such augmentations, Perpetual Cures and Benefices,' - in the next section (&#x0024; 5.)
it goes on to provide, 'That no Rector or Vicar of the Mother Church, having Cure of 
Souls, within the Parish or Place where such an augmented Church or Chapel shall be 
situate, shall therby be divested or discharged from the same; but the Cure of Souls, with
all other Parochial Rights and Duties, shall hereafter remain in the same state, plight, 
and manner, as before the making of this Act, and as if this Act had not been made'.'
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>population</Keyword> <Keyword>Preliminary Observations on the Population 
Abstract, 1811</Keyword> <Keyword>Census 1811</Keyword> <Keyword>extraparochial 
places</Keyword> <Keyword>parish</Keyword> <Keyword>liberty</Keyword> 
<Keyword>hundred</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry VIII</Keyword> <Keyword>Elizabeth I</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1812 part 2 p.236
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G812B236.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">County might be empowered to annex all other Extra-Parochial 
places to adjoining Parishes, for the purposes above described. Districts of larger extent
may be found, which, under the name of <i>Liberties</i>, interrupt the general course of 
law, as affecting Hundreds, in like manner as Extra-Parochial places that of Parishes. In 
Dorsetshire, where this inconvenience chiefly prevails, the grants of some of these 
Liberties are dates as late as the reign of Henry VIII. and even of Elizabeth. The proper 
remedy for the inconveniences arising out of these improvident grants, might be, to 
subject them to abolition by the County Magistrates, whenever, by default in the 
appointment of proper officers, these <i>Liberties</i> (under whatever title) are found to
obstruct the due administration of justice, or of the laws.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Other deformities there are in the territorial arrangement of 
England and Wales, which may be deemed the more worthy of attention, as of more easy 
remedy. Such have been already mentioned as causing Duplicate Returns, where Parishes 
extend into more Counties, or into more Hundreds, than one. The number of places of the 
first class, in so far as they have been noted, is 134; scarcely any County not affording 
an instance, and some having Parishes intermixed with every surrounding County. The 
Parishes which extend into more Hundreds or Divisions than one, are much more numerous; 
and still more considerable is the number of those places which lie at a distance from 
their own County or Hundred, to the frequent inconvenience of the inhabitants and of the 
publick. Indeed several of the Hundreds are so strangely scattered, that they might be 
advantageously merged in others, as, from the conjoint name of some Hundreds, seems 
formerly to have been done. Instances of the inconvenience here alluded to, and of the 
remedy, are most frequent in Wiltshire. Winkley Hundrred in Somersetshire, Farringdon 
Hundred in Berkshire, that of Barton-Stracey in Hampshire, and some others, are remarkable
instances of irregularity still in existence. The correction of all these anomalies might 
be referred to the County Magistrates, who alone could accurately point them out, and who 
best know, by experience, how far such places are inconvenient to the inhabitants, or to 
the publick at large.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The enumeration of the whole Population may be considered as 
complete, no place being known finally to have omitted making Return. In cases where the 
name of a place differs from the Abstract of 1801, or where two places are included under 
one title, all the <i>names</i> are now entered, with an explanatory remark: and the same 
thing has been done in cases where any place has been transferred from one Hundred to 
another.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The proportion of the Sexes remains much the same as in 1801, 
being nearly as 10 Males to 11 Females of the Resident Population, and nearly equal in the
General Total. The increase of the Military, and of Sailors, has indeed increased the 
number of Males; but it is obvious that this increase has not been entirely furnished by 
Great Britain, many Natives of Ireland, as well as Foreigners, being included in the Army,
in the Navy, and among those who navigate Registered Shipping.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In conclusion, it is proper to mention, that where the Total of 
any County, as laid before Parliament in February 1812, shall be found to differ from the 
Total in the present Volume, the latter is to be considered as the corrected Total, some 
alterations, necessary from the discovery of duplicate entries, of omissions, and of 
clerical errors, having occurred on the final revision of the Work.'
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1813 part 1 p.110
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Ullswater</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Ullswater</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G813A110.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sproxton, Jan.</i> 5.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN a tour to the Lakes last Summer, I observed a piece of flat 
ground consisting chiefly of sand and pebbles, which, within forty years, to my knowledge,
had been gained from the Lake of Ulleswater by the floods of a rapid brook rolling down 
earth, stones, and gravel, from the adjoining mountains, &amp;c. which must have been an 
immense quantity, as the water was ten fathom deep or more, a few yards only from the
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1813 part 1 p.111
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">shore. On further observation, I remarked other large meadows 
extending a long way into the Lake, and terminating almost in a point, which had evidently
been formed by the floods of insignificant brooks, and which in some cases had cut and 
torn up the sides of the mountains to a degree of astonishment. So that the Lakes are 
filling up to a certainty, and faster than we seem to be aware of; I think in two or three
thousand years they will be all flat meadows, with a river or main drain in the middle. 
Such meadows in the valleys frequently occur, and it is more than probable they once were 
lakes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If we go upon a larger scale, we find a variety of substances 
continually pouring into the sea by the great rivers, and never returning, at least beyond
the reach of a high tide, from which one would naturally suspect, exclusive of the help of
minor causes, that the sea in process of time would be so filled up, as to deluge the 
whole earth. Those violent efforts of Nature, volcanos and earthquakes, may, indeed, at 
any time, in an instant, make the sea land, and the land sea; but what is there in the 
regular course of Nature to prevent the drowning of the earth; unless, to help us over the
difficulty, we have recourse to an imperceptible increase in bulk of such strata, as lie 
<i>below</i> the reach of man, whose intrusion may destroy, or at least check their 
growth? - And that the earth rises more or less by the organization of strata of different
degrees of strength and vigour, and shrinks in a state of decay or decomposition, I have 
no doubt: hence other lakes and seas, by a greater or less extension or depression of the 
bowels of the earth, will of course be formed; and the sea thus keep its distance for a 
time exceeding the calculation of man.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But one word more on the subject of the Lakes. The proprietors of 
lands are bounded by the lakes on one side: the fisheries have also their bounds and 
marks; and are generally the property of others, and totally distinct. Now, Mr. Urban, 
should the Lake be quite filled in, by dreadful and unusual torrents and inundations, in 
three years instead of three thousand, in point of law how will the matter stand? will the
proprietor of five acres become the proprietor of fifty, as his writings will shew his 
field is bounded on one side by water; or must the fisherman lose his all, or he in 
exchange become a landed proprietor also, whose writings point him out as a proprietor of 
water only? or will the lord of the manor cut the matter short, and settle the difference 
between them? And as the counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland are bounded by the Lake 
for the whole length of it nearly, - does the Lake itself form no part of either county? 
or is the real boundary of the counties an imaginary line running in a sort of zig-zag 
direction in the centre of the Lake, to correspond with the windings of the shores - in 
cases of arrest, or some other legal process which requires a tolerable degree of 
certainty?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W.M.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Carlisle Castle, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> 
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the Marches</Keyword> <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1813 part 2 p.51
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Carlisle Castle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Carlisle Castle</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">In a 'Review of New Publications' of the 'Border Antiquities of 
England and Scotland'.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G813B051.jpg
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are few Cities in England which have been the scenes of more
momentous or more interesting events than Carlisle. During those years when the borders of
the two countries were the theatre of alternate triumph and defeat of both, it shared with
suffering fidelity in the fierce contests of its warlike possessors; and even at a later 
period, when Rebellion reared her bloody standard in the North, Carlisle was at once the 
witness of crime, and the scene of its punishment. Recently, also, the Muse of a popular 
writer has excited an increasing interest concerning all that relates to Border 
transactions, where will one be found of any importance, that is not more or less 
connected with Carlisle and its towers of defence? The office of Warden of the Marshes was
one commnly bestowed upon Nobles of tried fidelity and known courage; and in their train 
were to be found the youthful aspirers after military glory, who longed to signalize 
themselves in feats of arms, where bravery was opposed to bravery, and the wreath of glory
was won, not by a single achievment, or by desultory prowess, but by continued 
watchfulness, labour, and skill. In modern times, since Law has held its mild dominion 
instead of the ferocious and turbulent supremacy of arms, Carlisle Castle has lost much of
its importance and much of its utility. It is now regarded rather as a vernerable relick 
of antiquity, than as an edifice formed for defence; and yet the mind feels a sentiment of
sober and solemn delight in recalling the occurrences which are connected with it through 
every period of English history.
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<Keyword>Dalton-in-Furness, Dalton Town with Newton</Keyword> <Keyword>West, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Close, William</Keyword> <Keyword>consumption</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Nicholson's Journal</Keyword> <Keyword>Lilly's Grammar</Keyword> 
<Keyword>education</Keyword> <Keyword>Society of Arts and Manufactures</Keyword> 
<Keyword>trumpet</Keyword> <Keyword>bugle,</Keyword> <Keyword>French horn</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Percival</Keyword> <Keyword>Polyphonian musical insruments</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Walney Island</Keyword>  <Keyword>inventor</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1813 part 2 p.298
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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Obituary, William Close</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At Dalton in Furness, Lancashire, of a consumption, by which he 
was attacked soon after Christmas, aged 39, Mr. Wm. Close, surgeon and apothecary; 
deservedly esteemed for his candour, sincerity, and benevolence, and for his diligent 
attention to the duties of his profession. He composed and published several writings of 
great merit upon various subjects, but chiefly on philosophy and the arts. In Nicholson's 
Journal he has detailed the particulars of many inventions and discoveries, which display 
great talents and originality of invention. The learning he derived from education was 
obtained before he was ten years of age, and Lilly's Grammar was the only book he was 
taught at school. In 1805 he published a new edition of West's 'Antiquities of Furness,' 
newly arranged; abridging the redundant matter, and adding a Supplement, containing much 
new and valuable information. In 1810, he laid before the Society of Arts and Manufactures
his improvements in the trumpet, bugle, and French horns, for which the Society awarded 
him the gold medal. He, however, declined accepting it, and sold the instruments to Mr. 
Percival, music-seller, who obtained a patent for them. These instruments, in their 
improved state, are distinguished by the name Polyphonian; and the improvements consist in
their being rendered almost as comprehensive in their scales as the German flute, by means
of tubular appendages, which are furnished with secret ducts for carrying off the water, 
and they are played by the fingers. - He was buried, at his own request, at Walney, in a 
spot of ground upon which he had often played when a boy.
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Muncaster</Keyword> <Keyword>Muncaster</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Muncaster</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Compton, Peneleope</Keyword> <Keyword>Compton, James</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Northampton, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennington, Gamel de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Pennington, Anne Jane Penelope</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennington, Maria Frances 
Margaret</Keyword> <Keyword>Lord Lindsay, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Balcarras, Earl 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennington, Lowther, General</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennington, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles II</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennginton, John, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Muncaster Family</Keyword> <Keyword>politician</Keyword> <Keyword>member of 
Parliament</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry VI</Keyword> <Keyword>Northumberland, Earl 
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Obituary, John Pennington</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 8. At Muncaster Castle, Cumberland, John Pennington, 
Lord Muncaster, and a baronet. His Lordhsip married Peneleope, daughter and coheiress of 
James Compton, Esq. a lineal descendant of the Earls of Northampton; and by her, who died 
in November 1806, had issue one son, Gamel de Pennington, born July 1, 1780, died young; 
Anne Jane Penelope, died in April 1811; and Maria Frances Margaret, married, in Dec. 1811,
James, Lord Lindsay, eldest son of Alexander, sixth Earl of Balcarras. His lordship 
leaving no issue male, the titles of Lord Muncaster and Baronet devolve to his only 
brother, General Lowther Pennington, now Lord Muncaster. The deceased peer was the fifth 
baronet in descent from Sir William Pennington, of Muncaster, created a baronet by Charles
II. June 21, 1676. He represented the county of Westmoreland in many parliaments, and was 
raised to the dignity of Baron Muncaster, in Ireland, by patent dated Oct. 21, 1783, with 
remainder to his brother, Lowther Pennington. His lordship was the representaive of a long
line of ancestors, whose descent, from the time of the Conquest, may be seen in Burn and 
Nicholson's History of Cumberland. - Gamel de Pennington was resident at Muncaster at the 
Conquest: from him, through many generations, descended sir John Pennginton, who was 
steadily attached to Henry VI. and gave that unfortunate Prince a secret reception at 
Muncaster, when in his flight from his enemies. In return, the King gave him a curiously 
wrought glass cup, with this blessing to the family, 'that they should ever prosper, and 
never want a male heir, so long as they should preserve it unbroke;' which the 
superstition of those times imagined to carry good fortune, and called it <i>the Luck of 
Muncaster</i>: and of this glass the family are still possessed. This sir John de 
Pennington commanded the left wing of the English army in an expedition into Scotland, 
when the earl of Northumberland led the main body. His grandson, sir John de Penngington, 
had a command at the battle of Flodden Field, where James IV. was taken; and his 
descendant, sir John Pennington, was admiral to Charles I. The baronetage was conferred, 
in 1676, by Charles II. on sir William Pennington, of Muncaster, great grandfather of John
the first Baron Muncaster.
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<Keyword>Hutton, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Monthly 
Review</Keyword> <Keyword>British Critic</Keyword> <Keyword>Critical Review</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Aikin's Annual Review</Keyword> <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Aikin</Keyword> <Keyword>Pratt, S S</Keyword> <Keyword>walking</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1813 part 2 p.573
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword>
</Marginal>
History of the Roman Wall</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Book review
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G813B573.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The History of the</i> Roman <i>Wall, which crosses the Island 
of</i> Britain, <i>from the</i> German <i>Ocean to the </i> Irish <i>Sea. Describing its 
Antient State, and its Appearance in the Year</i> 1801. <i>By</i> W. Hutton, <i>F.A.S.S 
The Second Edition; with Corrections.</i> 8<i>vo. pp</i>. 404. Nichols, Son <i>and</i> 
Bentley.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WE heartily rejoice to meet again with our old friend Mr. Hutton, 
'who at full twenty years beyond the age of man, still enjoys his strong mental 
faculties,' - in a new dress indeed; but in a garb that much becomes him; and are much 
pleased to see his honest physiognomy in the front.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In an Advertisement to this Second Edition, Mr. Nicholson 
observes,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The kind intentions of my highly-respected Friend Mr. Hutton, in 
presenting me with this Work, were frustrated by an unfortunate accident, which consumed 
all the Copies of it that were then unsold. - Enough, however, were in the hands of the 
publick, to establish its character, and considerably increase the reputation of its 
ingenious Author. - The good opinion I originally entertained of the Work, is so strongly 
confirmed by the unanimous approbation of the various Periodical Criticks; that I cannot 
resist selecting some passages from the principal ones.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Copious extracts are then given from the Monthly Review, British 
Critic, Critical Review, Aikin's Annual Review, and Gentleman's Magazine, &amp;c. all 
highly commendatory of the Work; which is, indeed,as Mr. Aikin justly describes it, a very
'amusing and interesting portion of Topographical History. The lively and cheerful manners
of the Author captivate the fancy, and we follow him through the progress of his journey 
with sympathy and curiosity.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Advertisement also contains a very interesting Letter from 
Miss Hutton, written some years ago to S. S. Pratt, esq. (who had requested her to furnish
him with some particulars of her Father's Journey,) which our Readers, we are confident, 
will peruse with pleasure:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Dear Sir, - Our summer's excursion in 1801 was ardently wished 
for by us both. My Father's object was, to see the Roman Wall; mine, the Lakes of 
Cumberland and Westmoreland. We talked it over, by our fire-side, every evening of the 
preceding winter. He always insisted upon setting out on foot, and performing as much of 
the journey as he should be able in the same manner. I made little objection to his plan: 
reserving myself for a grand attack at last. - When the time drew near, I represented to 
my Father that it as impossible he should walk the whole way; though I agreed with him 
that he could walk a considerable part: the only difference between us was, whether he 
should ride to prevent mischief, or after mischief was done. I besought him, with tears, 
to go as far as Liverpool in a carriage, and walk afterwards as he might find expedient; 
but he was inflexible. All I could obtain was, a promise that he would take care of 
himself. - I rode on a pillion behind a servant; and our mode of travelling was this. My 
Father informed himself at a night how he might get out of the house next morning, before 
the servants were stirring. He rose at four o'clock, walked to the end of the next stage, 
breakfasted, and waited for me. I set out at seven; and, when I arrived at the same inn, 
breakfasted also. When my Father had rested two hours, he set off again. When my horse had
fed properly, I followed; passed my Father on
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<Keyword>inns</Keyword> <Keyword>walking</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hest Bank, Lancashire</Keyword> <Keyword>inn, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>vandalism</Keyword> <Keyword>diet</Keyword> <Keyword>dog bite</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hutton, Catherine</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1813 part 2 p.574
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the road, arrived before him at the next inn, and bespoke dinner 
and beds. - My Father was so careful not to be put out of his regular pace, that he would 
not allow me to walk by his side, either on foot or on horseback; not even through a town.
The only time I ever did walk with him was through the street of Warrington; and then, of 
my own accord, I kept a little behind, that I might not influence his step. He chose that 
pace which was the least exertion to him. and never varied it. It looked like a saunter; 
but it was steady, and got over the ground at the rate of full two miles and a half in an 
hour. - When the horse on which I rode saw my Father before him, he neighed, though at the
distance of a quarter of a mile; and the servant had some trouble to hold him in. He once 
laid the reins upon his neck; and he trotted directly up to my Father, then stopped and 
laid his head upon his shoulder. - My Father delivered all his money to me before we left 
home, reserving only a few pieecs (sic) of loose coin, in case he should want on the road.
I paid all bills; and he had nothing to do but walk out of an inn, when he found himself 
sufficiently refreshed. My Father was such an enthusiast with regard to the Wall, that he 
turned neither to the right or the left, except to gratify me with a sight of Liverpool. 
Winander Mere he saw, and Ullswater he saw; because they lay under his feet; but nothing 
could detain him from his grand object. - When we had reached Penrith, we took a 
melancholy breakfast, and parted, with a tear half suppressed on my Father's side, and 
tears not to be suppressed on mine. He continued his way to Carlisle; I turned Westward 
for Keswick. After a few days' stay there, I went back to Hest Bank, a small sea-bathing 
place near Lancaster, where we had appointed to meet. - While I remaineded at Hest Bank, I
received two scraps of paper, torn from my Father's pocket-book; the first dated from 
Carlisle, July 20; in which he told me he was sound in body, shoe, and stockings, and had 
just risen from a lodging amongst fleas. The second from Newcastle. July 23, when he 
informed me 'he had been at the Wall's End; that the weather was so hot he was obliged to 
repose under hedges; and that the country was infested with thieves: but lest I should be 
under any apprehensions for his personal safety, he added, they were only such as 
demolished his idol, the Wall, by stealing the stones of which it was composed.' - On the 
fifth morning after my arrival at Hest Bank, before I was up, I heard my Father cry, 
<i>Hem!</i> on the stairs. I answered calling out <i>Father!</i> which directed him to my 
room; and a most joyful meeting ensued. He continued here four days, wondered at and 
respected by the company. We set out on our return home in the same manner as before, and 
reached it in safety. - During the whole journey I watched my Father with a jealous eye. 
The first symptom of fatigue I observed was at Budworth, in Cheshire; after he had lost 
his way, and been six hours upon his legs; first in deep sands, and then on pavement road.
At Liverpool his spirits were good; but thought his voice rather weaker. At Preston he 
first said he was tired, but, having walked eleven mile farther, to Garstang, he found 
himself recovered; and never after, to the best of my remembrance, uttered the least 
complaint. He usually came into an inn in high spirits, ate a hearty meal, grew sleepy 
after it, and in two hours was rested. His appetite never forsook him. He regarded strong 
liquors with abhorrence. Porter he drank, when he could get it; ale and spirits never. He 
mixed his wine with water; but considered water, alone, as the most refreshing beverage. -
On our return, walking through Ashton, a village in Lancashire, a dog flew at my Father, 
and bit his leg; making a wound about the size of a sixpence. I found him sitting in the 
inn at Newton, where he had appointed to breakfast, deploring the accident, and dreading 
its consequences. They were to be dreaded. The leg had yet a hundred miles to walk, in 
extremely hot weather. I comforted my Father. 'Now,' said I, 'you will reap the fruit of 
your temperance: you have put no strong liquors or high sauces into your leg; you eat but 
when you are hungry, and drink but when you are thristy; and this will enable your leg to 
carry you home.' The event shewed I was right. The wound was sore; and the leg, round it, 
was inflamed, as every leg under such circumstances must be; but it never was very 
troublesome, or ever indulged with a plaster. - From the time we parted at Penrith, till 
we reached home, the weather was extremely hot. My Father frequently walked with his 
waistcoat unbuttoned; but the perspiration was so excessive, that I have even felt his 
coat damp on the outside, from the moisture within; and his bulk visibly diminished every 
day. When we arrived at Wolseley Bridge, on our return, I was terribly alarmed at this, 
and thanked God he had but one day more to walk. - When we got within four days of the 
completion of our journey, I
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1813 part 2 p.575
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">could no longer restrain my Father. We made forced marches; and if
we had had a little further to go, the foot would fairly have knocked up the horse. The 
pace he went did not even fatigue his shoes. He walked the whole six hundred miles in one 
pair; and scarecly made a hole in his stockings. I am, dear Sir, Your very sincere friend 
and servant,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CATHERINE HUTTON.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For our opinion of the Work itself, it will be sufficient to refer
to the Review of it, by Mr. Gough, who was pre-eminently qualified to judge of its merits,
in our Vol.LXXIV. p.16.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This Edition has a good Index.
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Giddy, Davies</PersonName>
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<Keyword>Bowes, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Ryther, Augustine</Keyword> <Keyword>county 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1814 part 1 p.3
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Playing Card Maps</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Tredrea, Jan.</i> 14.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HAVING recently seen two Packs of Cards, which appear to me 
curious specimens of the Times of old, I am persuaded that a short description of each 
will not be unacceptable to your Readers; as the first exhibits a plan for uniting 
instruction with amusement, invented long before such contrivances are supposed to have 
been in use; and as the second discloses a singular method of exciting Party zeal, 
practised on a very extraordinary occasion. These cards have long been preserved in the 
respectable family of the late Mr. Hodson, a gentleman farmer of Sussex.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The first pack bears the date 1590. The cards are charged with 
Maps of the fifty-two Counties of England and Wales, arranged in four series of thirteen 
each, distinguished by North, South, East, and West. The Counties follow in each division,
according to their estimated magnitudes, No.1. being the least. Within a square occupying 
the middle of each Card, is delineated the County; the Number is placed in a corner, both 
above and below: in the other upper corner stands a Compass; and in the lower one a Scale 
of Miles. Over the square and below it are four lines descriptive of the County. For 
example:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Sussex the 10th of the South, hath miles</Line>
<Line>in Quantite sup'ficiall 900, in Circuite 172,</Line>
<Line>In Lengthe from Hamshire unto Kent 68,</Line>
<Line>In Bredth from Surrey to ye Brittaine Sea 25.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Sussex plesaunt pastures and dow'es full of Sheep,</Line>
<Line>Store of Wood, Rivers, and Vaynes of Yron,</Line>
<Line>Havinge the Narrow Sea East, Hantshire West,</Line>
<Line>Surrey and Kent North, and the Britt. Sea South.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As another instance:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Cornwall the 8th of the South hath Miles</Line>
<Line>In Quatite sup'ficiall 837, in Circuite 262,</Line>
<Line>In Lengthe from Denshire to the Brittaine Sea 66,</Line>
<Line>In Bredth from the Seaverne to the Sea 40.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Cornwall ye sea-coste full of tow'es well shipped,</Line>
<Line>Full of Mettal, especialli Tynne, which serveth all Europe;</Line>
<Line>Having Denshire East, the Maine Sea West,</Line>
<Line>The Irishe Sea North, and the Brittaine Sea South.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are with the Pack eight additional Cards; but these are 
stated, in a little accompanying book, to be intended for ornamenting two boxes that may 
be made to hold the Cards themsleves and also some counters, which, however, are not 
preserved. One has a general Map of England; another a Portrait of Queen Elizabeth; a 
third contains a Plan of London; a fourth, Arms, &amp;c; the two others are filled with 
short accounts of the History and Constitution of the Country.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Author, in his little book which is very imperfect, pays many 
compliments to the Inventor of Com-
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">mon
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">These are the playing card maps by William Bowes, probably engraved
by Augustine Ryther, issued 1590.
</Paragraph>
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<Classification>
  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>education</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>recreation</Keyword>  <Keyword>cards</Keyword>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1814 part 1 p.4</Title>
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<Content>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Giddy, Davies</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1814</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1814 part 1 p.4
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G814A004.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[com]mon Cards; declaring them to be excellent against melancholy 
cogitations, and for breeding contents in all necessities. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The second pack has historical themes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. DAVIES GIDDY.
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
<Classification>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1814 part 1 p.13</Title>
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<Content>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Owen, Hugh</PersonName>
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<Date>1814</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>religious houses</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mary and St Bega, St Bees</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Augustinian 
Order</Keyword> <Keyword>Benedictine Order</Keyword> <Keyword>List of Conventual 
Churches</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1814 part 1 p.13
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>monastic churches</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Monastic Churches</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G814A013.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>List of Conventual Churches still in Use.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... I am induced to offer you the subjoined List of Conventual 
Churches, which are still made use of, either wholly or in part, for divine service; 
hoping that it may afford some assistance to the Lover of Sacred Architecture in his 
researches amid the venerable remains of our Monastic structures, many of which, though 
highly deserving attention, have, as the writer of the article justly laments, long lain 
in obscurity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As I believe this is the only List that has been given of the 
Monastic Churches which have in some degree been preserved to us as useful religious 
structures, I am aware that it may be imperfect, and shall be much obliged to any of your 
Correspondents who will honour it by correction or addition.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HUGH OWEN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">NB: only entries for Cumbria - Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancashire
north of the sands - are transcribed:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Cathedral Priory Church of Augustine Canons.
<Line>Carlisle ... Greater part of Nave, Transept, and Towers, destroyed.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Benedictine Priory Churches, now Parochial.
<Line>St. Bee's, Cumberland ... Nearly perfect.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>religious houses</Keyword> <Keyword>Augustinian Order</Keyword> <Keyword>List 
of Conventual Churches</Keyword> <Keyword>Cartmel Priory, Cartmel</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Cartmel</Keyword> <Keyword>Cartmel</Keyword> <Keyword>Lanercost Priory, 
Lanercost</Keyword>  <Keyword>church, Lanercost</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1814 part 1 p.14
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Churches of the Regular Canons of St. Augustine, now Parochial.
<Line>Cartmel, Lancashire ... Perfect.</Line>
<Line>Lanercost, Cumberland ... Nave used , early lancet work.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G814A515.txt">

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<Title>Gents Mag 1814 part 1 p.515</Title>
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<Date>1814</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutchinson, William</Keyword> <Keyword>View of 
Northumberland, ...</Keyword> <Keyword>History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of 
Durham</Keyword> <Keyword>History of the County of Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton 
Family</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1814 part 1 p.515
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>oituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>William Hutchinson</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Obituary, William Hutchinson</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G814A515.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 7. At Barnard Castle, aged 82, W. Hutchinson, esq. 
F.A.S. whose death was preceded only two or three days by that of his wife, aged 78; they 
were both interred in the same grave. Mr. Hutchinson had distinguished himself by the 
publication of Three different County Histories: 1. 'A View of Northumberland, with an 
Excursion to the Abbey of Mailross in Scotland,' 2 vols. 4to. 1776, 1778. 2. 'The History 
and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham,' 1785, 1787, 1794, 3 vols. a Work now 
become scarce. - See his account of the family of Bishop Chandler, and of the causes which
retarded the publication of his third volume in our Vol. LXIII. p.974. - 3. 'The History 
of the County of Cumberland, and some Places adjacent, from the earliest Accounts to the 
present Time; comprehending the Local History of the County, its Antiquities, the Origin, 
Genealogy, and present State, of the principal Families, with Biographical Notes; its 
Mines, Minerals, and Plants, with other Curiosities either of Nature or of Art; particular
Attention is paid to, and a just Account given of, every Improvement in Agriculture, 
Manufactures, &amp;c.' 2 vols. 4to. 1794. - In our Vol. LV. are several Letters and 
Autographs of eminent Persons, communicated by Mr. Hutchinson with the following 
authentification:- 'Some few years ago, by accident, there fell into my hands a confused 
heap of papers which belonged to the Wharton family. Such as were worthy atention I 
transcribed, as many of the hands'-writing were diffilcult to be read, for the easier 
communication to my friends. I selected the Poems into one book, and the Letters into 
another; and in this state both the originals and a copy have remained with me 
unpublished. It has occurred to me, that some parts of this collection may be esteemed 
curious enough to merit a place in your Magazine. I would not put my own estimate upon 
them; but, if you think the books worthy the carriage, so that you may lay them before 
some of your judicious compilers, I will send them up, on condition that you will please 
to return my MSS. If they are thought worth at-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">tention,
</Paragraph>
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</Period>
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</ObjectName>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutchinson, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton 
Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Burnet, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, Marchioness of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wharton, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Marchmont, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, 
W</Keyword> <Keyword>Sunderland, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Palmes, General</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rosse, Lieut Gen</Keyword> <Keyword>Gledhill, Lieut Col</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Galway, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Shrewsbury, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Richmond, 
Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Young</Keyword> <Keyword>Addison</Keyword> <Keyword>De Foe, 
Daniel</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1814 part 1 p.516
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G814A516.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[at]tention, you are welcome to publish any of them. - The first 
book consists of Letters, and Poems introduced therein, from Dr. Burnet to the Marchioness
of Wharton, which give light on those characters not publicly known. The rest of the 
collection in this book are chiefly political; wrote to Lord Wharton in the year 1706, and
so to 1711, from the Earl of Marchmont, W. Fleming, Lord Sunderland, General Palmes, 
Lieut.-gen. Rosse, with an account of the Campaign in 1708, and the returns of prisoners, 
&amp;c. Lieut.colonel Gledhill, Lord Galway, Duke of Shrewsbury, Duke of Richmond, Young, 
Addison, De Foe, and several others. If you think it would be worth the trouble, I will 
take the signatures from off the original Letters, for you to cut into wood, to 
authenticate the publication. The volume of Poems consists of many Dr. Burnet's to the 
Marchioness of Wharton; and some that have been published, but here much corrected.' These
curious papers, with the greater part of Mr. Hutchinson's correspondence during a long and
active life, remain in the hands of his son; and part of them may probably be given to the
publick. - A very fine Portrait of Mr. Hutchinson, on the same Plate with that of his 
benevolent friend the late George Allan, esq. of the Grange, F.S.A. forms the frontispiece
to the Eighth Volume of 'Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century.'
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1814 part 2 p.626</Title>
</Identification>


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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Observer, An</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1814</Date>
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</Period>
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</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>sundial<Note>Countess Pillar</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Pembroke, Anne, 
Lady</Keyword> <Keyword>Countess Pillar, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cumberland, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Veteripont
Family</Keyword>  <Keyword>Clifford Family</Keyword>  <Keyword>Russell Family</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1814 part 2 p.626
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Brougham</Keyword>  <Keyword>Brough</Keyword>  <Keyword>Appleby</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Brougham, Brough, Appleby</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G814B626.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 31.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">RETURNING to London by Penrith and Brougham last Summer, my 
attention was attracted by a Pillar, standing on a gently-rising ground on the South side 
of the road, about a mile this side of the latter place. On examination, I found it to 
have been erected in the year 1656, by the Countess Dowager of Pembroke; a woman so justly
celebrated for her many excellent qualities, that a little description of this memorial, 
with four of the numerous castles belonging to her, and which, under her munificence, were
repaied and preserved from demolition, may, I presume, not be unacceptable. This Pillar is
between seven and eight feet high, and about three in diameter, of an octagonal form, with
capital and base: it supports a square block of stone, on two sides of which are 
sun-dials, on a third the arms of Veteriponts and Clifford, impaling Russell, surmounted 
by an earl's coronet; and on the fourth. the following inscription, on a brass plate:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'This pillar was erected, anno 1656, by the Right Honourable
Ann Countess Dowager of Pembroke, &amp;c. and sole heire of the Right Honourable George 
Earl of Cumberland, &amp;c. for a memorial
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>charity, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Clifford, George</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cumberland, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Russell, Margaret</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Skipton Castle, North Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Skipton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sackville, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Dorset, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Hubert, 
Philip</Keyword> <Keyword>Pembroke, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Clifford Family</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>chapel, Brougham Castle</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>St Wilfrid, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Brough under 
Stainmore<Note>Brough</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>Brough Castle, 
Brough</Keyword>  <Keyword>castle, Brough</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1814 part 2 p.627
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of her last parting in this place with her good and pious mother, 
the Right Honourable Margaret Countess Dowager of Cumberland, the 2nd of April, 1616. In 
memory whereof she also left an annuity of four pounds to be distributed to the poor 
within this parish of Brougham every 2nd day of April for ever, upon the stone table here 
hard by. <i>Laus Deo.</i>'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A few paces towards the South is the base of a small stone table, 
the upper part of which has been thrown down, and lies near the spot: how long it has been
in this state, I know not; but with very little trouble it might be replaced, and both 
preserved from destruction. Gratitude to the benevolent distributor of so many charities 
would, I think, be alone sufficient to preserve this and all other of her works from 
wanton demolition; and when we reflect on the doubly pious intention of this little 
monumental tribute, as expressed in the inscription, it is a duty absolute and 
indispensable. This exalted female character (the daughter of George Clifford, third Earl 
of Cumberland, by Margaret Russell his wife,) was born at Skipton Castle on the 30th of 
January, 1590. She first married William Sackville, Earl of Dorset, and afterwards Philip 
Hubert, Earl of Pembroke, who died in the year 1649. After his death the Countess devoted 
her attention to many pious works, and the restoration of six of her noble castles, which 
had suffered delapidations during the civil wars. Of these, SKIPTON, in Yorkshire first 
claimed her notice, it being the place of her birth, and which was afterwards her chief 
residence. The situation of this building, although not very commanding, is nevertheless 
beautiful, and much admired for the finely-diversified scenery which surrounds it. The 
chief entrance is through a gate protected by four round towers, a short distance 
North-east of the church, near the market-place. It has been much altered from its 
original state, and now forms a convenient lodge. On entering the court-yard, a large and 
ponderous square building presents itself, with a venerable circular tower at each angle: 
within this is a small ancient quadrangle, picturesque from its variety of windows, 
buttresses, &amp;c. and a fine old yew tree standing in the centre. The parts of the 
castle now inhabited are attached to the North and East of these more antient apartments, 
the whole forming a picturesque group.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Skipton Church is a spacious handsome structure, consisting of 
body and chancel, with a well-proportioned tower at the West end, and is entered by a 
porch on the South side. Some portions of it are antient, but the prevailing style is that
of Henry VII. The interior contains nothing remarkable but several monuments of the 
Clifford family.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BROUGHAM CASTLE, near Penrith in Westmorland, was repaired by the 
Countess Dowager of Pembroke in the year 1651, having been in a dilapidated state nearly 
five and thirty years. After her death it was entirely neglected, and all the materials 
sold for &#x00A3;.100 to two attorneys in Penrith. It is now a mouldering venerable ruin 
on the banks of the river Eden. The keep and chapel are the most prominent features, the 
former of which is very ancient, of massy construction, having several circular arches in 
front, and has probably been considerably higher. To the North-east angle is attached a 
gateway of less antient erection. The chapel was very small; part of the East window, 
stalls, and holy-water recess, with large corbels of the roof, remain. The old church at 
Brougham, being considered in a dangerous state, was taken down, and rebuilt by the 
Countess of Pembroke, in the year 1659.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BROUGH, (or Brough under Stanimore (sic), to distinguish it from 
other places of a similar name,) one stage on the London side of Appleby, is a town of no 
great importance, except that its Castle was one of the number belonging to the great 
Duchess of Pembroke; it is a fine remain, on a grand and commanding situation, towards the
North of the town. A great fire happened here before the year 1521, which destroyed nearly
all the internal timber work, with the lead roofs, &amp;c. But the Duchess began to repair
these extensive damages in 1660, and over the gate placed an inscription to that effect, 
which has long since been beaten down and destroyed. The strength of this Castle was very 
great. In addition to its defence by Nature, it had several deep fosses with high banks 
and ramparts between, the whole rising with very steep ascent.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">With APPLEBY I shall conclude, being the last of the four castles 
I visited
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">belonging
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<Keyword>Appleby Castle, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>St Lawrence, 
Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>chapel, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1814 part 2 p.628
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<Paragraph rend="quote">belonging to the Countess of Pembroke. This is the county town, an
extensive place, of very high antiquity, though some doubts exist about its ever having 
been a Roman town, which many assert; but no fragments of this kind ever having been found
it rests upon mere conjecture. The Countess herself believed the keep of the Castle to be 
of Roman construction; but there is no appearance of any such character. It may probably 
claim a date as early as the Conquest, which the general form and circular arches induce 
us to believe is near the time of its erection. It has received the appelation of Caesar's
Tower, but from what circumstance is not exactly known. It has a square turret at each 
angle, rising above the battlements, terminated by a leaden cupola and vane, is surrounded
by a high rampart wall, extending Eastward a considerable length, with two bastions; the 
North has one bastion and the entrance gateway. In the East and part of the North side are
the dwelling buildings, which have been much altered from their original state. The whole 
of this is encompassed and farther protected by a deep foss, which in addition to its 
lofty situation must have rendered it a very formidable place of defence. The quantity of 
ground in the Castle Park, including the Castle, &amp;c. is twenty-two acres and eight 
perches. The whole is now finely wooded; and the beautiful river Eden, flowing under the 
steep declivity towards the East, renders the scene particularly grand. Towards the North 
end of the town stands the Church, dedicated to St. Laurence, near an old bridge of two 
arches, at the West end of which was formerly a small Chapel, likewise dedicated to that 
Saint. The Church is large, having a long body of three aisles, a small chancel, a low 
tower embattled at the West end, and a porch on the South side. Great part of the Church 
was rebuilt by the Countess in the year 1659, and a vault made during her lifetime near 
the North-east angle of the chancel. On the North wall is her monument of black marble, on
which are distributed twenty-four shields bearing arms, the pedigree of her illustrious 
family. In the base is this inscription:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'Here lyes expecting yr second comeinge of our Lord and 
Savious Jesus Christ, ye dead body of ye Lady Anne Clifford, daughter and sole-heire to 
George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland, by his blessed wife Margaret Russell, Countess 
of Cumberland, which Lady Anne was born in Skipton Castle in Craven ye 30th of January 
(being a Friday) in the year 1590, as ye year begins on New-year's-day. By a 
long-continued descent from her father and his noble ancestors, she was Barroness 
Clifford, Westmorland, and Vesey, High Sherifesse of the county of Westmorland, and Lady 
of ye Honor of Skipton in Craven aforesaid. She married for her first husband Richard 
Sackville, Earl of Dorset; and for her second husband, Philip Herberte, Earl of Pembroke 
and Montgomery, leaving behind her only two daughters that lived, which she had by her 
first husband; the eldest, Margaret Countess of Thanet, and the younger Isabella Countess 
of Northampton. Which Lady Anne Clifford Countess Dowager of Pembroke, Dorset, and 
Montgomery, deceased at her Castle of Brougham. ye 22nd day of March, in ye year of our 
Lord 1675, Christianly, willingly, and quietly, having before her death seen a plentiful 
issue by her two daughters of thirteen grandchildren; and her body lies buried in this 
vaulte.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. AN OBSERVER.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1815 part 2 p.189
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>Mrs John Wordsworth</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Obituary, Mrs John Wordsworth</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Aug</i>. 5: At Penrith, in her 57th year, after a lingering 
illness, which she bore with exemplary resignation, Mrs. Wordsworth, wife of John 
Wordsworth, esq. Virtue and piety were in her united with strong sense, warm feeling, and 
all the social affections, and the most engaging manners, in a degree rarely to be met 
with. To her most affectionate husband she will be an irreparable loss, and be tenderly 
and lastingly regretted by her relatives and friends, and by all who knew her, in 
proportion as they had an opportunity of being acquainted with her virtues.
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</Marginal>
Storms in the North</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">COUNTRY NOTES
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dumfries, Sept.</i> 28. During Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday 
last, there was an uncommon fall of rain, accompanied with very high wind, in the 
neighbourhood. The devastation, in consequence of the swelling of the different rivers and
rivulets, is incalculable: great quantities of grain have been carried away, embankments 
destroyed, &amp;c. ... ... The great flood on the 15th and 16th of November, 1807, was 
truly awful, both in the neighbourhood of Carlisle, and in this district; but we have had 
nothing of this sort to be compared with the present, since Feb. 1780.
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  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>Norfolk, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard, 
Charles</Keyword> <Keyword>Earl Marshal of England</Keyword> <Keyword>Society for the 
Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke Castle, 
Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>funeral 
procession</Keyword>
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Obituary, Duke of Norfolk</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE LATE DUKE OF NORFOLK.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The late most noble Charles Howard, Duke of Norfolk, was Earl 
Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England, Earl of Arundel and Surrey, Baron Fitz-Allan, 
Maltravers, Clun, and Oswaldestre; Premier Peer and Chief of the Noble Family of Howard; 
Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rorulorum of the County of Sussex, and Colonel of its Militia; 
High Steward of the cities of Gloucester and Hereford, and President of the Society for 
the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures, F.R.S. and F.A.S. &amp;c. &amp;c. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Duke of Norfolk possessed a plurality of some of the finest 
country-seats in the kingdom ... Besides these, his Grace was proprietor of the beautiful 
Gothic villa, Graystoke Castle, in the centre of the romantic lake scenery in Cumberland; 
...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The funeral procession left Norfolk House, St. James's-square, 
about nine o'clock on Saturday, Dec. 23, composed of the coach and six horses of his Royal
Highness the Duke of Sussex, and nearly twenty other Noblemen's and Gentlemen's carriages;
and arrived at Burford Bridge at four, from which place, a mile and a half from Dorking, 
the body was conveyed in state to the town. The cavalcade consisted of the Duke's 
Gentleman on horseback, fully caparisoned, bearing the ducal coronet and golden batons of 
office upon a cushion of crimson velvet, before the hearse. The chief mourners were, the 
Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Surrey, Lord Viscount Andover, Henry Howard, jun.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">esq.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Great Corby, Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>heraldry</Keyword> <Keyword>Earl Marshal
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1815 part 2 p.632
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<Paragraph rend="quote">esq. and Henry Howard, of Corby Castle in Cumberland. The 
Gentlemen of the Duke's household, with his servants, followed in six mourning coaches; 
and the Deputy Garter king of arms, Norroy king of arms, 3 heralds, and 3 persuivants, 
attended in the tabards of state, to perform the ceremonies usual at the funeral of the 
Earl Marshal of England.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Buried at the church in Dorking
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The ceremony was witnessed by a crowd of the Duke's tenantry, and 
the inhabitants of the town and neighbouring villages, who preserved the strictest order 
and decorous silence.
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>clouds</Keyword> <Keyword>terminology</Keyword> <Keyword>Latin</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Greek</Keyword> <Keyword>Nomenclature for Meteorological Science</Keyword> 
<Keyword>natural history</Keyword>  <Keyword>artist</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 1 p.131
</Paragraph>
<Heading>Other Names for Clouds</Heading>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Specimen of a new Nomenclature for Meteorological Science; 
by</i> THOS. FORSTER, <i>F.L.S. Hill. Soc. Nat. Sci. Phil. &amp;c.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE habit of the English writers of borrowing from other tongues 
the greatest part of their technical words, especially those which are used for the 
Sciences, is one of the causes why Natural History is not so much known to the generality 
of the people here, as it seems to be in many of the Northern Countries. This fact was 
brought into view to me, when I asked several Artists, who were about to travel over Wales
and other mountainous lands, to watch for and to sketch the changes of the different forms
of the clouds which took place in such places, in order to compare them with those which 
are common in flat countries. They told me that they could never remember the technical 
terms, which were made up of Latin or Greek words, which they did not understand; and 
wished that names could be given to Meteorological Phaenomena, which are formed out of our
own tongue. Struck by this remark, I made the following Name-list, which I shall go on 
with hereafter for other appearances. Meanwhile, those who will do me
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Meteorological Science</Keyword> <Keyword>Researches about Atmospheric 
Phaenomena</Keyword>  <Keyword>Howard, Luke</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 1 p.132
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the favour to make remarks, or to take sketches of the clouds, 
&amp;c. can make use of the following terms:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">CURL-CLOUD. The old name in Latin by Mr. Howard, is Cirrus, 
a curl; Cirrulus and curl beling the diminutive.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">STACKEN-CLOUD, or Cumulus, from the verb to stack, to heap 
up.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">FALL-CLOUD, or Stratus; being the falling, or subsidence of 
watery particles in the evening.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">SONDER-CLOUD, or Cirrocumulus, is a sundered cloud, made up 
of separated orbs. The characteristick of this cloud being the gathering together into a 
bed, of little clouds, yet so far assunder as not to touch.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">WANE-CLOUD, or Cirrostratus; from the waning or subsiding 
state of this cloud in all its forms.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">TWAIN-CLOUD, or Cumulostratus; made often by the twinning or
uniting of two clouds together.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">RAIN-CLOUD, or Nimbus, speaks for itself. So we can have 
<i>Storm-cloud, Thunder-cloud</i>, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">MOON-RING, or Halo; a ring including an area around the 
Moon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">SUN-RING, the same about the Sun, Solar Halo.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">MOON-BURR, a fleecy or confused burr about the Moon. The old
name is Corona. So we have <i>Sunburr, Double Moon-ring, Threefold Moon-ring, coloured 
Sun-ring</i>, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">MOCK-SUN, or <i>Parahelion</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">MOCK-MOON, or <i>Paraselene</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">MOON-CROWN: this may answer to the Halo Discoides of my 
Nomenclature.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">RAINBOW, retains its old name instead of Iris.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">RAIN-RAY, the Rabdi divergenses of my Name-list.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">CONE-RAY, the Rabdus pyramidalis of the same.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">SHOOT-FLAME, or shooting, or falling star, instead of 
meteor. Thus we can have White-tailed, Shoot-flame, &amp;c. instead of Caudate Meteor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">WISP-FLAME, or Ignis fatuus.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">POLE-STREAMER, or Northern-light. The Aurora being Australis
as well as Borealis.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">BLOOMEN-FLAME, the electric flame seen about flowers, 
particularly the evening primrose, described in my Ros. Atm. Phaen. &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As I intend to publish a more complete Nomenclature for 
Meteorological Science in the course of a short time, I have merely made this specimen, 
intended to be inserted in some of the Periodical Journals.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For explanation of the Phaenomena for those who are unacquainted 
with them, I refer to my "Researches about Atmospheric Phaenomena;" in which I have given 
Plates explanatory of the clouds, in many of their various forms. Any information on 
meteorologica subjects with which my friends will honour men will be thankfully received, 
as I am collecting materials for future publication.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">T. FORSTER.
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Mrs</Keyword> <Keyword>Sandes Hospital, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Kendal</Keyword>  <Keyword>Natland</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 1 p.379
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>Mrs Jane Emmerson</Keyword> <Keyword>Thomas 
Briggs</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Obituaries, Jane Emmerson and Thomas Briggs</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituaries
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Westmoreland</i> - At Kendal, aged 76, Mrs. Jane Emmerson, who 
has left the bulk of her real and personal estate to charitable institutions in that town;
one-third to the widows of Sands' Hospital; one-third to the Sunday-schools; and one-third
to the Schools of Industry.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At Natland, aged 53, Rev. Thomas Briggs.
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Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>greenhouse, Netherby</Keyword> <Keyword>Netherby, 
Arthuret</Keyword> <Keyword>Longtown</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkandrews upon 
Esk<Note>Kirkandrews</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkandrews</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scaleby</Keyword>  <Keyword>Kirklinton, Kirklinton Middle</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 2 p.173
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</Marginal>
Hail, Cumberland etc</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">COUNTRY NEWS
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>July</i> 21. A tremendous storm of thunder and lightning, with 
heavy rain, was experienced in <i>Lancashire</i>, and the adjoining counties. The electric
fluid struck a public-house near <i>Tockholes</i>, which it greatly damaged, and killed 
the landlord. - About three o'clock in the afternoon, at <i>Longpark</i>, after a 
considerable deal of thunder and lightning, a dense whitish cloud cloud was observable, 
apparently about Barrock, which advanced with great rapidity, and, on its nearer approach,
presented the appearance of the waves of the sea tumultuously rolling over each other. 
This phaenomenon was doubtlessly occasioned by the hail composing the body of the cloud, 
and whirled along by the hurricane which enveloped it. ... ... The same afternoon the 
hurricane visited <i>Longtown</i> and the neighbourhood. At <i>Netherby</i> upwards of 700
panes of glass were broken in the hot-houses of Sir James Graham, bart.; and 60 squares in
the house were driven in with great violence by the hail-stones. A particularly large tree
at <i>Kirkandrews upon Esk</i>, and more in the neighbourhood, were completely torn up by 
the roots. The country about <i>Scaleby</i> and <i>Kirklinton</i> also experienced the 
severity of the storm to a violent degree. ...
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Sciences</Keyword> <Keyword>Massachussetts Historical Society</Keyword> <Keyword>Hunterian
Museum</Keyword> <Keyword>Society for the Suppression of Vice</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Trinity College, Cambridge</Keyword> 
<Keyword>chemistry</Keyword> <Keyword>Experiments and Observations on various Phaenomena 
attending the Solution of Salts</Keyword> <Keyword>Remarks on the Effects of Cold in 
February 1771</Keyword> <Keyword>Account of an Experiment made with a Thermometer 
...</Keyword> <Keyword>Chemical Experiments and Observations on Lead Ore</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Chemical Essays</Keyword> <Keyword>Institutiones Metallurgicae</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 2 p.274
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</Marginal>
Obituary, Dr Richard Watson</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MEMOIR OF THE RIGHT REVEREND RICHARD WATSON, D.D. F.R.S LORD 
BISHOP OF LANDAFF,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fellow of the American Society of Arts and Sciences; Member of the
Massachussetts Historical Society; a Trustee of the Hunterian Museum; and Vice-President 
of the Society for the Suppression of Vice.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This eminent Prelate, equally distinguished as a Divine, a Natural
Philospher, a Polite Scholar, and a Politician, was born in August 1737, at Heversham in 
Westmorland, five miles from Kendal, in which town his father, a Clergyman, was master of 
the Free Grammar School, and took upon himself the whole care of his son's early 
education. From this seminary he was sent, in November 1754, with a considerable stock of 
classical learning, a spirit of persevering industry, and an obstinate provincial accent, 
to Trinity College, Cambridge, where, from the time of his admission, he distinguished 
himself by close application to study, residing constantly, until made a Scholar in May 
1757. He became engaged with private pupils in November following, and took the degree of 
B.A. (with superior credit, being second Wranger,) in January 1759. He was elected Fellow 
of Trinity College in Oct. 1760; was appointed Assistant Tutor to Mr. Backhouse in 
November that year; took the degree of M.A. in 1762, and was made Moderator, for the first
time, in October following. He was unanimously elected Professor of Chemistry in Nov. 
1764; became one of the Head Tutors of Trinity College in 1767; appointed Regius Professor
of Divinity (on the death of the learned Dr. Rutherforth) in Oct. 1771, with the Rectory 
of Somersham in Huntingdonshire annexed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">During a residence of more than 30 years, he remained the pride of
his University; at one time, by the ingenuity of his Chemical researches; at another, by 
his demeanour in the Divinity chair. He wrote, during his residence there, the following 
papers in Philosophical Transactions (having beene elected a Fellow of the Royal Society 
in 1769):
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Experiments and Observations on various Phaenomenoa attending the Solution of 
Salts,' Phil. Trans. LX. 325;</Line>
<Line>'Remarks on the Effects of Cold in February 1771,' LXI. 213;</Line>
<Line>'Account of an Experiment made with a Thermometer, whose Bulb was painted black, and
exposed to the rays of the Sun,' LXIII. 40.;</Line>
<Line>'Chemical Experiments and Observations on Lead Ore,' LXVIII. 863;</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">all which were reprinted in the fifth volume of the 'Chemical 
Essays.' In 1763 he published 'Institutiones Metallurgicae,' 8vo, intended as a text-book 
for that part of his Chemical Lectures which explained the properties of metallic 
substances; and in 1771, 'An Essay on the Subject of Chemistry and their general 
divisions,' 8vo.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">He also published various sermons from time to time; became a 
Prebend at Ely, 1774; made Archdeacon of the Diocese of Ely, 1780; was rector of 
Northwold, Norfolk from 1780.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 2 p.275
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">He published an 'Apology for Christianity ...' in response to 
Edward Gibbon's 'History of the Rise and Declension of the Roman Empire', leading to 
correspondence between the two men.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1781, he published a volume of Chemical Essays, addressed to 
his pupil the Duke of Rutland, which was received with such deserved approbation, as to 
induce the Author to give to the world, at different times, four additional volumes of 
equal merit with the first. It has been stated, that when Bp. Watson obtained the 
Professoship of Chemistry, without much previous knowledge of that science, he deemed it 
his duty to acquire it; and accordingly studied it with so much industry, as materially to
injure his health: with what success, his publications on that branch of Philosphy 
demonstrate. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">He planned, but failed, to abandon chemistry when elected Professor
of Divinity, 1771; later in his career he burned all his chemical notebooks to put an end 
to his attachment to it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Having been tutor to the late Duke of Rutland, when his Grace 
resided at Cambridge, Dr. Watson was presented by him to the valuable rectory of Knaptoft,
Leicestershire, in 1782; and in the same year, through the recommendation of his noble 
Patron, was advanced and consecrated to the Bishoprick of Landaff. In consequence of the 
smallness of the revenues of the former, Dr. Watson was allowed to hold with it the 
archdeaconry of Ely, his rectory in Leicestershire, the Divinity Professorship, and 
rectory of Somersham. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">His political opinions prevented his further advancement.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Bishop Watson continued to publish sermons, letters, etc. some 
concerning the organisation of the Church, revision of the Liturgy, but also encouragement
of the Royal Humane Society and like bodies.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1795, his Lordship's powers in theological controversy were 
called forth on a most important occasion, though by a very inferior antagonist to Gibbon.
Thomas Paine, after having enlightened the world in regard to Politicks, proceeded, in his
'Age of Reason,' to dispel the clouds in which, he
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 2 p.277
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<Paragraph rend="quote">impiously conceived, Christianity had for so many ages enveloped 
the world. The arguments of this man were abundantly superficial; but his book was likely 
to produce greater effect than the writings of the most learned Infidels. the connexion of
his political with his religious opinions tended still farther to increase the danger; for
Atheism and Jacobinism at that time went hand in hand. It was on this occasion that the 
Bishop of Landaff stood forward in defence of Christianity, by publishing his most 
seasonable, strong, judicious, and beautiful 'Apology for the Bible, in a Series of 
Letters addressed to Thomas Paine,' 12mo. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Sermons and letters continued through his life; against slavery, 
defending revelaed religion, various religious, political, and agricultural subjects.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... It is asserted that during the last years of his life his 
Lordship employed his leisure upon a History of his own times, after the manner of Bp. 
Bur-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">net's
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 2 p.278
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[Bur]net's celebrated work; that he completed it about six months 
ago, and left directions for its publication after his decease. Such a performance from so
eminent a character will, of course, be expected with no ordinary anxiety by the political
as well as the literary world. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... In his private deportment, though somewhat reserved, he was 
remarkable for the simplicity of his manners, and the equality of his temper; enjoying all
the emoluments of his stations, and the fame arising from his writings, in rural 
retirement at Calgarth Park, Westmorland, a beautiful sequestered situation on the 
celebrated Lakes, a retreat which he had not only adorned and improved, but in some 
measure created, and where his Lordship passed much of his time in the indulgence of those
deep studies to which his whole life was addicted. His Plantations here were very 
extensive, and in 1789 gained him a premium from the Society for the Encouragement of 
Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. ...
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<Heading rend="red">Obituary, Joseph Huddart</Heading>
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And an obituary
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<Paragraph rend="quote">JOSEPH HUDDART, ESQ. F.R.S. (see p.190)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This venerable gentleman, whose distinguished services as a 
Geographer, and unwearied attention to the different departments of science which he 
embraced, fully entitled him to the gratitude of his Country, was born at Allenby, a 
village in Cumberland, 11th Jan. 17401, O.S at which place his father followed the 
profession of a shoemaker. He was an only child; and, at a proper age, was placed under 
the tuition of the Rev. Mr. Wilson, then clergyman of the parish of Allenby, who was an 
excellent classical scholar, but did not possess any knowledge of mathematicks, to which 
study the mind of his pupil seemed most to bend. His father intended him for the Church; 
but a strong prediliction for a sea-life, 'a life of danger and of honour,' caused a 
rooted aversion to theological pursuits; and he, shortly after leaving school, had his 
wishes gratified by the following circumstance: About the year 1756-7, great shoals of 
herrings came into the Firth of Forth; and Allenby being a fishing-town, the elder Mr. 
Huddart, in conjunction with some respectable neighbours, built conveniences for the 
purpose of curing them. Young Huddart, of course, was employed in the fishery in small 
vessels, thereby laying the foundation, by practical knowledge, of the conspicuous talents
which a few years soon developed. His father dying in 1762, he became concerned in the 
profits of the fishery, when he took the command of a small brig employed in carrying 
cargoes of their commodity to different ports, principally to Ireland, for the West-India 
markets. His time not being fully taken up with these trips, his active mind would not 
permit him to be idle; and, having a strong mechanical turn, he devoted his leisure 
opportunities to the study of ship-building and astronomy: in the latter pursuit, he 
derived great advantage from the assistance of the son of the Rev. Mr. Wilson, who had 
attended the University of Glasgow, and was a very ingenious young man. Mr. Huddart, 
however, was not long destined to remain employed in the mere conveyance of fish; for, in 
1763-4, the shoals wholly left the Firth, and fell into Chester. Similar conveniences, by 
the same company, were erected at Park-gate; but the quantity fell so far short of his 
expectations, that he took the command of a brig belonging to a relation, intending, as 
soon as a vessel which then occupied the slips was completed, immediately to build one 
himself. It may appear surprising, that, with no farther instruction than his own genius 
elicited, this task he accomplished in the course of the year 1768, and moulded every 
timber about her with his own hands. In this vessel he continued till 1773; and his 
navigation having been principally confined to St. George's Channel, every leisure moment 
was devoted to the survey of different ports and roadsteds; and having claimed the 
attention of nautical men, by the accuracy of the delineation of some few charts, which 
were published, he was strongly solicited by Sir Richard Hotham to enter into the India 
Company's service. He accordingly, in the season 1773-4, proceeded to India as
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<Paragraph rend="quote">fourth
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>St George's Channel</Keyword> <Keyword>chart, Sumatra</Keyword> 
<Keyword>chart, St George's Channel</Keyword> <Keyword>Hotham, Richard, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Royal Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Royal Admiral</Keyword> <Keyword>chart, Bombay 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 2 p.279
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<Paragraph rend="quote">fourth mate of the York; in which voyage he made several useful 
surveys on the West Coast of Sumatra. He returned to England in October 1775; and, not 
fully determined to continue the service, he resumed the command of his own vessel, in 
which he was accustomed to make an annual voyage to America; and the remainder of the year
was employed in the coal-trade. Being in London about this time, Mr. Sayer, the 
chart-seller, understanding that he had made surveys of the Sumatra Coast while in the 
York, wished to give them publicity; and, in consequence of there being no accurate chart 
of St. George's Channel, requested he would complete the survey of the same; which he 
accomplished, after indefatigable labour, in the course of the year 1777; and its accuracy
has been acknowledged by the most distinguished naval characters.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">- In the following year, he was very earnestly requested by his 
former patron, Sir Richard Hotham, again to proceed to Inidia, in a vessel built on the 
bottom of the Royal Captain, wrecked off Pelowar in Dec. 1773. He sailed from the Downs 
April 27th, 1778, in the Royal Admiral, as chief mate; but the captain dying at 
Portsmouth, he was appointed to the command, and made four voyages in her in a period of 
ten years; during which time, he was but twenty months in England. His time not 
particularly devoted to the duties of the ship while in India, was employed in the usual 
manner; and he completed a survey of the whole peninsula from Bombay to Coringo. His 
astronomical knowledge, from the eclipse of Jupiter's satellites, enabled him to ascertain
the longitude of Bombay with more accuracy than any former Geographer.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">- He quitted the India Company's service in 1788, and made surveys
of the Western Islands of Scotland; and was appointed in 1790, by the Trinity House, in a 
survey of Hasbro' Gatt, for the purpose of placing the lights through that intricate 
navigation
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">- in the year 1791, he was appointed an Elder Brother of that 
corporation, and also F.R.S.: and few have had higher pretensions to those honourable 
distinctions; for to him (as may be collected from the preceding account) the science of 
Navigation owes many valuable discoveries and improvements, the result of much personal 
fatigue and expensive experiment: the world in general is likewise much indebted to him 
for many of the best Maps and Charts extant; and his knowledge of Mathematicks and 
Astronomy ranked him in the class, if not upon a level, with the first professors of those
sciences. Of his skill in Mechanism he has left a monument in the machinery for the 
manufacture of cordage, unrivaled in this or any other Country (if we except the 
steam-engine, the work of his friend and contemporary Mr. Watt of Birmingham). His 
improvement originated as follows: In his first voyage to India, the York, in strong gales
of wind on the coast of Sumatra, having parted her cables, and lost all her anchors but 
one, it forcibly struck his mind that some improvement might be made in the manufacture of
cordage, to prevent a repetition of such accidents; and, after experiencing great trouble,
he invented a mode for the equal distribution of the strains upon the yarns; he took out a
patent for the same, and erected machinery at Maryport, where his endeavours were crowned 
with complete success in the attainment of his object. The patent, however, lay dormant 
for some time, the rope-makers being averse to depart from their old manufacture; but, on 
being joined by some respectable friends concerned in shipping, the superiority of Capt. 
Huddart's patent being fully proved by repeated trials, he commenced once more rope maker 
(though with great aversion to entering into business). Capt. Huddart retired to 
Highbury-terrace, in plentiful, if not oppulent circumstances, honourably acquired, secure
in the esteem of those friends who were dear to him, and the high respect of all who had 
the pleasure of his acquaintance; and closed a life of unwearied utility, after a 
lingering illness of many months, in Christian faith and home, in the 75th year of his 
age. On the 27th of August, his mortal remains were deposited in a vault under St. 
Margaret's Church in the Strand.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">- In his figure Capt. Huddart was tall and erect, his features 
were regular, and his countenance strogly indicative of those powers of mind for patient 
investigation and rational conclusion which he so eminently possessed, blended with an 
expression of placid benevolence equally characteristic of that amiable simplicity which 
so strongly endeared him to those who were capable of appreciating his more scientific 
qualifications.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">- Capt. Huddart married in 1752, and had five sons, one of whom 
only survives, now residing in Highbury-place; he was formerly a merchant of Leghorn, and 
some time Pro-Consul there. William died in the command of the York, at Macao; and Johnson
in Italy, whitherhe went for the recovery of his health; the other two died in their 
infancy.
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<PersonName>Byro</PersonName>
<PersonName>Roby, Mr</PersonName>
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  <Keyword>Compendium of County History</Keyword> <Keyword>baptisms</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Census 1811</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 2 p.313
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>county history</Keyword>
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Compendium of County History</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 1, 1816.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IF you deem the following Compendium of the County-History of 
Bedford and Berks worthy of insertion in your very respectable Magazine, I intend sending 
a similar Epitome of two English Counties every Month, until the whole is completed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>Baptisms, Marriages,</i> and <i>Burials</i>, are those 
registerd in the year 1810.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>Population</i> is according to the Census of 1811.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>Biography</i> is confined exclusively to <i>Natives</i>, 
with the place and year of their <i>birth</i>, unless otherwise mentioned.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">BYRO.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">...
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<Paragraph rend="text">Compendia of county history for Westmorland and Cumberland appeared
in the Gentleman's Magazine in 1825 and 1816:-
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of Durham</Keyword> <Keyword>Diocese of Chester</Keyword> <Keyword>Diocese of 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Brigantes</Keyword> <Keyword>Romans</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Valentia province</Keyword> <Keyword>Amboglana</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Petriana</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Castlesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>Aballaba</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Watchcross</Keyword> <Keyword>Congavata</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Stanwix</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Axelodunum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Burgh by Sands</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gabrocentum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Drumburgh</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Tunnocelum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Bowness-on-Solway</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Derventio</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Papcastle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Virosium</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Maryport</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Olenacum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Old Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Voreda</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Old Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Arbeia</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Moresby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bremetenracum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Brampton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Apiatorium</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Castra 
Exploratorum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Netherby</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>religious houses, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Northumbria</Keyword> 
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forts, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>inland navigation</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent, 
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<Keyword>Warnell Hall, Sebergham</Keyword> <Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Armathwaite Castle, Armathwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Milbourne, Robert 
Saunderson</Keyword> <Keyword>Carleton Hall, Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Wallace, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Clea Hall, Westward</Keyword> <Keyword>Fletcher, Henry, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Corby Castle, Great Corby</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard, 
Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Crofton Hall, Thursby</Keyword> <Keyword>Brisco, Wastell, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalehead Hall, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Leathes,
Thomas Stranger</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalemain, Dacre</Keyword> <Keyword>Hasell, 
Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Gordon, William, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke Castle, 
Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Norfolk, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Hayton Castle, 
Hayton</Keyword> <Keyword>Robinson, Isaac</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton-in-the-Forest, 
Skelton</Keyword> <Keyword>Vane, Frederick Fletcher, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirklinton 
Hall, Hethersgill</Keyword> <Keyword>Dacre, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Mirehouse, 
Bassenthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Spedding, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Muncaster Castle, 
Muncaster</Keyword> <Keyword>Muncaster, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Netherby, 
Arthuret</Keyword> <Keyword>Graham, James, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Armathwaite Nunnery, 
Ainstable</Keyword>  <Keyword>Ponsonby, Elizabeth Bamber</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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p.313</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G816B313.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 2 p.599
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>county history</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cumberland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
County History, Cumberland</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G816B599.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">CUMBERLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">SITUATION AND EXTENT.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Boundaries.</i> North, Scotland. East, Northumberland and 
Durham. South Westmorland and Lancashire. West, Irish Sea.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Greatest length</i> 72; <i>greatest breadth</i> 38; 
<i>cicumference</i> 224; <i>square</i> 1516 miles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Province</i> York. <i>Diocese</i> Carlisle, excepting the Ward 
of Allerdale above Derwent in Chester, and the Parish of Alston Moor in Durham. 
<i>Circuit</i> Northern.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">ANTIENT STATE AND REMAINS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>British Inhabitants</i> Brigantes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Roman Province</i>. Valentia. - <i>Stations</i> Amboglana, 
Burdoswald: Petriana, Castlesteads: Aballaba, Watch-cross: Congavata, Stanwix: Axelodunum,
Burgh on the Sands: Gabrocentum, Drumburgh: and Tunnocelum, near Boulness: on the Wall. 
Derventio, Papcastle: Virosium, Ellenborough: Olenacum, Old Carlisle: Voreda, Old Penrith:
Arbeia, Moresby or Irby: Bremetenracum, Whitbarrow or Brampton: Apiatorium, Bewcastle: 
Castra exploratorum, Netherby on the Esk: Luguballium, Carlisle,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Saxon Heptarchy</i>. Northumbria.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Antiquities</i>. The Roman Wall. "Long Meg and her Daughters," 
Druidical circle, 350 feet diameter. "Giant's Grave," Pillars in Penrith Churchyard. 
Bewcastle Obelisk. Carlisle Cathedral. Kirklinton, Aspatria, Torpenhow, and St. Bees 
Churches. Fortified Towers of Newton-Arlosh, Burgh on the Sands, and Great Salkeld 
Churches. Holme-Coultram and Calder Abbeys. Lanercost and Wetheral Priories. Seton 
Nunnery, Irton Cross. Bridekirk Font. Bewcastle, Carlisle, Cockermouth, Dacre, Egremont, 
High Head, Kirk Oswald, Naworth, Penrith, Rose, and Scaleby Castles,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Carlisle was the only Episcopal Chapter in England of the order of
St. Austin; the others were all of St. Benedict.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">PRESENT STATE AND APPEARANCE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Rivers.</i> Bleng, Calder, Caldew, Cocker, Croglin, DERWENT, 
Duddon, Eamont, EDEN, Ellen, two Esks, Gelt, Greeta, Irt, Irthing, Kershope, Kingwater, 
Line, Liddel, Lowther, Mite, Nent, Petterell, Sark, Tees, Tyne, Wampool, Waver.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Inland Navigation</i>. Derwent and Eden Rivers. Whitehaven 
Brook.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Lakes.</i> Bassenthwaite, Crumock, DERWENT, Devock, Ennerdale, 
Lowes, Over, ULLS, and Wast Waters. Butter and Thirl Meres. Barnmoor, Bray, Martin, 
Sellafield, Talkin, Tindale, and Wadling Tarns. Anthorn Lough. The Stark.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Eminences and Views.</i> Scafell, 3166; Helvellyn, 3055; 
Skiddaw, 3022; Bowfell, 2911; Cross fell, 2901; Pillar, 2893; Saddleback, 2787; Grasmere 
Fell, 2756; High Pike, 2101; Black Comb, 1919; Dent Hill, 1115 feet above the level of the
Sea. Hardknow, Wrynose, Penrith, Beacon, Christenbury Craggs, Carrock, Scaw, and Souter 
fells.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Natural Curiosities.</i> Gilsland and Melmerby Medicinal 
Waters. Airey Force in Gowbarrow Park, Scale Force, Lowdore and the Howk Cascades. The 
Bowder Stone, 31 yards long and 8 high. Borrowdale Pass.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Seats.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Warnel Hall, Earl of Lonsdale, Lord Lieutenant of the County.</Line>
<Line>Armathwaite Castle, Robert Saunderson Milbourne, esq.</Line>
<Line>Carlton Hall, Rt. Hon. Thos. Wallace.</Line>
<Line>Clea Hall, Sir Henry Fletcher, bart.</Line>
<Line>Corby Castle, Henry Howard, esq.</Line>
<Line>Crofton Place, Sir Wastell Brisco, bt.</Line>
<Line>Dalehead, Thos. Stranger Leathes, esq.</Line>
<Line>Dalemain, Edward Hassell, esq.</Line>
<Line>Derwent Water, Lord Wm. Gordon.</Line>
<Line>Greystock Castle, Duke of Norfolk.</Line>
<Line>Hayton Castle, Rev. Isaac Robinson.</Line>
<Line>Hutton Hall, Sir Frederick Fletcher Vane.</Line>
<Line>Kirklinton Hall, William Dacre, esq.</Line>
<Line>Mire House, John Spedding, esq.</Line>
<Line>Muncaster Castle, Lord Muncaster.</Line>
<Line>Netherby, Sir James Graham, bart.</Line>
<Line>Nunnery, Mrs Elizabeth Bamber Ponsonby.</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Ponsonby,
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1816 part 2 p.600</Title>
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<Content>
<Date>1819</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Ponsonby Hall, Ponsonby</Keyword> <Keyword>Stanley, George Edward</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rose Castle, Dalston</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Walton House</Keyword> <Keyword>Johnson, William Ponsonby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Weary Hall, Boltons</Keyword> <Keyword>Drury, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Wood 
Hall</Keyword> <Keyword>Fisher, J Saunderson</Keyword> <Keyword>Workington Hall, 
Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>Curwen, John Christian</Keyword> <Keyword>member of 
Parliament</Keyword> <Keyword>wards, Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>parishes, 
Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>buildings, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>population, 
Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>history, Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Danes</Keyword> <Keyword>Ethelred</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward the 
Confessor</Keyword> <Keyword>Northumberland, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Siward</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Macbeth</Keyword> <Keyword>Duncan, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>David, King 
of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward I</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, Robert the</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Harcla, Andrew de</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Earl of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Musgrave, Nicholas</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry VII</Keyword> <Keyword>Norfolk, Duke 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Solway Moss</Keyword> <Keyword>Solway Moss, 
Arthuret</Keyword> <Keyword>Sinclair, Oliver, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>James V</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dacre, Thomas, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave, John, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>Mary, Queen of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>siege, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Lesley, General</Keyword> <Keyword>Digby, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Langdale, Marmaduke, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Civil War</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles,
Bonnie Prince</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Clifton Moor</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, 
Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>biography</Keyword> <Keyword>Aglionby, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Annesley, Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Armstrong, Archibald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>jester</Keyword> <Keyword>Banks, John, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Benn, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Benson, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Salkeld</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Egremont</Keyword>  <Keyword>Keswick</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 2 p.600
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G816B600.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Ponsonby Hall, Geo. Edw. Stanley, esq.</Line>
<Line>Rose Castle, Bishop of Carlisle.</Line>
<Line>Walton House, Wm. Ponsonby Johnson, esq.</Line>
<Line>Weary Hll, Mr. Geo. Drury, a quaker.</Line>
<Line>Wood Hall, J. Saunderson Fisher, esq.</Line>
<Line>Workington Hall, John Christian Curwen, esq.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Members to Parliament.</i> For the County, 2; Carlisle, 2; 
Cockermouth 2; total 6.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Produce.</i> Wadd or Black Lead, Lead, Coal, Iron, Limestone, 
Gypsum, Slate, Freestone. Oats, Potatoes, Cranberries, Butter. Herrings, Cod, Salmon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Manufactures.</i> Cotton, Coarse Cloths, Coarse Linen, Sail 
Cloths, Ship-building, Glass Bottle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">POPULATION.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Wards,</i> 5; <i>Parishes,</i> 104; <i>Market-towns,</i> 19; 
<i>Houses,</i> 24,552.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Inhabitants.</i> Males, 63,433; Females, 70,311: total 133,744.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Familes</i> employed in Agriculture, 10,868; in Trade, 11,448; 
in neither, 6,074: total, 28, 390.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Baptisms.</i> Males, 1,965; Females, 2,001. - <i>Marriages,</i>
1,040. - <i>Burials,</i> Males, 1,199; Females, 1,260.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Towns</i> having not less than 1000 Inhabitants; viz.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Table>
<Row><Cell></Cell><Cell>Houses.</Cell><Cell>Inhab.</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Carlisle<Note>capital 
city</Note></Cell><Cell>1,709</Cell><Cell>12,531</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Whitehaven</Cell><Cell>1,974</Cell><Cell>10,106</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Workington</Cell><Cell>1,068</Cell><Cell>5,807</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Alston Moor</Cell><Cell>466</Cell><Cell>5,079</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Penrith</Cell><Cell>938</Cell><Cell>4,328</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Maryport</Cell><Cell>323</Cell><Cell>3,134</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Wigton</Cell><Cell>642</Cell><Cell>2,977</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Cockermouth</Cell><Cell>628</Cell><Cell>2,964</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Brampton</Cell><Cell>266</Cell><Cell>2,043</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Keswick</Cell><Cell>352</Cell><Cell>1,683</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Longtown</Cell><Cell>173</Cell><Cell>1,579</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Egremont</Cell><Cell>335</Cell><Cell>1,556</Cell></Row>
<Row><Cell>Total</Cell><Cell>Towns, 12</Cell><Cell>Houses, 8,874</Cell><Cell>Inhabitants, 
53,787.</Cell></Row>
</Table>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">HISTORY
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Anno 875, Carlisle destroyed by the Danes.</Line>
<Line>1001, Cumberland laid waste by Ethelred, because Malcolm its Prince assisted the 
Danes.</Line>
<Line>1053, Cumberland ganted by Edward the Confessor to Siward Earl of Northumberland, 
who afterward defeated Macbeth, and placed Malcolm, Prince of Cumberland, son of Duncan, 
on the throne of Scotland.</Line>
<Line>1153, At Carlisle, David, King of Scotland, died.</Line>
<Line>1306, July 7, at Burgh-upon-Sands, EDWARD I. died.</Line>
<Line>1315, Carlisle successfully defended, against Robert Bruce, by Andrew de Hercla, 
created for this service Earl of Carlisle.</Line>
<Line>1537, near Carlisle, Nicholas Musgrave, in rebellion against Heny VIII. defeated by 
the Duke of Norfolk.</Line>
<Line>1542, at Solway Moss, the Scots, under Sir Oliver Sinclair, favourite of James V. 
routed, and their principal Nobles taken, by Sir Thomas Dacre and Sir John 
Musgrave.</Line>
<Line>1568, May 16, at Workington, poor Mary of Scots landed.</Line>
<Line>1645, June 25, Carlisle, after a noble defence, surrendered to the Scottish army 
under General Lesley.</Line>
<Line>1645, October, near Carlisle, Lord Digby and Sir Marmaduke Langdale defeated by the 
Parliamentarians.</Line>
<Line>1745, Nov. 15, Carlisle surrendered to Prince Charles Stuart. - Dec. 18, at Clifton,
skirmish between the rear of the Prince's army and the van of the Duke of Cumberland's. - 
Dec. 30, Carlisle retaken by the Duke of Cumberland.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">BIOGRAPHY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Aglionby, John, one of the translators of the Testament, about 1565.</Line>
<Line>Annesley, Samuel, nonconformist divine and author, 1619.</Line>
<Line>Armstrong, Archibald, fool or jester to James I. and Charles I. Arthuret (died 
1672).</Line>
<Line>Banks, Sir John, Chief Justice, Keswick, about 1590.</Line>
<Line>Benn, William, nonconformist divine and author, Egremond, 1600.</Line>
<Line>Benson, George, dissenter, biblical critick, Great Salkeld, 1699.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Boucher,
</Paragraph>
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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1816 part 2 p.601</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1819</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>biography</Keyword> <Keyword>Boucher, Jonathan</Keyword> <Keyword>Blencogo, 
Bromfield</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalton, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Dean</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Eaglesfield, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Queen's College, Oxford</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Egremont, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Egremont</Keyword> <Keyword>Fletcher, 
Abraham</Keyword> <Keyword>Little Broughton, Broughton</Keyword> <Keyword>Foster, 
Elizabeth</Keyword> <Keyword>martyr</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gilpin, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Satan's Temptations</Keyword> <Keyword>Gilpin,
Sawrey</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Gilpin, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scaleby Castle, Scaleby</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Scaleby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Grindal, Edmund, Archbishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Canterbury, Archbishop 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Hensingham, Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>Harvey, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dovenby, Bridekirk</Keyword> <Keyword>St Herbert</Keyword> <Keyword>Hudleston, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles II</Keyword> <Keyword>Langbaine, Gerard</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kirkbampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Layburn, Roger</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Leake, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Westminster Lying-in Hospital, 
London</Keyword> <Keyword>Ainstable</Keyword> <Keyword>Nicolson, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cashel, Archbishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Orton, Orton S</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Porter, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Weary Hall, Boltons</Keyword> <Keyword>Reay, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Nether Denton</Keyword> <Keyword>Relph, Josiah</Keyword> 
<Keyword>dialect poet</Keyword> <Keyword>Sebergham</Keyword> <Keyword>Ritson, 
Isaac</Keyword> <Keyword>Hymn to Venus</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Robinson, Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Seed, Jeremiah</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Senhouse, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Netherhall, 
Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Simpson, Joseph</Keyword> <Keyword>Epictus and 
Theophrastus</Keyword> <Keyword>Redmain, Blindcrake</Keyword> <Keyword>Skelton, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Armathwaite, Ainstable</Keyword> <Keyword>Taylor, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>longevity</Keyword> <Keyword>Garragill, Alston Moor</Keyword> <Keyword>Tickell, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Bridekirk</Keyword> <Keyword>Todd, Hugh</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Blencow, Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Whelpdale, Roger</Keyword> 
<Keyword>wizard</Keyword> <Keyword>Scot, Michael</Keyword> <Keyword>Holme Coultram Abbey, 
Abbey Town</Keyword> <Keyword>Paley</Keyword> <Keyword>Horae Paulinae</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Evidences of Christianity</Keyword> <Keyword>Moral and Political 
Philosophy</Keyword> <Keyword>Tarn Wadling, Hesket</Keyword> <Keyword>Castle Hewen, 
Hesket</Keyword> <Keyword>Sir Gawaine's Marriage</Keyword> <Keyword>Adam Bell, Clym o' th'
Clough, and William of Cloudeslee</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1816 part 2 p.601
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G816B601.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Boucher, Jonathan, loyalist divine, Saxon scholar, Blencogo, 1758.</Line>
<Line>Canon, John, schoolman, Canonby (flourished 1320).</Line>
<Line>Dalton, John, divine and poet, Deane, 1790.</Line>
<Line>Eaglesfield, Robert, founder of Queen's College, Oxford (died about 1370).</Line>
<Line>Egremont, William, schoolman, Egremont (flourished 1390).</Line>
<Line>Fletcher, Abraham, mathematician, Little Broughton, 1714.</Line>
<Line>Foster, Elizabeth, martyr, Greystock (burnt in Smithfield 1556).</Line>
<Line>Gilpin, Richard, divine, author of 'Satan's Temptations' (died 1657).</Line>
<Line>Gilpin, Sawrey, artist, painter of animals, Carlisle, 1733.</Line>
<Line>Gilpin, William, divine and tourist, Scaleby Castle, 1724.</Line>
<Line>Grindal, Edmund, Abp. of Canterbury, Hensingham, 1519.</Line>
<Line>Harvey, Thomas, divine and stenographist, Dovenby, 1740.</Line>
<Line>Herbert, St. friend of St. Cuthbert (died 688).</Line>
<Line>Hudleston, John, catholic priest, preserver of Charles II. Greystock, 1608.</Line>
<Line>Hudson, John, critic, editor of Josephus, Widehope, 1662.</Line>
<Line>Langbaine, Gerard, divine and antiquary, Kirk-Bampton (died 1657).</Line>
<Line>Layburn, Roger, Bp. of Carlisle, near Carlisle (died 1509).</Line>
<Line>Leake, John, physician, founder of the Westminster Lying-in Hospital, Ainstable, 
1729.</Line>
<Line>Nicolson, William, Abp. of Cashel, antiquary, Orton, 1655.</Line>
<Line>Porter, George, civilian, Weary Hall (died about 1635).</Line>
<Line>Reay, William, divine, author of 'Sermons,' Nether Denton (died 1756).</Line>
<Line>Relph, Josiah, 'Cumberland poet,' Sebergham, 1712.</Line>
<Line>Ritson, Isaac, translator of Homer's Hymn to Venus, Penrith.</Line>
<Line>Robinson, Henry, Bp. of Carlisle, Carlisle, about 1556.</Line>
<Line>Seed, Jeremiah, divine, Clifton, 1605.</Line>
<Line>Senhouse, Richard, Bp. of Carlisle, Netherhall (died 1626).</Line>
<Line>Simpson, Joseph, editor of Epictus and Theophrastus, Redmain, 1710.</Line>
<Line>Skelton, John, satirical poet, Armathwaite (died 1529).</Line>
<Line>Taylor, John, lived to the age of 135, Garragill, 1638.</Line>
<Line>Tickell, Thomas, poet, Bridekirk, 1686.</Line>
<Line>Todd, Hugh, miscellaneous writer, Blencowe, about 1652.</Line>
<Line>Whelpdale, Roger, Bp. of Carlisle, logician and mathematician (died 1422).</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From Whitehaven a packet to Man, on which isle it is intended to 
give a separate account.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Nov. 13, 1771, Solway Moss overflowed, covering and destroying 
every thing within a space of 500 acres.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The wizard Michael Scot' was a monk of Holme Cultram about 1290. 
- The theologian Paley was rector of Salkeld, vicar of Dalston and Addingham, and 
archdeacon of Carlisle; his 'Horae Paulinae,' 'Evidences of Christianity,' 'Sermons,' 
'Moral and Political Philosophy,' were composed at Carlisle. He was buried in the 
Cathedral. - Tan Wadling Lake and Castle Hewin are the scene of a ballad in Percy's 
Collection, entitled 'Sir Gawaine's Marriage.' - 'Adam Bell, Clym o' th' Clough, and 
William of Cloudeslee,' three Cumberland archers and outlaws, are but little inferior in 
ballad celebrity to Robin Hood and Little John.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BYRO.
</Paragraph>
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<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
</Instruction>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1817 part 1 p.12</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Carlisle, Nicholas</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1817</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>charity</Keyword> <Keyword>endowment</Keyword> <Keyword>questionnaire</Keyword>
<Keyword>teacher</Keyword> <Keyword>Latin</Keyword> <Keyword>Greek</Keyword> 
<Keyword>schools</Keyword>
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<RelatedScript>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
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list</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXTX.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1817 part 1 p.12
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>school, endowed</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Endowed Schools</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G817A012.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Apartments of the Society of Antiquaries, Somerset Place,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>London, Dec.</i> 26, 1816.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE numerous endowed Schools in this Kingdom reflect the highest 
honour on the memory of their charitable and pious Founders. But, as we have little 
intelligence respecting the internal establishment, and the proper mode of applying for 
admission for a child, and the requisites necessary to success, it has occurred to me, 
that a concise description of those benevolent institutions might be useful to persons in 
general; as a clear explanation of their Ordinances may remove many difficulties from an 
enquiring parent, and point out the several advantages of any particular seminary.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Under this impression I have drawn up a series of questions, which
I beg leave to lay, with every degree of respect, before the publick, through your 
Magazine. In this solicitation of of general attention, I wish it clearly to be 
understood, that I am actuated solely by the desire of promotiing the public good, and 
that I shall esteem myself much honoured by the trouble which any Head Master, or any 
other Gentleman, may take in drawing up the history of the Schools in their respective 
counties, or for any information which they may please to communicate, to render this 
endeavour as accurate and useful as the importance of the subject requires.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">NICHOLAS CARLISLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. When, and by whom, was this School founded?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. What was the original Endowment, and what is the present amount
of it?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. Have any subsequent Endowments been made, and by whom? and to 
what amount?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. Are these Endowments in land, or otherwise, and where situate?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">5. A copy of the Statutes and Ordinances.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">6. Is the School open to Boys of your Town or Parish indefinitely,
free of expence? or, is it limited to the relatives of particular persons? or, for a 
certain number of Scholars only? or, by place of nativity, or otherwise?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">7. What number of Boys are admitted upon the Foundation? and how 
many others are usually educated at the School?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">8. At what age are Boys admitted, and how long may they remain 
without superannuation?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">9. What is the form of admission, and who are the persons that 
nominate?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">10. Which are the Latin and Greek Grammars in use? and what is the
routine of education prescribed?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">11. What are the number of Exhibitions, Scholarships, or other 
University advantages, and the amount of each?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">12. To what Colleges are such Boys usually sent?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">13. What is the Head-Master's name, and what is the amount of his 
Salary and Emoluments?
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">14.
</Paragraph>
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</Instruction>
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<ScriptIdentity>G817A013.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>education</Keyword>
</Classification>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1817 part 1 p.13</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Carlisle, Nicholas</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1817</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>questionnaire</Keyword>  <Keyword>teacher</Keyword>  <Keyword>schools</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>previous page</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G817A012.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1817 part 1 p.13
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G817A013.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">14. If the Head-Master takes Pupils, what is the annual charge for
the Board and Education of each Boy?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">15. If the second, or other Masters take Pupils, what are their 
annual charges for Board and Education?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">16. Are there any Church Preferments, or other advantages, 
belonging to this School?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">17. A list of the eminent Men who have been educated here.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">18. A drawing or impression of the common seal.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Any other matters, which you may be pleased to communicate, will 
be gratefully received.
</Paragraph>
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<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
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<SeriesTitle>events</SeriesTitle>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1817 part 1 p.404</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Friend to Accuracy</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1817</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Complete History of the Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>Ray, James</Keyword> 
<Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword>  <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 1st qtr 19th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q1.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1817 part 1 p.404
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
</Marginal>
A Remarkable Escape from the Rebel Army</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G817A404.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Narrative of a Remarkable Escape from the Rebel Army in 
1745</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[following] The recent publication of the Culloden Papers ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... I have been induced to look over some papers in my possession 
relating to it that had long lain unattended to. Among these a letter, giving an account 
of a remarkable escape from the Rebel army while at Derby ... the Narrative has never yet 
appeared in print, further than a few particulars of the occurrence being inserted, rather
incorrectly, in a small volume printed in a cheap form at Carlisle in 1755, entitled, "A 
Complete History of the Rebellion, from its first Rise in 1745, to its total suppression 
in April 1746. By James Ray, of Whitehaven, Volunteer under his Royal Highness the Duke of
Cumberland;" a publication which, notwithstanding its homely garb and style, is not 
inferior, as a record of facts, to some of much higher pretensions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
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<Classification>
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<Classification>
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</Classification>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1817 part 2 p.26</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Alexander, W</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1817</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>questionnaire</Keyword> <Keyword>topography</Keyword> <Keyword>places, 
research</Keyword> <Keyword>customs</Keyword> <Keyword>antiquities</Keyword> 
<Keyword>schools</Keyword> <Keyword>religious houses</Keyword> 
<Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>markets</Keyword> <Keyword>fairs</Keyword> 
<Keyword>trade</Keyword>  <Keyword>Romans</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
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list</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXTX.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1817 part 2 p.26
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>topographer</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Observations and Enquiries to be made by the Topographer</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G817B026.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Observations and Enquiries to be made by the Topographer while 
Travelling. (From the MSS. of the late</i> W. ALEXANDER, <i>F.S.A.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TO ascertain the ancient and modern name of the parish, and its 
etymology; how situated; what distance from tne nearest market town; what rivers or brooks
pass near, or bound it, with their rise and course; extent of the parish, and by what 
others bounded, express by compass; to what hundred, or division, or liberty belonging, 
and what hamlets therein; what number of houses and inhabitants; what seats and manors; 
who the ancient and present lords or proprietors, and what peculiar customs, tenures, or 
privileges, appertain thereto; what castles, ruins, antient mansions, or remarkable 
buildings; and whether any sculptured ornaments, arms, painted glass, &amp;c. are to be 
found therein; what fairs or markets, when held, by whom granted, and whether continued or
disused; what trade or manufactures carried on; whether any remains of religious houses, 
as monasteries, nunneries, colleges, chapels, hospitals, guilds, or fraternities, alms, or
school-houses; when founded, their antient establishment and present state; what 
privileges or immunities, charters, deeds, or other writings; what cartularies, 
genealogical rolls, pedigrees, books of arms, seals, or other fragments, belonging to 
them; what singular customs, as annual processions, wakes, doles, sports and games; and 
what peculiar proverbs, phrases, and words.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">What Crosses, or obelisks, ornamented or inscribed; whether any 
barrows or tumuli; have any of these been opened, and such articles as weapons, pottery, 
rings, lachrymatories, &amp;c. found therein?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whether any beacons or landmarks; what Roman earth-works, as 
camps, ways, roads, and if any altars, coins, or other fragments of antiqui-
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ty,
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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  <Relationship>next page</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G817B027.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
</Instruction>
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<Script id="G817B027.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G817B027.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<SeriesTitle>local histsory</SeriesTitle>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1817 part 2 p.27</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Alexander, W</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1817</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>questionnaire</Keyword> <Keyword>topography</Keyword> <Keyword>places, 
research</Keyword> <Keyword>Druids</Keyword> <Keyword>Britons</Keyword> 
<Keyword>battles</Keyword>  <Keyword>churches</Keyword>  <Keyword>parish chests</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>miscellaneous 
list</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXTX.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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  <Relationship>previous page</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G817B026.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1817 part 2 p.27
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G817B027.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[antiqui]ty, have been dug from them; whether any Druid or British
monuments, as temples, cromlechs, cairns, rocking stones, or any such remains, near the 
place.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Have any famous battles been fought in the neighbourhood: what 
traditions respecting them, and of the place in general.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Are there any collections of pictures or sculpture, or any museum 
of natural history, &amp;c.; whether any portraits of eminent men, or other 
representations of ancient edifices or antiquities of any kind?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To learn if any of the parishioners, or their acquaintance, 
possess any coins, manuscripts, surveys, plans, or drawings; and to ask for any curious or
intelligent enquirer into matters of this nature, from whom much information is often 
obtained.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In what diocese, deanery, or hundred, does the church stand; 
whether the living be rectory or vicarage, and what is its value; who the patron and 
incumbent; to whom the tithes appropriated or impropriated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whether any parochial library in the church or parsonage.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By whom the church founded, and to whom dedicated; when supposed 
to be erected, and of what materials built; to take the ichnography and measurements of 
the nave, ailes, chancels, chapels, &amp;c.; to note whether it be ceiled or paved, what 
number of galleries, and what the general state of repair; to enquire whether any vaults 
peculiar to ancient families, and to examine all monuments, tombs, brasses, &amp;c. in the
church or church-yard; to describe or draw the several stalls, piscinae, bells, font, 
&amp;c. with their devices, ornaments, armorial bearings, inscriptions, dates, dimensions,
&amp;c.; as also to make memoranda from pictures, painted glass, sculptures of every kind.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whether there are any chantries, altars, shrines, images, roods, 
legends, relics, charities, or benefactions; to note the commencement of the register, and
any curious remarks that may be made therein, with the births, marriages, or burials of 
eminent persons.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To examine the church chests, in which mutilated remains of 
monumental inscriptions, &amp;c. are sometimes deposited.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To date the time of your survey and observations.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W.A.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
</Instruction>
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<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

</Script>



<Script id="G817B104.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G817B104.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>education</Keyword>
</Classification>
<SeriesTitle>society</SeriesTitle>
<SeriesTitle>religion</SeriesTitle>
<ObjectName>
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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1817 part 2 p.104</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>MH</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1817</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry 
VIII</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry I</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, Dalston</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Dalston</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


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</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 1st qtr 19th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q1.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1817 part 2 p.104
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>school</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Cathedral School, Carlisle</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G817B104.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Continued from Part I. p.</i>418.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">CARLISLE CATHEDRAL.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Crosby-square August</i> 16.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OF all the English Cathedrals the Church of Carlisle seems to have
presented the most barren field for Antiquarian research; and the more recent history of 
the Choristers is so unsatisfactory, that I enter upon the subject with considerable 
reluctance. We are informed that a community of Christians, including a School, was 
settled at Carlisle before the close of the seventh century; and this Foundation was 
elevated to a Bishopric by Henry I. As to the School, the immediate object of this 
enquiry, we can only trace its existence from being incidentally mentioned in the 
Valuation of Pope Nicholas; whence we learn that the Church of Dalston was charged with an
annual payment for its support.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This Cathedral,during the middle ages, was a Priory of Augustine 
Canons; and at the Dissolution was re-endowed by Henry VIII. for a Dean, Archdeacon, four 
Prebendaries, and eight Minor Canons, with Lay Clerks, Choristers, and Schoolmasters; 
agreeing in all essential points with other ecclesiastical establishments by the same 
founder.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Royal Grammar School, if it be still in existence, is not of 
sufficient importance to be noticed in the local Histories of the City and Cathedral; and 
it is, doubtless, from the same cause that the Musick School has likewise escaped 
observation; and little information can be collected beyond the following general outline:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Choristers, six in number, are chosen by the Dean and Chapter.
They have occasional lessons in singing from the organist; but whether they receive any 
other instructions, literary, moral, or religious, and in what manner they usually settle 
in life, I have vainly endeavoured to learn. Perhaps some of your Correspondents residing 
in Caralisle may favour our Readers with a communication on the subject.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">M.H.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1818 part 1 p.329</Title>
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<Date>1818</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>Barnabee Itinerarium</Keyword> <Keyword>Barnabee's 
Journal</Keyword> <Keyword>Drunken Barnaby's Four Journeys to the North of 
England</Keyword> <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>Brathwaite, Richard</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Harding, J</Keyword> <Keyword>Latin</Keyword> <Keyword>Harrington, 
Barnaby</Keyword> <Keyword>Haslewood</Keyword> <Keyword>Strappado for the Divell</Keyword>
<Keyword>English Gentleman</Keyword> <Keyword>English Gentlewoman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Essays upon the Five Senses</Keyword> <Keyword>Haviland, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Warcop</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1818 part 1 p.329
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword>  <Keyword>Drunken Barnaby's Journal</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Drunken Barnaby's Journal</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Barnabee <i>Itinerarium; or,</i> Barnabee's <i>Journal. The 
Seventh Edition: to which are prefixed, an Account of the Author, now first discovered; a 
Bibliographical History of former Editions of the Work; and Illustrative Notes.</i> 
London, <i>printed for</i> J. Harding, 1818. 12 <i>mo</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The best serious piece of Latin in modern metre,' says the 
Quarterly Reviewer, 'is Sir Francis Kinaston's <i>Amores Troili et Cressidae</i>, a 
translation of the two first books of Chaucer's poem; but it was reserved for 
<i>famous</i> BARNABY to employ the barbarous ornament of rhyme, so as to give thereby 
point and character to good Latinity,'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">No XXXV. p.32.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THIS celebrated and popular poem, commonly known by the name of 
<i>Drunken Barnaby's Journal</i>, was first published without a date - probably, as the 
Editor thinks, about 1650. The Second Edition was in 1716, small 8vo. and took the name of
<i>Drunken Barnaby's Four Journeys to the North of England</i>. The <i>Third</i> Edition 
was in 1723, small 8vo. The <i>Fourth</i> in 1786, small 8vo. The <i>Fifth</i> in 
<i>April</i> 1805, 8vo. The <i>Sixth</i> in <i>Sept.</i> of the same year.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the Second Edition a conjecture was made, that the Author was 
one <i>Barnaby Harrington</i>, an airy being, of whose earthly existence not one atom of 
proof has been even attempted. The present indefatigable Editor, MR. HASLEWOOD, had 
already gone the length of printing the text, and sending his Preface to the Printer, on 
the 10th of October last, when a passage in the Itinerary rendering necessary a reference 
to one of the numerous publications of a forgotten poet of that day, delivered at once to 
his delighted eye, the secret of the Author of <i>Barnabee's Journal</i>, in characters 
which neither left any doubt in his mind, nor can leave any doubt in the mind of any one 
capable of weighing the force of circumstantial evidence of identity: at least it cannot 
do so when accompanied by the additional coincidences which the pursuit of the same clue 
afterwards unfolded.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This forgotten poet was no other than RICHARD BRATHWAYTE, born 
1588, who died 1673, aged 83, and whose productions bear date from 1611 to 1665. Richard 
Brathwayte at the end of his <i>Strappado for the Divell</i>, 1615, has an apology for the
errata, on account of '<i>the intricacy of the copy, and the absence of the Author from 
many important proofs,</i>' &amp;c. This is the express apology at the end of Barnabee's 
Journal, that <i>the copy was obscure; neither was the Author, by reason of his distance, 
and employments of higher consequence, made acquainted with the publishing of it</i>. 
&amp;c. Similar apologies occur in Brathwayte's <i>English Gentleman</i>, 1630 - his 
<i>English Gentlewoman</i>, 1631 - his <i>Essays upon the Five Senses</i>, 1635, &amp;c. 
Even all the capitals and rule ornaments used in the First Edition of Baranabee;s Journal 
(and several are of rather peculiar character) are found in a little work by Brathwayte, 
nearly contemporary, printed by J. H. - probably <i>John Haviland</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Having got thus far, let us compare the recorded facts of 
Brathwayte's life with those which Barnabee relates of himself. Barnabee says,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Veni Applebie, ubi natus,</Line>
<Line>Primam sedem comitatus.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Brathwayte was the son of Thomas Brathwayte, of Warcop, <i>near 
Appleby</i>. (Wood indeed says that the poet was born in Northumberland; but the 
neighbourhood of his father's seat is a much more probable place,) The next coincidence is
still stronger.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Barnabee says,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Veni <i>Nesham</i>, Dei donum,</Line>
<Line>In Coenobiarchae domum,</Line>
<Line>Uberem vallem, salubrem venam,</Line>
<Line>Cursu fluminis amoenam,</Line>
<Line>Laetam sylvis, et frondosam,</Line>
<Line>Herae vultu speciosam.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Veni Darlington, prope vicum</Line>
<Line>Conjugem duxi peramicam;</Line>
<Line>Nuptiis celebrantur festa,</Line>
<Line>Nulla admittuntur moesta,' &amp;c.</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Thence
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>Itinerarium</Keyword> <Keyword>Barnabee's 
Journal</Keyword> <Keyword>Drunken Barnaby's Four Journeys to the North of 
England</Keyword> <Keyword>Brathwaite, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Lawson, 
Frances</Keyword> <Keyword>Spiritual Spicery, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Staveley, Over 
Staveley</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1818 part 1 p.330
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G818A330.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Thence to Nesham, now translated, Once a nunnery dedicated; 
Vallies smiling, bottoms pleasing, Streaming rivers never ceasing, Deckt with tufty woods 
and shady, Graced by a lovely lady.
<Line></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Thence to Darlington; I boused, Till at last I was espoused; 
Marriage feast, and all prepared, Not a fig for th' world I cared,' &amp;c.
<Line></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1617 Brathwayte married at the Church of <i>Hurworth</i>, near 
<i>Darlington</i>, Frances, daughter of James Lawson, of NESHAM, which is in the parish of
Hurworth.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Barnabee again mentions this subject in his Fourth Journey.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Nunc ad Richmund, primo flore,</Line>
<Line><i>Nunc ad Nesham cum uxore</i>,</Line>
<Line>Laeto cursu properamus,</Line>
<Line>Et amamur, et amamus, &amp;c.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Now to Richmond, when spring's coming,</Line>
<Line><i>Now to Nesham with my woman</i></Line>
<Line>With free course we both approve it;</Line>
<Line>Where we love,and are beloved,' &amp;c.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Does the rest of <i>Brathwayte's</i> character agree with that of 
<i>Barnabee?</i> The former spent his youthful years at Oxford, Cambridge, and in London; 
and the latter in the North as a Country Gentleman, and a Magistrate. He was a loyalist - 
so was Barnabee. He tells us in his <i>Holy Memorials</i>, at the end of <i>The Spiritual 
Spicery</i>, 1638, 'WHILE ROARING WAS IN REQUEST, I HELD IT A COMPLETE FASHION. A long 
Winter night seemed but a Midsummer-Night's Dream, being merrily past in a Catch of Four 
Parts, a deep health to a light Mistress, and a knot of brave blades to make up the 
Consort,' &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Barnabee, like Brathwayte, reforms, and ends in a retreat to the 
quiet and innocence of the country.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Nunc as Staveley, ubi aves</Line>
<Line>Melos, modos, cantant suaves;</Line>
<Line>Sub arbustis, et vigultis</Line>
<Line>Molliore musco fultis</Line>
<Line>Cellis, sylvis, et tabernis,</Line>
<Line>An foeliciorem cernis?</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>MIRTIL. Esto, Faustule! recumbe,</Line>
<Line>Rure tuo carmina funde;</Line>
<Line>Vive, vale, profice, cresce,</Line>
<Line>Arethusae alma masse;</Line>
<Line>Tibi Zephyrus sub fago</Line>
<Line>Dulciter afflet. FAUST. Gratias ago.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Now to Staveley strait repair I,</Line>
<Line>Where sweet birds do hatch their airy;</Line>
<Line>Arbours, osiers freshly showing</Line>
<Line>With soft mossy rind o'ergrowing;</Line>
<Line>For woods, air, ale, all excelling,</Line>
<Line>Wouldst thou have a neater dwelling?</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>MIRTIL. Be't so, Faustulus! Here repose thee,</Line>
<Line>Cheer thy country with thy posy;</Line>
<Line>Live, farewell, as thou deservest,</Line>
<Line>Rich in Arethusa's harvest:</Line>
<Line>Under th' beech while shepherds rank thee,</Line>
<Line>Zephyrus bless the. FAUST. I do thank thee.</Line>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1819 part 1 p.116</Title>
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</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>rivers</Keyword> <Keyword>springs</Keyword> <Keyword>innsign</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Fountain, The</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.116
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>innsigns</Keyword>  <Keyword>The Fountain</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Innsign, The Fountain</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G819A116.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Remarks on the Signs of Inns &amp;c. (Continued from p.17.)</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE FOUNTAIN. - A Fountain of Water appears to be a rather 
inappropriate sign for a seller of 'wine and spiritous liquors;' yet it seems, 
nevertheless, to be a favourite; and Cary mentions seven posting-houses decorated with 
this device ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">... which continues to give a list of rivers in Westmorland and 
Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>rivers, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Aira Force, Matterdale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scale Force, Loweswater</Keyword> <Keyword>Lodore Falls, Borrowdale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Howk waterfall, Caldbeck</Keyword> <Keyword>Gilsland Spa, Gilsland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Melmerby, Ousby</Keyword> <Keyword>Coaly Tyne<Note>South Tyne, 
River</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>South Tyne, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Wear, River</Keyword>
<Keyword>Windermere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>Coniston Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Esthwaite 
Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Holy Well, Lower Allithwaite<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Eimot<Note>Eamont</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Eamont, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ullswater</Keyword> <Keyword>Lodden<Note>Lowther, River</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lowther, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Ken<Note>Kent, River</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kent, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Kentmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Dripping Well, 
Beetham</Keyword> <Keyword>Beetham Park, Beetham</Keyword> <Keyword>spring, Kirkby 
Thore</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirby Thower<Note>Kirkby thore</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby 
Thore</Keyword> <Keyword>Shapmore spring<Note>spa well, Crosby 
Ravensworth</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>spa well, Crosby Ravensworth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lon<Note>Lune, River</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Lune, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ure, River</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 pp.117-119
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>rivers</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancashire</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword>
</Marginal>

</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The following is a list of the most remarkable natural fountains 
in the counties of England and Wales.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cumberland</i> is famous for its numerous and beautiful lakes; 
the cascades of the Airey Force, Scale Force, Lowdore, and the Howk, and the medicinal 
fountains of Gilsland and Melmerby. The South branch of the 'Coaly Tyne' and the Weare 
have their rise near Alston Moor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Lancaster</i>. Windermere, Coniston, and Esthwaite Lakes. 
Cartmel ... medicinal waters. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ..
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Westmoreland</i>. Numerous beautiful lakes, whence flow several
rivers, as the Eimot from Ullswater, the Lodden from Broadwater, and the Ken from 
Kentmere. Betham Park dripping well. Kirkby-Thower, and Shapmore mineral springs. Head of 
the Lon, or Lune, near Kirkby Lonsdale; of the Ure, in the wilds near Yorkshire.
</Paragraph>
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</Period>
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</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.120
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I shall conclude this long account with Southey's beautiful 
inscription for a tablet on the bank of a stream:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Stranger! awhile upon this grassy bank</Line>
<Line>Recline thee. If the sun ride high, the breeze,</Line>
<Line>That loves to ripple o'er the rivulet,</Line>
<Line>Will play around thy brow, and the cool sound</Line>
<Line>Of running waters sooth thee: Mark how clear</Line>
<Line>It sparkles o'er the shallows, and behold</Line>
<Line>Where o'er its surface wheels with restless speed</Line>
<Line>Yon glossy insect; on the sand below</Line>
<Line>How swift the shadow flies. The stream is pure</Line>
<Line>In solitude, and many a healthful herb</Line>
<Line>Bends o'er its course, and drinks its vital wave;</Line>
<Line>But passing on amidst the haunts of man</Line>
<Line>It finds pollution there, and rolls from thence</Line>
<Line>A tainted tide. Seek'st thou for <i>Happiness!</i></Line>
<Line>Go Stranger, sojourn in the woodland cot</Line>
<Line>Of Innocence, and thou shalt find her there.'</Line>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>Compendium of County History, Cumberland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lodore Falls, Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>clouds</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent 
Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Meddaw<Note>Skiddaw</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Skiddaw, Underskiddaw</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalton, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>antiquities, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumbri</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brigantes</Keyword> <Keyword>Druids</Keyword> <Keyword>stone circles, 
Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Grey Yaud, Cumwhitton</Keyword> <Keyword>King Harry, 
Cumwhitton</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumwhitton</Keyword> <Keyword>Sunken Kirk<Note>Swinside 
Stone Circle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Swinside Stone Circle, Swinside</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Castlerigg Stone Circle, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Romans</Keyword> <Keyword>Netherby, Arthuret</Keyword> <Keyword>Graham, James, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Netherhall, Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Senhouse, 
Humphrey</Keyword> <Keyword>Walton House, Walton</Keyword> <Keyword>Johnson, W P</Keyword>
<Keyword>Wigton</Keyword> <Keyword>Matthews, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Lysons, Daniel and
Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, 
roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>Aspatria</Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
fort, Old Carlisle<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>fonts</Keyword> <Keyword>St John, 
Crosscanonby</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mungo, Dearham</Keyword> <Keyword>Kenneth 
Cross</Keyword> <Keyword>Gosforth Cross, Gosforth</Keyword> <Keyword>Deanery of Carlisle, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Askerton Castle, Askerton</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Askerton</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke Castle, Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>motte, Irthington<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Millom 
Castle, Millom</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Millom</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalston</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Drumburgh Castle, Drumburgh</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Drumburgh</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Drumburgh, Bowness</Keyword> <Keyword>Harbybrow, Allhallows</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hardrigg Hall, Skelton</Keyword> <Keyword>Hewthwaite Hall, Setmurthy</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Irton Hall, Irton with Santon</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkandrews Tower, 
Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Lamplugh Hall, Lamplugh</Keyword> <Keyword>Muncaster 
Castle, Muncaster</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Muncaster</Keyword> <Keyword>Netherby, 
Arthuret</Keyword> <Keyword>Netherhall, Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Wetheral 
Safeguard<Note>St Constantine's Cells</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St Constantine's Cells, 
Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>Luck of Edenhall</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, Duke of</Keyword>
<Keyword>Luck of Muncaster</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennington, John, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Henry VI</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Barrow, 
William, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Bull, Richard, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, St 
Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bega</Keyword> <Keyword>Calder 
Abbey, St Bridget Beckermet</Keyword> <Keyword>Meschines, Ranulph de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>David, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, Robert the</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lanercost Priory, Lanercost</Keyword> <Keyword>Vaux, Robert de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Edward I</Keyword> <Keyword>Eleanor, Queen</Keyword> <Keyword>Margaret, 
Queen</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.402
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">COMPENDIUM OF COUNTY HISTORY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">ADDITIONS TO CUMBERLAND, Vol.LXXXVI. Part ii. page 599.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Thus by thy fall, Lowdore, reclin'd;</Line>
<Line>The craggy cliff, impending wood</Line>
<Line>Whose shadows mix o'er half the flood.</Line>
<Line>The gloomy clouds which solemn sail,</Line>
<Line>Scarce lifted by the languid gale,</Line>
<Line>O'er the capp'd hill and darken'd vale,</Line>
<Line>Channels by rocky torrents torn,</Line>
<Line>Rocks to the lake in thunder borne,</Line>
<Line>Or such as o'er our heads appear</Line>
<Line>Suspended in their mid career,</Line>
<Line>To start again at his command</Line>
<Line>Who rules fire, water, air, and land,</Line>
<Line>I view with wonder and delight,</Line>
<Line>A pleasing though an awful sight;</Line>
<Line>For seen within the verdant isles</Line>
<Line>Soften with more delicious smiles,</Line>
<Line>More tempting twine their op'ning bow'rs,</Line>
<Line>More lively glow the pruple flowers,</Line>
<Line>More smoothly slopes the border gay,</Line>
<Line>In fairer circles bends the bay;</Line>
<Line>And last to fix our wand'ring eyes,</Line>
<Line>The roofs, O Keswick, brighter rise,</Line>
<Line>The lake and lofty hills between,</Line>
<Line>Where giant Meddaw shuts the scene.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. DALTON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">ANTIENT STATE AND REMAINS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>British Inhabitants</i>. Cumbri, a tribe of the Brigantes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Antiquities</i>. British: Druidical circles on Grey Yawd, or 
King Harry fell, Sunken Kirk, and near Keswick. - Roman: Of miscellaneous antiquities the 
principal collections are at Netherby, Sir James Graham's; Nether-hall, Humphrey Senhouse,
esq.; Walton-house, W. P. Johnson, esq.; and Wigton, the Rev. Richard Matthews. The 
antiquarian brothers Lysons have given a description of 142 altars and inscribed stones 
found in this county. Aspatria, Cross-Canonby and Dearham fonts. Dearham and Gosforth 
church-yard crosses. Two pillars at St Bride's. Carlisle Deanery. Akerton, Greystock, 
Irthington, and Millom castles. Towers and Mansion-houses of Dalston, Drumburgh-castle, 
Harby-brow, Hardrigg, Hewthwaite, Irton, Kirk-Andrews-upon-Eske, Lamplugh, Muncaster, 
Netherby, and Nether-hall. Excavations in the rock over the river Eden, called Wetheral 
Safeguard, or Constantine's cells. - Glass vessel, called 'The Luck of Eden-hall,' noticed
in the Duke of Wharton's ballad,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'God prosper long from being broke</Line>
<Line>The <i>Luck of Eden-hall</i>.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And another called 'The Luck of Muncaster.' On the preservation of
these two vessels, according to popular superstition, the prosperity of their respective 
houses depends. Of the Edenhall cup there is an engraving in Lysons's 'Cumberland.' The 
Muncaster basin is said to have been presented to Sir John Pennington by Henry VI. who was
secreted at Muncaster for some time.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Among the monuments of its bishops in Carlisle Cathedral, the most
curious are those of William Barrow 1429, and Richard Bull (engraved in Gough's 
'Sepulchral Monuments') 1596.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">St. Bees derives its name from Bega, an Irish saint, who founded a
monastery here about 650. Calder Abbey was erected by Ranulph de Meschines in 1134.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Holme Cultram Abbey was founded in 1150, by Henry son of David 
King of Scots. In it was buried Robert Bruce, father of the Scottish King of that name. 
The abbot, though not mitred, was occasionally summoned to Parliament.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lanercost priory, founded by Robert de Vaux or de Vallibus, Lord 
of Gilsland in 1169, was often vsited by Edward I. with his Queens Eleanor and Margaret. 
At his last visit with Queen Margaret he was detained by illness from October 8, 1306, to 
February 28, 1306-7.
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
<Classification>
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</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1819 part 1 p.403</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1819</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Compendium of County History, Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Aine, 
River<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Bruscath, River<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cam Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>White Lyne</Keyword> <Keyword>Black Lyne</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Liza, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Nyte<Note>Mite ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Mite, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Pultrop<Note>Poltross Burn ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Poltross 
Burn<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Vent, River<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Wiza 
Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Llough<Note>Cardurnock Lough ?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cardurnock Lough, Cardurnock<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Bootle 
beacon<Note>Black Combe ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Black Combe, Whicham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mote, Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Castle, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Castle Crag, Borrowdale<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cumrew Fell, 
Cumrew</Keyword> <Keyword>Dale Raughton<Note>? possibly Daleraven</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Daleraven, Kirkoswald<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>High Stile, 
Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Honister Crag, Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>King Harry, 
Cumwhitton</Keyword> <Keyword>Lingy Close Head<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees 
Head, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Moothay<Note>Moota Hill</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Moota 
Hill, Blindcrake</Keyword> <Keyword>Muncaster Fell, Muncaster</Keyword> <Keyword>Naddle 
Fell<Note>High Rigg</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>High Rigg, St John's Castlerigg 
etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Red Pike, Buttermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Sandal 
Top<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Scarrow Hill<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Screes,
Wasdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Spadeadam, Kingwater</Keyword> <Keyword>Workington</Keyword> 
<Keyword>spring, Biglands<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>spring, 
Drigg<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Tommy Tack Saline Spring, Gilcrux</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Stanger Spa, Embleton</Keyword> <Keyword>spring, 
Sebergham<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>spring, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>spring, 
Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Newlands Valley, Above Derwent</Keyword> <Keyword>Wanthwaite, 
St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Solway Moss: eruption 1771</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Graham, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>longevity</Keyword> <Keyword>Brown, 
Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Green, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Fearon, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hodgson, Jane</Keyword> <Keyword>Dickenson, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Lingleton, 
Mary</Keyword> <Keyword>Braithwaite, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Noble, Mark</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bell, James</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, Ann</Keyword> <Keyword>Noble, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Maxwell, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Taylor, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Citadel, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Smirke, Robert, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden 
Bridge, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Dovenby, 
Bridekirk</Keyword> <Keyword>Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Longtown</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Longtown Bridge, Longtown</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees 
School, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Grindal, Edmund, Archbishop</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Whitehaven Battery, Whitehaven</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Barfield, Whicham<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Gibson, Robert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Barrow House, Borrowdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Pocklington, Joseph</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bonstead Hill<Note>Boustead Hill ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Boustead Hill, Burgh
by Sands<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Nixon, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Brayton Park, 
Brayton</Keyword> <Keyword>Lawson, Wilfred</Keyword> <Keyword>Burgh-upon-Sands<Note>Burgh 
by Sands</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Burgh by Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Hewett, G H</Keyword>
<Keyword>Calder Abbey, St Bridget Beckermet</Keyword> <Keyword>Senhouse, Miss</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cockermouth Castle, Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Cockermouth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Egremont, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Dovenby Hall, Dovenby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dykes, J B</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden Hall, Edenhall</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave, 
Philip, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Ewanrigg Hall, Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Christian, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Flimby Hall, Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Hardriff Hall<Note>Hardrigg Hall ?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hardrigg Hall, Skelton<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Vane, Frederick Fletcher,
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Holme Hill, Dalston</Keyword> <Keyword>Salkeld, Colonel</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Holmerook<Note>Holmrook Hall</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Holmrook Hall, Irton with 
Santon</Keyword> <Keyword>Lutwidge, Skiffington</Keyword> <Keyword>Hunter Hall, Great 
Salkeld<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Harraden, E B</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton John, 
Hutton</Keyword> <Keyword>Hudleston, Andrew</Keyword> <Keyword>Irton Hall, Irton with 
Santon</Keyword> <Keyword>Irton, E L</Keyword> <Keyword>Isel, Blindcrake</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lawson, Wilfred</Keyword> <Keyword>Justicetown, Westlinton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Irwin, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword></Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkoswald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Featherstonehaugh, T S</Keyword> <Keyword>Linethwaite, St 
Bees<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hartley, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Longburgh, Burgh 
by Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Hodges, Mason</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowthwaite, St John's 
Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Williamson</Keyword> <Keyword>Melmerby, Ousby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Pattinson, Joseph</Keyword> <Keyword>Moorhouse, Burgh by 
Sands<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hodgson, Richard</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Moorpark<Note>Moorhouse Hall ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Moorhouse Hall, 
Moorhouse</Keyword> <Keyword>Liddell, Joseph</Keyword> <Keyword>Naworth Castle, 
Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Naworth</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Earl of</Keyword>
<Keyword>Netherhall, Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Senhouse, Humphrey</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Newbiggin Hall, Newbiggin</Keyword> <Keyword>Bateman, S</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Nunwick Hall<Note>Nunwick Old Hall ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Nunwick Old Hall, 
Great Salkeld</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilkinson, E, Miss</Keyword> <Keyword>Ormathwaite, 
Underskiddaw</Keyword> <Keyword>Walsh, J B, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Orthwaite Hall, 
Orthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Brown, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Papcastle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Knight, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Rickerby, Stanwix Rural</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Graham, James</Keyword> <Keyword>Skirwith Abbey, Skirwith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Yates, J O</Keyword> <Keyword>Southerby Hall<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Fallowfield, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Staffold<Note>Staffield</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Staffield, Kirkoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Ross, R L</Keyword> <Keyword>Tallantire 
Hall, Tallentire</Keyword> <Keyword>Brown, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Vicar's 
Island<Note>Derwent Isle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent Isle, Derwent Water</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Peachey, General</Keyword> <Keyword>Warwick Hall, 
Wetheral<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Warwick, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven 
Castle, Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>Woodside Park,
St Cuthbert Without</Keyword> <Keyword>Losh, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of 
Burgh</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther, Baron</Keyword> <Keyword>Dacre, Baron</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Augustus, Ernest, Prince</Keyword>  <Keyword>Brand, Thomas</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.403
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G819A403.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">PRESENT STATE AND APPEARANCES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Rivers</i>. Aine, Bruscath, Cambeck, Line the black and the 
white, Liza, Nyte, Pultrop, Vent, Wiza or Wiz.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Lake</i>. Llough near Rowcliffe.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Eminences and Views</i>. Bootle beacon, Brampton mote, Carlisle
castle, Castle cragg-hill, Cumrew fell, Dale Raughton, High style, Honiston cragg, King 
Harry fell, Lingy-close head, Moothay, Muncaster fell, Naddle fell, Red pike, St. Bee's 
head, Sandala top, Scarrow hill, the Screes, Spade-Adam top, Workington hill.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Natural Curiosities</i>. Biglands, sulphureous; Drig, Gilcrux, 
and Stanger, saline; Sebergham, petrifying; Bewcastle, Great Salkeld, Brampton, and 
Iron-gill chalybeate springs. - Scenery of Newland and Wanthwaite vales. Of the 
extraordinary eruption of Solwaty Moss, Nov. 15, 1771, not a trace is now to be seen, the 
ground having gradually been cleared at a great expence, and brought again to cultivation 
by Dr. Graham. who was landlord of the whole inundated track. This county is remarkable 
for the longevity of its inhabitants. In Lysons's 'Cumberland' is a list of 144 persons of
not less than 100 years of age buried between the years of 1663 and 1814. The most 
remarkable instances recorded, are Robert Brown, aged 110, buried at Arthuret 1666. 
Richard Green, 114, Dacre 1680. Thomas Fearon, 112, Bride-kirk 1701, Jane Hodgson, 114, 
Harrington 1717. Thomas Dickenson, 112, Bootle 1745. Mary Lingleton, 110, Dearham. Rev. 
George Braithwaite, 110, Carlisle 1753, Mark Noble, 113, Corney 1768. James Bell, 113, 
Penrith, 1772. The obituary of the Gentleman's Magazine also records Ann Wilson, 110, 
Aston 1765. John Noble, 114, Corney 1772. John Maxwell, 132, Keswick Lake 1785. John 
Taylor, noticed among the eminent natives, lived to the age of 135.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Public Edifices</i>. Carlisle Assize courts, founded in 1810, 
within the walls of the antient citadel, architect Robert Smirke, jun. who also built the 
bridge of 5 elliptic arches, each of 35 feet span, founded 1812; County gaol; 
Grammar-school - Girl's Charity-school - Guildhall - Dovenby hospital and schools. - 
Keswick school; and Market-house, built 1813. - Longtown bridge, 5 arches. Penrith and 
Plumbland schools. - St. Bee's school, founded by Archb. Grindall. - Warwick bridge. - 
Whitehaven piers, four batteries, mounting together 18 guns; Dispensary. - Wigton school. 
- Workington bridge, erected 1763; Assembly rooms; theatre; schools.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Seats</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Barfield, Robert Gibson, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Barrow, The, Joseph Pocklington, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Bonstead-hill, William Nixon, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Brayton, Wilfred Lawson, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Bride-kirk, John Thompson, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Burgh-upon-Sands, G. H. Hewett, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Calder-abbey, Miss Senhouse.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Castle-how, Miss Senhouse.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Cockermouth-castle, Earl of Egremont.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dovenby-hall, J. B. Dykes, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Edenhall, Sir Philip Musgrave, bart.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Ewanrigg, John Christian, esq,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Flimby-hall, Earl of Lonsdale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Hardriff-hall, Sir F. F. Vane, bart.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Holme-hill, Colonel Salkeld.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Holme-rook, Skiffington Lutwidge, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Hunter-hall, E. B. Harraden, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Hutton-john, Andrew Hudleston, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Irton-hall, E. L. Irton, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Isel, Wilfred Lawson, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Justice-town, Thomas Irwin, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Kirk-oswald, T. S. Featherstonehaugh, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Linethwaite, Thomas Hartley, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Long-burgh, Mason Hodges, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Lowthwaite-house, Williamson, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Melmerby, Rev. Joseph Pattinson.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Moor-house, Richard Hodgson, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Moor-park, Joseph Liddell, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Naworth-castle, Earl of Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Nether-hall, Humphry Senhouse, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Newbiggen-hall, Rev. S. Bateman.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Nunwick-hall, Miss E. Wilkinson.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Oaks, The, Mrs. Blamire.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Ormathwaite, Sir J. B. Walsh, bart.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Orthwaite-hall, William Brown, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Pap-castle, Thomas Knight, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Rickerby, James Graham, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Salkeld-lodge, Colonel Lacy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Sella-park, Edward Stanley, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Skirwith-abbey, J. O. Yates, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Southerby-hall, John Fallowfield, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Staffold, R. L. Ross, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Tallantire-hall, William Brown, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Vicar's Island, General Peachey.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Warwick-hall, Robert Warwick, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Whitehaven-castle, Earl of Lonsdale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Woodside, late John Losh, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Peerage</i>. Burgh barony to Lowther Earl of Lonsdale, who is 
also Viscount and Baron Lowther of Whitehaven: Carlisle earldom to Howard, who is also 
Baron Dacre of the North, or of Gilsland: Cumberland dukedom to Prince Ernest Augustus, 
fifth son of the King: Dacre of the South barony to the lady of Thomas Brand, esq.: 
Egremont earldom and Cockermouth
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">barony
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">An incensed earlier reader has added in ms, rivers Eden, Caldew, 
Pettril, Derwent and lakes Keswick, Ullswater, Bassenthwaite
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Compendium of County History, Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of 
Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Wyndham Femily</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of 
Ellenborough</Keyword> <Keyword>Law Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of 
Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennington Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Percy Family</Keyword> <Keyword>oysters</Keyword> <Keyword>char</Keyword> 
<Keyword>wheat</Keyword> <Keyword>barley</Keyword> <Keyword>copper</Keyword> 
<Keyword>coal</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven Coalfield, Whitehaven</Keyword> 
<Keyword>iron</Keyword> <Keyword>paper</Keyword> <Keyword>carpet</Keyword> 
<Keyword>rope</Keyword> <Keyword>brewery</Keyword> <Keyword>pottery</Keyword> 
<Keyword>population</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, history</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Romans</Keyword> <Keyword>Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Fergus, King of 
Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Maximinian</Keyword> <Keyword>Gregory, King of Scots</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Danes</Keyword> <Keyword>Dacre</Keyword> <Keyword>Constantine, King of 
Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Athelstan</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Brunanburgh</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Edmund 1</Keyword> <Keyword>Dunmail, King of Cumberland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Malcolm, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Uchtred</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Northumberland, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>William the Conqueror</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Meschines, Ranulph de</Keyword> <Keyword>William Rufus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Castle, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry I</Keyword> <Keyword>Diocese of Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>David, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, 
siege</Keyword> <Keyword>Alberia</Keyword> <Keyword>Adulph, Bishop</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Henry II</Keyword> <Keyword>Malcolm IV, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>William 
the Lion, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Lucy, Richard de</Keyword> <Keyword>Vaux, 
Robert de</Keyword> <Keyword>Liddel Strength, Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Burgh by 
Sands Castle, Burgh by Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Burgh by Sands</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Roland, Baron</Keyword>  <Keyword>border wars</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.404
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G819A404.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">barony to Wyndham: Ellenborough barony to Law: Greystock barony to
Howard Duke of Norfolk: Lorton Irish viscounty to King: Muncaster Irish barony to 
Pennington: of Cockermouth, Lucy barony to Percy Duke of Northumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Produce</i>. Oysters; char-fish. Wheat, barley. Copper; 
grindstones. The Whitehaven collieries, the property of the Earl of Lonsdale, are the most
extensive of any in the kingdom.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Manufactures</i>. Iron: paper: carpets: blankets: ropes: 
breweries: coarse pottery.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">POPULATION.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">... / Houses. / Inhab.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Preston, in St. Bee's parish / 691 / 3261
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Harrington / 348 / 1621
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Middlegate and Sandgate in Penrith parish / 294 / 1191
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">HISTORY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">About A.D. 60, Carlisle burnt by the Scots during the 
absence of the Romans.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">120. Cumberland ravaged by Mogal King of the Scots, and 
Uniparus King of the Picts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">425. Fergus King of Scotland defeated by Maximian the Roman 
General.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">880. At Carlisle, an assembly of Nobles held by Gregory King
of Scotland, to whom Cumberland had been ceded for his services against the Danes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">930. At Dacre, Constantine King of Scotland, with his son 
Eugenius, did homage to Athelstan.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">937. Cumberland occupied by Athelstan after his victory at 
Brunanburgh.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">940. Cumberland granted by Edmund I. to Indulph, son and 
heir-apparent of Malcom King of Scotland, on his doing homage for the same.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">945. Cumberland having rebelled against Indulph, and elected
a King of the name of Dunmaile, Edmund I. laid waste the county, put out the eyes of 
Dunmaile's two sons, and reinstated Indulph.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1016. Near Burgh-upon-Sands, Uchtred Earl of Northumberland 
and the Danes defeated by Malcolm King of Scotland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1069. Cumberland granted by William the Conqueror to Ranulph
de Meschines, afterwards Earl of Chester; Malcolm King of Scotland being dispossessed of 
this principality for granting an asylum to the English refugees.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1092. Carlisle rebuilt, and its castle erected by William 
Rufus.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1133. Carisle erected into a bishoprick by Henry I.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1135. Carlisle seized by David King of Scotland on Stephen's
usurpation of the throne of England.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1138. At Carlisle, Sept. 25, Alberia the Pope's legate, in a
conference with David King of Scotland, accompanied by his nobles and prelates, obtained 
the release of all female prisoners, and the restoration of Adulph to this bishoprick.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1139. To Carlisle David King of Scotland fled after his 
defeat at the battle of the Standard, and was there joined by his son Prince Henry.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1150. At Carlisle, David King of Scotland, Henry 
Fitz-Empress (afterwards Henry II. of England), and Ralph Earl of Chester, entered into a 
league against King Stephen, and Henry was knighted by King David.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1152. At Carlisle, John the Pope's legate, met David King of
Scotland and his son Prince Henry.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1157. Cumberland ceded by Malcolm IV. of Scotland to Henry 
II. who confirmed to Malcolm the possession of the earldom of Huntingdon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1158. At Carlisle, conference between Henry II. and Malcolm 
IV.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1173. Carlisle besieged by William the Lion King of 
Scotland, but he was compelled to raise the siege on the approach of Richard de Lucy, 
Chief Justiciary and Regent, during the absence of Henry II.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1174. Carlisle under Robert de Vaux, again besieged by 
William the Lion. During the siege, which lasted some months, but was at last raised on 
the capture of William at Alnwick in Northumberland, the Scots took Liddel castle, 
Burgh-upon-Sands castle, and several other fortresses.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1186. At Carlisle Henry II, assembled an army to assist 
William King of Scots against Roland a rebellious baron, who bring taken prisoner, was 
brought by the Scotch King and his brother David to the English Monarch in that town.
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1216.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Compendium of County History, Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, 
history</Keyword> <Keyword>Holme Coultram Abbey, Abbey Town</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, 
siege</Keyword> <Keyword>Alexander, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Gray, Walter 
de</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry III</Keyword> <Keyword>Clifford, Robert de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lord Warden of the Marches</Keyword> <Keyword>Comyn, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Buchan, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Lanercost Priory, Lanercost</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wallace</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward I</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of 
Falkirk</Keyword> <Keyword>Glasgow, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Margaret, Queen</Keyword>
<Keyword>Kirkcambeck, Askerton</Keyword> <Keyword>Linstock Castle, Stanwix Rural</Keyword>
<Keyword>castle, Stanwix Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlise, parliament</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Caldecote</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle: Caldcotes</Keyword> <Keyword>Burgh by 
Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward I Monument, Burgh by Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward 
II</Keyword> <Keyword>Bec, Anthony</Keyword> <Keyword>Durham, Bishop of</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.405
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1216. Holme Cultram abbey pillaged, and Carlisle, Aug. 8, 
taken by Alexander King of Scotland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1217. Carlisle retaken by Walter de Gray, Abp. of York.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1237. Cumberland finally annexed to the throne of England by
cession of Alexander King of Scotland to Henry III.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1296. Robert de Clifford appointed the first English Lord 
Warden of the Marches. - Carlisle successfully defended by the inhabitants against the 
Scots under John Comyn Earl of Buchan, and six other Earls, who burnt the suburbs of the 
city, and on the retreat set fire to Lanercost Abbey.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1297. Allerdale, as far as Cockermouth, laid waste, and 
Carlisle unsuccessfully besieged by the Scots under Wallace, in October.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1298. At Carlisle, Sept. 15, after his victory at Falkirk, 
parliament held by Edward I.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1300. At Holme Cultram abbey, in October, Edward I. released
the Bp. of Glasgow from his imprisonment, and received his allegiance with great 
solemnity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1307. From Lanercost priory, March 1, Edward I. and his 
Queen Margaret removed to Kirk Cambock; thence on the 4th to Linstock castle, where they 
were entertained for six days by John Halton Bp. of Carlisle; on the 12th the Court 
proceeded to Carlisle, where the parliament was sitting; and on June 28, Edward, very weak
and ill, left the city on his March to Scotland; halted that night at Caldecote; reached 
Burgh-upon-Sands July 5, and closed his glorious reign there July 7. An obelisk 
commemorating this event was erected on Burgh Marsh by Henry Duke of Norfolk in 1685, and 
repaired by William Viscount Lowther in 1803. - July 11, 1307, Edward II. arrived at 
Carlisle, and on the 13th receieved the homage of his barons. On his return from Scotland 
in September he restored Anthony Bec to the bishoprick of Durham, of which he had been 
dispossessed by Edward I.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>(To be concluded in our next.)</i>
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>personalia</Keyword>  <Keyword>Strickland</Keyword>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1819 part 1 p.488</Title>
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</Period>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>Strickland, W</Keyword> <Keyword>Sizergh, 
Helsington</Keyword> <Keyword>Strickland Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Standish, Charles 
Strickland</Keyword> <Keyword>English Jesuits' College</Keyword> <Keyword>St Omer, 
France</Keyword>  <Keyword>Jesuits</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.488
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>W Strickland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Obituary, W Strickland</Heading>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 23. In Poland-street, aged 87, the Rev, W. 
Strickland, head of the ancient family of Strickland, of Sizer, Westmoreland. He made 
over, at an early age, to his younger brother (grandfather to the present representative 
of the family, Charles Strickland Standish, esq.) the whole of his patrimonial 
inheritance, reserving only a small annuity, and retired to the English Jesuits' College 
at St. Omers, where he embraced the ecclesiastical state as a member of that society. 
After the suppression of the Order in France, in the year 1763, he followed his community 
to Bruges, in Flanders, and was one of the Professors in their new College in that city; 
and afterwards, on their further removal to Liege, was several years president of their 
College in that Bishoprick. He lived to witness at length the successive ruin of each of 
these establishments, and, returning to his native land about 30 years since, dedicated 
himself entirely to the duties of the Ministry, until an apoplectic attack nearly deprived
him, about six years since, of his mental powers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
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wars</Keyword> <Keyword>Gilsland, Waterhead</Keyword> <Keyword>Robert the Bruce</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bruce, Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, siege</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mary and 
St Bega, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees Abbey<Note>St Mary and St 
Bega</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Cleator, Cleator Moor</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Stainburn, Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>Douglas, James</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Randolph, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Rose Castle, Dalston</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Dalston</Keyword> <Keyword>Wigton</Keyword> <Keyword>Holme Coultram 
Abbey, Abbey Town</Keyword> <Keyword>Abbey Town, Holme Abbey</Keyword> <Keyword>Duddon 
Sands</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Harcla, Andrew de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lord Warden of the Marches</Keyword> <Keyword>Lucy, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Edward Baliol, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Dacre, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Arthuret</Keyword> <Keyword>Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>St Nicholas Hospital, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Douglas, William, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kirby, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Ogle, 
Robert, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Liddel Strength, Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Kirkandrews</Keyword> <Keyword>Selby, Walter, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Lanercost Priory, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.505
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">COMPENDIUM OF COUNTY HISTORY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">ADDITIONS TO CUMBERLAND, Vol.LXXXVI. Part ii. page 599.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>(Concluded from page 405.)</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1311. Gilsland ravaged by Robert Bruce King of Scotland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1314. Kirk-oswald burnt and Lanercost pillaged by the Scots 
under Edward Bruce, brother of the King.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1315. During the siege of Carlisle, St. Bee's Monastery, 
with the manor houses of Cleator and Stainburn, destroyed by the Scots.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1319. Gilsland laid waste by the Scots under James Douglas 
and Thomas Randolph.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1322. Rose castle and Wigton town burnt, and Holme Cultram 
abbey, where his father was buried, destroyed by Robert Bruce King of Scotland, who 
devastated the Western side of this county to Duddon sands.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1323. At Carlisle, Andrew Hercla, Earl of Carlisle and Lord 
Warden of the Marches, accused of treasonable correspondence with the Scots, arrested by 
Lord Lucy, and beheaded.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1332. At Carlisle, Edward Baliol the fugitive King of 
Scotland, entertained by Lord Dacre the governor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1337. At Arthuret the Scots entered England, destroyed 20 
villages, and carried off a great booty. In another incursion they burnt Rose castle, the 
hospital of St. Nicholas, and the suburbs of Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1342. Penrith and several neighbouring villages burnt by the
Scots.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1345. Penrith town burnt by the Scots under Sir William 
Douglas, who besieged Carlisle, and set fire to the suburbs; but on his retreat to 
Scotland was overtaken and defeated by Kirby Bp. of Carlisle and Sir Robert Ogle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1346. Liddel castle taken by assault, its governor Sir 
Walter Selby beheaded, and Lanercost priory plundered, by David Bruce King of Scotland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1380. Penrith, during a truce, treacherously surprised by 
Scots, who slew many of the inhabitants, and carried off numerous prisoners and a great 
booty as it was a fair day in that town. These marauders also set fire to a street in 
Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1383. Holm Cultram abbey saved from burning by the Abbot 
paying the sum of 200<i>l.</i> to the Earl of Douglas, commander of the Scots.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1385. Carlisle unsuccessfully besieged by the French and 
Scots.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1387.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Compendium of County History, Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>border 
wars</Keyword> <Keyword>Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Tiliol, Peter</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Douglas, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Fife, Earl 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Douglas, William, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Douglas, Archibald, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Gilsland, Waterhead</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dacre, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, siege</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry 
VI</Keyword> <Keyword>Maxwell, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave, Nicholas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Norfolk, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Northumberland, Earl of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Westmorland, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Naworth Castle, Brampton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Naworth</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of Gilsland</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony 
of Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Hunsdon, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Armstong, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Kinmont Willie</Keyword> <Keyword>Scott, William, Sir</Keyword>
<Keyword>Buccleugh, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Civil War</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Castle, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Montrose, Marquis 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Callendar, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Salkeld</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Musgrave, Philip, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Fletcher, Henry, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Leslie, General</Keyword> <Keyword>Scaleby Castle, Scaleby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Scaleby</Keyword> <Keyword>Sands, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Digby, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Langdale, Marmaduke, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Royalists</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Parliamentarians</Keyword> <Keyword>Brown, John, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Glenham, 
Thomas, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Lambert, General</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Greystoke Castle, Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Greystoke</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rose Castle, Dalston</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Dalston</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Warwick Bridge, Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>Cockermouth Castle, 
Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Bird, 
Lieutenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Ashton, Colonel</Keyword> <Keyword>Levington, William, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Cromwell, Oliver</Keyword> <Keyword>Brampton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>James III<Note>Stuart, James Edward</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Stuart, James 
Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>rebellion, 1715</Keyword> <Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> 
<Keyword>1715 Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>Foster, General</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Longtown</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles, Bonnie 
Prince</Keyword> <Keyword>Durand, Colonel</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, Duke of</Keyword>
<Keyword>biography</Keyword> <Keyword>Brown, Joseph, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Watermillock, 
Matterdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Carleton, Guy, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlyle, Joseph 
Dacre</Keyword> <Keyword>Clement, Ellis</Keyword> <Keyword>Scripture Catechist Fell, 
John</Keyword>  <Keyword>Demoniacs</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.506
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G819A506.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1387. Cockermouth surprised, and Peter Tilliol, Sheriff of 
the county, taken by the Scots, under the Earls of Douglas and Fife. The suburbs of 
Carlisle burnt by the Scots, among whom Sir William Douglas, a natural son of Archibald 
Lord Douglas, particularly distinguished himself, overcoming three armed citizens on a 
draw-bridge of the out-works. Shortly aftwards the Scots were defeated, with the loss of 
11,000 men.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1388. In Gilsland, on Lord Dacre's demesne, 200 decrepit 
persons, women and children, shut up in houses, and burnt by the Scots.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1461. Carlisle unsuccessfully besieged, and the suburbs 
burnt, by an army of Scots in the interest of Henry VI.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1523. Cumberland plundered, and 300 prisoners carried into 
Scotland by Lord Maxwell.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1537. Carlisle besieged by Nicholas Musgrave in rebellion 
against Henry VIII. but he was repulsed by the artizans, and shortly afterwards defeated 
by the Duke of Norfolk, when 74 of his officers were hanged on the walls of Carlisle, but 
Musgrave escaped.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1569. At Naworth, December, the insurgent Earls of 
Northumberland and Westmorland disbanded their forces.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1570. From Naworth castle, Leonard Dacre, claiming the 
baronies of Gilsland and Greystock, sallying out to attack Lord Hunsdon, was defeated and 
compelled to fly to Scotland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1596. William Armstrong, a noted borderer, celebrated in 
ballads by the name of 'Kinmont Willie,' having been taken prisoner on a day of truce and 
carried to Carlisle, his release was demanded without effect, on which Sir William Scott, 
Lord of Buccleugh, came with a party of 200 horse before break of day, made a breach in 
the castle, and carried off the prisoner before the garrison was prepared for defence.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1644. In Carlisle castle the Marquis of Montrose 
unsuccessfully besieged by the Earl of Callendar. Near Great Salkeld, in September, Sir 
Philip Musgrave and Sir Henry Fletcher defeated by General Leslie and the Scots.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1645. Feb. Scaleby castle taken by --. October, on Carlisle 
Sands, Lord Digby, and Sir Marmaduke Langdale, defeated and forced to fly to the Isle of 
Man, by Parliamentarians under Sir John Brown, Governor of Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1648. April 28, Carlisle surprized by the Royalists under 
Sir Thomas Glenham and Sir Philip Musgrave. - June 15, Penrith taken by the 
Parliamentarians under General Lambert, and detachments from his army about the same time 
took Greystock, Rose, and Scaleby castles, and defeated a body of royalists at 
Warwick-bridge. - Cockermouth castle, under Lieutenant Bird, was besieged by the 
Royalists, from August to September 29, when the siege was raised by a detachment of 
Parliamentarians from Lancashire, under Colonel Ashton. - October 1, Carlisle surrendered 
by its Royalist Governor Sir William Levington, to Oliver Cromwell.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1715. Brampton and Penrith entered in November, and James 
III. proclaimed by the friends of the Stuarts under General Foster.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1745. Near Longton, Nov. 8, advanced guard of Prince Charles
Stuart's army entered Cumberland. Nov. 11, army at Brampton. Commenced the siege of 
Carlisle on the 13th, and the garrison under Colonel Durand surrendered on the 15th, when 
James was proclaimed King, and his son Regent, by the Corporation in their robes. On the 
21st the van of the army marched into Penrith, which Charles with the main body entered on
the following day. On their retreat from Derby the army entered Penrith Dec. 17. Retreated
from Carlisle into Scotland Dec. 20, and the city was invested by the Duke of Cumberland 
on the 21st, and surrendered to him at discretion Dec. 30th.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1778. Whitehaven unsuccessfully attempted by the Pirate Paul
Jones.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BIOGRAPHY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Brown, Dr. Joseph, biographer and editor of Cardinal Bererini, 
Water Millock, 1700.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Carleton, Guy, Bp. of Chichester, (died 1685)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Carlyle, Joseph Dacres, Arabic scholar, Carlisle, 1759.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Ellis, Clement, divine, author of Scripture Catechist, 1630.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fell, John, dissenting divine, author of Demoniacs, Cockermouth, 
1735.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Graham,
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Graham, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>James II</Keyword> <Keyword>Arthuret</Keyword>
<Keyword>Hall, Anthony, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Trivet's Annales</Keyword> <Keyword>Leland's
Scriptores</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkbride</Keyword> <Keyword>Huddart, Joseph</Keyword> 
<Keyword>map maker</Keyword> <Keyword>Allonby</Keyword> <Keyword>Huddleston, Richard, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Agincourt</Keyword> <Keyword>Millom</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Huddleston, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Edge Hill</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Law, Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Ellenborough, Lord Chief Justice</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Great Salkeld</Keyword> <Keyword>Law, Bishop</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Morville, Hugh de, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Becket, 
Thomas a</Keyword> <Keyword>Morris, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Musgrave, William, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Hayton</Keyword> <Keyword>Hayton 
Castle, Hayton</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Hayton</Keyword> <Keyword>Gill, 
Allonby</Keyword> <Keyword>Reay, William, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Robinson, 
George</Keyword> <Keyword>bookseller</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalston</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Salkeld, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Corby Castle, Great Corby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Great Corby</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Corby, Wetheral</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Senhouse, Humphrey</Keyword> <Keyword>Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Netherhall, 
Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Senhouse, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Strong, Joseph</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Tully, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Wallis, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Watson, 
Daniel</Keyword> <Keyword>Sebergham</Keyword> <Keyword>Williamson, Joseph, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Charles II</Keyword> <Keyword>Bridekirk</Keyword> <Keyword>Paley, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Addingham, Glassonby</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, Arthuret</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Arthuret</Keyword> <Keyword>Armstrong, Archibald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>jester</Keyword> <Keyword>James I</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles I</Keyword> 
<Keyword>St Kentigern, Aspatria</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Aspatria</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Musgrave, William, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, Bootle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Bootle</Keyword> <Keyword>Askew, Hugh, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle 
Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, 
Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, John, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Law, Edmund</Keyword> 
<Keyword>St Cuthbert, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlyle, Joseph Dacre</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle, fire</Keyword> <Keyword>meeting house, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>plague</Keyword> <Keyword>Fox, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Milne, Robert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Physico Theological Lectures</Keyword> <Keyword>ring of bells, Carlisle</Keyword>
<Keyword>ring of bells, Great Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Crosthwaite, 
Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>ring of bells, Bingham<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Michael, Dalston</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Dalston</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalston</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rainbow, Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>St Cuthbert, Great Salkeld</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Great Salkeld</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Salkeld</Keyword> <Keyword>Gilpin,
Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>St Andrew, Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Satan's Temptations</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke Castle, Greystoke</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mary, Queen of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>St Oswald, Kirkoswald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Kirkoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkoswald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Featherstonehaugh, Timothy, Sir</Keyword>  <Keyword>Senhouse, Mary</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.507
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G819A507.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Graham, Richard, Viscount Preston, Secretary of State to James II,
Arthuret.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Hall, Dr. Anthony, editor of Trivet's 'Annales,' and Leland's 
'Scriptores,' Kirkbride, 1619.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Huddart, Capt. Joseph, hydrographer, Allonby, 1741.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Huddleston, Sir Richard, knight banneret at Agincourt, Millom.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Huddleston, William, recovered the Royal Standards at Edge-hill, 
Millom.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Law, EDWARD, Lord Chief Justice Ellenborough, Great Salkeld, 1750.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Law, John, Bp. of Elphin, friend of Paley, Greystock, (died 1810.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Moravile, Sir Hugh de, one of the four murderers of Abp. Becket in
1170.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Morris, Capt. Thomas, song writer, Carlisle, 1732.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Musgrave, Sir William, 6th bart. antiquary and collector, Hayton 
castle, 1735.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Reay, William, Bp. of Glasgow, the Gill in Allonby parish.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Robinson, George, bookseller, Dalston, (died 1801.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Salkeld, John, divine, styled by James I. 'the learned,' Corby 
castle, 1576.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Senhouse Humphrey, founder of Mary-port, Netherhall, (died 1770.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Senhouse, John, antiquary and collector, father of the Bishop; 
Netherhall.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Strong, Joseph, blind mechanic, Carlisle, (died 1798.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Tully, Thomas, divine, Carlisle, 1620.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wallis, John, historian of Northumberland, 1714.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Watson, Daniel, divine, friend of Sterne and Warburton, Sebergham,
1698.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Williamson, Sir Joseph, secretary of state to Charles II. 
Bridekirk, 1644;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Addingham was the vicarage of Dr. Paley, from 1792 to 1795.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Arthuret church-yard was buried its native Archibald Armstrong,
fool or jester to James I. and Charles I. 1672.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Aspatria church, amongst the monuments of the Musgraves, is a 
cenotaph to Sir William, the sixth baronet, benefactor to the British Museum, who was 
buried in St. James's church, Westminster, 1800.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Bootle church is the monument of Sir Hugh Askew, knighted at 
Musselborough, 1547, died 1562.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Carlisle cathedral are handsome monuments of its bishops, Sir 
John Fleming, bart. 1747; and the learned Edmund Law (by Banks) 1787. Its excellent 
Archdeacon, Paley, has no inscription; but a grave-stone records the death of his wife 
Jane, who died in 1791. In St. Cuthbert's church was buried Joseph Dacre Carlyle, 
Chancellor of the diocese and Professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge, 1804. On
May 19, 1292, this city with its priory, convent of Grey Friars, and churches, was 
consumed by a fire raised by an incendiary, who was executed for the fact. In 1390 another
fire consumed 1500 houses. In 1597 and 1598 about 1196 persons died of the plague. The 
Quakers have had a congregation in this city almost from the time of their first 
establishment; George Fox, their founder, was imprisoned in the dungeon and suffered great
hardships here in 1653. Robert Milne, author of Physico-Theological Lectures, was pastor 
of a Presbyterian congregation in this town; he died in 1800. There are but three rings of
bells in this county, one at Carlisle cathedral, one at Crosthwaite, and one at Bingham.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dalston was the vicarage of Dr. Paley from 1774 to 1793. In the 
church-yard was buried Dr. Edward Rainbow, Bp. of Carlisle, 1684.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Great Salkeld rectory is attached to the archdeaconry of Carlisle,
and as such, was held by the learned Edmund Law, (afterwards Bishop of this diocese, and 
father of the late Lord Chief Justice Ellenborough) from 1743 to 1756. He resided and 
composed most of his works at this place. Dr. Paley held the living with his archdeaconry 
from 1782, till his death in 1805.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Greystock was the rectory of Dr. Richard Gilpin, nonconformist 
divine, author of 'Satan's Temptations,' In the castle are several valuable portraits, and
a crucifixion executed in needlework by Mary Queen of Scots. The park, which contains 3000
acres, is surrounded by a wall 9 feet high.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Kirk Oswald church, among the memorials of his family, is the 
monument of the loyal Sir Timothy Featherstonehaugh, who was beheaded at Chester, Oct. 22,
1651.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mary-port was founded by Humphrey Senhouse, esq. who died in 1770,
and was buried in the chapel of that town. It was so named in honour of his wife. At 
Ellen-foot, the site of the present town, till the year 1750
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">there
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1810s</Keyword>
</Period>
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<Keyword>population, Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Ormathwaite Hall, Ormathwaite</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brownrigg, William</Keyword> <Keyword>salt</Keyword> <Keyword>St Luke, 
Ousby</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Ousby</Keyword> <Keyword>Ousby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Robinson, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Essay towards a Natural History of Cumberland
and Westmoreland</Keyword> <Keyword>Natural History of this World of Matter and this World
of Life</Keyword> <Keyword>Anatomy of the Earth</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Penrith Castle, Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gloucester, Richard, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Richard III</Keyword> 
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Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Todd, Hugh</Keyword> <Keyword>Plumpton Park, Hesket</Keyword> 
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Sebergham</Keyword> <Keyword>poet</Keyword> <Keyword>Ralph, Josiah</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Paley, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, Stanwix</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Stanwix</Keyword> <Keyword>Stanwix, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mary, 
Stapleton</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Stapleton</Keyword> <Keyword>Stapleton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Graham, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Virgil's Eclogues</Keyword> <Keyword>Holy 
Trinity and St Constantine, Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Wetheral</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wetheral</Keyword> <Keyword>Archer, Maria</Keyword> <Keyword>Nollekins</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Howard, Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>population, 
Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther, John, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven Collieries,
Whitehaven</Keyword>  <Keyword>Lonsdale Family</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.508
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G819A508.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">there was only one house; and in 1811 there were in Mary-port 323 
houses, containing 3134 inhabitants, exclusive of sailors, which were estimated at 900 
more.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Ormathwaite was the seat of Dr. William Brownriff (sic), an 
eminent physician, author on the art of making salt, and preventing pestilential 
contagion; he died here in 1800, aged 88.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Ousby was the rectory from 1672, till his death in 1719, of Thomas
Robinson, author of 'An Essay towards a Natural History of Cumberland and Westmoreland,' 
'A Natural History of this World of Matter and this World of Life,' and 'The Anatomy of 
the Earth.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Penrith castle was enlarged and repaired by Richard Duke of 
Gloucester, afterwards Richard III. who made it his principal residence for five years. In
1598 at Penrith 583 person died of the plague, according to the register, but the number 
is incorrectly stated on a brass plate in the church as amounting to 2260. The vicarage 
was enjoyed from 1699 till his death in 1728 by Dr. Hugh Todd, who made considerable 
topographical collections for this county, and wrote a brief account of Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Plompton Park, according to Ritson, was a favourite haunt of Robin
Hood.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Sebergham church is a monument of its native poet Josiah Ralph,
who was curate here from 1733 till his death in 1743. His poems were published by his 
successor in the curacy, the Rev. Thomas Denton, who was himself author of two poems, and 
compiled the supplemental volume of the Biographical Dictionary. He died in 1777.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Stanwix was the vicarage of Dr. Paley from 1793 to 1795.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Stapleton was the rectory from 1771 till his death in 1796, of 
William Graham, translator of Virgil's Eclogues, and author of Sermons.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Wetheral church is the monument, by Nollekens, of Maria, 
daughter of Lord Archer, and wife of Henry Howard, esq. who died 1789.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whitehaven, in the reign of Elizabeth, contained only six houses. 
In 1633, it had only nine thatched cottages. In 1693, under the patronage of Sir John 
Lowther, it was inhabited by 2,222 persons, mostly occupied in Sir John's collieries. In 
1811 there were 1974 houses and 10,106 inhabitants. In the castle, the seat of the earl of
Lonsdale, are some fine paintings and family portraits.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1819 part 2 p.324</Title>
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</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>fingerpost</Keyword> <Keyword>hand post</Keyword> <Keyword>direction 
post</Keyword>  <Keyword>Highway Act 1772-73</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 2 p.324
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>fingerpost</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Fingerposts</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G819B324.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct</i>. 16.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I SHOULD hope the following cursory hints are not altogether 
unworthy of the notice of your readers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Travellers can observe a great difference as to the degree of 
<i>attention</i> paid by the Magistrates and Road-surveyors to the following clause in the
Highway Act, 13 Geo. III. c.78, s.26.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The Justices at the Special Sessions shall issue their precept to
the Surveyor, where several highways meet, and there is no sufficient direction-post or 
stone already fixed or erected; requiring him forthwith to cause to be erected or fixed, 
in the most convenient place where such ways meet, a stone or post, with inscriptions 
thereon, in large legible letters painted on each side thereof, containing the name or 
names of the next market-town or towns, or other considerable place or places to which the
said highways lead, &amp;c."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The information to be derived from hand-posts is so apparent, that
it seems strange they are so much neglected!
</Paragraph>
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</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>parish register</Keyword> <Keyword>Bishop's Transcripts</Keyword> 
<Keyword>James I</Keyword>  <Keyword>genealogy</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 2 p.490
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>parish register</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Parish Registers</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G819B490.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>Importance of Parish Registers. ...</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Newcastle-on-Tyne Nov.</i> 8.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE concluding remarks of A.C.R. (p.318), merit the greatest 
attention; and I now take up my pen for the purpose of still more strongly impressing 
their importance on your Clerical readers, who, I am afraid, consider the copying of the 
Parish Register an intolerable grievance.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is a well known fact, that by a Canon of James the First, the 
Clergyman of every Parish was required to send a copy of the Register annually to some 
particular place appointed by the Bishop of the Diocese: at present I believe this Law is 
regularly complied with; but this has not always been the case, or at least if it has, the
most shameful negligence is attributable to the person in whose keeping they have been 
placed; indeed I have some reason to suppose this, as I lately saw, in the possession of a
friend, a great number of extracts from the Register of a certain Parish in this 
neighbourhood, and on questioning him as to the way in which he became possessed of them, 
was informed they were given to him by his Cheesemonger, and that they were copies, 
forwarded by the Clergyman of the Parish to the proper Office in a bordering Diocese, and 
had been allowed, through the negligence of their keeper, to obtain the distinguished 
honour of wrapping up cheese and bacon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I can also attest, from my own knowledge, that no such records 
exist in the dioces of Durham, (except for the few last years) having lately had occasion 
to enquire for them, owing to the registers in the Parish being partly lost, and the 
remainder much mutilated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When we consider the great value of the information contained in 
Parish Registers, not only to Genealogists and Antiquaries, but to the people in general, 
as they are often required to establish claims to property which otherwise would probably 
be the source of endless litigation; I confess I am surprized that none of our reverend 
Divines (many of whom are distinguished for the great light they have thrown on 
Antiquarian subjects) should not, long ere this, have lent their aid to endeavour to 
remedy this evil, so generally felt by Genealogists and County Historians, by completing 
the copies of all the Parish Registers; and thus preventing the possibility of a complete 
loss which the burning of a Church, or other accidents, might occasion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DE THIRLEWALL.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1820 part 1 p.224</Title>
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<Content>
<Date>1820</Date>
<Period>
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</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>lithograph</Keyword> <Keyword>print</Keyword> <Keyword>Costa, Emanuel Mendez 
da</Keyword> <Keyword>Lithographic Views of the Several Counties in England</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Coniston Copper Mines, Coniston</Keyword> <Keyword>Coniston Fells, 
Coniston</Keyword> <Keyword>copper</Keyword> <Keyword>haematite</Keyword> <Keyword>Cunsey 
Furnace, Cunsey</Keyword> <Keyword>Backbarrow Ironworks, Backbarrow</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Spark Bridge, Egton with Newland</Keyword>  <Keyword>canals</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 1 p.224
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>lithograph</Keyword>  <Keyword>Lancashire</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Lithographic Views, Lancashire</Heading>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>Lithographic Views, &amp;c. ...</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Part of a book review of 'A LITHOGRAPHIC VIEW OF THE SEVERAL 
COUNTIES IN ENGLAND; BY THE LATE MR. EMANUEL MENDEZ DA COSTA, F.R.S.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lancashire. ... Copper mines at High Furness, Conyston Fells; ... 
Fine haematites ore found in the fells, and much of it is sent to Carron in Scotland, and 
Sheffield and Rotherham in Yorkshire; and iron forges at Cunsey, Bachbarrow, Sparkbridge, 
Conyston, Caton, and Burgh. The navigable canals run through this county.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>To be continued.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G820A228.txt">

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<PersonName>Omicron</PersonName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>dialect</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland Ballads</Keyword>
<Keyword>novel</Keyword> <Keyword>Rose of Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Heir of 
Gilsland</Keyword> <Keyword>poet</Keyword> <Keyword>Relph, Josiah</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sanderson, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>artist</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, 
Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Anderson, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Blamire, Susan</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wrangham, Francis</Keyword> <Keyword>Sebergham</Keyword> <Keyword>Denton, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland Ballads</Keyword> <Keyword>Thackwood Nook, 
Dalston<Note>?</Note></Keyword>  <Keyword>To-Morrow</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 1 p.228
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>poet</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cumberland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Poets, Cumberland</Heading>
<References>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Kellington, March</i> 10.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN addition to the list of living and deceased Poets, inserted in 
your last Supplement, p.595, I would wish to subjoin the Rev. Francis Wrangham, 1790; and 
a few more names of persons, who, though their poems are, many of them, written in a 
provincial dialect, are by no means unworthy of a place in a catalogue of British Poets.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The first candidate I shall propose for this honour is the late 
<i>Rev. Josiah Relph</i>, for some time perpetual curate of Sebergham, a small rural 
village near Carlisle. His poetical works were first published shortly after his death, 
under the superintendance of the Rev. T. Denton, of Ashted in Surrey. Mr. Denton, I have 
been informed, was also himself a poet. A second edition was also printed a few years ago 
at Carlisle. The chief and best of them are Pastorals, written in the dialect of his 
native county (Cumberland).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">An account of his Life and Writings may be seen in the Notes to 
Hutchinson's History of Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr. Thomas Sanderson</i>, a native also of Sebergham, has 
published a small volume of poems, many of which are very elegant. Mr. Sanderson was also 
editor of Relph's Poems, lately published at Carlisle, and to which he annexed an account 
of his life, and a pastoral elegy on his death. Mr. Sanderson is still living in a most 
beautiful rural situation upon the banks of the river <i>Line</i> in Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr. Robert Anderson</i>, another Cumberland poet, is still 
living in Carlisle. Some time ago he published a volume of peoms, entitled 'Cumberland 
Ballads.' In these he accurately describes the manners and rustic sports of his native 
county, in its own dialect. Another edition, with considerable additions of this 
gentleman's poems, is about shortly to be published by subscription.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mr. Robert Carlisle</i>, a native of Carlisle, is still living.
He has arrived at considerable eminence as a Painter; and is no less celebrated as a 
votary of the Muses. He has published several detached poems. Mr. Carlisle, if memory does
not deceive me, is also author of two Novels, 'The Rose of Cumberland,' and 'The Heir of 
Gilsland.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The late Miss Susan Blamire, of Thuckwood-nook, near Carlisle, 
from what I have seen of her compositions, appears to be a poetess of superior rank. I am 
not conscious that any of her works were ever published: neither am I certain, (not having
the book at hand to refer to) whether any account of her life is given in Hutchinson's 
Cumberland. The following copy of verses, written by her when in a declining state of 
health, and which is the only one I have at present in my possession, may, perhaps, amuse 
some of your Readers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'How sweet to the heart is the thought of To-morrow,</Line>
<Line>When Hope's fairy pictures bright colours display;</Line>
<Line>How sweet, when we can from futurity borrow</Line>
<Line>A balm for the grief that afflicts us today!</Line>
<Line>When wearisome sickness has taught me to languish</Line>
<Line>For health and the comforts it bears on its wing,</Line>
<Line>Let me hope, oh! how soon would it lessen my anguish,</Line>
<Line>That To-morrow will ease and serenity bring.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">When
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 1 p.229
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>When travelling alone, quite forlorn, unbefriended,</Line>
<Line>Sweet the hope that To-morrow my wandering should cease;</Line>
<Line>Then at home, when with care sympathetic attended,</Line>
<Line>I should rest unmolested, and slumber in peace.</Line>
<Line>When six days of labour each other succeeding,</Line>
<Line>When hurry and toil have my spirits opprest;</Line>
<Line>What pleasure to think, as the last is receding,</Line>
<Line>To-morrow will be a sweet <i>Sabbath</i> of rest.</Line>
<Line>And when the vain shadows of time are retiring,</Line>
<Line>When life is fast fleeting, and death is in sight,</Line>
<Line>The <i>Christian</i> believing, exulting, expiring,</Line>
<Line>Beholds a To-morrow of endless delight.</Line>
<Line>The infidel, then, sees no joyous To-morrow,</Line>
<Line>Yet he knows that his moments are hasting away;</Line>
<Line>Poor wretch! can he feel without heart-rending sorrow,</Line>
<Line>That his joys and his life will expire with To-morrow.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OMICRON.
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<Keyword>Affection's Gift</Keyword> <Keyword>Omicron</Keyword> <Keyword>Blannil, 
Miss<Note>Blamire</Note></Keyword>  <Keyword>Parker, Miss</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">M. H. authoress of "Affection's Gift," &amp;c. wishes to learn why
"OMICRON (p.228) ascribes the beautiful stanzes, entitles 'To-morrow,' to Miss Blannil, as
they are decidedly mentioned as being written by Miss Parker in Dr. Styles's brief Memoir 
of her excellent brother, who was the intimate and beloved friend of his biographer; and 
of course the authority appears unquestionable."
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quarries</Keyword> <Keyword>quarries</Keyword> <Keyword>minerals</Keyword> 
<Keyword>fossil</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven Coalfield, Whitehaven</Keyword> 
<Keyword>black lead mine, Seathwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>copper mines</Keyword> 
<Keyword>iron mines</Keyword> <Keyword>salt pans, Bransty</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A LITHOGRAPHIC VIEW OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES IN ENGLAND; BY THE 
LATE MR. EMANUEL MENDEZ DA COSTA, F.R.S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>(Continued from p.224.)</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WESTMORELAND. A county full of mines, and abounds also in many 
curious fossils of different kinds, as very fine cubic fluors, crystals, petrifactions, 
&amp;c. Slate quarries at Troutbeck Park. Lead mines at Hartley, Kirkby Steven, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Cumberland. A county full of mines and minerals. Whitehaven, the 
great coal-pits that even run under the bed of the sea. Petrifactions abound in this 
county. The awful slate fells, and slate quarries at Newlands. Keswick and Barrowdale 
black-lead mines, fine haematites and rubrica or <i>Reddle</i> ore at Langtron near 
Whitehaven, and at Egremont, &amp;c. Copper mines at Caudbeck, Goldscalp, &amp;c.; lead 
mines at Nenthead, Newlands, Alston Moor, Thornthwaite, Barrow, and the many lead mines of
the Derwentwater estate. In Barrow, Brickhilburn, and several other of these mines, fine 
and curious Spathose lead ores are found; the fibrous kinds thay call <i>stringy</i> ores.
Lead, copper, and iron mines in the manor of Millom. Salt pans at Bransty Cliff near 
Whitehaven.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yorkshire ... Iron manufactories at Sheffield and Rotherham; at 
these places thay smelt the rich and good iron ores of Lancashire, Cumberland, and 
Northumberland. ...
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<Keyword>Gretna Green, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>matrimony on an anvil</Keyword> 
<Keyword>wedding</Keyword> <Keyword>clogs</Keyword> <Keyword>clogger</Keyword> 
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  <Keyword>Gretna</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle 
Cathedral</Keyword>
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Carlisle, Carlisle Cathedral</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">TOUR THROUGH ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>(Concluded from p.</i>315.<i>)</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BIDDING adieu to my Scotch friends, from whom I separated with 
regret, pleased with the sobriety of their manners, and their steady conduct; I pursued my
rout to a place that has given an aching heart to many a parent; and if I object more 
particularly to one thing than another, it is the abominable system of <i>matrimony upon 
an anvil</i>, and uniting persons by the means of a horseshoe-maker. Gretna Green was the 
only place passed on the North side of the Tweed with disgust, and it arose from this 
contemptible adoption of means for an honourable connexion between the sexes. I must also 
observe, that my feelings were somewhat shocked at the naked feet and ancles of the 
females, fearing that they would be lacerated by sharp stones, and bruised by hard roads. 
My friend observed, 'that they required not my sympathy; observe,' says he, 'their feet 
are perfect, free from wounds, and capable of the greatest freedom of action, better, Sir,
than yours and mine, which have been cramped in the cobbler's stocks from our infancy.' As
facts speak louder than words, I was silent. The Borderers, however, determined still to 
be in opposition, adopted on the English line thick clumsy heavy oppressive wooden shoes; 
and in the towns I found the term 'clogger' written up as a branch of business, and a 
delectable one it seems to be.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Having entered Carlisle, and walking sedately about to take a view
of the City, I was insulted by a drunken Elector, for it was during the <i>agreeable</i> 
time of the General Election that I found myself in this pleasant situation. - I 
expostulated; the reply was, 'all was fair at an Election;' now I thought otherwise; for 
meeting two out of three tipsy, I thought all was foul; and felt comfortable (that is 
negatively so) that we had not yet <i>improved</i> so far as to have Annual Elections or 
General Suffrage.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A fresh day brought fresh ideas and fresh circumstances. Happily 
for us mortals, we do not here 'continue in one stay;' events are but passing, and we 
ought to make them as agreeable or as pleasant as we can. To attain to the first, we are 
to be attentive to duty; and walking past the venerable <i>red stone</i> Cathedral of the 
time of <i>red-haired</i> William Rufus, I attended Divine Service on a Prayer-day; - the 
simple Choristers, some with fine expressive countenances, gave me new feelings, new 
ideas, and completely did away with the unpleasantries of the City - a few pious women and
myself were the Congregation. Such characters were to be found when Christianity was in 
its infancy; they were to be found at the foot of the Cross, when all else had fled! and 
they are still to be found in out week-day worship, where male idlers seldom are seen. To 
such women as
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">these how much are we indebted! to such as these, who have been 
heads of families, how much good may be traced, to Individuals, to Families, and to our 
Country! Whether I was noticed as a stranger seated in an antient stall, I cannot say; but
I felt the Anthem from the 121st Psalm, and verses 7 and 8, as exceedingly approriate to 
my present case; and the consequent aspirations of gratitude were made. Farewell to the 
momentary acrimony arising from the insult in the street; and welcome gratitude; from a 
sense of duty, and thanks to these good Choristers, for occasioing the proper selection of
it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Returning homeward, after an extended ramble of 1100 miles in 35 
days, not having had for so many years an absence from business, I will beg leave to 
conclude with the following neat little Epitaph, taken from the Cathedral-yard.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On R. and M. BARLY, aged 3 years.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Ere Sin could blight, or Sorrow fade,</Line>
<Line>Death came with friendly care,</Line>
<Line>The opening buds of Heav'n convey'd,</Line>
<Line>And bade them blossom there.'</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">A.Z.
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<Paragraph rend="text">obituary
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<Paragraph rend="quote">MRS. CURWEN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 21. At Workington Hall, in her 55th year, Mrs. 
Curwen, wife of John Christian Curwen, Esq. M.P. for Cumberland. The sole heiress of a 
wealthy and very antient family, she was, perhaps, in early youth, but too much caressed 
by fortune and friends. Yet it is but justice to her to say, that she bore the trials 
which came upon her in after-life, to the full share of humanity, with fortitude and 
equanimity. The seeds of Religion, which had been sown in her youthful mind by a mother of
whom
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<Paragraph rend="quote">she was early deprived, sprung up, and bore good fruit, under the 
culture of affliction. She was endued by nature with quickness and brightness of 
intellect, as appeared from her conversation and epistolary correspondence; and to the 
latest period of her life she retained both the desire and the ability of improving her 
mind. But what was of far more consequence to herself, and to all who came within her 
sphere, she was blessed with great benevolence of disposition, which prompted her to a 
continual exercise of kindness and charity. Although for several years she had been in a 
great measure deprived of the use of her limbs, yet her last illness made it apparent that
the principle of life was still very strong in her: and although the many and sever 
sufferings which were required to release her spirit from its house of clay, were 
afflicting to her friends; yet it is to be hoped that the memory of the patience and 
perfect resignation to the will of her Heavenly Father, with which she endured them, will 
afford them the truest conslation. Her husband and children have to deplore the loss of a 
dutiful and affectionate wife and mother, and the poor of Workington of a most kind 
benefactoress.
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
To-Morrow, by Susan Blamire</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Killington, June</i> 14.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN answer to the enquiry of M.H. part i. p.290, give me leave to 
state, that the copy of verses, entitled 'To-Morrow,' was copied from the Tyne Mercury, 
<i>verbatim et literatim</i>, with the exception of one Stanza, which, as not being 
thought equal
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<Title>Gents Mag 1820 part 2 p.16</Title>
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<Content>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Omicron</PersonName>
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<Date>1820</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1820s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>To-Morrow</Keyword> <Keyword>Fugitive Poetry</Keyword> 
<Keyword>book</Keyword> <Keyword>Affection's Gift</Keyword> <Keyword>Blamire, 
Susan</Keyword> <Keyword>On being advised to go abroad for a change of air</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rose bud still in bearing</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 2 p.16
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G820B016.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">to the rest, was omitted. The son of the late Mr. Mitchel, the 
respectable and able conductor of that Newspaper, says, that his late father was last year
employed in the South of England in collecting materials for a volume of Fugitive Poetry, 
and that this copy of verses was given him by a lady as the production of Miss Susan 
Blamire (not Blannil, as printed p.290), of Thackwood-nook, near Carlisle, and which 
authority he never doubting, in consequence printed them as such. I have not, at present, 
at hand the additional Stanza, otherwise I should have sent it you, as it might, perhaps, 
lead to a discovery of who was the author of those beautiful lines. I have it in my power 
to procure a few more of the poetical compositions of Miss B. which, should this seem to 
afford any pleasure to the generality of your readers, I shall have equal pleasure in 
communicating.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Take the following as a specimen.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">SONG,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>On being advised to go abroad for a change of air.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Tune</i> - 'Rose-bud still in bearing.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Oh! urge me not to wander,</Line>
<Line>Or quit my pleasant native shore,</Line>
<Line>But let me still meander,</Line>
<Line>On these sweet banks I lov'd before.</Line>
<Line>The heart o'ercharg'd with sorrow,</Line>
<Line>Can find no joy in change of scene,</Line>
<Line>Nor can that cheat 'To-morrow'</Line>
<Line>Be aught but what 'To-day' has been.</Line>
<Line>If pleasure e'er o'ertakes me,</Line>
<Line>'Tis when I tread the wonted round,</Line>
<Line>Where former joy awakes me,</Line>
<Line>And strews reliques o'er the ground.</Line>
<Line>There's not a shrub or flower,</Line>
<Line>But tells some much-lov'd tale to me,</Line>
<Line>Or paints some happy hour,</Line>
<Line>Which I, alas! no more must see.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I cannot quit M.H. without returning my grateful thanks to her for
the sincere pleasure which I received from the perusal of her elegant little volume, 
'Affection's Gift.' With Mr. Urban's permission I shall transcribe a few observations with
which I felt particularly gratified.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'Seriously reflect, my beloved child, before we can enjoy 
happiness, the mind must be prepared to receive it, - that there is no transmuting power 
in death, - that unless we habituate the soul to virtue, and to piety <i>here</i>, and 
endeavour to attain a relish for those enjoyments we are promised in Heaven, even 
<i>there</i> happiness would be unknown to us.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'Ever remember that the aggregate of our hapiness is made up
of little pleasures, continually repeated: that human misery consists of petty 
inconveniences constantly recurring.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Speaking of Prayer, M.H. observes,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'That Prayer is the high privilege of frail and weak beings,
<i>that</i> only can calm when the tumults of thought arise within, <i>that</i> only can 
bid the soul be still, and rest upon its God.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'Recollect how desirable, how essential it is to become 
better as you become wiser: that, while by study and reflection you improve your 
understanding, you must also zealously endeavour to improve your heart.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'The mind cannot endure a vacuum: and if not filled with 
laudable pursuits, will have a recourse to trifles to fill up the void. Hence the passions
of envy and vanity, the frivolities of dress, the rivalship of beauty, which agitate 
successivley the bosoms of those unemployed beings. These tormentors of peace can never 
find place in the heart of a girl, who has learned to place delight in the performance of 
domestic duty and intellectual pursuits.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OMICRON.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>teacher, qualifications</Keyword> <Keyword>academic dress</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Oxoniensis</Keyword>  <Keyword>Sigismund</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 2 p.20
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>school</Keyword>  <Keyword>teacher</Keyword>  <Keyword>qualification</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Teacher's Qualifications</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G820B020.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Greenhithe, Feb</i>. 24.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN vol.LXXXIX. p.303, 'Oxoniensis' begins thus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'Your Correspondents Sigismund, S.T.B. &amp;c. have clearly 
shown that <i>the graduated Clergy</i> ought to wear <i>silk tippets or scarfs</i> and 
also their respective <i>hoods</i>. One of the reasons assigned for their so doing is,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">that
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</Period>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Latin</Keyword> <Keyword>Greek</Keyword> <Keyword>charity school</Keyword> 
<Keyword>teacher, qualifications</Keyword> <Keyword>Northern Lights</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Appleby-in-Westmorland<Note>3</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>school, St Bees</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Sedbergh</Keyword> <Keyword>teacher, qualifications</Keyword> 
<Keyword>academic dress</Keyword> <Keyword>Oxoniensis</Keyword> <Keyword>Bampton Grammar 
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<Keyword>Watson, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Oxoniensis</Keyword> <Keyword>Grotins de 
Vericate</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson</Keyword> <Keyword>Queen's College, Oxford</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Burn, Dr</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 2 p.21
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G820B021.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">that they would thereby be effectually distinguished from 
those Clergy who have not had a University education, often termed <i>Northern Lights</i>,
many of them having been born in the North parts of England. I beg leave, therefore, to 
send you the following quotations from a Letter to the late Bishop Watson, published in 
1783, by which the propriety of the above-mentioned distinction will be further evinced 
and illustrated.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Though I highly respect the outward habiliments of these Graduates
during the actual performance of their sacred functions; yet, I am clearly of opinion, 
that the exhibition of these robes every day in a country parish would not only create 
gaping and staring in the lower orders, and ridicule in the higher; for I must tell 
'Oxoniensis' that there are many country gentlemen on whom it is not so easy to pawn the 
shadow for the substance. Besides, perhaps, this fondness for outside show might occasion 
a subject for a village song, or for some coarse epigram; and, consequently, might isolate
the shepherd from his flock, instead of amalgamating him with his parishioners, <i>a 
consummation so devoutly to be wished in a Parish Priest</i>. In the Church of Rome 
mummery and external splendour have great influence, but I trust we of the Church of 
England shall always despise such flimsy expedients.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Oxoniensis' then proceeds:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'The Northern counties abound in Free SChools, where the 
children of peasantry are instructed gratis in the dead languages. It is a prospect 
flattering to the vanity of a poor country-fellow to have his son provided for in an 
order, which <i>seems</i>' (O excellent!) 'to place him in the rank of a gentleman. One 
son is of course destined for the Ministry: the youth is puffed up with this idea; he has 
a right, or obtains one, to be admitted into this Seminary: the attendance required there 
does not interrupt his manual labours: in the season when they are most requisite, he 
attends alternately the school and the plough.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now, Mr. Urban, with respect to the three great Schools &#x002A; 
in the North of England, if the above assertion be not a <i>wilful</i>, it is most 
certainly a <i>palpable</i>, falsehood: but to proceed,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'And after a novitiate performed with the barefoot 
mortifications of an antient pilgrimage,' (wanderings of the noddle,) 'with the addition 
of a new coat and the perusal of Grotins de Vericate and the four Gospels in Greek, a sham
title and testimonial from persons who never heard of him before, our candidate starts up 
completely equipped for the office of an instructor of mankind; though for any essential 
qualification your Lordship might as well ordain any boys out of our common Charity 
Schools.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">O how fine! Now, from whence, Mr. Urban, come these titles and 
testimonials? The answer is one of the severest lashes, which 'Oxoniensis' could possibly 
throw upon the beneficed Clergy. But the fact is, they are as common amongst the 
<i>Graduates</i>, as these <i>Northern Lights</i>. I am also of opinion, that few boys out
of the common Charity Schools would be able to construe Grotius into good English, or the 
four Greek Gospels into classical Latin;because we have known some of these 
<i>Graduates</i>, at an Ordination, not able to perform the task! For the edification of 
'Oxoniensis' (who sneers at petty ushers), I will relate an anecdote of a <i>petty</i> 
usher of Appleby School, Westmoreland (though by the bye, there is never more than 
<i>one</i> in these Schools). When Mr. Usher Bracken was of age to take orders, he went to
the Ordination at York. The Archbishop perceiving from whence he came, seemed determined 
to try the literary powers of this young candidate; for after he had gone through the 
usual exercises, he was required to translate one of the 39 Articles into Greek, which he 
did so much to the satisfaction of the Archbishop, that his Grace sent a complimentary 
Letter to the Master of Appleby School, on the occasion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To settle the spleen of 'Oxoniensis,' I will, with your 
permission, Mr. Urban, relate an anecdote of a young student of a minor School, - that of 
Banton in Westmoreland. The Free School of Kirkby Stephen, Westmoreland, becoming vacant 
by the death of Mr. Wilson, a Graduate of Queen's College, Oxford, but the gift not being 
in any of the Colleges, there was an open competition: a day was appointed for the 
examination of candidates, and the Rev. Dr. Burn, author of the 'Justice,' &amp;c. the 
examiner. Two Graduates entered the lists for fame, as did also the scholar from Banton. 
Homer, Horace, and Virgil, were first given into the hands of the Graduates, but their 
stumblings
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Appleby, S. Bees, and Sedbergh.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">and
</Paragraph>
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</Period>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Latin</Keyword> <Keyword>Greek</Keyword> <Keyword>charity school</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Northern Lights</Keyword> <Keyword>Holmes</Keyword> <Keyword>teacher, 
qualifications</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Burn, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 2 p.22
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G820B022.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">and stoppings were manifest, whilst <i>Northern Lights</i> ambled 
over his ground as over a bowling-green. The last book given to the competitors was 
Clarke's introduction. It was opened at <i>Bellum antiquissimum cujus occurrit mentio</i>:
but in this war of the Argonauts the College heroes were entirely defeated; neither hoods,
scarfs, nor tippets, were, under Dr. Burn, even a dust upon the balance: nothing but 
sterling merit preponderated, and, consequently, the Graduates retired crest-fallen, 
whilst the Banton stripling, about 20 years of age (Mr. Holmes), was declared victor, 
amidts the cheers and applause of an admiring assembly.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SUPERBIAE CASTIGATOR
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PROBITATISQUE VINDEX.
</Paragraph>
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</Instruction>
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<Identification>
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</Classification>
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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1820 part 2 p.236</Title>
</Identification>


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</Period>
<ObjectName>
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</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>biography</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden 
Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Britannia</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gibson, Edmund</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, Sampson</Keyword> <Keyword>St Paul's 
School</Keyword> <Keyword>Magdalen College, Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>Christ Church, 
Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>Westminster School, London</Keyword> <Keyword>Clarenceux King of
Arms</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 2 p.236
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>William Camden</Keyword>
</Marginal>
William Camden</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G820B236.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">book review
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Reference>Harwood, Thomas (ed) &amp; Erdeswick, Sampson: 1820 (about): Survey of 
Staffordshire ...: Nichols and Son</Reference>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">the introduction includes a biography of William Camden:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'The earliest historians of this county after Leland, the 
father of English antiquaries, was William Camden; who, in his Britannia, has written an 
account of Staffordshire; the English translation of which by Bishop Gibson is on the 
hands of every reader. Sampson Camden, his father, was a native of Lichfield, and settled 
as a painter in London, residing in the Old Bailey, here his son William, afterwards by 
the way of eminence surnamed the learned, was born May 21, 1551. He was educated at 
Christ's Hospital and at St Paul's School, and became a servitor at Magdalen College, 
Oxford; from which he removed to Broadgate-hall, and afterwards to Christ Church. From 
Oxford he was elected second Master of Westminster School, and, in 1592, Head Master. He 
was Clarenceux king at arms, and founder of the professorship of modern history at Oxford.
His works are numerous, learned, and valuable. He died at Chislehurst in Kent, Nov. 19, 
1623, aged 73. Arms: Or, a fesse between six crosslets Sable.'
</Paragraph>
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</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>River Duddon, a series of Sonnets</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Topographical Description of the Country of the Lakes, in the North of 
England</Keyword> <Keyword>Vaudracour</Keyword> <Keyword>Julia</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wordsworth, Christopher</Keyword> <Keyword>Walker, Robert</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 2 p.344
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>River Duddon, a series 
of Sonnets</Keyword> <Keyword>Topographical Description of the Country of the Lakes, in 
the North of England</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Duddon Sonnets</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G820B344.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">69. <i>The River</i> Duddon, <i>a Series of Sonnets:</i> 
Vaudracour <i>and</i> Julia: <i>and other Poems. To which is annexed, a Topographical 
Description of the Country of the Lakes, in the North of</i> England. <i>By</i> William 
Wordsworth. 8<i>vo. pp.</i>321. Longman <i>and Co.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE Poems in this Volume are marked by the same apparent ease and 
elegant simplicity which characterize the productions of Mr. Wordsworth. The first of 
them, affectionately inscribed to his brother (the Rev. Dr. Christopher Wordsworth) 
consists of XXXIII. Sonnets "called forth by one of the most beautiful streams of his 
native County;" and illustrated by some entertaining Notes; particularly an excellent 
Biographical Memoir of the Rev. Robert Walker, who lived to the age of 93, and was Curate 
of Seathwaite 63 years.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The River Duddon rises upon Wrynose Tell (sic), on the 
confines of Westmorland, Cumberland, and Lancashire; and, serving as the boundary of the 
two latter counties, for the space of about twenty-five miles, enters the Irish Sea, 
between the Isle of Walney and the lordship of Millum."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The scenery of that sequestered spot, and of the pious Curate's 
labours, is thus described:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"A dark plume fetch me from yon blasted yew,</Line>
<Line>Perched on whose top the Danish Raven croaks;</Line>
<Line>Aloft the Imperial Bird of Rome invokes</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Departed
</Paragraph>
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<Date>1820</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1820s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>River Duddon, a series of Sonnets</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Topographical Description of the Country of the Lakes, in the North of 
England</Keyword> <Keyword>Walker, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>n Seathwaite, 
Dunnerdale-with-Seathwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bartholomew, Loweswater</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Forest, Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Queen Anne's Bounty</Keyword> <Keyword>sycamore,
Loweswater</Keyword> <Keyword>eagle</Keyword> <Keyword>Hardknot Castle<Note>roman fort, 
Hardknott Pass</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Hardknott Pass</Keyword> <Keyword>Red
Tarn, Patterdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Rydal Water</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Ambleside</Keyword> <Keyword>roman coin</Keyword> <Keyword>coin, roman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sunken Church<Note>Swinside Stone Circle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Swinside Stone
Circle, Swinside</Keyword>  <Keyword>Forest, Henry</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 2 p.345
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Departed ages, shedding where he flew</Line>
<Line>Loose fragments of wild wailing that bestrew</Line>
<Line>The clouds, and thrill the chambers of the rocks,</Line>
<Line>And into silence hush the timorous flocks,</Line>
<Line>That slept so calmly while the nightly dew</Line>
<Line>Moisten'd each fleece beneath the twinkling stars:</Line>
<Line>These couch'd 'mid that lone Camp on Hardknot's height,</Line>
<Line>Whose Guardians bent the knee to Jove and Mars:</Line>
<Line>These near that mystic Round of Druid frame,</Line>
<Line>Tardily sinking by its proper weight</Line>
<Line>Deep into patient Earth, from whose smooth breast it came!"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Sacred Religion, 'mother of form and fear,'</Line>
<Line>Dread Arbitress of mutable respect,</Line>
<Line>New rites ordaining when the old are wreck'd,</Line>
<Line>Or cease to please the fickle worshipper;</Line>
<Line>If one strong wish may be embosomed here,</Line>
<Line>Mother of Love! for this deep vale, protect</Line>
<Line>Truth's holy lamp, pure source of bright effect,</Line>
<Line>Gifted to purge the vapoury atmosphere</Line>
<Line>That seeks to stifle it; - as in those days</Line>
<Line>When this low Pile a Gospel Teacher knew,</Line>
<Line>Whose good works formed an endless retinue:</Line>
<Line>Such Priest as Chaucer sang in fervent lays;</Line>
<Line>Such as the heaven-taught skill of Herbert drew;</Line>
<Line>And tender Goldsmith crown'd with deathless praise!"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In a note on the third line Mr. Wordsworth says,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The Eagle requires a large domain for its support; but 
several pairs, not many years ago, were constantly resident in this country, building 
their nests in the steeps of Borrowdale, Westdale, Ennerdale, and on the Eastern side of 
Helvellyn. Often have I heard anglers speak of the grandeur of their appearance, as they 
hovered over Red Tarn, on one of the coves of this mountain. The bird frequently returns, 
but is always destroyed. Not long since one visited Rydal Lake, and remained some hours 
near its banks; the consternation which it occasioned among the different species of fowl,
particularly the herons, was expressed by loud screams. The horse also is naturally afraid
of the eagle. - There were several Roman stations among these mountains; the most 
considerable seems to have been in a meadow at the head of Windermere, established, 
undoubtedly, as a check over the passes of Kirkstone, Dunmail-raise, and of Hardknot and 
Wrynose. On the margin of Rydal Lake, a coin of Trajan was discovered very lately. - The 
Roman Fort here alluded to, called by the country people "<i>Hardknot Castle</i>, is most 
impressively situated half way down the hill on the right of the road that descends from 
Hardknot into Eskdale. It has escaped the notice of most antiquaries, and is but slightly 
mentioned by Lysons. - The Druidical Circle is about half a mile to the left of the road 
ascending Stoneside from the vale of Duddon: the country people call it "<i>Sunken 
Church</i>."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Seathwaite Chapel is the following inscription:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"In memory of the reverend Robert Walker, who died the 25th 
of June, 1802, in the 93rd year of his age, and 67th of his curacy at Seathwaite.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Also of Anne his wife, who died the 28th of January, in the
93rd year of her age."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And in the Parish Register:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Buried, June 28th, the Rev. Robert Walker. He was Curate of
Seathwaite sixty-six years. He was a man singular for his temperance, industry, and 
integrity."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In his early days Mr. Walker had been the schoolmaster of 
Loweswater, and from the register of that parish Mr. Wordsworth gves the following 
memoranda respecting "a person apparently of desires as moderate, with, with whom he must 
have been intimate during his residence."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Let him that would ascend the tottering seat</Line>
<Line>Of courtly grandeur, and become as great</Line>
<Line>As are his mounting wishes; but for me,</Line>
<Line>Let sweet repose and rest my portion be.</Line>
<Line>HENRY FOREST, Curate.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Honour, the idol which the most adore,</Line>
<Line>Receives no homage from my knee;</Line>
<Line>Conent in privacy I value more</Line>
<Line>Than all uneasy dignity.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Henry Forest came to Lowes-water, 1708, being 25 years of 
age."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"This curacy was twice augmented by Queen Anne's bounty. The
first payment, with great difficulty, was paid to Mr. John Curwen of London, on the 9yth 
of May, 1724, deposited by me, Henry Forest, Curate of Lowes water. Ye said 9th of May, ye
said Mr. Curwen went to the office and saw my name registered there, &amp;c. This, by the 
Providence of God, came by lot to this poor place.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Haec testor H. Forest."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"In another place he records, that the sycamore trees were 
planted in the churchyard in 1710.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"He died in 1741, having been curate thirty-four years. It 
is not improbable
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">that
</Paragraph>
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<Date>1820</Date>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>River Duddon, a series of Sonnets</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Topographical Description of the Country of the Lakes, in the North of 
England</Keyword> <Keyword>Forest, Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Walker, Robert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Views of the Lakes</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilkinson, Joseph</Keyword> <Keyword>Guide 
to the Lakes</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 2 p.346
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G820B346.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">that H. Forest was the gentleman who assisted Robert Walker 
in his classical studies at Lowes-water.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"To this parish register is prefixed a motto, of which the 
following verses are part.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"'Invigilate, viro, tacito, nam tempora gressu</Line>
<Line>Diffugiunt, nulloque sono convertitur annus;</Line>
<Line>Utendum est aetate, cito pede praeterit aetas.'"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The volume concludes with a very interesting "Topographical 
Description of the Country of the Lakes," which is thus prefaced:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"This Essay, which was published several years ago as an 
Introduction to some Views of the Lakes, by the Rev. Joseph Wilkinson, (an expensive work,
and necessarily of limited circulation.) is now, with emendations and additions, attached 
to these volumes; from a consciousness of its having been written in the same spirit which
dictated several of the poems, and from a belief that it will tend to materially 
illustrate them."
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1820 part 2 p.558</Title>
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<Date>1820</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1820s</Keyword>
</Period>
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</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>fire</Keyword> <Keyword>accident</Keyword> <Keyword>Rose and Crown, Kirkby 
Lonsdale</Keyword> <Keyword>inn, Kirkby Lonsdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby 
Lonsdale</Keyword>  <Keyword>Roper, Mrs</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1820 part 2 p.558
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>fire</Keyword>  <Keyword>Kirkby Lonsdale</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Fire, The Rose and Crown, Kirkby Lonsdale</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G820B558.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 7. This morning, about one o'clock, the house of Mrs. 
Roper, the Rose and Crown Inn, <i>Kirkby-Lonsdale</i>, was discovered to be on fire. The 
hostler, who was the first person awakened by the flames, immediately gave the alarm to 
all the family whom the violence of the fire would allow him to approach. Mrs. Roper, two 
of her daughters, a female servant, five servant-men, a traveller, and a professional 
gentleman, who was a lodger in the house, effected their escape, most of them by leaping 
out of the windows. Five of the female servants became the victims of the devouring 
element, and were literally burnt to ashes. The house is entirely destroyed, and scarcely 
any part of the furniture was saved.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1821 part 1 p.23</Title>
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<Date>1821</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1820s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>jester</Keyword> <Keyword>Armstrong, Archibald</Keyword> <Keyword>Archee, 
jester</Keyword> <Keyword>James I</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles I</Keyword> <Keyword>Laud, 
Archbishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Muckle John</Keyword> <Keyword>fool's coat</Keyword> 
<Keyword>costume, jester's</Keyword> <Keyword>Banquet of Jests, or Change of 
Cheare</Keyword>  <Keyword>Royston, Richard</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1821 part 1 p.23
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Archie Armstrong</Keyword>  <Keyword>jester</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Archibald Armstrong, Jester</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ARCHIBALD ARMSTRONG&#x002A;, better known by the name of 
<i>Archee</i>, was Jester to the Court of James and Charles I. - He had a particular 
spleen against Archbishop Laud, who was, on more occasions than one, the butt of his wit. 
After the Liturgy had been rejected in Scotland, he had the temerity to ask the prelate, 
'Who is fool now?' and termed the stool which was thrown at Forbes's head in the pulpit, 
'the stool of repentance.' For this insolence the King ordered him to pull of his fool's 
coat, and to suffer flagellation and dismissal; and appointed as his successor a person 
called 'Muckle John,' who was the last Jester in this country&#x2020;. Armstrong, about a 
week after his discharge, put on a suit of black, and being interrogated concerning his 
coat, said,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"O, my Lord of Canterbury hath taken it from me, because 
either he or some of the Scots Bishops may have use for it themselves: but he hath given 
em a black coat for it, to colour my knavery with, and now I speak what I please (so it be
not against the prelates) for this coat hath a far greater privilege than the other 
had&#x2021;."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Few will think but it was necessary to put a stop to the 
impertinence of this man; for, of all others, a Jester should never meddle with affairs 
not in his immediate vocation. - His <i>Jests</i> were printed in 12mo, with his portrait 
by Cecill, in which he is represented in a long parti-coloured cloak, with a hat and 
feather. Subjoined to the print are these lines:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Archee, by kings and princes grac'd of late,</Line>
<Line>Jested himself into a fair estate;</Line>
<Line>And in this book, doth to his friends commend,</Line>
<Line>His jeers, taunts, tales, which no man can offend."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These verses seem to hint that Armstrong had acquired a handsome 
competency. Granger doubts the authenticity of the <i>bon-mots</i>, and says that they 
'are indeed, in general, very unworthy of him.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"A Banquet of Jests, or Change of Cheare. Being a Collection of 
Moderne Jests, Witty Jeeres, Pleasant Taunts, Merry Tales:" the 5th impression, "Printed 
for Richard Royston, and are to be sold at his shoppe in Ivie-lane, at the signe of the 
Angell, 1639," pp.190. When the first edition was printed, we are not informed, but are 
inclined to fix it in 1631: another appeared in 1636.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">No.15. "<i>Of a Freese Jerkin</i>. - An honest good fellow, 
having worne a thread-bare jerkin for the space of two yeares and an halfe; as soon as he 
had compast
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Neale, Hist. Purit. II. 332.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x0202; Granger.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; Morgan's Phoenix Britannicus, p.462.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Title>Gents Mag 1821 part 1 p.24</Title>
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Jests, or Change of Cheare</Keyword> <Keyword>Royston, Richard</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Flesher</Keyword>  <Keyword>Civil War</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1821 part 1 p.24
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">another suit, for the good service it had done him, made of 
it this epitaph,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Here lie in peace, thou patient overcommer,</Line>
<Line>Of two cold Winters, and one scorching Summer." p.10.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">No.37. <i>A Spanish Traveller</i>. - A Spaniard travelling 
from Dover towards London, being benighted, was forc'd to knock at a poore Alehouse for 
lodging; the Hostesse demanding his name, he told her it was <i>Don Pedro Gonzales 
Gaietan, de Guevezra:</i> to whom the good woman answered, 'Alas, Sir, my small house 
neither affords roome nor meat for so many," p.25.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">No.106. "<i>A Gormandgizer</i>.- A Gormandgizing fellow 
protesting to a friend of his, that hee loved him as well as he loved his soule: I thanke 
you, Sir (said he) with all my heart; but I had rather you loved me as well as you love 
your body." p.89.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The second part of this Work was printed by M. Flesher, for 
Richard Royston, in Ivy-lane, 1633, p.156; and is accompanied by the following poetical 
apology:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"My eldest brother, having had the grace,</Line>
<Line>Of three Impressions (late) in two yeares space,</Line>
<Line>Now ready for the fourth, imboldens me</Line>
<Line>To Presse unto the world hoping as free</Line>
<Line>A welcome as he had, since to your view,</Line>
<Line>I come in colours fresh, in habit new.</Line>
<Line>Borne without teeth we both were, that's to excite</Line>
<Line>To mirth and sport, neither to snarle or bite.</Line>
<Line>And in the second course you shall not faile,</Line>
<Line>Jeare for his Jest, taunt ready for his Tale."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">No.143. "One being demanded why great men were not so 
liberall to Poets in these our dayes, as in former times, and they have been made answer: 
that their consciences tell them how unworthy they are of praises given them by Poets." 
p.119.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">No.186. "<i>Hard of Beliefe</i>.- I have heard of a great 
Magistrate, that being often deceived by false rumours of Queen Elizabeth's death, 
protested that hee would never believe shee was dead, untill he saw it under her owne 
hand." p.146.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This story has since found its way into more recent collections.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such are the leading features in Anecdotal History, prior to the 
Rebellion, when Wit was proscribed in common with Art and Science. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ..
</Paragraph>
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Cumberland</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, Princess of<Note>Olivia, Princess of 
Cumberland</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Olivia, Princess of Cumberland</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1821 part 2 p.370
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</Marginal>
The Princess of Cumberland</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following curious notice was industriously placarded on the 
walls of the Metropolis:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'PRINCESS OF CUMBERLAND IN CAPTIVITY, Contrary to her 
Rights, Privileges, and Rank, at Mr. Davis's, 45, King-street, Soho.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'The Princess of Cumberland informs the English nation, that
an execution has been served on her body for debt; and that the late King bequeathed her 
15,000<i>l</i>. which has been proved <i>according to law</i>, and an application made to 
Lord Sidmouth for the payment of that sum, without effect; therefore, not having received 
one guinea from the Government, nor any of this large sum bequeathed to her by her uncle, 
King George III. she is under the painful necessity of appealing to the honourable 
generosity of the British public.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'45 <i>King-street, Soho, Oct.</i> 9.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">OLIVE.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mrs. Serres' statements, respecting her high pretensions, appear 
to be fabrications too ridiculous to detail. Her maiden name was Olivia Wilmot, of 
Warwick, where she was born in 1772. Her brother, Mr. T. Wilmot, is now resident at 
Coventry.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1821 part 2 p.457
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>snuff box</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Buonoparte's Snuff Box</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SELECT POETRY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>to Lady</i> HOLLAND <i>on the Legacy of a Snuff-Box, left to 
her by</i> BUONAPARTE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>By the Earl of</i> CARLISLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>LADY, reject the gift! 'tis tinged with gore!</Line>
<Line>Those crimson spots a dreadful tale relate:</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1821 part 2 p.458
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>It has been grasp'd by an infernal Power;</Line>
<Line>And by that hand which seal'd young Enghein's fate.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Lady, reject the gift: beneath it's lid</Line>
<Line>Discord, and Slaughter, and relentless War,</Line>
<Line>With every plague to wretched Man lie hid -</Line>
<Line>Let those not loose to range the world afar.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Say, what congenial to his heart of stone,</Line>
<Line>in thy soft bosom could the Tyrant trace?</Line>
<Line>When does the dove the eagle's friendship own,</Line>
<Line>Or the wolf hold the lamb in pure embrace?</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Think of that pile&#x002A;, to Addison so dear,</Line>
<Line>Where Sully feasted, and where Rogers' song</Line>
<Line>Still adds sweet music to the perfum'd air,</Line>
<Line>And gently leads each Grace and Muse along.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Pollute not then these scenes - the gift destroy:</Line>
<Line>'Twill scare the Dryads from that lovely shade;</Line>
<Line>With them will fly all rural peace and joy,</Line>
<Line>And screamiong Fiends their verdant haunts invade.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>That mystic Box hath magic power to raise</Line>
<Line>Spectres of myriads slain, a ghastly band;</Line>
<Line>They'll vex thy slumbers, cloud thy sunny days,</Line>
<Line>Starting from Moscow's snows, or Egypt's sand.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>And ye, who, bound in Verdun's treacherous chains,</Line>
<Line>Slow pin'd to death beneath a base controul,</Line>
<Line>Say, shall not all abhor, where Freedom reigns,</Line>
<Line>That petty vengeance of a little soul?</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The warning Muse no idle trifler deem;</Line>
<Line>Plunge the curst mischief in wide Ocean's flood;</Line>
<Line>Or give it to our own majestic stream,</Line>
<Line>The only stream he could not die with blood.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Holland House
</Paragraph>
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Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Southey, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Coleridge, Samuel 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1821 part 2 p.595
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>poet</Keyword>  <Keyword>The Lakes</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Lakes Poets</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 8.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">LONG before Campbell's "British Poets," I had projected a similar 
publication, containing specimens of the living as well as the deceased, with general 
criticisms, notes, and illustrations; and I had arranged the more <i>recent</i> writers 
(for the <i>last four volumes</i>) chronologically (as follows), each according to the 
date of his (or her) earliest poetical production:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The list is long and I have extracted names I think I recognize as 
relevant to The Lakes - but may have missed some (or many) and misincluded others.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">R. Cumberland ... ... 1761
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Earl of Carlisle ... ... 1773
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Thomas Coombe ... ... 1783
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Robert Southey ... ... 1797
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">S. T. Coleridge ... ... 1797
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W. Wordsworth ... ... 1800
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Walter Scott ... ... 1802
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lord Byron ... ... 1807
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of the preceding votaries of the Muse, a great number have gone to
"that bourne from whence no traveller returns," long before Campbell made his compilation 
- and Downman among the rest; - the ommission of whose name in Campbell's specimens I 
cannot account for. Surely his <i>Lucius Junius Brutus</i> is one of the finest Dramatic 
pieces of modern days. It is in Shakespeare's best manner.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Any corrections or additions to the preceding list, or 
biographical anecdotes, or critical observations, will be accepted with due 
acknowledgments.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AN OLD CORRESPONDENT.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Wednesday, June</i> 19.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The cause of Olive, Princess of Cumberland, respecting his late 
Majesty's will of 15,000<i>l.</i> in her favour, was heard in the Prerogative Court, which
was crowded to excess. At ten o'clock Sir John Nicholl took his seat, and shortly after 
Dr. Dodson and Dr. Lushington, accompanied by Gen. Desseux, <i>soi-dissant</i> Capt. 
Fitz-Strathern, cousin of the Princess Olive, and others. Dr. Dodson addressed the Court 
in support of the arguments urged last Court day, and concluded by earnestly entreating 
the Court, on the score of justice, humanity, and fair dealing that ought to exist between
man and man, to grant the motion of his worthy Colleague. Dr. Haggard, on the same side, 
supported the other learned Civilians, and contended that the motion ought to be made 
absolute, namely, that the will now read be propounded as the last will and testament of 
his Majesty George III. Sir Christopher Robinson, the King's Advocate, addressed the Court
at great length against the claim, contending that it was a matter not for the 
interference of that Court. Dr. Adams followed on the same side. A few minutes before one 
o'clock, Olive, the Princess of Cumberland, entered the Court, and took her seat on the 
bench behind the Proctors. Dr. Lushington replied in a very long and eloquent speech. Sir 
J. Nicholl said, he should take time to consider the case, and on the next Court day he 
gave judgement against the application, as not coming within the jurisdiction of that 
Court.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1822 part 2 p.33
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G822B033.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">MRS. OLIVIA WILMOT SERRES,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>Soi-disante Princess of Cumberland.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THIS Lady having recently excited considerable attention, owing to
her aspiring pretensions, we propose to devote a few pages to the subject of her claims. 
We feel more induced to notice this illustrious Lady, on account of her being an 
occasional Correspondent of ours. We have been frequently favoured with her productions 
both in prose and verse; but from motives of delicacy we abstained, at the time of its 
receipt, from the publication of a paper, containing some extraordinary statements. This 
paper we have accidentally found among our bundles of postponed letters. On re-perusal, we
consider it, at this time, a document so important <i>(if true)</i> to the cause of the 
<i>soi-disante</i> Princess, that in justice to her high claims, we do not hesitate to 
give it publicity. <i>Lege et crede!</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Aug.</i> 18, 1818.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE inclosed extraordinary facts are sent for insertion in your 
Magazine. Any further particulars may be obtained of myself,
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G822E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Those who have been accustomed to see the hand-writing of
the Princess, would doubtless be ready to affirm that this was her signature; but we beg 
to inform them that there is a simple process for imitating autographs, which we have 
adopted in this case; it might perhaps be of great utility to dealers in documentary 
evidence! We will give a specimen of its powers, by copying the signature of 'good Queen 
Bess;' the boldness of whose hand-writing Olive, in all her official instruments, seems 
desirous of imitating.
</Paragraph>
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<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G822E02.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">This tiresome issue, which probably has nothing to do with 
Cumberland excepting the assumed title, continues in the magazine.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.92 part 2 p.33-38, 1822.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G822B034.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename>G822B035.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
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<Filename>G822B036.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
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<Filename>G822B037.jpg
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<Filename>G822B038.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.92 part 2 p.290, 1822.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G822B290.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.93 part 1 p.560, 1823.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G823A560.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.93 part 1 p.637-639, 1823.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G823A637.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename>G823A638.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename>G823A639.jpg
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.93 part 1 p.642, 1823.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G823A642.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine vol.93 part 2 p.174, 1823.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G823B174.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Also see a review:-
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Reference>Walford, E: 1973: Olive, Princess of Cumberland and Duchess of 
Cornwall</Reference>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">in Gents Mag 1873 part 2 pp.170-177.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1822 part 2 p.358</Title>
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<Date>1822</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1820s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>heliotrope</Keyword> <Keyword>instrument</Keyword> <Keyword>surveying</Keyword>
<Keyword>triangulation</Keyword> <Keyword>Gauss, Professor</Keyword> 
<Keyword>heliograph</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1822 part 2 p.358
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>The Heliotrope</Keyword>
</Marginal>
The Heliotrope</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G822B358.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE HELIOTROPE, A NEW INSTRUMENT.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When Professor Gauss was engaged in 1820 at Luneberg, in 
trigonometrical observations, to combine the Hanoverian with the Danish triangles, he 
perceived that when he directed his telescope towards the steeple of St. Michael's Church 
at Hamburgh, which was seven German (32 English) miles distant, the little round window in
the upper part of it reflected the image of the sun towards him, and thus impeded him in 
his operations. This gave him the idea of using the sun's light for signals, by catching 
it with a mirror, and reflecting it to the place to which a signal was to be given. He 
made a calculation of the strength of the sun's light, and of the diminution it suffers in
the atmosphere; from which it appeared a small mirror, two or three inches in diameter, 
was sufficient to reflect the sun's image to the distance of ten or more German miles. 
This is the Heliotrope, described to be of great imprtance in the measureing of large 
triangles, and as likely to supersede the methods hitherto employed. These consisted of 
placing or fastening by night several Argand lamps, with reflectors, at those places which
it was intended to observe from a great distance. This measuring by night is very 
inconvenient, and by day the light of the lamps is much too faint to be always seen at the
distance of several miles through a telescope. The inventor of the Heliotrope, on the 
other hand, had full proof of the great advantage to be derived from it, when he was last 
year on the summit of the Brocken Mountain, to determmine the three corners of the 
triangle for measuring the meridian of the North of Germany; on which occasion Professor 
Gauss gave signals with this instrument to his assistants, stationed at 14 German miles 
from him, upon the Inselbergh, in the forest of Thuringia.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But the great use of the Heliotrope is not confined to such 
operations. It will be found greatly to excel the telegraph for giving signals, and in 
time will probably supersede it (provided the Professor could ensure the appearance of the
sun). As the reflected image of the sun is visible at so great a distance, the signal 
stations may be much fewer. the mode of using it is likewise more simple, it being merely 
necessary alternately to shew and hide the mirror; the intervals, measured by a stop 
watch, are the signals.
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<Date>1823</Date>
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</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>rushbearing, Ambleside</Keyword> <Keyword>Ambleside</Keyword> 
<Keyword>rushbearings</Keyword>  <Keyword>customs</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1823 part 2 p.173
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>rush bearing</Keyword>  <Keyword>Ambleside</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Rush Bearing, Ambleside</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G823B173.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the 26th and 27th of July, the antient custom of Rush-bearing 
took place at <i>Ambleside</i> in Westmoreland. About seven o'clock on the Saturday 
evening, young girls, to the number of about forty, formed the procession to the Church, 
preceded by a band of music. Each of the girls bore in her hands the usual 
<i>rush-bearings</i>, the origin and signifacnce of which has so long puzzled the 
researches of all our Antiquaries. These elegant little trophies were disposed in the 
church round the pulpit, reading-desks, pews, &amp;c. and had a really beautiful and 
imposing effect. They thus remained during the Sunday till the service was finished in the
afternoon, when a similar procession was formed to convey these trophies home again. We 
understand that formerly in some parts of Lancashire a similar ceremony prevailed, under 
the same designation, in which the <i>rush-bearinsg</i> were made in the form of females, 
with a fanciful rosette for the head; and on looking at those at <i>Ambleside</i>, some 
faint resemblance to the female form may be traced in the outline. At least, they nearly 
all possessed the flowing outline of a petticoat. No satisfactory explanation of this 
ceremony has ever yet been given: the attempt at one is, that it is remnant of an antient 
custom, which formerly prevailed, of strewing the church floors with rushes to preserve 
the feet from damp; but we cannot conceive what resemblance there is between the practice 
of strewing the church with rushes, and the trophies which are now carried, and which have
been carried from time immemorial. We should rather incline to refer its origin to the 
days of heathenism, as a representative of some offering to their gods. Whatever may have 
been its origin, we are happy to see that the darkening and desolating spirit of 
puritanism has not yet destroyed this little innocent festivity, along with morris dances,
wassail bowls, and May-poles: and we trust that the Gentlemen of Windermere and Grasmere 
will long preserve this last relick of the days that are gone.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1823 part 2 p.323</Title>
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<Content>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>HL</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1823</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1820s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>education</Keyword> <Keyword>Latin</Keyword> <Keyword>Greek</Keyword> 
<Keyword>schools</Keyword> <Keyword>schools, Parliamentary Enquiry</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Morland</Keyword> <Keyword>Morland</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Heversham</Keyword> <Keyword>Old Grammar School, Heversham</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, 
Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Heversham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Greenholme</Keyword> <Keyword>Old School, Greenholme</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gibson, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Greenholme, Orton S</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Dufton</Keyword> <Keyword>Old School, Dufton<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Walker, 
Christopher</Keyword> <Keyword>Todd, Michael</Keyword> <Keyword>Dufton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Crosby Ravensworth<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Willan, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Dent, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Dent, Robert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Anne, Viscountess of Andover</Keyword> <Keyword>Crosby Ravensworth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Burton-in-Kendal<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hutton, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Burton-in-Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Brough<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>Brunskill, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Dissolution, 
The</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Barton</Keyword> <Keyword>Langbaine, Gerard</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dawes, Lancelot</Keyword> <Keyword>Airey, Adam</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Barton</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Bampton Grange</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bampton Grammar School, Bampton Grange</Keyword> <Keyword>Bampton Grange, 
Bampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Sutton, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Stephenson, William</Keyword>
<Keyword>Bomby, Bampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Noble, John</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Asby</Keyword> <Keyword>Asby Endowed School, Asby</Keyword> <Keyword>Smith, 
George</Keyword> <Keyword>Smith, Thomas, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Ashby<Note>Asby</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Asby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Ambleside</Keyword> <Keyword>Ambleside</Keyword> <Keyword>Kelsick, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Appleby-in-Westmorland<Note>3</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Elizabeth I</Keyword> <Keyword>Queen's 
College, Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>Firbank</Keyword> <Keyword>Heversham Hall, 
Heversham</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Dawson's Close, Strickland 
Ketel</Keyword>  <Keyword>Strickland Ketel</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1823 part 2 p.323
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>school</Keyword>  <Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Schools, Westmorland</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G823B323.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Rosegill, Oct.</i> 2.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BY the Parliamentary Enquiry in 1819, respecting the Education of 
the lower classes in England, it was found that Westmoreland was the best educated County 
in the kingdom. The following is a brief account of Schools with endowment in this County;
some of them are in high repute for classical acquirements, and have produced many eminent
characters both in Church and State.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">APPLEBY, founded by Queen Elizabeth, in 1574, and endowed by her 
with 5<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i> a year, payable out of the rents accruing to the 
Crown within the County of Westmoreland. Numerous benefactors have since contributed to 
increase its revenues. The amount of the Master's salary is now estimated at about 
3000<i>l.</i> a year. This School has valuable exhibitions to Queen's College, Oxford.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AMBLESIDE, in the parish of Windermere, founded in 1723, by John 
Kelswick of Ambleside, and endowed by him with an estate at Ambleside.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ASHBY, built by George Smith, Citizen of London, a native of this 
parish, in 1688, and endowed by him with 20<i>s.</i> a year. Dr. Thomas Smith, his cousin,
and Bishop of Carlisle, and a native of this parish, left 100<i>l.</i> for the benefit of 
this School.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BAMPTON, founded in 1623, by Thomas Sutton, D.D. a native of this 
parish, and Rector od St. Saviour's, Southwark, and endowed by him with 500<i>l.</i> which
was expended in the purchase of tithes of corn and hay in the parish of Bampton. Iin 1724 
the Rev. Wm. Stephenson, a native of this parish, and Rector of Laxton, in the county of 
Nottingham, bequeathed the sum of 150<i>l.</i> equally between the Church and School at 
Bampton, which was laid out in the purchase of lands at Bomby in this parish. In 1816 John
Noble, esq. of London, a native of this parish, gave 500<i>l.</i> in the 3 per cents. the 
interest of which to be paid to the Master for the time being.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BARTON, founded in 1649, by Dr. Gerard Langbaine, and Dr. Lancelot
Dawes, and who, with the assistance of Dr. Adam Airey, Dr. Wm. Lancaster, and a 
contribution among the parishioners, endowed it liberally. The money with which this 
School was endowed is now invested in a dwelling house and field at Barton, an estate at 
Slowgill in the county of York, and another at Firbank in Westmoreland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BOLTON, in the parish of Morland, founded in 1721, and endowed 
with 190<i>l.</i> given and bequeathed by various individuals at different times.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BROUGH, founded in 1506, by John Brunskill, and at the time of the
dissolution of Monasteries (1535), 7<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> was directed to be 
paid to the School-master by the King's Auditors, out of the rents and revenues which 
formerly belonged to it as a Chapel, which had been endowed by the above founder, and 
other benefactors.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BURTON, founded about the year 1657, and endowed by John Hutton 
with the residue of the rents and profits of an estate at Hindon, in the parish of 
Cockfield, in the county of Durham, after paying thereout 40<i>s.</i> a year to the poor 
in the parish of Cockfield. A subscription amounting to about 117<i>l.</i> was also raised
for increasing the endowment of this School.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CROSBY RAVENSWORTH, founded about the year 1630, by the Rev. Wm. 
Willan, Vicar of this parish, who gave 100<i>l.</i> to it, which was afterwards laid out 
on land. In 1784 the School was rebuilt at the expence of Wm. Dent, esq. of London, a 
native of this parish, who, with his brother Robert, and Anne Viscountess of Andover, 
contributed to increase its revenues by the gift of 500<i>l.</i> which was invested in 
South Sea Annuities.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DUFTON, founded by Christopher Walker, in 1670, and endowed by him
with the interest of 40<i>l.</i> and by Michael Todd, with 4<i>l.</i> a year, payable out 
of lands at Knowle Green, in the parish of Staines, Middlesex.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GREENHOLME, in the parish of Orton, founded in 1733, by George 
Gibson, esq. and endowed by him with 400<i>l.</i> original Bank Stock.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HEVERSHAM, founded in 1613, by Edward Wilson, esq. of Heversham 
Hall, and endowed by him with the yearly rent charge of 21<i>l.</i> 3<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i>
issuing out of certain burgage messuages and tenements in Kendal, and a rent charge of 
3<i>l.</i> a year, issuing out of a field in Strickland Ketel called Dawson's Close. In 
1773 the sum of 230<i>l.</i> was raised by subscription by the Rev. Henry Wilson, Vicar of
this parish, for the better endowment of this School, which was laid out in the pur-
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">chase
</Paragraph>
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<Person>
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</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>education</Keyword> <Keyword>schools, Parliamentary Enquiry</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Kaber</Keyword> <Keyword>Kaber</Keyword> <Keyword>village hall, 
Kaber</Keyword> <Keyword>Waller, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Munkhouse, Miles</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Petty, George</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennyngton, Adam</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward VI</Keyword>
<Keyword>Elizabeth I</Keyword> <Keyword>Mary</Keyword> <Keyword>Jackson, Richard</Keyword>
<Keyword>Airay, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Queen's College, Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Kirkby Lonsdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Lonsdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Elizabeth 
I</Keyword> <Keyword>Godsalve</Keyword> <Keyword>Tenant</Keyword> <Keyword>Curwen, 
Elizabeth, Lady</Keyword> <Keyword>Carus Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, Henry</Keyword>
<Keyword>Christ's College, Cambridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Queen's College, Oxford</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wharton, Thomas, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Lowther</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lowther</Keyword> <Keyword>College, Lowther<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lowther, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther, John, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lowther, William, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Hackthorpe</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Measandbecks</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Measand, Bampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Wright, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Law, 
Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Morland</Keyword> <Keyword>Morland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dean and Chapter of Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Orton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Orton, Orton S</Keyword> <Keyword>Old School House, Orton<Note>?</Note></Keyword>
<Keyword>Holme, Agness</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Addison, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Bland, Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Wardale, Frances</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Ravenstonedale</Keyword> <Keyword>Ravenstonedale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ravenstonedale Endowed School, Ravenstonedale</Keyword> <Keyword>Fothergill, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Pattinson, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, Philip, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Kalver<Note>Kaber ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Biggins<Note>High 
Biggins ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>High Biggins, Kirkby Lonsdale<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Slack, Lowther</Keyword> <Keyword>Nether Scales, Orton S<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>High Field, Orton S<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Blaterne, 
Ravenstonedale<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Breeks, 
Ravenstonedale<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Horngill, 
Ravenstonedale<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Foxellrigg, 
Sedbergh<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Bowsfield<Note>Bousfield</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bousfield, Orton S</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1823 part 2 p.324
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[pur]chase of a dwelling house, out-houses, and two fields in 
Heversham. This School has several exhibitions both to Oxford and Cambridge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">KABER, in the parish of Kirkby Stephen, founded by Thomas Waller, 
about the year 1680, and endowed by him with 133<i>l.</i> And in 1727 Miles Munkhouse gave
5<i>l.</i>; and in 1744 George Petty of Kalver gave 20<i>l.</i> for the benefit of this 
School.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">KENDAL, founded about the year 1525, by Adam Pennyngton of Boston,
and rebuilt 1592. Edward the Sixth, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, were benefactors to 
it; their respective grants amounting together to 19<i>l.</i> 5<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> 
yearly, are payable out of the Crown revenues in Westmoreland. Mr. Richard Jackson (the 
Schoolmaster here, and removed to Appleby), gave 100<i>l.</i> to be applied to the benefit
of the School-master. Dr. Airay was another benefactor. There are several exhibitions to 
Queen's College, Oxford, for scholars from this School.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">KIRKBY LONSDALE, founded by letters patent, granted by Queen 
Elizabeth, in 1591, and endowed by Mr. Godsalve of Newton, in the parish of Whittington, 
with 100<i>l.</i> to which was added another 100<i>l.</i> raised anomg the parishioners; 
with which 200<i>l.</i> was purchased of Mr. Tenant, rent charge of 20<i>l.</i> a year, 
payable out of the manors of Bedale and Scotton, in the county of York. Lady Elizabeth 
Curwen, heiress of the family of Carus, gave the ground upon which the School was built, 
and also certain parcels of land to the same, lying near to a place called the 'Biggins.' 
In 1628 the School was rebuilt at the expence of Mr. Henry Wilson of London, a native of 
this parish, who also gave 120<i>l.</i> for the support of an usher here, which was laid 
out upon the demesne lands of Thurland Castle in the parish of Tunstall. In 1808, when the
inclosure of the common lands in the manor of Kirkby Lonsdale took place, an allotment was
awarded to this School. There are exhibitions at Christ's College, Cambridge, and at 
Queen's College, Oxford, for scholars educated here.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">KIRKBY-STEPHEN, founded in 1566, by Thomas Lord Wharton, and 
endowed by him and others with various benefactions. There are exhibitions both to Oxford 
and Cambridge for scholars educated here.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">LOWTHER, founded in 1638, by Richard Lowther, esq. and his nephew 
Sir John Lowther, and endowed by this Richard Lowther, esq. with 100<i>l.</i> and by this 
Sir John Lowther, with 'one piece of ground in the Slacke.' A rent charge of 10<i>l.</i> a
year is paid to the Master from the Priory of Lambly in Northumberland, supposed to have 
been purchased with the above 100<i>l.</i> given by Richard Lowther, esq. The School was 
built at Lowther in 1640, and in the year 1810 was removed and rebuilt near the village of
Hackthorp, by the present William, Earl of Lonsdale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MEASAND, in the parish of Bampton, founded in 1711, by Mr. Richard
Wright, and endowed by him with a messuage and lands at Nether Scales in the parish of 
Orton. In 1723 Richard Law of Cawdale in this parish (great uncle of Bishop Law), gave a 
garth, in which the school stands.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MORLAND, founded in the year 1780, by the Dean and Chapter of 
Carlisle, who endowed it with an estate in the township of Morland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ORTON, built in 1730, and rebuilt in 1808, was originally endowed 
with an acre of land in Orton High-field by Agnes Holme, and afterwards Robert Wilson gave
5<i>l.</i> Thomas Addison 5<i>l.</i> and Henry Bland 10<i>l.</i> for the benefit of this 
School; and in 1781 Frances Wardale bequeathed 400<i>l.</i> to it, which was laid out by 
trustees in the purchase of houses and lands at Orton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">RAVENSTONEDALE, founded about the year 1668, and endowed by Thomas
Fothergill, B.D. Master of St. John's College, Cambridge (a native of this parish), and 
others of his name and kindred. With the money given by the founders and others, were 
purchased three estates for the sum, of 447<i>l.</i>; viz. with 140<i>l.</i> was purchased
84 acres of land at Blaterne, called Horngill, which the trustees improperly sold iin 1703
to Thomas Pattinson of Breeks, subject to the trifling rent charge thereout of 6<i>l.</i> 
a year. Another estate was purchased at Foxell-rigg, in the parish of Sedbergh, for 
112<i>l.</i> which the trustees in like manner sold, subject to the inadequate rent charge
of 5<i>l.</i> a year. Another estate was purchased at Bowsfield, in the parish of Orton, 
for 195<i>l.</i> which
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<Paragraph rend="quote">remains
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>education</Keyword> <Keyword>schools, Parliamentary Enquiry</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Stainmore<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Stainmore</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Buckle, Cuthbert</Keyword> <Keyword>Thanet, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Swindale</Keyword> <Keyword>Swindale, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Swindale</Keyword> <Keyword>Baxter, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Brown, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lowther, James, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther, William, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Tebay</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Tebay</Keyword> <Keyword>Adamson, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Thrimby</Keyword> <Keyword>Thrimby, Little Strickland</Keyword> <Keyword>Old School, 
Little Strickland<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Fletcher, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Waitby</Keyword> <Keyword>Waitby School, Waitby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Highmore, James</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Winton</Keyword> <Keyword>Winton 
School, Winton</Keyword> <Keyword>Munkhouse, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Rayne, Orton 
S</Keyword> <Keyword>Spittle, Brough<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Truss Gap, 
Swindale</Keyword> <Keyword>Wasdale Foot, Crosby Ravensworth</Keyword> <Keyword>Wasdale 
Head, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Ormondil Biggin<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Blackett Bottom, Grayrigg</Keyword> <Keyword>Bryham 
Tenement<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>High Sandriggs<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Low Sandriggs<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cantley Thwaite<Note>Cautley 
Thwaite</Note></Keyword>  <Keyword>Cautley Thwaite, Sedbergh</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1823 part 2 p.325
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">remains for the benefit of the School. A rent charge of 5<i>l.</i>
a year was also left to this School by Philip Lord Wharton, payable out of an estate at 
Raine, in the parish of Orton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">STANEMORE, in the parish of Brough, founded in 1594, by Cuthbert 
Buckle, who by his will left 8<i>l.</i> a year, payable out of his estate at Spittle. In 
1699 Thomas Earl of Thanet repaired the Chapel, and built a School-house near it, and 
enclosed a large track of waste land for the benefit and profit of the Curate and 
Schoolmaster.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SWINDALE, in the parish of Shap, founded in 1703, by Thomas Baxter
of Truss Gap in this place, who gave to it an estate, consisting between two and three 
hundred acres of land, called Wastdale Foot, adjoining the Spa of Shapwells. The trustees,
in 1750, improperly sold it to John Brown of Wastdale Head, subject to a rent charge of 
10<i>l.</i> a year; he sold it along with his estate of Wastdale Head to the the late Sir 
James Lowther, who, about the year 1775, from some cause or other, refused the payment of 
this 10<i>l.</i> a year, and witheld it during his life; but when the present William Earl
of Lonsdale came to the Lowther estates in 1802, he agreed with the trustess henceforth to
allow 25<i>l.</i> a year out of the Wastdale Foot estate, instead of paying up the arrears
due from his predecessor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TEBAY, in the parish of Orton, founded by Robert Adamson, esq. in 
the year 1672, and endowed by him with estates at Ormondil Biggin and Blacket-Bottom in 
Grayrigg.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THRIMBY, in the parish of Morland, founded in 1681, by Thomas 
Fletcher, esq. and endowed by him with a rent charge of 10<i>l.</i> a year, issuing out of
his messuage and lands called Bryham Tenement, and High and Low Sandriggs.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WAITBY, in the parish of Kirkby Stephen, founded in 1680, by Mr. 
James Highmore, Citizen of London, and a native of this place, and endowed by him with 
400<i>l.</i> which was laid out in purchasing an estate called Cantley Thwaite, in the 
parish of Sedbergh.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WINTON, in the parish of Kirkby Stephen, built in 1659, at the 
expence of the Rev. Wm. Morland and other principal parishioners, and endowed in 1681, by 
Robert Waller of Winton with divers parcels of land in the neighbouring township of Kaber;
and in 1722, Richard Munkhouse, esq. of Winton, gave the sum of 100<i>l.</i> for the 
benefit of the School at Winton, on condition that the nomination of the Schoolmaster 
should be vested in his family.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">H.L.
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Omicron</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1823</Date>
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</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>To-Morrow</Keyword> <Keyword>Gloomy Day in 
Sickness</Keyword> <Keyword>Styles, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>poet</Keyword> <Keyword>Blamire,
Susan</Keyword> <Keyword>Ralph, Josiah</Keyword> <Keyword>More, Thomas, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Thuckwood Nook</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1823 part 2 p.486
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>poet</Keyword>  <Keyword>Susan Blamire</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Poet, Susan Blamire</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Kellington, Dec.</i> 12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THAT human life is short, fleeting, and uncertain, every 
circumstance around us sufficiently evinces. How apt we in general are to neglect this 
admonition, and how prone we all are to flatter ourselves that it possibly may be our lot 
to extend life to its most protracted limits, every day's experience confirms.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following elegant lines by Sir Thomas More-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Fleres si scires unum tua tempora mensem,</Line>
<Line>Rides, cum non sit forsitan una dies'-</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">were as elegantly and feelingly paraphrased by a lady, at p.360 of
your Magazine for last October. Permit me to offer to your readers another translation of 
these impressive lines from the pen of a Cumberland poet (Ralph), whom I have before 
noticed in your pages; and whose poems, perhaps, from the provincial dialect in which they
are for the most part written, are, it is presumed, less generally known than their merits
seem to deserve.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Wretch! man would cry,</Line>
<Line>If sure to die</Line>
<Line>Before a month is past;</Line>
<Line>Yet laughs away</Line>
<Line>This poor short day,</Line>
<Line>Which is perhaps his last.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When we are upon the subject, Mr. Urban, of <i>Cumberland 
Poets</i>, you may perhaps recollect that you did me the honour to insert in your pages 
some time ago a copy of verses, entitles 'To-morrow,' which I believed at that time, and 
still have strong reasons to believe, proceeded from the pen of a <i>Miss S. Blamire</i>, 
of Thuckwood-nook near Carlisle, and accordingly communicated them to you as such. M.H. 
the authoress of 'Affection's Gift' however, claimed them as the production of a <i>Miss 
Parker</i>, upon the authority of Dr. Styles, who, in his 'Early Blossoms,' has published 
them as the effusions of that lady's Muse. In consequence of this charge, I made every 
inquiry in my power to ascertain their real author. I communicated the result of my 
researches to you, and which seemed fully to satisfy the inquiries of M.H. as far at least
as I was concerned, and who also at the same time, with her acknowledgments for my candour
in communicating the sources from which I derived them, added a hope that Dr. Styles would
act with the same frankness and liberality. Whether, however, the Doctor has never seen 
this appeal (which I can scarcely suppose), whether he is so much <i>rapt</i> up in 
evangelical rhapsodies, or whether he is so much dazzled with the glare of Royal 
splendours, as to be utterly incapacitated from giving any attention whatsoever to the 
certainly just request of an amiable lady, I am unable to say; or whether he is so much 
engaged in the contemplation of his own academical honours, as altogether to disregard the
giving satisfaction to one who can claim no higher distinction than that of a regular 
member, late Fellow, and, for nearly twenty years, a resident, in what he flatters himself
may justly be esteem the first College (Trinity) of the first University of Europe.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">No disparagement is here meant to the late publications of Dr. 
Styles. The elegant language in which they are written, and the sacred principles of 
morality and true religion which they inculcate, are certainly well calculated to implant 
in the youthful mind the desire of attaining whatever is prasieworthy, and whatever is 
conducive to dignify their nature, and to make them useful members of society.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I subjoin another copy of verses from the plaintive Muse of Miss 
Blamire, and to the legitimacy of which, it is presumed, there can be no objection 
whatever.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Written on a gloomy Day in Sickness at Thuckwood, in June</i> 
1786.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'The gloomy lowering of the sky,</Line>
<Line>The milky softness of the air,</Line>
<Line>The hum of many a busy fly,</Line>
<Line>Are things the cheerful well can spare.</Line>
<Line>But to the pensive, thoughtful mind,</Line>
<Line>Those kindred glooms are truly dear,</Line>
<Line>When in dark shades such wood-notes wind,</Line>
<Line>As woo and win Reflection's ear.</Line>
<Line>The birds that warble over head,</Line>
<Line>The bees that visit every flower,</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1823 part 2 p.487
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The stream that murmurs on its bed,</Line>
<Line>All aid the melancholy hour.</Line>
<Line>Added to this, - the wasting frame,</Line>
<Line>Thro' which life's pulses slowly beat,</Line>
<Line>Would fain persuade that naught's the same</Line>
<Line>As when health glow'd with genial heat.</Line>
<Line>Where are the spirits light as air,</Line>
<Line>That self-amus'd would carrol loud,</Line>
<Line>Would find out <i>pleasure</i> everywhere,</Line>
<Line>And all her paths with garlands strew'd?</Line>
<Line>Nature's the same,- the Spring returns,</Line>
<Line>The leaf again adorns the tree,-</Line>
<Line>How tasteless this to her who mourns,</Line>
<Line>Or she who droops and fades like <i>me!</i></Line>
<Line>No emblem for myself I find,</Line>
<Line>Save what some dying plant bestows,</Line>
<Line>Save when its drooping head I bind,</Line>
<Line>And mark how strong the likeness grows.</Line>
<Line>No more sweet Eve, with drops distill'd,</Line>
<Line>Shall melt o'er thee in tender grief,</Line>
<Line>Nor bid Aurora's cup be fill'd</Line>
<Line>With balmy dew from yonder leaf.</Line>
<Line>What tho' some seasons more had roll'd</Line>
<Line>Their golden suns beneath thine eye?</Line>
<Line>Yet, as the flower of mortal mould,</Line>
<Line>'Twas still thy lot to bloom and die.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OMICRON.
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  <Keyword>Shap Abbey, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Gospatrick</Keyword> <Keyword>Preston
Patrick</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Gospatrick, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Premonstratensian Order</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mary Magdalene</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Vale of Magdalene</Keyword> <Keyword>Lackslost</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlwath</Keyword> <Keyword>Langeshaw Beck<Note>Lanshaw Sike ?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lanshaw Sike<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Stanirase</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ralfland</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1823 part 2 p.515
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Shap Abbey</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Shap Abbey</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Rosegill, Nov.</i> 20.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HAVING been led into some enquiries respecting the Abbey of Shap, 
in Westmoreland, I have collected the following account of its establishment and 
dissolution, which is at your service.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Abbey of Shap was transferred hither from Preston-Patrick, in 
the parish of Burton, near Kendal, probably for the sake of the situation, which is in a 
retired vale on the margin of the River Lowther, and about a mile West from Shap. It was 
founded by Thomas, son of Cospatrick. The following is an extract from its grant, which is
without date, but is supposed to have been made about the year 1119, and 20th of Hen. I. -
'To all sons of our holy mother the Church, as well present as to come, who shall see or 
hear this present writing, Thomas, son of Cospatrick, sendeth greeting. Know ye, that I 
have given and granted, and by this my present charter have confirmed, to God and St. Mary
Magdalene, and the Canons of Preston, who are of the order of Premonstratenses, in free, 
pure, and perpetual alms, for the health of the soul of myself, my wife, and all my 
ancestors, one portion of my land in Preston in Kendal, to make a mansion of Canons, to 
wit, my whole demesne park below Lackslost,' &amp;c. proceeding to specify the boundaries 
of other lands and privileges granted.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A few years afterwards this Thomas, son of Cospatrick, removed the
Monastery to Shap, and 'granted to God and the Church of St. Mary Magdalene, of the Vale 
of Magdalene, and the Canons of the order of Premonstratenses, serving God there, all that
his land, which was Karl, (that is out lands held by his <i>ceorles</i> or farmers) by 
these bounds, from the Ford of Carlwath, ascending by the river on the South as far as 
Langeshaw-beck, and so ascending by Langeshaw-beck to the road which comes from Kendal, 
and so following that road Northwards till it come to Stanirase, nigh Rafland;
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and
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<PersonName>Hall, George</PersonName>
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  <Keyword>Shap Abbey, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Rasate<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lowther, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Rosgill, Shap Rural</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Creskeld</Keyword> <Keyword>Alinbalike</Keyword> <Keyword>King, William</Keyword>
<Keyword>Hepp, Matthew de</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlwath</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Thamboord</Keyword> <Keyword>Swindale, Shap Rural</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Binbash</Keyword> <Keyword>Thengeheved</Keyword> <Keyword>cattle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>sheep</Keyword> <Keyword>Dugdale's Monasticon</Keyword> <Keyword>Gospatrick, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Veteripont Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Clifford Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dissolution, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry VIII</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, 
Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Evenwode, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Baggot, Richard</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wharton, Thomas, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Louther, Robert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sleddale Grange, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Milburn Grange, 
Milburn<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Sleagill</Keyword> <Keyword>Melkinthorpe, 
Lowther</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Strickland</Keyword> <Keyword>Salkeld, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>lead</Keyword> <Keyword>church bell</Keyword> <Keyword>bell</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Watsonne, Hugh</Keyword> <Keyword>Barlonde, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Addison, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Machael, Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Carter, Edmund</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mackerethe, Martin</Keyword> <Keyword>Dawston, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Mell, 
Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Bell, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Ellerston, George</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Johnson, Anthony</Keyword> <Keyword>Rode, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Watsonne, 
Ralph</Keyword>  <Keyword>Abbey Bridge, Shap</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1823 part 2 p.516
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and so by that road unto Rasate; and so going down on the other 
side of the hill to the great stone where they were wont to stand to watch the deer as 
they passed, and so going down to the River Lowther, and further as far as the division of
Rosegill towards the East; and so all along Southward to the top of the hill of Creskeld, 
and so to Alinbalike. He grants to them also the vale with brushwood in the Eastern part 
over against their own, stretching along the top of the hill to the house which was 
William King's, and so to the land which belonged to Matthew de Hepp, and so going down 
Westward to the said ford of Carlwath. He also grants to them pasture in common with the 
tenants of Rasate, and pasture at Thamboord, and at Swindale on both sides, (to the top of
Binbash on one side, and on the other side beyond Thengeheved) for 60 cows, 20 mares to 
run in the woods, and 500 sheep, with their young till the age of three years; and for 
five yoke of oxen; and wood also for the Abbey, timber, fire, hedging, and other 
necessaries, without the control of his foresters.'-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dugdale's Monasticon</i>, p.594.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This Thomas Cospatrick, the founder, died Dec. 7, 1152, and was 
buried in this Abbey, as were also several of the Veteriponts and Cliffords, who were 
great benefactors to it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Various messuages and lands, both in Westmoreland other counties, 
were given to this Abbey by numerous individuals. At the time of the dissolution, in 1540,
its revenues were valued at 154<i>l.</i> 7<i>s.</i> 7 1/2<i>d.</i> a year. Though the 
first attack of Henry the Eighth on the Monasteries was by the act he got passed in 1535 
to dissolve all whose revenues were under 200<i>l.</i> a year, yet the Abbey of Shap, 
though under this value, by some means or other suffered not by it. Perhaps the reason 
might be because the act that year speaks of those which contained under the number of 12 
persons, whereas in this Abbey there were 20 religious. Or perhaps Henry Earl of 
Cumberland, the patron thereof, who was highly in favour with Henry the Eighth, might have
interest to save it in that first attack.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It surrendered on Jan. 14, 1540, under the act passed 1539 for the
suppression of Monasteries. The last Abbot was Richard Evenwode, who for some reason or 
other signed the surrender of the Abbey by the name of Richard Baggot. Its possessions 
were granted, in 1544, with the monasteries of Gisburn and Rival, in Yorkshire, to Thomas 
Lord Wharton, at the yearly rent of 41<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> with reversion in the Crown, 
which James the First in 1610 granted Philip, Lord Wharton, and his heirs male, with whom 
they continued till about the year 1730, when they were sold with other Westmoreland 
estates of the notorious and profligate Duke of Wharton, to Robert Louther, esq. of 
Mauldsmeaburn, and are now attached to the Lowther estates.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Henry the Eighth's grant of the possession of this Abbey to the
Wharton family, were reserved and excepted Sleddale grange, Milbourn grange, and all those
lands in Rosegill in the tenure of Thomas Salkeld, and the several lands and tenements in 
Sleagill, Melkinthorpe, and Great Strickland; and except also the lead and bells in and 
upon the Church and scite of the said late Monastery, the leaden gutters and pipes, and 
lead in the windows.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Richard Baggot, alias Evenwode, the last abbot, was living in the 
first year of Queen Mary, i.e. 1553, and enjoyed a pension of 40<i>l.</i> a year. And of 
the canons and officers there were then surviving 13 person, each of whom had pensions as 
follows, - Hugh Watsonne, Robert Barlonde, John Addison, Edward Machael, and Edmund 
Carter, 6<i>l.</i> each; Martin Mackerethe, John Dawston, and Richard Mell, 5<i>l.</i> 
each; John Bell, 5<i>l.</i> 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; George Ellerston, Anthony Johnson, John
Rode, and Ralph Watsonne, 4<i>l.</i> each.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The length of the Abbey Church, including the tower, was about 75 
yards, outside measure. Its tower, which is yet standing, exhibits a specimen of excellent
masonry. It has been built of white freestone, and so exceedingly durable as to preserve 
the marks of the chisel to this day. Some fragments of the chancel walls, which are washed
by the river Louther, also still remain. The ground adjoining the South side of the Abbey 
Church is coverd with the relics of its cloisters and offices, many of them vaulted 
underneath.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The house here, now occupied as a farm-house, seems to have been 
one of the offices. About 100 yards below the Abbey are the ruins of an
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">old
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<PersonName>Hall, George</PersonName>
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  <Keyword>Shap Abbey, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Abbey Bridge, Shap</Keyword> 
<Keyword>tiding well, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Skuskgill Well</Keyword> <Keyword>Shap
Grange<Note>High Buildings ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>High Buildings, 
Shap<Note>?</Note></Keyword>  <Keyword>Premonstratensian Order</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1823 part 2 p.517
</Paragraph>
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</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G823B517.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">old bridge. Shap Grange, which belonged to it, stands in rich 
pastures, a mile to the East, and has vestiges of a considerable village around it. Speed,
after mentioning this Abbey, adds, 'where there is a fountain or spring which ebbs and 
flows many times in a day;' it is called Skuskill well, and at present throws out a 
copious, but apparently a regular flowing stream.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Premonstratenses, or Monks of Premonstre, vulgarly called 
White Canons, had 27 Monasteries in England.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GEORGE HALL.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>Green, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ambleside</Keyword> <Keyword>Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Seventy Eight Studies 
from Nature</Keyword>  <Keyword>Tourist's New Guide</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1823 part 2 p.642
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  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>William Green</Keyword>
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Obituary, William Green</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">MR. WILLIAM GREEN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 28. At Ambleside, aged 62, Mr. William Green of 
Keswick and Ambleside. He had lived twenty years at the last two places, in the midst of 
beautiful scenery. It was the business of his life to study Nature, and to that business 
he brough talents, perseverance, and enthusiasm. He knew the recesses of the groves and 
woods, as well as the stock-doves, and the cliffs and recesses of the fells, as well as 
the ravines. He was witty and pleasant, and there was a simplicity, a 
<i>naiviti&#x00E9;</i> and <i>bonhommie</i>, about the man himself, which any one who 
conversed with him, or perused his works, could not fail to be pleased with. - He 
published "Studies from Nature, containing 78 outline engravings of scenery in Cumberland,
Westmoreland, and Lancashire, with descriptions," fol. 1809. - "The Tourist's New Guide; 
containing a Description of the Lakes, Mountains, and Scenery in Cumberland, Westmoreland,
and Lancashire; with some account of their bordering Towns and Villages," 2 vols. 8vo. 
1822.
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<PersonName>Hall, George</PersonName>
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  <Keyword>Carl Lofts<Note>Karl Lofts</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Karl Lofts, Shap</Keyword>
<Keyword>vandalism</Keyword> <Keyword>enclosure</Keyword> <Keyword>tumulus, Skellaw 
Hill</Keyword> <Keyword>Skellaw Hill, Shap</Keyword> <Keyword>Shap Common, Shap 
Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Kemp Howe stone circle, Shap</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, 
Skellaw Hill</Keyword> <Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Karl 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1824 part 1 p.3
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Karl Lofts</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Karl Lofts, Shap</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">CARL LOFTS AT SHAP, WESTMORELAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Rosegill, Jan.</i> 12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AT Shap is a stupendous monument of antiquity called Carl Lofts, 
i.e. "<i>the liftings of the Ceorles or husbandmen.</i>" It is composed of two rows of 
large stones of unhewn granite, from six to twelve feet in diameter. The form is a gentle 
curve, or something like the head of a well-formed mason's hammer. It commences about half
a mile south of the town, and runs parallel with the Kendal road, on the east side, for 
about three quarters of a mile, when it turns off in a north-west direction for about the 
length of a mile and three quarters, or perhaps about three thousand yards. At the south 
end, about twenty yards from the south-west corner, on the outside of the stones, was a 
small tumulus, which, since the inclosure of Shap common in 1815, is now levelled and 
destroyed. When this tumulus was opened into, it was found to be composed of granite and 
cobble stone: as the strata of stone here is lime-stone, the granite must have been 
gathered on the surrounding surface, and the cobble must have been brought from some 
distance. At about the distance of 100 yards from the turn at the south end, on the 
outside, was a circle about eighteen feet in diameter of similar stones, each about one 
yard and a half in diameter, and in the centre thereof was one about one yard and a half 
high from the surface of the ground that tapered to a point. This has also been destroyed 
since the inclosure of the common.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The distance of the stones in the lines was eight, ten, or twelve 
yards; but at the turn at the south end, which remains perfect, they are something nearer,
being from three to eight yards. The distance between each line at the south end is 
eighty-nine feet. This distance seems gradually to have diminished about one yard in every
hundred, till it came to a wedge-like point at the north end, near to the field called 
Skellaw. In this field called Skellaw, which signifies "<i>the hill of the skulls</i>," is
a small tumulus on an eminence, which no doubt is connected with the monument, though it 
deviates about 190 yards to the north-east from the last stone now remaining; but it 
highly probable the stones were continued a little further northward; this deviation, 
however, may be accounted for from the eligibility of the situation for prospect, as from 
this spot the tumulus at the south end could be seen, and nearly the whole line of the 
monument.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A few years ago a countryman wanting stones for the highway, dug 
into this tumulus, thinking to find stone; but not finding the appearance of any, he soon 
desisted. In his attempt, however, he found human bones.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When the antiquary now views the remains of this remarkable 
monument, he cannot but regret at what, perhaps, he may call the barbarous treament it has
met with. The southern end, which extended about half a mile on the common, had both rows 
tolerably perfect till the inclosure of the common in 1815; since then these stones have 
nearly all been blasted and removed into the walls, excepting fourteen, which compose the 
turn at the south end, which are on a plot of land alloted to the Earl of Lonsdale, and 
which he has given orders to be preserved. The northern end, for nearly the length of a 
mile, lying amongst old inclosed and arable land, had generally been removed at former 
periods before the recollection of any person now living. There are, however, four on a 
piece of land, which cannot be tilled for limestone rock, which seem to form the 
terminating point, or at least part of it, at the north end. They are respectively 11, 25,
and 20 yards distant from each other. Probably two may have been
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  <Keyword>Carl Lofts<Note>Karl Lofts</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Karl Lofts, Shap</Keyword>
<Keyword>Gogggleby Stone, Shap</Keyword> <Keyword>Asper's Field Stone, Shap</Keyword> 
<Keyword>cup and ring mark</Keyword> <Keyword>Stukeley, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>granite</Keyword> <Keyword>Shap granite</Keyword> <Keyword>glacial 
erratic</Keyword> <Keyword>Wasdale Head, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Buckland, 
Professor</Keyword> <Keyword>Reliquiae Diluvianae</Keyword> <Keyword>Danes</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Druids</Keyword> <Keyword>Burn, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennant, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Shap Thorn, Shap Rural</Keyword>  <Keyword>Kemp Howe stone circle, Shap</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">removed from among these, as the two latter distances seem to 
admit of such a supposition. Between these four and the fourteen at the south end, only 
fifteen now remain in their original position. They are left here and there, and serve as 
a sort of guide to trace the course of the monument. The blasted and broken fragments of 
the others maya be seen in the walls adjoining.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">One of the most prominent that remains, is called Guggleby stone, 
which formed part of the west line, and stands on its small end near the footpath leading 
to the village of Keld; it is eight feet high and 37 feet in girth at its middle. The 
stone next remaining north of it, which formed part of the east line, is about 13 feet 
long, and six feet in diameter; but it is a different kind of stone to all the rest; this 
is basalt or whinstone, and all the others are granite. This stone probably once was 
placed upon its end; for one end seems to have been squared with a chisel, and it has the 
appearance of having been overturned by digging limestone from beneath it. In the middle 
of the part squared is a hole four inches over, and two inches deep; about two feet 
therefrom, on a sloping corner, is another hole of about the same size. on one of the 
corners at the other end is a rude circle, eight inches across, and a shallow hole in the 
centre. By minute examination, other inscriptions of this kind, perhaps, might be found 
here, as on the obelisks at Aubrey described by Dr. Stukeley.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These masses of granite were, no doubt, originally from Wastdale, 
which is about two miles from the south end of the monument: for here a bed of similar 
granite is found, the only bed I believe in Westmoreland. It is remarkable that, for the 
distance of three miles eastward from the low end of Wastdale, an immense quantity of 
rounded worn-like granite stones of all sizes, up to four yards in diameter, are found 
scattered over the face of the country to the above distance or further, which is wholly 
of a limestone and freestone strata. They seem to be spread in a fan-like form from 
Wastdale, and are more thickly scattered, and also of smaller size, as the distance 
increases. These primary stones being found on the surface of secondary ones, demonstrate 
that they have been thus thrown by some convulsion of nature of which we have no record; 
or, according to Professor Buckland, in his Reliquiae Diluvianae on similar appearances, 
they have thus been transported and drifted by a diluvial current. He, indeed, supposes, 
that a diluvial current is the only adequate cause that can account for these appearances.
See also Edin. Rev. for Oct. 1823, No.77.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whether the stones which composed the Carl Lofts were brought 
direct from Wastdale, or whether they were gathered from among the scattered ones, can 
only now be a mater of conjecture; but probably they were some of the scattered ones; as 
they might be found nearer for carriage and already detached. But how such immense blocks 
(several being from 3 to 4 yards in diameter) could be carried and placed in the regular 
manner they were, it is difficult to form an idea.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"That the monument was Danish, may be inferred from the custom of 
the northern nations of arranging their recording stones in forms that they seemed to 
determine should be expressive of certain events; those that were placed in straight and 
long order commemorated the emulations of champions: squares shewed equestrian conflicts: 
circles the interments of families: wedge-shaped a fortunate victory."&#x002A; Pennant 
agrees in this opinion, and supposes that "success might have attended the northern 
invaders in this place, which gave rise to their long arrangement."&#x2020; Hence, if this
be correct, they have been placed here between eight or nine hundred years. Dr. Burn in 
his History of Westmoreland, says, "undoubtedly this hath been a place of Druid worship, 
which they always performed in the open air within this kind of inclosure, shaded with 
wood, as this place of old time appears to have been, although there is now scarce a tree 
to be seen, (Shap Thorn only excepted, planted on the top of a hill for the direction of 
travellers). At the high end of this place of worship, there is a circle of the like 
stones about 18 feet in diameter, which was their <i>sanctum sanctorum</i>, as it were, 
and place of sacrifice." But Dr. Burn seems only to have taken a limited view of the 
monument. He only speaks of the south end upon the com-
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Olaus Magnus de Gent. Septentr. l.1. c.18.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Pennant's Northern Tour, i. 297.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">mon,
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Kemp Howe stone circle, Shap</Keyword> <Keyword>Skellaw Hill, Shap</Keyword> 
<Keyword>placename, Skellaw Hill</Keyword> <Keyword>Hill of the Skulls<Note>Skellaw 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1824 part 1 p.5
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[com]mon, which was perfect in his day, and does not appear to 
have traced its extent northward through the old inclosed land. That so extensive a space 
as is here occupied should have any reference to a place of worship, seems hardly 
probable. That it was to commemorate some event, and probably a victory, seems more 
likely, and the name of Skellaw, <i>i.e. the Hill of Skulls</i>, strengthens the 
conjecture.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">GEORGE HALL.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Keyword>Dibdin, Thomas Frognall</Keyword> <Keyword>Muse</Keyword> <Keyword>Lyrical 
Ballads</Keyword> <Keyword>Excursion, The</Keyword> <Keyword>White Doe of 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1824 part 2 p.245
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>William Wordsworth</Keyword>
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William Wordsworth, a mention</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">William Wordsworth mentioned in a review of The Library Companion 
by T F Dibdin, 1824
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'The fame of Mr. WORDSWORTH was first established by his 
<i>Lyrical Ballads</i>, 1798, 1802, 12mo. 2 vols.: with additions and improvements in 
1815, 8vo. 2 vols. The most imprtant work was his larger poem of <i>The Excursion</i>, 
1820, 4t0. The third, the <i>White Doe of Rylstone</i>, &amp;c. 1819, 4to. These, with 
<i>Peter Bell, the Wagoner</i>, &amp;c. appear in the collected works of Mr. Wordsworth, 
published in 1820, 12mo. 4 vols. The muse of this poet is of a singular cast and 
temperament. Objects the most simple, and themes the most familiar, are treated by her in 
a style peculiarly her own: but if these objects and these themes have been such as, with 
a great number of readers, to excite surprise and provoke ridicule, this must have arisen 
rather in compliance with the tone of what is called fashionable criticism, than from an 
impartial perusal of the poems themselves. The purest moral strain, and the loftiest 
feelings of humanity, pervade the productions of Mr. Wordsworth: and these; at times, are 
united with so much sweetness of diction, and with such just and powerful views of 
religion, that <i>that</i> bosom must be taxed with insensibility which is impervious to 
their impression.'
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<PersonName>Hood, E</PersonName>
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<Date>1824</Date>
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  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>Variety of New Merry Riddles</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Barnaby, Drunken</Keyword> <Keyword>Drunken Barnaby</Keyword> <Keyword>Price, 
Lawrence</Keyword> <Keyword>Pepysian Library, Cambridge</Keyword> 
<Keyword>proverb</Keyword> <Keyword>pay a groat in the morning</Keyword> 
<Keyword>groat</Keyword> <Keyword>Etherege, George, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Love in a 
Tub</Keyword> <Keyword>Cully, Nicholas, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Barnabee 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1824 part 2 p.392
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Drunken Barnaby</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">FLY LEAVES - No.XXII.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Drunken Barbaby</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AMONG the penny merriments forming the singular collection in the 
Pepysian Library, at Cambridge, one of No.362 is a 'Variety of new merry riddles: written 
for the benefit of those that are disposed to pass away some part of their time in honest 
mirth and delight, whereby to avoid drunkenness, gaming, whoring, and other such like 
vice. Here is also several excellent verses, and a resemblance of love between young men 
and their sweethearts, which was never invented, as may appear, nor printed before this 
present year, 1655. By Lawrence Price.' In the 'excellent verses' occur the following 
lines (without title), which serve to confirm the popularity of the character of Barnaby 
at that period.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I heard a proverb often told</Line>
<Line>Of a custom that is like to hold</Line>
<Line>'Mongst rich and poor, both young and old,</Line>
<Line>To pay a groat i' th' morning</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>And <i>Barnaby</i> hath his summons sent</Line>
<Line>Throughout all Christendom and Kent,</Line>
<Line>Cause all fudlers should be content</Line>
<Line>To pay a groat i' th' morning.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>God Bacchus also doth agree</Line>
<Line>That never a one shall be set free</Line>
<Line>That goes home drunk to bed, till he</Line>
<Line>Hath paid a groat i' th' morning.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The shoo-makers and Taylors they</Line>
<Line>Take Monday for a holy-day,</Line>
<Line>But if known drunk, they're forc'd to pay</Line>
<Line>Their groat o' th' Tuesday morning.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Thus <i>Barnaby</i> hath ordain'd a feast</Line>
<Line>Of Beer and nappy ale o' th' best,</Line>
<Line>And evry one tht is his guest</Line>
<Line>Must pay a groat i' th' morning.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sir George Etherege, in the comedy of 'Love in a Tub,' (first 
printed 1664) gives the reeling ripeness of our hero to his Sir Nicholas Cully, one of 
Oliver's knight, who says: 'Let me go, I am not so drunk but I can stand without your 
help, Gentlemen. Widow, here is musick, send for a parson, and we will dance 
<i>Barnaby</i> within this half-hour.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These notices may be added to the gathering made on the same 
subject in the <i>Barnabae Itinerarium</i>, vol.I. ed.1820.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">EU. HOOD.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">(The previous gathering of items has not been found.)
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Horseshoe, Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">A very ancient horse-shoe was recently found, embedded in solid 
clay, four feet deep, in Mr. Cowen's brick-field, on the banks of the Eden, near Carlisle,
a little beyond where the Roman wall crossed that river. It is of an extraordinary size, 
weighing no less than twenty-eight ounces. There were originally thirteen nails in it, 
extending all round the front, eight of which still remain in an almost perfect state. It 
is much wider than the modern shoe; and the hollow is filled up by a thick plate of iron, 
as if destined to protect the foot of the horse from the spikes used in ancient warfare, 
and continued down to the Border contests, in order to check the operations of cavalry. 
The situation in which it was found, buried so deep in pure clay, implies an antiquity 
much greater than the period of the moss-troopers, or the wars of the Bruces and the 
Edwards.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">PHILO.
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<Title>Gents Mag 1825 part 1 p.386</Title>
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<PersonName>FB</PersonName>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">F.B. observes, "A material improvement, with little additional 
trouble, might be made in the common guide post, especially at important positions. It 
might consist of a board with a coarse map of the adjoining country, containing the 
boundaries, &amp;c."
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.410
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>county history</Keyword>  <Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
County History, Westmorland</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">COMPENDIUM OF COUNTY HISTORY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">WESTMORLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'In <i>Calgarth's</i> sole domain a mansion stands,</Line>
<Line>Which down the lake&#x002A; a partial view commands,</Line>
<Line>Young fattening herds the rounded pastures fill,</Line>
<Line>Each flank is covered by a wooded hill,</Line>
<Line>Near whose gay sides the silver <i>Troutbeck</i> flows,</Line>
<Line>[ ] having left that source whence she arose,</Line>
<Line>Impetuous rushing her rough rocks among,</Line>
<Line>And in the lake's deep bosom glides along,</Line>
<Line>Pleas'd to partake in her extended fame,</Line>
<Line>She yields her tribute and becomes the [same].'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">SITUATION AND EXTENT.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Boundaries</i>, North, Durham and Cumberland: East, Yorkshire 
and Durham: South, Lancashire and Yorkshire: West, Cumberland and Lancashire.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Greatest length</i>, 40; <i>greatest breadth</i>, 32; 
<i>square</i>, 844 miles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Province</i>, York; <i>Diocese</i>, Chester; <i>Circuit</i>, 
Northern.
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Winandermere.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ANTIENT
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.411
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">ANTIENT STATE AND REMAINS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>British Inhabitants</i>, Brigantes, Voluntii and [Sistontii].
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Roman Province</i>, Maxima Caesariensis. <i>Stations</i>, 
Alone, Ambleside; Brovonacis, Brough; Brovacum, Brougham; Concangium, Natland; Gallacum, 
Kendal; Voreda, Whelp Castle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Saxton Octarchy</i>, Northumbria.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Antiquities</i>. <i>British Earthwork</i>, Penhurrock. 
<i>British Encampments:</i> Milbourne and Haderwain. <i>Druidical Remains</i> of Ellerbeck
(called Cock Stones); Helston-cop-stone, and the Druid's cross; Mayborough; Moord[yvv]ock 
Oddendale, (exactly half the size of Stonehenge); near Pooley, (called the White Raise); 
near Rothay Bridge, and near Shap (called the Druid's temple). <i>Roman Encampments</i> of
Castle-hows, Borrowdale; Castle-steads and Coney beds (exploratory camps to Water Crook); 
between Crackenthorpe and Crossfell are several (one 300 yards long and 150 broad); 
Haderwain (opposite the British Encampment); Maiden-castle, Sandford,[ ]; Water-crook 
(supposed a Station). <i>Roman Temple</i> at Levins (supposed of Diana). <i>Saxon 
Earthwork</i>, Castle-how or Castle-law-hill. <i>Danish Remains</i> at Shap called 
Carl-lofts (a most stupendous monument of antiquity). [ ] There are <i>Camps</i> on the 
banks of the Eden, opposite Pendragon-castle; and at Kendal (semi-circular). <i>Abbeys</i>
of Preston Patrick (founded in 1119 by Thomas, son of Gospatric, removed to Shap); Shap 
(removed from Preston Patrick a few years after 1119). <i>Priory</i> of Battleburgh 
(founded in 1281 by the Lords Clifford, Percy and V[ ]cy). <i>Churches</i> old Asby (an 
antient edifice, much <i>diminished</i> by repairs); Askham (enumerated by Grose among the
remarkable edifices of the county); Barton; Brough; Crosby Ravensworth (founded by Torphin
de Alverstain, temp. Hen. I.exhibited curious specimens of architecture); Kendal; 
Kirbyshore (very antient); Kirkby Lonsdale (120 feet long and 102 broad); Kirkby Stephen; 
Sisergh (in ruins). <i>Chapels</i> of Appleby (in ruins in 1482, afterwards converted into
the county gaol); Applethwaite, on St. Catharine's brow (converted into a dwelling-house);
Asby; Betham; Brougham; Burneshead; Crackenthorpe; Crosthwaite; Grasmere; KENDAL, in 
Chapel-lane, another on Chapel-hill; Kentmere; Kirkbergh, near Newbiggen; Patterdale 
(dedicated to St. Patrick); Reagill; Sandford (had one on 1353); Skelsmergh; Smardale 
(destroyed for several centuries); Stainton (founded temp. Ric. I. by Anselm de Furness, 
son of first Michael le Fleming); Stavely (handsome steeple); Temple Sowerby; St. Mary 
Holme, on an island in Winandermere; Wyth; (stood between King's Meaburn and Morland). 
<i>Stone Pulpit</i> at Brough.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Castles</i> of APPLEBY (of great antiquity); Betham; Borrowdale
(in ruins); Brough (built before temp. Wm. I.); Brougham (Keep supposed Roman by Grose); 
Buley (belonged to the Viteriponts and Bps. of Carlisle); Hartley (scarce a vestige 
remains); Haverback; Howgill; KENDAL (erected on the site of some Roman fort); Maiden; 
Pendragon, at Mallerstang (erection attributed to Utter Pendragon, the fabled builder of 
Stonehenge); Warcross; and Whelp, Kirbythore. <i>Mansions</i> of old Calgarth-hall, 
Kentmere-hall, Preston-hall (a farm-house); Rosgill-hall (now a farm-house, but the 
remains shew its former importance); Rydall Old-hall (in ruins); Sizergh-hall (the seat of
the Stricklands). <i>Caves</i>, Coop-Karnel-hole, &amp;c. at Stenkrith Bridge; Pate-hole (
a remarkable cavern in a lime-stone rock, two furlongs South of Great Asby).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">PRESENT STATE AND APPEARANCE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Rivers.</i> Barrow; Bertha or Bela; Eamont; Eden; Helle-beck; 
Hunna; Kent; Lowther; Lune or Lon; Lyvennate; Mint; Rowtha; Sleddale; Sprit; Tees; Winster
(the boundary between Westmoreland and Lancashire).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Inland Navigation</i>. Wigan and Kendal Canal.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Lakes.</i> Ais-water; Angle-tarn &#x002A;, about 5 acres of 
water; Broadwater; Elterwater, larger than Grasmere; Grassmere, four miles in compass; 
Grisedale-tarn; Hause-water, three miles long; Kent-mere, small, fed by the river
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; A tarn is a small lake
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Kent;
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<Keyword>Voluntii</Keyword> <Keyword>Sistonii</Keyword> <Keyword>Romans</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Maxima Caesariensis</Keyword> <Keyword>Alone</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Ambleside</Keyword> <Keyword>Brovonacis</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Brough</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brovacum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Brougham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Concangium</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Watercrook</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Natland</Keyword> <Keyword>Gallacum</Keyword> <Keyword>Voreda</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Whelp Castle, Kirkby Thore</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Burwens</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Northumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Westmorland, antiquities</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Westmorland, roman sites</Keyword> <Keyword>Penhurrock, Asby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>settlement, Milbourne<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Milburn<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>settlement, 
Haderwain<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Haderwain<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Druids</Keyword> <Keyword>Ellerbeck<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cock 
Stones<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Helston Cop Stone<Note>Cop Stone</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cop Stone, Askham</Keyword> <Keyword>Helton, Askham<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mayburgh, Yanwath etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Moor Divock stone circles, 
Askham</Keyword> <Keyword>Oddendale stone circle, Crosby Ravensworth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>White Raise, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Rothay Bridge, Ambleside</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Shap</Keyword> <Keyword>Druid'sTemple</Keyword> <Keyword>Kemp Howe stone circle, 
Shap<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman sites, Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Castle 
Hows<Note>roman fort, Low Borrow Bridge ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Low Borrow
Bridge<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Castlesteads<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Coney Beds<Note>roman fort, New Hutton</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, New 
Hutton</Keyword> <Keyword>Maiden Castle<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Sandford, 
Warcop<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Diana's Temple, Levens</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Levens</Keyword> <Keyword>Diana</Keyword> <Keyword>Saxons</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Castle Howe, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Castle Law Hill<Note>Castle 
Howe</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Danes</Keyword> <Keyword>Carl Lofts<Note>Karl 
Lofts</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Karl Lofts, Shap</Keyword> <Keyword>Pendragon Castle, 
Mallerstang</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Westmorland, religious houses</Keyword> <Keyword>abbey, Preston 
Patrick</Keyword> <Keyword>Shap Abbey, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Preston 
Patrick</Keyword> <Keyword>Gospatrick, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Priory of 
Battleburgh<Note>Friary</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Friary, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword>
<Keyword>Battleburgh<Note>Battlebarrow</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Battlebarrow, 
Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Clifford, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Percy, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Westmorland, 
churches</Keyword> <Keyword>St Leonard, Little Asby</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Little 
Asby</Keyword> <Keyword>Little Asby, Asby</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Askham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Barton</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, Barton</Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Michael, Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Crosby 
Ravensworth</Keyword> <Keyword>St Lawrence, Crosby Ravensworth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Alverstain, Torphin de</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Holy 
Trinity, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirbyshore<Note>Kirkby 
Thore</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>church, Kirkby Thore</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby 
Thore</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, Kirkby Thore</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Kirkby 
Lonsdale</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mary, Kirkby Lonsdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby 
Lonsdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Kirkby 
Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>St John or St Stephen, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sizergh, Helsington</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Sizergh</Keyword> <Keyword>gaol, 
Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>St Catherine's Chapel, Troutbeck 
Bridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Betham<Note>Beetham</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Beetham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Beetham</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, Beetham</Keyword> <Keyword>church,
Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>St Ninian, Brougham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Burneshead<Note>Burneside</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Burneside, Strickland 
Roger</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Burneside</Keyword> <Keyword>St Oswald, 
Burneside</Keyword> <Keyword>Crackenthorpe</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Crackenthorpe</Keyword> <Keyword>St Giles, Crackenthorpe</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Crosthwaite, Crosthwaite and Lyth</Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Mary, Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Grasmere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Grasmere</Keyword> <Keyword>St Oswald, Grasmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Allhallows, 
Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Kentmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Kentmere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>St Cuthbert, Kentmere</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Kirkbergh</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kirkbergh<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>church, Patterdale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>St Patrick, Patterdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Patterdale</Keyword> <Keyword>chapel, 
Reagill</Keyword> <Keyword>Reagill, Crosby Ravensworth</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Sandford</Keyword> <Keyword>Sandford, Warcop</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Skelsmergh</Keyword> <Keyword>Skelsmergh</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Smardale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Smardale, Waitby</Keyword> <Keyword>Stainton</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Stainton</Keyword> <Keyword>St Thomas, Crosscrake</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Staveley</Keyword> <Keyword>Staveley, Over Staveley</Keyword> <Keyword>St Margaret, 
Staveley</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Temple Sowerby</Keyword> <Keyword>St James, Temple 
Sowerby</Keyword> <Keyword>Temple Sowerby</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mary Holme<Note>Lady 
Holme</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>chapel, Lady Holme</Keyword> <Keyword>Lady Holme, 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Winandermere<Note>Windermere lake</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Windermere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>Wyth<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>chapel, 
Morland<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Stone Pulpit, Brough</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brough</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Westmorland, castles</Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby Castle, 
Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Beetham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Beetham Hall, Beetham</Keyword> <Keyword>Beetham</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Borrowdale<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Brough Castle, Brough</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham Castle, 
Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Buley<Note>Bewley</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Bewley</Keyword> <Keyword>Bewley 
Castle, Bewley</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Bewley</Keyword> <Keyword>Veteripont 
Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Hartley Castle, 
Hartley</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Hartley</Keyword> <Keyword>Hartley</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Haverbrack</Keyword> <Keyword>Haverbrack, Beetham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Howgill Castle, Milburn</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Milburn</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Milburn</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal Castle, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Maiden Castle, Stainmore<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
fort, Stainmore</Keyword> <Keyword>Pendragon Castle, Mallerstang</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Mallerstang</Keyword> <Keyword>Pendragon, Uther</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Stonehenge, Wiltshire</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Warcross<Note>Watchcross</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Watchcross, 
Irthington</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Watchcross</Keyword> <Keyword>Whelp Castle, 
Kirkby Thore</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Kirkby Thore</Keyword> <Keyword>Calgarth Hall, 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Kentmere Hall, Kentmere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kentmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Preston Hall<Note>Preston Patrick 
Hall</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Preston Patrick Hall, Preston Patrick</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Preston Patrick</Keyword> <Keyword>Rosgill Hall, Rosgill</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rosgill, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Rydall Old Hall, Rydal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rydal, Lakes</Keyword> <Keyword>Sizergh Hall<Note>Sizergh Castle</Note></Keyword>
<Keyword>Sizergh Castle, Helsington</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Sizergh</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Strickland Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Coopkarnal Hole, Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Pate Hole Mouth, Great Asby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Great Asby, Asby</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Barrow Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Bertha, River<Note>Bela</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bela, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Eamont, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Helle Beck<Note>Hell Gill Beck</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hell 
Gill Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Hunna, River<Note>Eden</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Kent, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Lune, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lon<Note>Lune, River</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Lyvennet, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mint, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Rowtha, River<Note>Rothay</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rothay, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Sleddale Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>Sprit, 
River<Note>Sprint</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Sprint, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Tees, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Winster, River</Keyword> <Keyword>county boundary</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wigan and Kendal Canal<Note>Lancaster Canal</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster 
Canal</Keyword> <Keyword>Ais Water<Note>Hayeswater ?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hayeswater<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Angle Tarn, Martindale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Broadwater<Note>Brothers Water</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Brothers Water</Keyword>
<Keyword>Elter Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Grassmere<Note>Grasmere</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Grasmere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>Grisedale Tarn, Patterdale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hause Water<Note>Hawes Water</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hawes Water</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kentmere Tarn</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>Compendium of County History, Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Keppelcove Tarn, 
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Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Skeggles Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Small Water, Shap 
Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Sunbiggin Tarn, Orton S</Keyword> <Keyword>Ullswater</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ousemere<Note>Ullswater</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Winfell Tarn, 
Whinfell</Keyword> <Keyword>Winandermere<Note>Windermere lake</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Windermere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>Askham</Keyword> <Keyword>Bow Fell, 
Eskdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham Hall, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Carleton Hall, 
Carleton<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cross Fell, Culgaith</Keyword> <Keyword>Curwen's
Island<Note>Belle Isle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Belle Isle, Windermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Farleton Knott, Beetham</Keyword> <Keyword>Grasmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Hall 
Hill<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hard Knott, Eskdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Hartsop High 
Field, Patterdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Haverback Castle Hill<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Helsington Chapel<Note>St John</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St John, 
Helsington</Keyword> <Keyword>Helvellyn, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lowther Park, Lowther</Keyword> <Keyword>Macartney, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Van 
Shoe Yuen, China</Keyword> <Keyword>Mell Fell, Murton</Keyword> <Keyword>Murton 
Pit<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Murton</Keyword> <Keyword>Naddle Forest, Shap 
Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Orton Scar, Orton S</Keyword> <Keyword>Orton Beacon, Orton 
S</Keyword> <Keyword>Patterdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Rydal Head, Lakes</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Stainmore</Keyword> <Keyword>Storrs Point, Storrs</Keyword> <Keyword>Walla Crag, 
St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Whinfell Beacon, Whinfell</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Whitbarrow Scar, Crosthwaite and Lyth</Keyword> <Keyword>Wild Boar Fell, 
Mallerstang</Keyword>  <Keyword>Wrynose Fell, Lakes</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>St Helens' Well, Great Asby</Keyword> <Keyword>holy well, Grange Hall</Keyword>
<Keyword>Betha Waterfall<Note>Bela Falls</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Bela Falls, 
Beetham</Keyword> <Keyword>Catadupae</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Black Dub<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Lyvennet Beck</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brough Well<Note>spa, Church Brough</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>spa, Church 
Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>Burneshead Well<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Burton 
Well<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Clayborrow Heath</Keyword> <Keyword>Cleabarrow, 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Clifton Wells, Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Gell Forth 
Spout<Note>Galeforth Spout</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Grasmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Galeforth
Spout, Longsleddale</Keyword> <Keyword>Gonsdike<Note>Gondsike</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gondsike, Roundthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Grassmere Well<Note>St Oswald's 
Well</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St Oswald's Well, Grasmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Helvellyn 
Spring<Note>Brownrigg Well</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Brownrigg Well, St John's Castlerigg 
etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Dropping Well, Levens</Keyword> <Keyword>Levens Force, 
Levens<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Mallerstang</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Pate Hole Mouth, Great Asby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ravenstonedale</Keyword> <Keyword>Lune, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Shap 
Wells<Note>Spa Well</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Spa Well, Crosby Ravensworth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Auney Well<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Ullswater</Keyword> <Keyword>Eamont, 
River</Keyword>  <Keyword>Witherslack</Keyword>  <Keyword>Holy Well, Witherslack</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>Appleby Bridge<Note>St Lawrence's Bridge</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Lawrence's Bridge, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>County Gaol<Note>Appleby 
Gaol</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby Gaol, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Appleby-in-Westmorland<Note>3</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Elizabeth 
I</Keyword> <Keyword>Pembroke, Anne, Lady</Keyword> <Keyword>Hospital of St Anne, 
Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>gaol, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Smirke, Mr</Keyword> <Keyword>Moot Hall, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ashby School<Note>Asby Endowed School</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Asby Endowed 
School, Great Asby</Keyword> <Keyword>Smith, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Bampton Endowed 
School, Bampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Sutton, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Measand 
School</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Measandbecks</Keyword> <Keyword>Wright, 
Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Law, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Barton School</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Barton</Keyword> <Keyword>Langbaine, Gerard</Keyword> <Keyword>Dawes, 
Lancelot</Keyword> <Keyword>Bulness Grammar School<Note>Wordsworth Court 
?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Wordsworth Court, Bowness-on-Windermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bowness-on-Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Crosby Ravensworth Free 
School<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Heversham School<Note>Old Grammar 
School</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Old Grammar School, Heversham</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, 
Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Kendal<Note>2</Note></Keyword>
<Keyword>Free Grammar School<Note>Kendal: Church Walk, 9 and 11</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kendal: Church Walk, 9 and 11</Keyword> <Keyword>Pennyngton, Adam</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sandes Hospital, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Sandes, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>monument, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Restoration, The</Keyword> 
<Keyword>workhouse, Kendal</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.412
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Kent; Kepel-cove-tarn; Red-tarn, a mile long, of a brownish red; 
Rydal-water, one mile long; Skeggles-water; Small-water; Sunbiggin-tarn; ULLSWATER (the 
lower end of which, called Ousemere), about nine miles long; Wa[ ]dale-beck; Winfell-tarn;
WINANDERMERE, in which are 12 islands, is 10 miles and a half long.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Eminences and Views.</i> The high land about Askham affords a 
most charming and extensive prospect; BOWFELL, 1036 yards high; Brougham-hall, beautiful 
prospect from the terrace; Carlton-hall, extensive and varied prospect; Crossfell 
mountain, 1000 yards above the level of the sea; Curwen's island, one of the loveliest and
most sacred seats of simplicity; Farlton-knot, a bold and high mountain; Grassmere, 'as 
sweet a scene as travelled eye ever beheld;' Hall-hill; Hard-knot-hill; 
Hartsop-high-field, from whence Broadwater is seen to great advantage; Haverback 
Castle-hill; Helsington Chapel, from whence a romantic prospect of the 'sea, woods, rocks,
and fertile valley below;' HELVELLYN, 1070 yards high; Kirkby Lonsdale Church-yard, 
celebrated for its fine view; LOWTHER PARK, compared by Lord Macartney to the park of the 
Emperor of Chinas, called 'Van-shoe-yuen, or the paradise of 10,000, or innumerable 
trees;' 'so rich, so various, so beautiful, so sublime a prospect, my eyes had never 
beheld;' Mell-fell; Murton-pit; Naddle Forest; Orton Scar, on its top are remains of a 
beacon; Patterdale, much admired for the beauty and diversity of its scenery; Rydal Head, 
1030 yards high; from its summit the Lakes of Winandermere, Elter-water; Grassmere, and 
Rydal-water are seen; Stanmore-dale; Storr's Point, whence a delightful prospect; Wallow 
Cragg; Whinfell, 500 yards high, on its top was a beacon communicating with Orton Scar; 
Whitbarrow Scar, affords a romantic prospect; Wildboar-fell, soaring to a great height, 
and impending with a cape-like head over the country; from its base the prospect is 
exceedingly interesting; Winandermere, the prospects along which are very picturesque; 
Wrynose-hill, so denomiinated from its crookedness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Natural Curiosities</i>. Asby wells, one called St. Hellin's; 
and the other near Grange-hall; Betha, or Bela waterfall, one of the <i>Catadupae</i> of 
Camden; Black-dub at Crosby-gill, the source of the Lyvannate; Brough Well, fomerly much 
resorted to, and the Vicar of Brough had a diploma from the Pope to receive oblations from
the pilgrims resorting to it; Burneshead Well, reputed sacred; Burton Well; Clayborrow 
Heath, the source of the Winster; Clifton Well, at which a great concourse of people 
assemble annually on May-day; Eagle Crag, Borrowdale; Gell-forth Spout, in Longlesdale, 
the fall about 100 yards in an unbroken sheet; Gonsdike, which continually casts up small 
silver-like spangles; Grassmere Well; Helvellyn Spring; the side of the Kent is famous for
petrifying springs that incrust vegetable bodies; one of them is called the 'dropping 
well;' Leven's park waterfall, one of the <i>Catadupae</i> of Camden; Mallerstang, the 
source of the Eden; Pate-hole, petrifying spring; Ravenstonedale, the source of the Lune; 
Shap wells, one called Auney well, the other a petrifying well; Ullswater, the 
commencement of the river Eamont; Witherslack holy well, discovered to be medicinal in 
1656.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Public Edifices</i>. APPLEBY Bridge; County Gaol; Free Grammar 
School, founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1574; Hospital founded by Anne, Countess of Pembroke
and Montgomery, in 16[ ]; House of Correction; Market-house, erected in 1811, from a 
design by Mr. Smirke; New Gaol, erected in 1771; Town Hall. Ashby School, founded in 1688 
by Mr. George Smith. Bampton Free Grammar School, founded in 16[23] by Dr. Thos. Sutton; 
Measand School, 'Richard Wright founder, [1711], Richard Law benefactor, 1713.' Barton 
School, founded in 1649 by Doctors Gerard Langbaine; Lancelot Dawes, &amp;c. Betham 
Bridge. Bulness Grammar School, built by contribution about 1637. Crosby Ravensworth Free 
School, founded about 1617. Heversham School, founded by Edw. Wilson in 1613. KENDAL, 
Blue-coat School, 3 Bridges; Dispensary commenced in 1783; Free Grammar School. endowed in
1525 by Adam Pennyngton of Boston, re-built 1592; Hospital and Charity School, founded 
Sept. 6 1670, by Thomas Sandes; Obelisk on Castle-law-hill, erected in 1788 in 
commemoration of the Restoration; School of Industry instituted 1799; Town Hall re-built 
1759; Workhouse,
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  <Keyword>Compendium of County History, Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Lonsdale 
Bridge<Note>Devil's Bridge</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Devil's Bridge, Kirkby 
Lonsdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Lonsdale</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Kirkby 
Lonsdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Elizabeth I</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Kirkby 
Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, Thomas, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Milnthorpe Bridge, Milnthorpe</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Milnthorpe</Keyword> <Keyword>Betha<Note>Bela, River</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bela, River</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Morland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Morland</Keyword> <Keyword>Dean and Chapter of Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Old 
Hutton CofE Primary School, Old Hutton</Keyword> <Keyword>Old Hutton, Old Hutton and 
Holmescales</Keyword> <Keyword>Milner, Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Orton Free Grammar 
School, Orton</Keyword> <Keyword>Orton, Orton S</Keyword> <Keyword>Old School, 
Greenholme</Keyword> <Keyword>Greenholme School<Note>Old School</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Greenholme, Orton S</Keyword> <Keyword>Gibson, Edmund</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Tebay</Keyword> <Keyword>Tebay</Keyword> <Keyword>Adamson, Robert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ravenstonedale Grammar School<Note>Ravenstonedale Endowed School</Note></Keyword>
<Keyword>Ravenstonedale Endowed School, Ravenstonedale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ravenstonedale</Keyword> <Keyword>Fothergill, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Stanemore
Chapel (school, Stainmore<Note>school, Stainmore (2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Stainmore<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Stainmore</Keyword> <Keyword>Stenkrith Bridge, 
Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Temple Sowerby Bridge<Note>Eden Bridge</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Eden Bridge, Temple Sowerby</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Thrimby School<Note>Old School, Little Strickland ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Old
School, Little Strickland<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Fletcher, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Whitby Free School<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Highmore, James</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Winandermere School</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Windermere<Note>?</Note></Keyword>
<Keyword>Winton School, Winton<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Winton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Morland, William</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Lowther Castle, Lowther</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Lowther</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby Castle, 
Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Thanet, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Askham Hall, Askham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Belfield, Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, Mrs</Keyword> <Keyword>Bratha 
Hall<Note>Brathay Hall</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Brathay Hall, Brathay</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Harden, J</Keyword> <Keyword>Brough Castle, Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham Hall, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham, 
Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Brig Steer Park<Note>Brigsteer Park</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brigsteer Park, Helsington</Keyword> <Keyword>Strickland, T</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Calgarth Hall, Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Watson, Mrs</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carleton Hall, Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Wallace, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Casterton Hall, Casterton</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, Carus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Croft, Clappersgate</Keyword> <Keyword>Pritchard, Mrs</Keyword> <Keyword>Curwen's
Island<Note>Belle Isle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Belle Isle, Windermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Curwen, H</Keyword> <Keyword>Dallam Tower, Beetham</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, 
D</Keyword> <Keyword>Dalton Hall, Burton-in-Kendal<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hornby, Edmund</Keyword> <Keyword>Elleray, Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, 
J</Keyword> <Keyword>Ferney Green, Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Graves, R</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Grimes Hill, Middleton</Keyword> <Keyword>Moore, W</Keyword> <Keyword>Harley 
Castle<Note>Hartley Castle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hartley Castle, Hartley</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Hartley</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave, Philip, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Holly
Hill, Bowness-on-Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Bellar, H</Keyword> <Keyword>Howgill 
Castle, Milburn</Keyword> <Keyword>Levens Park<Note>Levens Hall</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Levens Hall, Levens</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard, Colonel</Keyword> <Keyword>Meaburn
Hall, Crosby Ravensworth</Keyword> <Keyword>Oddendale Hall, 
Oddenadle<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Gibson, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Orrest 
Hall<Note>Orrest Head House</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Orrest Head House, 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Braithwaite, J</Keyword> <Keyword>Orton Hall, 
Orton</Keyword> <Keyword>Burn, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Pendragon Castle, 
Mallerstang</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Mallerstang</Keyword> <Keyword>Rayrigg Hall, 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, J</Keyword> <Keyword>Rydal Hall, Rydal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Fleming, Richard, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Rydal Mount, Rydal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Shaw End, Whinfell<Note>?</Note></Keyword>
<Keyword>Shepherd, A</Keyword> <Keyword>Skirsgill Hall, Sirsgill</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Parkin, Hugh</Keyword> <Keyword>Storrs Hall, Storrs</Keyword> <Keyword>Bolton, 
J</Keyword> <Keyword>Summerfield<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Tatham, A</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wharton Hall, Wharton</Keyword> <Keyword>Whittington Hall<Note>?</Note></Keyword>
<Keyword>Greene, T</Keyword> <Keyword>Wreston Hall<Note>Reston Hall ?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Reston Hall, Hugill</Keyword> <Keyword>Strickland</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of 
Appleby</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of Brough</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Westmorland, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Fane Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Herbert 
Family</Keyword>  <Keyword>Lowther Family</Keyword>  <Keyword>Clifford Family</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Westmorland, electoral data</Keyword> <Keyword>sheep</Keyword> 
<Keyword>cattle</Keyword> <Keyword>corn</Keyword> <Keyword>fish</Keyword> 
<Keyword>ham</Keyword> <Keyword>copper</Keyword> <Keyword>gypsum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>limestone</Keyword> <Keyword>porphyry</Keyword> <Keyword>granite</Keyword> 
<Keyword>basalt</Keyword> <Keyword>lead</Keyword> <Keyword>coal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>slate</Keyword> <Keyword>woollens</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal cottons</Keyword> 
<Keyword>leather</Keyword> <Keyword>gunpowder</Keyword> <Keyword>charcoal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>stockings</Keyword> <Keyword>waistcoat piece</Keyword> <Keyword>hat</Keyword> 
<Keyword>paper</Keyword> <Keyword>Westmorland, population</Keyword> <Keyword>population, 
Westmorland towns</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal, population</Keyword> <Keyword>Heversham, 
population</Keyword> <Keyword></Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Lonsdale, population</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kirkby Stephen, population</Keyword> <Keyword>Morland, population</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brough, population</Keyword> <Keyword>Grasmere, population</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Burton-in-Kendal, population</Keyword> <Keyword>Beetham, population</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Arton<Note>Orton ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Orton, 
population<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Windermere, population</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bongate, Appleby-in- Westmorland, population</Keyword> <Keyword>Barton, 
population</Keyword> <Keyword>Ravenstonedale, population</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Thore, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.413
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<Paragraph rend="quote">large and airy building. Kirkby Lonsdale Bridge, of singular 
beauty, and very lofty; Free Grammar School, founded in 1591 by Queen Elizabeth. Kirkby 
Stephen Free Grammar School, founded in 15[56] by Thomas Lord Wharton. Milthorpe Bridge 
over the Betha. Morland Free Grammar School, founded about 1730 by the Dean and Chapter of
Carlisle. Old Hutton Free School, built in 1613 by Edward Milner. Orton Free Grammar 
School, founded about 1730 by subscription; Greenholme School, founded in 1733 by George 
Gibson, gent.; Tefay School, founded in 1670 by Robert Adamson, gent. Ravenstonedale 
Grammar School, founded in 1688 by Thomas Fothergill, B.D. re-built in 1759. Stanemore 
Chapel, built as a school-house in 1594. Stenkrith Bridge, over the Eden. Temple Sowerby 
Bridge, over the Eden, re-built in 1575, and again in 1748. Thrimby School, founded by 
Thomas Fletcher in 1681. Whitby Free School, founded by James Highmore, about 1630. 
Winandermere School, built about 1637. Winton Grammar school, founded in 1659 by Rev. 
William Morland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Seats.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Lowther Castle, Earl of Lonsdale, Lord Lieutenant.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Appleby Castle, Earl of Thanet, Hereditary Sheriff.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Askham Hall, Earl of Lonsdale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Belfield, Bowness, Mrs. Fleming.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Bratha Hall, Ambleside, J. Harden, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Brough Castle, Earl of Thanet.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Brougham Hall, Henry Brougham, esq. M.P.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Brig Steer Park, near Sizergh, T. Strickland, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Calgarth, Mrs. Watson.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Carleton Hall, Rt.Hon. Thos. Wallace.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Casterton Hall, W. Carus Wilson, esq. M.P.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Croft Lodge, Ambleside, Mrs. Pritchard.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Curwen's Island, H. Curwen, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dallam Tower, D. Wilson, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Dalton Hall, Edm. Hornby, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Elleray, J. Wilson, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Ferney Green, Bowness, R. Graves, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Grimes Hill, W. Moore, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Harley Castle, Sir Philip Musgrave, bart.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Holly Hill, Bowness, H. Bellar, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Howgill Castle, Earl of Thanet.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Leven's Park, Hon. Col. Howard.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Meaburn Hall, Earl of Lonsdale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Oddendale, John Gibson, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Orrest Hall, J. Braithwaite, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Orton Hall, late John Burn, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Pendragon Castle, Earl of Thanet.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Rayrigg, Rev. J. Fleming.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Rydal Hall, Sir Richard Fleming, bart.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">-- Mount, W. Wordsworth, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Shaw End, A. Shepherd, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Skirsgill, Hugh Parkin, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Stors Hall, Bowness, J. Bolton, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Summerfield, T. Tatham, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Wharton Hall, Earl of Lonsdale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Whittington Hall, T. Greene, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Wreston Hall, Rev. Mr. Strickland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Peerage</i>. Appleby Barony to Southwell; Kendal and Brough 
Baronies to Herbert and Lowther; Lonsdale Earldom to Lowther; Westmorland Earldom to Fane;
Westmoreland Vipont of, Barony to Clifford Lord Clifford.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Members to Parliament</i> for the County 2; Appleby 2; total 4.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Produce</i>. Sheep, cattle. Corn. Fish. Fine hams. Copper; 
gypsum; limestone; freestone; porphyry; granite; basalt, or whinstone; lead; coal; and 
slate.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Manufactures</i>. Coarse woollen cloth, called Kendal cottons; 
slates; tanned hides; gunpowder; hoops; charcoal; wool; stockings; silk and worsted 
waistcoat pieces; flannels; hats; and paper.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">POPULATION
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Baronies</i> 2. <i>Wards</i> 4. <i>Parishes</i> 32. <i>Parts of
Parishes</i> 2. <i>Market Towns</i> 10. <i>Inhabitants</i>, Males 25,513; Females 25,846; 
total 51,359.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Families</i> employed in agriculture 5,096; in trade 3,801; in 
neither 1,541; total 10,438. - <i>Baptisms</i>. Males 7,604; Females 7,284; total 14,888. 
- <i>Marriages</i>. 3,385. - <i>Burials</i>, Males 4,345; Females 4,713; total 9,058.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Places</i> having not less than 1,000 inhabitants.
<Line>... / Houses. / Inhab.</Line>
<Line>Kendal / 1,990 / 17,417</Line>
<Line>Kirkby Kendal / 1,929 / 8,984</Line>
<Line>Heversham / 701 / 8,996</Line>
<Line>Kirkby Lonsdale / 693 / 8,769</Line>
<Line>Kirkby Stephen / 540 / 2,712</Line>
<Line>Morland / 342 / 1,911</Line>
<Line>Brough / 284 / 1,[ ]87</Line>
<Line>Grasmere / 354 / 1,778</Line>
<Line>Burton in Kendal / 224 / 1,642</Line>
<Line>Beetham / 276 / 1,618</Line>
<Line>Arton / 302 / 1,525</Line>
<Line>Windermere / 295 / 1,441</Line>
<Line>Bongate / 209 / 1,275</Line>
<Line>Barton / 234 / 1,212</Line>
<Line>Ravenstone Dale / 2[ ] / 1,059</Line>
<Line>Kirkby Thore / 191 / 1,051</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HISTORY
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Compendium of County History, Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Roderic, 
General</Keyword> <Keyword>Rotheringer, General</Keyword> <Keyword>Picts</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Stainmore</Keyword> <Keyword>Reicrois<Note>Rey Cross</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rerecross<Note>Rey Cross</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Rey Cross, Durham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>placename, Rey Cross</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Westmorland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ethred</Keyword> <Keyword>Elf</Keyword> <Keyword>Edwin</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Elfwald</Keyword> <Keyword>Edmund, King of Northumbria</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dunmail, King of Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Dun Mel Wrays<Note>Dunmail Raise 
Stones</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Dunmail Raise Stones, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>William, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>border wars</Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby 
Castle, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword>
<Keyword>Brough Castle, Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Brough</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Brough</Keyword> <Keyword>James 
I</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham Castle, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Pembroke, Anne, Lady</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave, Philip, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Civil War</Keyword> <Keyword>Briggs, Colonel</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Holm House<Note>Belle Isle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Belle Isle, 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Winandermere<Note>Windermere lake</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Windermere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>Philipson</Keyword> <Keyword>Philipson, 
Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Holy Trinity, Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>church, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Robin the Devil</Keyword> <Keyword>Ashton, 
Lieutenent General</Keyword> <Keyword>Harrison, T, General</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles 
II</Keyword> <Keyword>Black Dub<Note>2</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Crosby Gill, Crosby 
Ravensworth</Keyword> <Keyword>Kabergh Rigg<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Restoration, 
The</Keyword> <Keyword>Atkinson, Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>battle site, Clifton</Keyword>
<Keyword>Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>rebellion, 
1745</Keyword>  <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.414
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">HISTORY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1st or 2d century. Marit[ ], King of the Britons, defeated 
Roderic, or Rotheringer, a Pictish general from Scythia, upon the mountain now called 
Stanemore; in memory whereof Reicrois or Rerecros (a red or royal cross) was erected, and 
from him Westmorland takes its names.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">791. Ethred slew Elf and Edwin, sons of Elfwald at 
Winandermere.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">946. Edmund wasted Cumbria, and having put out the eyes of 
the two sons of Dunmail, gave that province to Malcolm, King of Scotland. Dun-mel-wrays is
supposed to have been erected in memory of it, or as a boundary of Dunmail's kingdoms.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1176. King William of Scotland surprised Appleby castle, and
utterly destroyed the town. In this inroad he sacked Brough Castle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1388. The Scots by a second conflagration destroyed the town
of Appleby.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1617. James I. magnificently entertained at Brougham Castle 
for three days in August, on his return from his last journey to Scotland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1641. Anne, Countess of Pembroke, 'in spite of her disloyal 
Simpleton', fortified Appleby castle for the King, and gave the government of it to Sir 
Philip Musgrave, who held out till after the battle of Marston Moor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1645. In this year, probably, Colonel Briggs besieged Holme 
House, Winandermere, eight or ten days, until the raising of the seige of Carlisle brought
Mr. H. Philipson of Crooke, to whom it belonged, to the relief of his brother Robert in 
Holme House. The next day Mr. Robert, with three or four companions, rode to Kendal to 
take revenge on the adverse party there; he passed the watch, and rode into the church, in
expectation of finding Colonel Briggs, but did not succeed. Robert was unhorsed by the 
guards on his return; but being relieved by his companions by a desperate charge, he 
vaulted into the saddle without girth, and killing a sentinel galloped away. For this, and
other adventures, he obtained the appellation of <i>Robin the Devil</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1648. Oct. 16. Appleby castle surrendered to the Paraliament
under Lieutenant Gen. Ashton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1651. General T. Harrison came to Appleby with his forces. 
The war was then hot in Scotland, and many places in this county were full of soldiers. 
King Charles II. came to Crosby-gill, where he halted and dined. He partook of the waters 
of Black-dub.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1663. A party of friends of the Commonwealth met on Kabergh 
Rigg, and endeavoured to stir up an insurrection against the Restoration; but being 
dispersed by the militia, Capt. Atkinson, a turbulent republican, was taken and hanged at 
Appleby in 1664.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1745. At Clifton Moor a smart action took place between the 
rebel forces and the Duke of Cumberland, in which the former were driven from their 
advantageous posts. When the rebels, to the numbers of 110, entered Kendal, they were 
attacked by the inhabitants with clubs, stones, and any thing they could get, which 
greatly harassed them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>(To be continued.)</i>
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.489
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Earl of Derwentwater</Keyword>  <Keyword>poem</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Song on the Death of Lord Derwentwater</Heading>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Westmoreland, May</i> 12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE following is an Old Song on the death of RATCLIFFE, Earl of 
DERWENTWATER, who was beheaded as a Traitor, on Tower-hill, Feb. 24, 1716. It was one of 
the most popular in its day, in the North of England, for a long period after the event 
which it records had taken place. I took it down from the dictation of an old person who 
learned it from her father. In its oral descent, from generation to generation, it had got
a little corrupted. But a poetical friend of mine has assisted me in restoring it to 
something like poetical propriety. My dictator could not go further than the 17th verse, 
and supposed that it ended there; which seemed defective. The four last verses are now 
added to give a finish. There is a pathetic simplicity in the song at once affecting and 
interesting; and which renders it, I think, deserving of preservation in your columns.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">G.H.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>King George he did a letter write,</Line>
<Line>And sealed it up with gold,</Line>
<Line>And sent it to Lord Derwentwater,</Line>
<Line>To read it if he could.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>He sent his letter by no post,</Line>
<Line>He sent it by no page;</Line>
<Line>But sent it by a gallant Knight,</Line>
<Line>As e'er did combat wage.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The first line that my Lord look'd on,</Line>
<Line>Struck him with strong surprise:</Line>
<Line>The second more alarming still,</Line>
<Line>Made tears fall from his eyes.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>He called up his stable groom,</Line>
<Line>Saying, 'Saddle me well my steed;</Line>
<Line>For I must up to London go,</Line>
<Line>Of me there seems great need.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>His lady hearing what he said,</Line>
<Line>As she in child-bed lay,</Line>
<Line>Cry'd, 'My dear Lord, pray, make your will,</Line>
<Line>Before you go away.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'I'll leave to thee, my eldest son,</Line>
<Line>My house and my land;</Line>
<Line>I'll leave to thee my younger son,</Line>
<Line>Ten thousand pounds in hand.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'I'll leave to thee, my lady gay,</Line>
<Line>My lawful married wife,</Line>
<Line>A third part of my whole estate,</Line>
<Line>To keep thee a lady's life.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>He knelt him down by her bed-side,</Line>
<Line>And kissed her lips so sweet;</Line>
<Line>The words that pass'd, alas, presaged!</Line>
<Line>They never more should meet.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Again he call'd his stable groom,</Line>
<Line>Saying, 'Bring me out my steed,</Line>
<Line>For I must up to London go,</Line>
<Line>With instant haste and speed.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>He took the reins into his hand,</Line>
<Line>Which shook with fear and dread;</Line>
<Line>The rings from off his fingers drop't;</Line>
<Line>His nose gush'd out and bled.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>He had but ridden miles two or three,</Line>
<Line>When stumbling fell his steed;</Line>
<Line>'Ill omens these,' Derwentwater said,</Line>
<Line>'That I for James must bleed!'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>As he rode up Westminster-street,</Line>
<Line>In sight of the White Hall;</Line>
<Line>the lords and ladies of London town,</Line>
<Line>A traitor they did him call.</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'A traitor!'
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.490
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'A traitor!' Lord Derwentwater said,</Line>
<Line>'A traitor! how can I be,</Line>
<Line>Unless for keeping five hundred men,</Line>
<Line>Fighting for King Jemmy?'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Then started forth a grave old man,</Line>
<Line>With a broad-mouth'd axe in hand.</Line>
<Line>'Thy head, thy head, Lord Derwentwater;</Line>
<Line>Thy head's at my command.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'My head, my head, thou grave old man,</Line>
<Line>My head I will give to thee:</Line>
<Line>Here's a coat of velvet on my back,</Line>
<Line>Will surely pay thy fee,</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>But give me leave,' Derwentwater said,</Line>
<Line>'To speak words two or three;</Line>
<Line>Ye lords and ladies of London town,</Line>
<Line>Be kind to my lady.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Here's a purse of fifty sterling pounds;</Line>
<Line>Pray give it to the poor:</Line>
<Line>Here's one of forty-five beside,</Line>
<Line>You may dole from door to door.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>He laid his head upon the block,</Line>
<Line>The ax was sharp and strong;</Line>
<Line>The stroke that cut his sufferings short,</Line>
<Line>His memory cherished long.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Thus fell proud Derwent's ancient lord,</Line>
<Line>Dread victim to the laws;</Line>
<Line>His lands fell forfeit to the Crown,</Line>
<Line>Lost in the Stuart's cause.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>His weeping widow's drooping heart</Line>
<Line>With sorrow burst in twain;</Line>
<Line>His orphan'd children, outcast spurn'd,</Line>
<Line>Deep felt th' attainted stain.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The Derwent's far-famed Lake alone,</Line>
<Line>Its noble name retains,</Line>
<Line>And of the title, thence extinct,</Line>
<Line>Sole monument remains.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Other lines on Dilston Hall are in vol.95 part 2 pp.118-119, 1826.
</Paragraph>
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Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>Barton</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Barton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Airey, Christopher</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Calvinism</Keyword> <Keyword>Kentmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Apppleby, Roger 
de</Keyword> <Keyword>Ossory, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby, Thomas de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Askew, Anthony</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Bainbridge, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>York, Archbishop
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Barlow, Thomas, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Lincoln, Bishop of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Barwick, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Witherslack</Keyword> <Keyword>Barwick, 
Peter</Keyword> <Keyword>Braithwaite, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Drunken Barnaby</Keyword>
<Keyword>Burneshead<Note>Burneside</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Burneside, Strickland 
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Ephraim</Keyword> <Keyword>Chamber's Encyclopedia</Keyword> <Keyword>Chambre, Alan, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Abbot Hall, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Clifford, George, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham Castle, 
Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Close, Nicholas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lichfield, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Birbeck<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Crackenthorpe, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Strickland</Keyword> <Keyword>Dawes, 
Lancelot</Keyword> <Keyword>Fothergill, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Lockholme Hall, 
Ravenstonedale<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Fothergill, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brounber<Note>Brownber</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Brownber, 
Ravenstonedale</Keyword> <Keyword>Garnett, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Casterton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gibson, Edmund</Keyword> <Keyword>London, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>High 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.513
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">COMPENDIUM OF COUNTY HISTORY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">WESTMORLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">EMINENT NATIVES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Addison, Lancelot, learned Dean of Lichfield, Crosby Ravensworth, 
1632.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Airey, Dr. Adam, principal of Edmund Hall, one of the founders of 
Barton School in 1649, Barton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- Christopher, 1609.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- Dr. Henry, author of some Calvinistic works, Kentmere, 1560.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Appleby, Roger de, Bishop of Ossory (ob. 1404).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- Thomas de, Bishop of Carlisle (ob. 1395).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Askew, Anthony, eminent physician, Kendal, 1722.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Bainbridge, Christopher, Cardinal, Abp. of York, poisoned at Rome,
1514, Barton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Barlow, Dr. Thomas, Bishop of Lincoln, Orton, 1607.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Barwick, John D.D. eminent divine and loyalist, Witherslack, 1612.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- Peter, M.D. brother of the above, whose life he wrote in 
elegant Latin, Witherslack, 1619.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Braithwaite, Richard, the well-known facetious and eccentric 
author of 'Drunken Barnaby,' Burneshead (ob. 1678).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Buckle, Sir Cuthbert, Lord Mayor of London in 1598, Stanemore.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BURN, Dr. RICHARD, author of 'Ecclesiastical Law,' &amp;c. Winton 
(ob. 1785).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM, author of the Encyclopedia, Kendal (ob. 1740).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Chambr&#x00E9;, Sir Allan, one of the Justices of the Common 
Pleas, Abbot Hall, near Kendal (ob. 1823).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Clifford, George, Earl of Cumberland, Brougham Castle, 1558.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Close, Nicholas, Bishop of Lichfield, Birbeck (ob. 1453).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Crackenthorpe, Richard, controversial divine, Strickland, 1587.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dawes, Lancelot, one of the founders of Barton School, and 
Prebendary of Carlisle, Barton, 1580.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fothergill, Dr. Geo. principal of St. Edm. Hall, Ox. Lockholme in 
Ravenstonedale, 1705.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fothergill, Thomas, benefactor to his native parish, Brounber in 
Ravenstonedale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Garnett, Dr. Thomas, physician and natural philosopher, Casterton,
1766.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GIBSON, EDMUND, the learned and esteemed Bp. of London, High 
Knype, 1669.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- Thomas, uncle of the Bishop, and son-in-law of Protector 
Richard Cromwell, High Knype.
</Paragraph>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Gibson,
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<Keyword>Gilpin, Bernard</Keyword> <Keyword>Apostle of the North</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kentmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Hudson, William</Keyword> <Keyword>botanist</Keyword>
<Keyword>Johnson, Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal, Richard de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lancaster, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Queen's College, Oxford</Keyword> 
<Keyword>school, Barton</Keyword> <Keyword>Sockbridge, Sockbridge and Tirril</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Langbaine, Gerard</Keyword> <Keyword>Langhorne John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>poet</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Langhorne, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Lives, Plutarch's</Keyword> <Keyword>Winton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mill, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Greek New Testament</Keyword> <Keyword>Hardendale, 
Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Monkhouse, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Morton, 
Charles</Keyword> <Keyword>Otway, John, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Middleton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Philipson, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Robin the Devil</Keyword> <Keyword>Crook 
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Strickland</Keyword> <Keyword>Sutton, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Veteripont, Thomas 
de</Keyword> <Keyword>Walker, Adam</Keyword> <Keyword>Windermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Walker, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Wastal, Simon</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Microbiblion</Keyword> <Keyword>Epitome of the Bible in Verse</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wastelhead<Note>Wasdale Head</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Wasdale Head, Shap 
Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>Watson, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Llandaff, Bishop of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Heversham</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, George, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>astronomer</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehead, George</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Newbigg<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>botanist</Keyword>
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bridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>plague</Keyword> 
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Anne, Lady</Keyword> <Keyword>armour</Keyword> <Keyword>portrait</Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Lawrence, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>school, 
Appleby-in-Westmorland<Note>3</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Queen's College, Oxford</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bainbridge, Reginald</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> 
<Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>St Peter, Great Asby</Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Peter, Askham</Keyword>  <Keyword>Askham</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.514
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G825A514.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Compendium of County History. - Westmorland.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Gibson, William, self taught mathematician of the most wonderful 
powers, Bolton, 1720 &#x002A;.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GILPIN, BERNARD, eminent divine and reformer, called the 'Apostle 
of the North,' Kemtmire, 1517.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Hudson, Wm. one of the earliest Linnaean botanists in England, 
1780.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Johnson, Samuel, eminent divine, 1649.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Kendal, Richard de, excellent grammarian (flor. temp. Hen. VI).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lancaster, Dr. William, Provost of Queen's College, Oxford, and 
one of the founders of Barton School, Sockbridge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Langbaine, Gerard, linguist, antiquary, scholar, and one of the 
founders of Barton School, Barton Kirke, about 1608.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Langhorne, Dr. John, the poet, and brother of William, Kirkby 
Steven, 1785.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- William, brother of above, and joint translator of Plutarch's 
Lives, Winton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mill, Dr. John, editor of the Greek New Testament, Harderdale in 
Shap, 1645.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Monkhouse, Dr. Richard, eminent divine, Winton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Morton, Charles, learned physician and antiquary, 1716.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Otway, Sir John, eminent lawyer, Middleton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Philipson, Robert, for his military achievements nicknamed 
<i>Robin the Devil</i>, Crook-hall.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Potter, Barnaby, called the Puritanical Bishop of Carlisle, 
Kendal, 1578 or 9.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- Christopher, nephew of above, and loyal divine, who sent his 
plate to the King, saying he would drink as Diogenes did, in the hollow of his hand, 
before the King should want. Kendal, 1591.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Robertson, Joseph, a critic of celebrity, learning, and industry, 
High Knype, 1726.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Saunderson, Randal, divine and benefactor to his native village, 
Reagill.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Shaw, Dr. Thomas, author of 'Travels in Barbary and the Levant,' a
work of high celebrity, Kendal, 1692.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Smith, George, founder of the school in his native parish, Asby.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- Dr. Bishop of Carlisle, cousin of the above, Asby.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- John, a divine, particularly versed in Septentrional 
literature and in antiquities, Lowther, 1659.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Stephenson, Rev. William, benefactor to his native place, Bampton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Strickland, William de, Bishop of Carlisle, Great Strickland, 1[ 
]96.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sutton, Dr. Thomas, benefactor to his native parish of Bampton, 
Sutton Gill in that parish.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Viteripont, Thomas de, Bishop of Carlisle, 1255, Appleby.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Walker, Adam, natural and experimental philosopher, Windermere.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">--- William, lecturer on astronomy, son of above, Kendal, 1766.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wastal, Simon, learned author of 'Microbiblion, or an Epitome of 
the Bible in Verse,' 1629, Wastelhead in Shap.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WATSON, RICHARD, excellent and learned Bishop of Llandaff, 
Heversham, 1737.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wharton, Sir George, Baronet, astronomer and loyalist, Kendal (ob.
1681).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whitehead, George, learned and zealous Quaker, Newbigg, about 
1633.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wilson, John, celebrated botanist, originally stocking knitter, 
Kendal (ob. about 1750).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This county has little or no advantage from navigable rivers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At AMBLESIDE have been found innumerable Roman antiquities. Part 
of a Roman Bridge still remains.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At APPLEBY, in 1598, the plague raged. - The castle was the 
residence of the Clifford family, of whom the high-spirited Countess of Pembroke 
frequently resided here. Here is a copy of the great family picture; the original of which
is at Skipton Castle, co. York. There are four half-lengths of the Countess in the 
drawing-room. Here is also preserved the magnificent suit of armour worn by the Earl of 
Cumberland in the tilt-yard as champion to his Royal mistress Elizabeth; and his 
horse-armour of equal splendour lies by it. - In St. Lawrence Church are some noble 
monuments to the Cliffords; among which is one to the Countess of Pembroke. - The School 
has produced a number of eminent characters in Church and State. It has also furnished 
nearly half the students on the foundation of Queen's College, Oxford. Upon the front of a
little building of stone erected by Reginald Bainbrigg, the friend of Camden, in 1602, 
then Master of the School, were placed by him stones to the number of 24, having Roman 
inscriptions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The chancel of ASBY Church is singularly separated from the nave 
by two arches.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In ASKHAM Church are several old monuments; and a stone coffin has
been found of the date of 1346.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; A very curious account of him may be seen in vol.LXI. 
p.1062.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BAMPTON
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Arthur's Round Table, Eamont Bridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Farleton Knott, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.515
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Compendium of County History. - Westmorland.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BAMPTON Vicarage House was rebuilt at the expence of the 
celebrated and very learned Bishop Gibson, who also erected a monument in the church to 
his father and mother, with a modest Latin inscription. - In the Free Grammar School, 
besides an innumerable list of eminent characters, were educated Dr. John Mill, famous for
his edition of the New Testament; and Bishop Gibson. - Bishop Law obtained his classical 
rudiments at Measand School.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN BETHAM Church are the monuments of Sir Thomas de Betham and 
lady. - Of this parish was Vicar Mr. William Hutton, who wrote a folio book of collections
for a history of the parish, which he deposited in the vestry for the information of 
posterity; with blank pages to be filled up as materials should occur &#x002A;.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The windows of BROUGH Church were formerly full of extraordinary 
painted glass.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At BROUGHAM many Roman antiquities have been discovered. Brougham 
Hall, for its beautiful prospects, has been called the <i>Windsor of the North</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CALGARTH was the property of the learned Bp. Watson, who added 
greatly to the natural beauties of the estate. Some of the rooms in the old hall have 
remains of their former elegance. Amongst the spirits which haunted these melancholy 
walls, was one which had the custody of two sculls, which could nether be broken to 
pieces, or carried to any place, but their guardian would be able to re-unite them, or 
recover them to their dormitory on one of the window-sills.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CROSS-FELL is reported to have been formerly called <i>Fiend's 
Fell</i>, from evil spirits haunting its top, till St. Austin erected there a cross and an
altar, by which he broke their haunts; hence its present name.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the South end of the village of EAMONT is a curious circle, 
consisting of a high dyke of earth and a deep foss within, commonly called <i>Arthur's 
Round Table</i>. Various are the conjectures respecting it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FARLTON KNOT is said to bear a strong resemblance in form to the 
rock of Gibraltar.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At HEVERSHAM Free Grammar School were educated Bp. Watson, Ephraim
Chambers, author of the Encyclopedia; Bishop Preston, and many others. Bishop Watson's 
father was head master 40 years, and educated Chambers. He was also born here, as were his
father, grandfather, &amp;c. - In the church is interred the mother of Ephraim Chambers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">KENDAL was one of the first provincial towns which printed a 
<i>Newspaper</i>. - Among the eminent men educated at the Free Grammar School, may be 
mentioned Bp. Law, Dr. Fothergill, and Dr. Shaw, the celebrated traveller.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At KENTMERE Hall flourished the Gilpin family, of whom was Bernard
Gilpin, '<i>the Apostle of the North</i>.' It is a tower-like edifice, under a mountain 
browed with mighty craggs. When it was building, the <i>Cork lad of Kentmere</i>, a 
barbarian of the name of Herd, lifted a chimney beam of the kitchen into its place, 6 feet
from the earth: it still remains, and is 30 feet long and 13 inches by 12 1/2 thick. At 
the age of 42 this man killed himself with the Herculean task of tearing up trees by the 
roots.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In KIRKBY LONSDALE Church was a fine alabaster monument to one of 
the Middletons, temp. Henry VIII. On the South porch was formerly curious inscriptions 
respecting its erection, &amp;c. - Of this parish, was vicar one George Buchanan, a 
Scotchman driven out of Scotland for refusing the covenant and suffered greatly from the 
Parliamentarians. - At the Free Grammar School was educated Mr. Bell of the Chancery Bar.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AT LOWTHER College were educated the Earl of Selkirk, and late 
Duke of Athol. The college was coverted into a manufactory for most beautiful carpets, 
&amp;c. of strength and lustre little inferior to those of Persia; intended chiefly for 
the owner's use, but a few were sold from 63<i>l.</i> to 105<i>l.</i> - The church 
contains several tombs of the Lowther family.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MILLTHROPE is the only town in the county visited by the tide, 
which flows
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; I should be obliged if any of your Correspondents would 
inform me whether the volume is still in being. S.T.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Bela, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Morland</Keyword> <Keyword>Brown, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Essay on the Characteristics</Keyword> <Keyword>Newbiggin Hall, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.516
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Compendium of County History. - Westmorland.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">from the estuary of the Kent up the river Betha; making this the 
only seaport town in the county.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of MORLAND Dr. Brown, author of the 'Essay on the 
Characteristics,' was Vicar.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">NEWBIGGIN HALL stands in a wooded sequestered vale. It is a low 
unique building, with a poetical inscription over its front door. - The church is small 
and contains but little remarkable. In one of the windows is a monk with a pastoral staff.
- Upon the rocks, at a place called Craw-dun-dale, were formerly found characters and 
inscriptions, now obliterated and mouldered away. Camden mentions one or two, but Burn 
doubts their authenticity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OLD HUTTON Free School has a library of several hundred volumes, 
established in 1767 by Dr. Bray and associates.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Near PENDRAGON Castle is a well which commemorates a piece of 
history respecting Uter Pendragon. It is said the treacherous Saxons who dared not face 
him in the field, flung poison into the well. He drank of this his favourite spring, and 
with a hundred of his courtiers fell victim to the Saxon villany.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">One of the customs at RAVENSTONEDALE is very peculiar. If any 
tenant being of the age sixteen die, not having a child born in wedlock, and without a 
will attested by at least 4 tenants of the manor, his estate escheats to the lord. The 
Earl of Lonsdale offered to enfranchise the tenants, but such was their attachment to 
ancient customs as to refuse the offer.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">RERECROSS on Stanemore is the boundary between Westmorland and 
Yorkshire. Only a fragment of it now remains. At the neighbouring turnpike house is a 
cylindrical stone with COH . V. probably a Roman miliary.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of SHAP Abbey became tenants at the dissolution, the Hoggerd 
family, ancestors of the inimitable HOGARTH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At SIZERGH Hall are several excellent portraits, and the tapestry 
and carvings are exceedingly curious.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At Spying How, TROUTBECK, there was a large heap of stones called 
<i>the Raise</i>, which contained a kistvaen full of men's bones, and another called 
<i>Woundal Raise</i> , supposed British sepulchres.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ULLSWATER or Ousemere, when the day is uniformly overcast, and the
air perfectly still, like many other lakes, has its surface dappled with a smooth oily 
appearance, which is called a <i>Keld</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of the Pearson's of WHINFELL, the learned Dr. John Pearson, Bishop
of Chester, was descended. - The forest was famous for its prodigious oaks, one of them 
nearly 300 years old. The hart's-horn tree which grew by the way-side near Hornby Hall had
its name from a pair of horns hung up in it about 1333 or 1334, after a memorable chase. 
The stag was started by a grey-hound, and after chasing it to a considerable distance and 
back again, the stag vaulted the park paling, but instantly died. The dog, in attempting 
to clear it, fell backwards and expired. One of these horns were broken out of the tree in
1648, and the other in 1658. On the East side of the park is Julian's tower, celebrated 
for being the residence of the mistress of Roger de Clifford, temp. Edw. III.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WINANDERMERE is the greatest standing water in England. On 
Longholme Island is a remarkable echo. - Rayrigg Hall is said to resemble Ferney, the seat
of Voltaire on the Lake of Geneva. - The church contains monuments and inscriptions to the
Philipsons of Calgarth and other eminent families in the neighbourhood. Its chancel window
belonged to Furness Abbey. It consists of seven compartments, representing the Crucifixion
in the 3d, 4th, and 5th. In the 2d is St. George; in the 6th, St. Catharine, and in the 
7th, two mitred abbots and two monks. The colouring is very fine.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At WINTON Free Grammar School the author of Burn's Justice, 
&amp;c. was educated. - One of the rooms of the Hall is hung with very beautiful tapestry;
and amongst the pictures is a fine one of the late Countess of Desmond.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Upon WRYNOSE HILL are placed the Shire-stones, in a triangle a 
foot from each other, where Westmorland, Cumberland, and Lancashire, meet in a point.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">S.T.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 2 p.369
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>Earl of Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Frederick 
Howard</Keyword>
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Obituary, Earl of Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">OBITUARY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">EARL OF CARLISLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sept.</i> 4. At his seat, Castle Howard, co. York, Frederick 
Howard, Earl of Carlisle, Viscount Howard of Morpeth, Baron Dacres of Gillesland, K.G. 
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This distinguished Nobleman was the eldest son of Henry fourth 
Earl of Carlisle, by his second wife, Isabella, daughter of William fourth Lord Byron, who
died Jan. 22, 1795; was born May 28, 1748. Being intended for a public life, he was early 
sent to Eton College, where he became the contemporary of Hare, Fox, and of the Duke of 
Lancaster. Here too he also formed a particular intimacy with Mr. Storer, who engaged his 
attention and rivetted his friendship so much, that they were considered the Pylades and 
Orestes of Eton. Some of his school-fellows he celebrated while there in some superior 
verses.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From Eton his Lordship went to King's College, Cambridge, and 
afterwards repaired to the Continent, making a grand tour of Italy, France, &amp;c. During
his travels he was , although not a Peer of Scotland, elected one of the Knight Companions
of the Order of the Thistle, and was invested with the Ensigns thereof, Feb. 27, 1768, at 
Turin, the King of Sardinia representing his Majesty on that occasion. On the expiration 
of his minority, he returned to England, and his father having died Sept 4, 1758, took his
seat in the House of Peers in 1769, and became one of the gayest noblemen of the capital. 
Possessing a small but elegant figure, in which symmetry was happily blended with agility 
and strength, he shone one of those meteors of fashion. Elegant in his dress and manners, 
with his green ribband across his vest, and a brilliant star sparkling at his side, he was
considered one of the chief ornaments of the Court. At this period, his Lordship and Mr. 
C. Fox, though it will scarcely be believed, were considered as two of the best dressed 
men of their times.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After dedicating a few years to fashion, we find him resuming the 
original bent of his nature and education, and contending in the lists of Parliament for 
the meed of fame and the prize of eloquence. Previous to entering upon his literary 
character we shall notice a few incidents in his political career, which he commenced in 
1777, by being appointed, June 13, Treasurer of his Majesty's Household, and Sworn Member 
of the Privy Council. In April 1788 he was chosen, on account of his acknowledged 
moderation, on of the Commissioners to treat, consult, and agree upon the means of 
quieting the disorders subsisting in his Majesty's colonies, plantations, and provinces in
North America. With the rest of the Commissioners, among whom were Governor Johnstone and 
Mr. Eden, afterwards Lord Auckland, he went to America, but the disposition of the 
Colonies being adverse to a reconciliation, the object of his mission was defeated, and he
returned without being able to render any service to his country; though it was 
universally acknowledged that he had executed the important office entrusted to his care 
in a manner that redounded greatly to his honour.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the 6th of November 1779 he was appointed a Lord of Trade: on 
Feb. 9, 1780, made Lord Lieutenant for the East Riding of Yorkshire; and in October 
following appointed Viceroy of Ireland. On this occasion he was accompanied by his friend 
Mr. Eden, who, in the capacity of Secretary, managed the interests of England in the Irish
Parliament, at this peculiarly arduous and critical period. Notwithstanding numerous 
adverses, his administration was accompanied with many circumstances calculated to 
conciliate popular favour and meliorate the condition of an unhappy people. A national 
bank was established, and many excellent plans formed and bills passed for increasing the 
trade of Ireland. About the end of March 1782, an entire change of administration taking 
place, Ireland fell to the share of the Duke of Portland, a nobleman at that moment one of
the most popular men in the kingdom. This event occurred when Lord Carlisle was 
negotiating the repeal of so much of the statute of George I. as affected the legislative 
independence of Ireland, and was accompanied with some circumstances that rendered his 
recal particularly disagreeable. The Irish Parliament, however, on the 15th of April 
passed a vote of thanks to him 'for the wisdom and prudence of his administtration, and 
for his uniform and unremitted attention to promote the welfare of this Kingdom.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In consequence of the demise of the great and disinterested 
patriot, Lord Rockingham, we find Lord Carlisle enjoying the honourable appointment of 
Steward of the Household; and he soon after obtained the more dignified one of Lord Privy 
Seal. But a variety of important alterations ensuing, it was difficult to preserve a firm 
footing amidst the frequent volcanic explosions.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 2 p.370
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<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1789, during the disputes relative to the Regency Bill, in 
consequence of the severe illness of his late Majesty, Lord Carlisle took an active part 
against the restrictions imposed on the heir-apparent, and when it came before the House 
of Peers, Dec. 23, 1789, his Lordship in a brief but elegant speech, asserted the claims 
of the Prince of Wales.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On Monday, March 28, 1791, we find his Lordship once more acting 
in opposition to Mr. Pitt's administration, in a very powerful speech, on the King's 
message respecting the failure of the pacification between Russia and the Porte. He 
declared that in the course of parliamentary attendance, he had often witnessed the 
contemptuous behaviour of the ministry, but never in so insulting a manner as on this 
occasion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1793 he was honoured with the Order of the Garter.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1794, he published a 'Letter to Lord Fitzwilliam, in reply to 
his Lordship's two Letters;' and in 1798 a spirited tract entitled 'Unite or Fall,' for 
general distribution.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It now remains to speak of Lord Carlisle as a votary of the Muses 
and a patron of the Arts. At a very early period he was inspired with and cultivated a 
taste for poetry; indeed, if we are rightly informed, he may be said to 'have lisped in 
numbers.' Many of these compositions may be found in 'The Foundling Hospital for Wit;' and
'The Asylum,' both published by Mr. Almon. Four Poems written by his Lordship were 
published in 1773 in a 4to volume; the first of these was an Ode on the death of Gray; the
second and third, verses destined for the monument of a favourite spaniel; and the fourth 
a translation from Dante. The Ode appears to have been written in 1771, when the noble 
author had scarcely attained his twenty-third year, and contains a recapitulation of all 
the works of that rapture-breathing bard. The translation from Dante contains an account 
of Count Ugolino.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1783 appeared 'The Father's Revenge, a Tragedy, and other 
Poems,' 8vo; and a new edition, 4to, 1800. This tragedy is founded on an incident so 
interwoven with our passions, and followed by a punishment so disproportionate to the 
offence, that human nature shudders at the catastrophe. The scenery, consisting of 
palaces, gothic chapels, &amp;c. with a view of Mount Vesuvious in the back ground, is 
grand, suitable to the occasion, and calculated to inspire awe; while the dramatic 
characters are formed to keep up the interest and prepare the mind for some important 
event. Some if his Lordship's friends applied to Mrs. Chapone to prevail on Dr. Johnson to
read and give his opinion of this tragedy, which he did in a letter to that lady, dated 
Nov. 28,1783; printed in Boswell's Life, vol.II. p.470. A limited impression of the 4to 
edition of this tragedy, decorated with engravings from the pencil of Westall, was 
circulated by the noble author among his friends.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1800 appeared the tragedy of 'The Step-mother;' in five acts. 
The plot of this is less involved than that of the former; but the catastrophe is equally 
shocking. In the one we behold a parent presenting the fresh torn heart from the bosom of 
her lover to the agonized sight of a distracted daughter. In the other we find a father 
and son, instigated by a cruel and revengeful woman, inflicting mutual death. In both 
cases the scene, perhaps, is too afflicting for representation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1801 appeared a splendid edition, from the press of Bulmer, of 
the 'Tragedies and Poems of Frederick Earl of Carlisle, K.G.' One of his Lordship's best 
poetical productions in this collection is that inscribed to Sir J. Reynolds on his 
resignation of the President's chair of the Royal Academy; but it is much to be lamented 
that he should have concluded this pretty little Poem with a line from Churchill, as it 
exhibits a poverty of thought wholly inconsistent with his acknowledged talents.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1804 he addressed some lines to the Archbishop of York, on 
inclosing the tomb of Archbishop Grey with a beautiful gothic railing of cast iron. See 
vol.LXXIV, p.954.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1806 he published Verses on the death of Lord Nelson; and in 
1808 'Thoughts on the present condition of the stage, and the construction of a new 
theatre,' anonymous.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His Lordship also wrote some lines advising Lady Holland not to 
accept of the snuff-box left her by Napoleon. A copy of these eight stanzas, 'written,' as
Lord Byron says, 'by a bore,' may be seen in vol.XCI. ii. p.457.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the 'Hours of Idleness,' published by Lord Byron in 1808, his 
noble relative's works are said 'to have long received the meed of public applause; to 
which, by their intrinsic worth, they were entitled.' This forms a striking contrast to 
Lord Byron's subsequent asperity. On his coming of age, Lord Byron, wishing to take his 
seat in the House of Lords, wrote to Lord Carlisle to introduce him. Just at that moment 
Byron was engaged in writing his satire 'The English Bards,' &amp;c. and he introduced 
these lines into his manuscript:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>On one alone Apollo deigns to smile,</Line>
<Line>And crowns a new Roscommon in Carlisle.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The noble subject of this adulation, how-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 2 p.371
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[how]ever, unfortunately declining to volunteer his service as an 
introductor to Parliament, Byron substituted the following heartless sarcasm on his 
relation's age:
</Paragraph>
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<Line>No more will cheer with renovating smile</Line>
<Line>The <i>paralytic</i> puling of Carlisle.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And speaking of his tragedies, he says:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'So dull in youth, so drivelling in his age,</Line>
<Line>His scenes alone might damn our sinking stage;</Line>
<Line>But managers for once cried, hold, enough!</Line>
<Line>Nor drugged their audience with the tragic stuff.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1804 his Lordship presented to the Dean and Chapter of York, 
for the embellishment of their Minster, a beautiful window of painted glass, purchased 
during the troubles in France, from the Church of St. Nicholas at Rouen; see vol.LXXIV. 
p.1065, and an engraving of it in vol.LXXVI. p.401. In 1811 his Lordship presented to York
Minster another beautiful window of stained glass in a pure gothic style. His Lordship's 
Museum at Castle Howard abounded with antiques of all kinds, while the gallery, 160 feet 
long, contained a noble collection of pictures, medals, and spars, collected at a great 
expense.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the 12th of March, 1770, his Lordship married 
Margaret-Caroline, daughter of Granville-Leveson Gower first Marquess of Stafford. She 
died January 25, 1824. By her he had issue George, present Earl; and nine other children, 
six daughters and three sons.
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John Paul</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Solway Firth</Keyword> <Keyword>American 
Navy</Keyword> <Keyword>Ranger, The</Keyword> <Keyword>frigate</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 2 p.427
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>biography</Keyword>  <Keyword>John Paul Jones</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Biography, John Paul Jones</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Life of</i> John Paul Jones, <i>from original Documents in 
the Possession of</i> John Henry Sherburne, <i>Esq. Register of the Navy of the</i> United
States. 8<i>vo. pp.</i>320. Murray.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BEFORE entering upon the review of this work, we beg to lay down 
certain premises. 1. That Paul Jones was <i>not</i> an American. 2. That the American war 
was a civil war. 3. That American war naval-fighting was, with very few exceptions, not 
spirit-proof. 4. That our American war ministry was a feeble one. 5. That the merit of 
Jones, and of all the officers in the American service, is and must be English, and is not
greater nor so great as that of many gallant warriors who fought under the British flag in
the subsequent revolutionary war.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">John Paul (Jones) was the son of John Paul, a gardener, and was 
born July 1747, at Abergland in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright in Scotland. He received 
the rudiments of his education at the parochial school of Kirkbean. The contiguity of his 
residence to Solway Firth, gave him an early predilection for a seafaring life; and at the
age of twelve he was apprenticed to a merchant in the American trade. When his 
apprenticeship was expired, he made several trading voyages, and suffered from the ill 
conduct of his partner. In 1773 he was arranging the affairs of a brother who had died 
intestate in Virginia, and was (probably through pecuniary difficulties) then living in a 
very retired manner in America. About the time mentioned he adopted the name of Jones. In 
the 28th year of his age, he offered his services to Congress, and was appointed a first 
Lieutenant in the American Navy. The Alfred, in which he was employed, proved 
unsuccessful, but the courts-martial held in consequence were so advantageous to the 
reputation of Jones, that he was appointed to the command of the Providence, a sloop of 12
six-pounders. When Congress directed the building of thirteen frigates, he was, however, 
disappointed in obtaining the command of one. He was not discouraged, but wisely exhibited
zeal, by memorializing the American Government concerning the improvement of their Navy, 
and cruizing very successfully against our trade. He also planned expeditions against the 
Newfoundland fishery, the coast of Africa, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such was American war fighting on our part, that he escaped in his
humble sloop two frigates, after a sharp contest with one of them. In 1776 he commanded a 
squadron against Isle Royal, made several captures, and soon after was promoted to the 
rank of Captain. In his command of the Ranger, he made a descent upon Whitehaven, spiked 
the cannon in the fort, landed a boat's crew in St. Mary's Isle (which crew without his 
approbation carried away the Earl of Selkirk's plate), and captured the Drake of Twenty 
guns, off Carrickfergus, the Captain and Lieutenant being both killed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That a single frigate could effect all this in the very chops of 
the channel, was evidently neglect in our Government. The steed was stolen, because they 
did not lock the stable door. But there was another error. The treatment of the American 
prisoners of war in England was so impolitically harsh &#x002A;, that every American 
sailor was thus stimulated to prefer death to captivity; and as the naval tactics of the 
two countries were the same, and as locality of birth was the only distinction between 
English and Americans, it is not to be wondered at that the latter were successful: but 
could they have been so, if they had not been of English character and habits? The 
<i>merit</i> of success is due to Great Britain, if the answer to this question be the 
just one. It appears also, that they would have been much more mischievous to us, if there
had not existed in their Navy the very evil which certain of our popular Reformers want to
introduce into our own, and which would have the same result, as their pretended 
amelioration of the Combination Laws. - We allude to the proposed Trials by Jury, and
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Subscriptions were raised for them in the towns of 
England.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">abolition
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 2 p.428
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<Paragraph rend="quote">abolition of corporal punishment in regard to naval and military 
service.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'Splendid as had been his (Jones's) successes, he was 
convinced that, had he been properly supported, much more might have been done. A great 
want of subordination had been always apparent in his men; the American common sailors 
carrying their notions of Civil Government on board a man-of-war, imagined that they had a
right to be consulted whenever any extraordinary duty was to be performed. Jones had been 
formed in a very different school; he was a strict disciplinarian, and required everything
to be performed with the most rigid punctuality and obedience. But he was well acquainted 
with the faults of the American naval system, and his ambition was to reform it. His 
patience was, however, somewhat taxed, when on making signals to his consort the Drake, he
found them totally disregarded, and that Lieutenant Simpson, who cammanded the prize, did 
not consider himself amenable to his authority' p.41.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Jones then proceeded to Brest, the American Commissioners (though 
the descendants of John Bull in the old country would have died first) having landed to 
solicit the aid of France; and certain it is that a man who could fight an English vessel 
of war, at par, was deemed a wonderful acquisition by both countries, indicative of the 
possibility of kicking Great Britain into the sea like a foot-ball. Sir Richard Grenvill 
(says Evelyn, Miscellanies, 664) with but 180 soldiers (of which 90 were sick and useless)
in the ship Revenge, maintained a conflict for 24 hours against 50 Spanish galleons, 
sinking four of their best vessels;' but, compared with Paul Jones, Grenville was only Tom
Thumb to King Arthur.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After Jones landed (for he delighted in the union of Mars and 
Venus), he wrote a polite letter to the Countess of Selkirk, in order to effect a 
restoration of the plate, an honourable delicacy of feeling, which it seems philosopher 
Franklin (p.48) did not think it worth Jones's while to consult. It was, however, placed 
within the reach of Lord Selkirk. Jones next tried to obtain rewards for his men, but his 
adopted countrymen had no money to do so. He was not, however, disgusted. He required 
fast-sailing ships of force sufficient to repel cruizing frigates, and proposed to harass 
and plunder our coasts; and that the interests of Religion and Morals might not be 
forgotten also, he writes that he was in great want of a chaplain. We think so too; but as
it may amuse our readers to see Paul Jones in the character of a Bishop, we shall give his
own account of the sort of religionist he desired to have:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'I should wish him to be a man of reading and of letters, 
who understands, speaks, and writes the French and English with elegance and propriety; 
for political reasons, it would be well if he were a Clergyman of the Protestant 
profession, whose sanctity of manners, and happy natural principles, would diffuse 
unanimity and cheerfulness through the ship; and if to these essentials were added the 
talent of writing fast and in fair characters, such a man would necessarily be worth the 
highest confidence, and might therefore assure himself of my esteem and friendship: he 
should always have a place at my table, the regulation whereof should be entirely under 
his direction.' p.59.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Thus the chaplain was not to be Jones's spiritual instructor, but 
Captain's clerk and ship's steward besides. A command in the French service was not, 
however, so easily to be obtained; for the native officers did not like to serve under a 
foreigner, nor was it prudent to put one over their heads. Jones, who he said himself, 
'<i>drew his sword only from the principles of philanthropy, and in support of the dignity
of human nature!!</i> but spoiled these heroics by an honest confession <i>that his desire
for fame was infinite,</i>' had received a foolish promise from the Prince of Nassau, that
he would accompany him (Jones) as a volunteer, and had the vexation to find the Prince 
retreat. Jones then wrote a letter to the King (Louis XVI.) and such was the effect of his
appeal, that he was appointed to the command of the <i>Duras</i> of 40 guns. This 
appellation of the ship Jones, from his respect to Franklin, begged to change to the 'Bon 
Homme <i>Richard</i>,' from Franklin's authorship of 'Poor Richard's Almanack,' though 
'Bon Homme <i>Benjamin</i>' would evidently have been more intelligible. Difficulties and 
delays, however, occurred again. The object of Jones's expedition was to land suddenly 
near all important towns of Great Britain that were within a reasonable march, and put 
them to high ransoms, under the threat of burning them (p.78); but the French Court 
thought the scheme improveable into a general invasion, 'which
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 2 p.429
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<Paragraph rend="quote">they sapiently inferred, from the lucky descents of Jones, whom 
they thought another Coriolanus, had a great chance of being successful. (p.79.) However, 
as it would be useful diversion in favour of the grand project, on the 19th of April, 
1779, the American squadron, Bon Homme Richard, 42 guns, Alliance 36 guns, Pallas 30 guns,
Cerf 18 guns, and the Vengeance 12 guns, sailed from L'Orient, under the command of the 
<i>Honourable Commodore John Paul Jones</i>. The object was to surprise Leith, and extort 
a ransom of 200,000<i>l.</i> from his brother Scotchmen; but want of co-operation in the 
French officers, and a large body of troops at Edinburgh, prevented the execution of the 
scheme. The next event was the celebrated action with the Serapis, <i>the parallel of 
which is not to be found in the naval annals of any nation</i>. (p.87) Now this is really 
too much for any one acquainted with the exploits of Nelson, and of many other heroes of 
the late Revolutionary War. The fact was, that Jones being a British subject, would, if 
captured, have been hanged as a traitor, and therefore chose the least of two evils: and 
that Captain Pearson struck his flag because the Alliance sailed up to support Jones. 
Though the French commander of that ship did not do his duty towards Jones &#x002A;, Capt.
Pearson could not tell that, and to him it must have appeared a waste of life without 
object, to continue so unequal a contest; especially as his main-mast had gone overboard, 
and he could not escape. Let us suppose that he had not struck, and that the Bon Homme had
sunk, - what then? The Alliance would have borne down upon him with impunity. In fact, as 
stated in p.101, 'the Serapis struck to Jones's ship <i>and the 32 gun frigate</i>.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Jones made further depredations at Hull among the merchantmen, and
then sailed to the Texel. Here he found our Ambassador Sir Joseph Yorke demanding of their
Mightinesses the restitution of the English ships, and the delivery unto the King his 
master of a certain Paul Jones, a subject of the King, who, according to treaties and the 
laws of war, could only be considered as a rebel and a pirate. P.104.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Dutch Government declined interference, and Jones and the 
Americans were successfully intriguing with them, as they had done with the French, 'to 
declare war against Great Britain, and join the common cause.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now there is a simple mode of trying the effects of physick; i.e. 
by taking it. The French and the Dutch, by taking American physick, brought down upoin 
themselves a revolution and a military despotism, which hurled the Bourbons and the Orange
family from their thrones.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'Verily (says our author), the French Cabinet had their 
reward. The very men who, authorized by their secret instructions, hastened to assist 
rebellion in the colonies of a friendly power, returned to exercise in their own country a
retributive vengeance.' P.18.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Jones escaped to France; and we suppose, through not having a 
Chaplain with him there, thought only of Fielding's addition to the code of honour, 
arising from the connection of Mars and Venus, viz. 'that challenges to love and to fight 
are both to be accepted.' He had acquired much fame as a warrior, and of course was a 
favourite with the women. In p.143, we have an erotical poetical effusion to a Miss Dumas.
In p.153, a love-sick Delia, a sentimental lass, who would willingly have been the lowest 
of his crew, if he would but take her with him to America. Jones. however, left <i>her</i>
to wear the willow, in order to gain a Countess de Lavendahl. This coquet, after having 
flirted with him, handed Jones over to her husband, as soon as the former proposed a 
secret correspondence, 'being astonished as his audacity' p.156), but nevertheless, not 
willing to draw either into a duel, concluded her letter with a request that he would shew
the Count, her husband, every civility as he passed through L'Orient. The real object 
seems to have been a joint expedition of the Count with Jones, by sea and land (see p.58),
for which the fair Countess was tickling Jones like a trout. Several Frenchmen, glad of 
opportunities to display, wanted also to join him as volunteers; the meaning of all which 
is, that, as the Baron de Stael informs us, the public service is on the Continent the 
sole means of acquiring rank and fortune. By the
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Apparently he wished Jones to be sunk or taken, and then 
capture the Serapis himself easily.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">favour
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 2 p.430
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<Paragraph rend="quote">favour of Franklin, Jones was put in command of the American 
frigate Alliance; and as soon as he was in that situation, found that a Mr. Arthur Lee, a 
bitter enemy of Franklin, and a M. Landais, had laid various plots to ruin him. Jones, 
however, got over it, and in his efforts so to do, rests his claim to patronage upon his 
hostility to the English, and the mischief to be done to them through their commerce, and 
incursions on their coasts. A greater man than Jones, Napoleon himself, made the attempt 
with the whole power of France, and that of all the Continent. In the American war, the 
French, &amp;c. <i>(&amp;c. only)</i> were the mastives engaged with the lion <i>Nero</i>;
but in that which followed, they found that they had <i>Wallace</i> to deal with; and we 
can certainly veture to say, with regard to Jones's preposterous derogations of Great 
Britain, that Nelson would have punished his presumption by suspension at the yard-arm as 
a traitor, at the end of a month. The conquest of America by Great Britain was a physical 
impossibility; and, because this was seen through, they persuaded the French that the 
subjugation of the parent country was only to burn a fishing town without a garrison, - 
armies after armies vanquished in Spain, - fleets after fleets destroyed, - the tremendous
Napoleon chained upon the rock of St. Helena; - '<i>and yet nothing can parallel the 
engagement of Paul Jones with the Serapis!</i>' We really are terrified by this bombastic 
gorgon's head. But the Americans confess that <i>they</i> never had a <i>naval</i> officer
equal in valour and talent to Jones. True; but <i>that</i> man was <i>not</i> an American.
God send them as many brave officers and as many blessings as they desire, as long as they
have <i>natural feelings</i> towards the glorious land of their fore-fathers. To talk now 
of the tyranny of Great Britain, is utter nonsense; and had his father, uncle, or brother,
or cousin, been in service on board the Serapis, and killed by the fire of the Bon Homme 
Richard, John Paul Jones would have buried them with funeral honours, and vindicated 
treason.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These, however, are matters of principle; and we should not notice
them, if these American narratives did not shew an insuperable propensity to degrade their
ancestors, and with such trumpery conquests as that of Paul Jones, - a traitor fighting to
prevent being hanged, and canting with the Americans and French under the ostentation of 
patriotism, to gratify his own ambition. We are forced into these remarks by insulting 
misrepresentations. Every body knows, that after Rodney set the example of breaking the 
line, victory attended the English. Paul Jones represents this very circumstance in the 
following light, viz. that the English did so from ignorance of superior French naval 
tactics; that is, that they broke the line <i>from ignorance!</i> Clarke's quarto volume 
of course never had existence. Paul was artfully persuading the French, that they might 
gain victory by keeping the line of battle; and to support this, he tells some bouncing 
stories.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'The English, who boast so much of their Navy, never fought 
a ranged battle on the ocean before the war that is now ended. The battle off Ushant was, 
on their part, like their former ones, irregular; and Admiral Keppell could only justify 
himself by the example of Hawke in our remembrance, and of Russell in the last century. 
From that moment the English were forced to study and to imitate the French in their 
evolutions. They never gained any advantage when they had to deal with equal force, and 
the unfortunate defeat of the Count de Grasse, was owing more to the unfavourable 
circumstances of wind coming a-head four points at the beginning of the battle, which put 
his fleet into the order of echequier, when it was too late to tack, and of calm and 
currents afterwards, which brought on an entire disorder, than to the Admiralship or even 
the vast superiority of Rodney, who had forty sail of the line against thirty, and five 
three-deckers against one. By the accounts of some of the French officers, Rodney might as
well have been asleep, not having made a second signal during the battle, so that every 
Captain did as he pleased.' P.183.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We are acquainted with officers who were in that action. It is 
true that after Rodney had broken the line, a calm sprung up, and our ships were left in 
the midst of the enemy, without power on either side to avail themselves of tactics. The 
french had taken on board the day before a quantity of live oxen for fresh provisions, and
had not had time to stow them. When the broadsides commenced, the poor distracted animals 
on the decks, in their wild motions, baffled all order, and gave <i>that</i> advantage
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 2 p.431
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<Paragraph rend="quote">to our Admiral. But this is all of which we could ever hear. Paul 
Jones adds,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'The English are very deficient in signals as well as in 
naval tactics.' P.184.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sir Home Popham has, we believe, most importantly improved the 
former; and, for the latter, let the late war speak. Pauls says, that he never knew any 
thing of naval tactics till he was acquainted 'with that <i>great tactician</i> Count 
d'Orvilliers and his judicious assistant the Chevalier du Pavillion.' p.185. Now those 
tactics were merely to escape defeat, not to gain victory; but the English broke the line,
and what became of the great tacticians?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Here ended Paul's days of glory. Except as a diplomatist, and a 
Rear Admiral under the Russian service, in which he defeated the Turks (as the Greeks have
done by fire-ships only), we hear no more of Paul Jones. The <i>Proditori nulla fides</i> 
followed him wherever he went. His bravery and talent were respected, but his 
<i>principles</i> were questioned. The Court of Denmark pensioned him, to buy off a 
dangerous man; and the Empress Catharine made a tool of him as long as he was wanted: but 
to suppose that the Monarchs of Europe would entangle themselves with him and the 
republican doctrines of America, was utterly absurd. Catharine soaped his nose with the 
order of St. Anne, then pulled it, and he retired into France, assigning his dismissal to 
the intrigues of the English, and died at Paris in June 1791. The National Assembly went 
into mourning on account of his death, and no doubt wore the same clothes for many of 
their own relatives, whom the flattery of Paul Jones and the politics of America had 
brought to an untimely end by the guillotine.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We will, however, do justice to the really great personal merits 
of Paul Jones. Born in obscurity, with the consciousness of superior talents, America 
presented an opening for the exertion of them, which he never could have found in the old 
countries, without going through the usual routine of service, which at the age of 
twenty-eight was impracticable. In commerce he had been unsuccessful; and desperation made
him an adventurer. Qualified for a hero, as a warrior, a statesman, and as a gentleman, he
showed invincible bravery, masterly diplomacy, and chivalrous courtesy; but what shall we 
say to his unnatural hostility to his native country, - a country remarkable for 
nationality. He was a <i>Scotchman</i>, who formed a plan for plundering <i>Edinburgh</i>;
he was a fighting Fauntleroy, instead of a banking one; and would have preyed upon the 
funds and vitals of his relatives, his friends, and countrymen. Most Scotchmen would 
prefer death. Bernadotte never entered France, and him Napoleon had tried to depose. What 
had Scotland done to Paul Jones?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In short, <i>as an officer</i>, his conduct is a good exemplar, 
and for that object his life ought to be studied. In all other respects, he was an 
unnatural parricide. He had not suffered by the American war; nor had his country injured 
him in any shape.
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  <Keyword>music</Keyword> <Keyword>Ayres that were Sung and Played at Brougham 
Castle</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham Castle, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>James I</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Progress of King James I</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, Earl of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Clifford, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Mason, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Earsden, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Hawkins, John, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>History of Music</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1826 part 1 p.194
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>music</Keyword>  <Keyword>James I</Keyword>  <Keyword>Brougham Castle</Keyword>
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Music for James VI and I</Heading>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G826A194.jpg
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MINOR CORRESPONDENCE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Editor of the 'Progress of King James I.' again ventures to 
inquire whether a copy exists of 'The Ayres that were sung and played at Brougham Castle, 
in Westmorland, in the King's Entertainment; given by the Right Honourable the Earle of 
Cumberland, and his Right Noble Sonne the Lord Clifford. Composed by Mr. George Mason and 
Mr. John Earsden. London, printed by Thomas Snodham, cum privilegio, 1618,' folio, 
mentioned by Sir John Hawkins in his History of Music, and by Dr. Whitaker in his History 
of Craven. A speedy answer will much oblige, - The Editor still has among his 
<i>desiderata</i> the London Pageants of 1611, 1612, 1614, 1617, and 1624.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1827 part 1 p.178
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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Obituary, Septimus Collinson</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SEPTIMUS COLLINSON, D.D.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 24. At his Lodge, aged 87, the Rev. Septimus 
Collinson, D.D Provost of Queen's College, Oxford, Margaret Professor of Divinity, 
Prebendary of Worcester, and Rector of Dowlish Wake and Dowlish West in Somerset.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Collinson was educated at Queen's College. He took the degree 
of M.A. in 1767, was presented to his rectories in 1778 by J. Hanning. esq., proceeded to 
B.D. in 1792, and D.D. in the following year. He was for some years one of the City 
Lecturers, and resigned in 1795. He succeeded Dr. Fothergill as Provost of Queen's in 
1796, and was elected Margaret Professor of Divinity, in the place of Dr. Neve of Merton 
College, in 1798.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The duties of his Provostship, to which situation Dr. Collinson 
was unanimously elected, and which he enjoyed for a longer period than any former Provost,
were discharged by him with great ability, diligence, and discretion. In his office of 
Professor he labouored with unexampled efficiency and zeal. The Lectures on the 
Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England, which he delivered in that capacity, 
evinced deep research, sound judgment, correct and enlarged views of religion, and great 
moderation. He was justly esteemed by the University, as having rendered a most important 
service by those Lectures. So great was his anxiety to be useful in that department, that 
he delivered a course of Lectures at the age of eighty. He frequently preached before the 
University, even when he had arrived at a very advanced age. The sermons which he 
delivered before that audience, exhibited decisive proofs of a vigorous and acute mind, 
habituated to calm and accurate reasoning. His delivery was peculiarly impressive, and he 
never failed to produce a very powerful effect on the minds of his numerous hearers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His character was marked by very high independence. To all public 
institutions of acknowledged utility he was a liberal benefactor. In social intercourse he
exhibited a disposition singularly benevolent. No uncharitable nor unkind expression fell 
from his lips. He possessed remarkable equanimity; and retained, even to the conclusion of
life,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">(Septimus Collinson endowed a school at Great Musgrave.)
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1827 part 1 p.179
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<Paragraph rend="quote">unabated cheerfulness and unimpaired energy of mind. Though his 
frame was weak and delicate, yet he enjoyed almost uniterrupted health, the reward of the 
reguar habits to which he had adhered from his earliest years. After a very short illness,
he closed a long and useful life, which had been uniformly distinguished by unaffected 
piety.
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Obituary, John Dent</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">JOHN DENT, ESQ.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 14. In Hertford-street, Mayfair, John Dent, esq. 
F.A.S. late M.P. for Poole, and formerly for Lancaster.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The father of Mr. Dent is stated to have been the master of the 
scholl of a small town in Cumberland. Accident and superior penmanship introduced the son 
to Mr. Child the banker, who engaged him as a clerk, from which situation he rose, 
according to the custom of that eminent house, to reap, as a partner, a large share of the
profits of the business.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Dent was first elected to the House of Commons in 1790, as 
represenataive of the Borough of Lancaster, for which he sat during five successive 
pariaments, till the dissolution in 1812. He was first chosen for Poole in 1818, and 
represented that borough in two parliaments, till the dissolution in 1826. As a member of 
the legislature, ...
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<Keyword>Musgrave, John Chardin, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Filmer, Mary</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Graham, James, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>General Election</Keyword> 
<Keyword>riot</Keyword> <Keyword>Fludyer, Elizabeth</Keyword> <Keyword>Fludyer, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1827 part 2 p.274
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SIR P. C. MUSGRAVE, BART. M.P.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>June</i> 26. At Eden-Hall, Cumberland, aged 33, Sir Philip 
Christopher Musgrave, eight Baronet of that place, M.P. for Carlisle, a Justice of the 
Peace for Cumberland, Westmoreland, and the West Riding of Yorkshire, Alderman of 
Carlisle, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He was the eldest son of Sir John-Chardin, the seventh and late 
Baronet, by Mary, daughter of the Rev. Sir Edmund Filmer, sixth and late Baronet of East 
Sutton in Kent. He succeeded his father July 24, 1806; and was first returned to 
Parliament as M.P. for Petersfield about 1819. He was re-chosen for that borough at the 
General Election of 1820, and obtained the representation of Carlisle on the death of Sir 
James Graham, bt. in 1825. His return at the General Election in 1826 was not without 
great opposition and serious riots.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sir Philip married, Oct. 21, 1824, Elizabeth, third daughter of 
George Fludyer, of Ayston in Rutlandshire, esq. formerly M.P. for Appleby, and brother to 
Sir Samuel Fludyer, bart. by Lady Mary Fane, sister of John present Earl of Westmoreland, 
and K.G. and grand-daughter of Cosmo Duke of Gordon. We are not aware whether Sir Philip 
has left any children by this alliance.
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>William Wordsworth</Keyword> <Keyword>Speculations on Literary 
Pleasures</Keyword>
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Speculations on Literary Pleasures</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wordsworth has his admirers, and he doubtless has also his 
beauties; but these beauties are so frequently solitary and isolated, and so thinly 
scattered through a series of verbose and languid dissertations, which have not much of 
either grace or dignity to recommend them, that their effect is lost.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When we read Wordsworth, indeed, we are not unfrequently reminded 
that there was a person named Dr. Darwin, who, a few years before him, wrote poetry in a 
very mediocritous and questionable style of excellence; and that the Della Crusca school 
of sentiment, which certainly favours Mr. Wordsworth with an occasional archetype, is by 
no means a safe model for a poet who wishes to reach posterity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If it is admitted that <i>one</i> of the chief ends of a poet, if 
he is to pretend to classical honours, should be at once the general improvement of 
society, and the establishment of a standard of taste among his countrymen, we cannot 
afford to lavish any high approbation on him who has not eminently accomplished either of 
these ends, unless his beauties of another kind are of a very high redeeming order.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But the warmest encomiasts of Wordsworth will, it is probable, 
admit that he not unfrequently sinks to puerilities below the standard here mentioned; and
on the other hand, often rises to a sublimated sort of cloudiness, ill according with that
positive kind of beauty recognized in our best classical writers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wordsworth may in some respects be termed the Sterne of poetry. He
has, like his predecessor, endeavoured to extract sentiment where nobody else ever dreamt 
of looking for it, and has often exalted trifles into a consequence which nature never 
intended them to
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<Paragraph rend="quote">occupy; and may therefore be said to have, with Sterne, lent his 
aid in implanting, in certain literary departments, a tone not always auspicious of true 
and genuine feeling.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1828 part 1 p.599
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  <Keyword>school</Keyword>
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National Schools</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>June</i> 25.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE establishment of Charity Schools on Dr. Bell's plan, is one of
the institutions which characterizes the English nation as "the ex-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1828 part 1 p.600
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[ex]cellents of the earth." The National Society for promoting the
Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Church of England, which principles 
undoubtedly ought to be cherished and advanced, not only in every city and town, but also 
in every village through the kingdom, has examined and found the fountain pure; but the 
streams flowing therefrom, meeting with heterogeneous bodies on the way, have been, and 
are still sadly tainted. The work is begun, noble is the undertaking, to chrystalize the 
spring, so that no foreign matter can sully the transparency of its rills. To shew the 
necessity of further zeal and vigorous activity in such a cause, and that something on a 
wider scale can be done to forward the education of the poor in every corner of the 
island, a member of the Church of England offers the following considerations, which may 
be evident to every thinking man.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. Though in several towns and some villages there are Charity 
Schools, yet Ignorance (the mother of Dissent) prevails among the lower classes, even in 
such places, for want of visitors, to see that the children of the poor attend properly, 
and are educated in the principles of the Established Church.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. Such Charity Schools, being suppported by donation or bequest 
of an ancient date, no one knows by whom given or bequeathed, are generally reckoned and 
looked upon as things of no great consequence, like sinecures; so that any sort of master,
if he can read and write, whether he be a man of learning, principles, or conscience, no 
matter, having friends to sign a testimonial, is appointed, and he finds himself firm and 
unmoveable, therefore acts as he pleases.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. The want of a mode of education (say Dr. Bell's) conformable to
the liturgy of the Church of England, is a prevailing evil in most, if not all, of these 
Charity Schools. The pupils are generally taught reading and writing, and sometimes 
arithmetic, but all in a very careless manner, without making them to understand what they
read and write, and the use of arithmetical rules.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. in most places where such Schools are, at a certain age the 
children are dismissed, or ordered to leave the School, perhaps not more learned than when
they entered, only they can read a little, without emphasis or accent, not knowing the 
name and use of a point; and can write their names, but in such a slovenly way, that one 
cannot tell whether they have been at school a week, or two or three years.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">5. Owing to such non-improvement, the parents, seeing their 
children spending their time in vain at such Schools, neglect to send them, and argue it 
is of very littele use; and say, they may as well help them in their respective callings, 
or exercise themselves as they please, playing about the streests, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">6. The masters of such Charity Schools neglect to take their 
pupils in order to church on Sundays and holidays, according to canon 79; and to see they 
behave well there during service, by attending on them in person, to shew them how to 
follow the clergyman in every part of the common prayer, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">7. Where deficiencies of this sort take place, very ready are 
those who dissent from the church to avail themselves of the opportunity of shewing more 
diligence in weaning the minds of youth from the doctrine of the Establishd Church, by 
enticing them to attend the preaching of laymen in their meeting-houses, and the private 
instructions they pretend to give them in the time of church service, when not only are 
the children deprived of the use of the liturgy, but also the pretended teachers in these 
conventicles are by such employment pleading for an excuse, that they are more religiously
exercised than if they attended the service of the Established Church. This I can prove 
from facts, and it grieves me that I have been, and am now an eye-witness of such 
proceedings; for I anticipate the consequence, unless vigorous means of prevention are 
found and used. I need not myself say what, as a worthy magistrate in his letter, 
published some time ago in the Oxford Journal, has told us, that a "very leading member of
a dissenting congregation in his neighbourhood put his hand on his heart, and solemnly 
said what the dissenters intend, <i>the overthrow of the Church of England.</i>"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In order to forward the national design, in so laudable an 
undertaking as the education of the poor in the principles of the Established Church, I 
beg
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1828 part 1 p.601
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<Paragraph rend="quote">leave to suggest a few hints, which appear to me, and those whom I
have consulted, indispensably necessary to effect the desired end.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. When there are Charity Schools, whether in towns or country 
villages, they should be modelled after Dr. Bell's plan, and let there be visitors 
appointed to see that the children attend properly, and be educated in the doctrines and 
principles of the Church of England (Dissenters' Schools excepted), and to superintend the
master, and give an account annually to the Bishop of the diocese, or the Archdeacon, at 
the yearly visitation, how the schools are conducted, and what improvement the children 
have made in the course of the year. The Visitor may be the Rectors, Vicars, or 
officiating Ministers, with the Churchwardens, or whom the Diocesan may think proper.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. Let no master be appointed to any Charity School without proper
examination by the Bishop, or his Official; nor without subscribing to the declaration, 
taking the oaths, and other qualifications, 13 and 14 Geo. II. c.4; and let every master 
be under the advice and control of the visitors.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. Let the writings, whether will or deed, pertaining to the 
Schools, be lodged and kept in the church coffers, or in the care of the visitors, that 
they may refer to them on any emergency; and let the visitors annually inform the Bishop, 
or his Official, at the visitation, on oath, that the said writings (wills or deeds) are 
safe delivered to any new visitors the Bishop may appoint, or are in the church coffer. 
The visitors, if not ministers, may be changed at every visitation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. The mode of education being according to Dr. Bell's plan, or 
strictly conformable to the liturgy of the established church, let the children be taught 
how to find out the psalms and lessons, with the collects for the day; and let them, when 
able, read in classes, and go through the psalms and lessons for the day, morning and 
evening, before and after the exercise of the School. If the officiating minister, or one 
of the visitors, can attend on these occasions, so much the better, but by all means they 
must know that the children do so.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">5. Let the visitors have power to admit to and dismiss from all 
Charity Schools, the children at proper age, without favour or partiality, and give proper
account thereof yearly to the Bishop, or his Official; and to see that the master brings 
his pupils to church every time divine service is performed, morning and evening; and 
cause those who are able to read out with the clerk all the responses, &amp;c. without any
excuse but real illness. It is to be supposed that those who, through poverty, cannot 
provide themselves with Prayer-books and Bibles, may obtain them from the National Society
at a low rate, or <i>gratis</i>, through some charitable hand.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">6. Let the visitors consider it an incumbent duty to advise poor 
parents never to neglect sending their children to School; telling them, that all care 
shall be taken to educate them in an effectual, but lenient manner; and that learning is 
the best fortune they can possess.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">7. Where there are no Charity Schools, as many villages, and some 
towns in the country are without them, if no means can be devised to establish a Day 
School, a Sunday one alone will prove very beneficial; and if the National Society will 
give encouragement, I have no doubt the inhabitants of most parishes, if not of all, will 
readily come forward, and willingly subscribe for the same purpose towards the education 
of their resepctive poor. I have established Sunday Schools in several parishes, and have 
met with no one who refused to subscribe more or less toward the institution. Nothing 
short of spirited activity will ensure success.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If the Bishops would give injunctions to the officiating Clergy of
their respective diocese for inquiring into these matters, they would soon learn the casue
of the falling away from the doctrine of the church; and I am ready to say that, if the 
above plan, or something similar to it, do not shortly take place, by the <i>highest 
authority</i>, through the empire, the time will come (it may not be far off) when the 
established chuch will be desolate, as "a cottage in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of
cucumbers, as a besieged city," if not utterly overthrown, and lost in the fanaticism 
which daily increases. See the meeting-houses which are erected in almost every village, 
or old houses and barns converted into conventicles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BEHOLDER.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>borderers</Keyword>  <Keyword>Northumberland</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1828 part 2 p.53
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">This is not exactly a Cumbria reference, but is of general interest
to the whole of the border region.
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>border reivers</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Northumberland History, Border Reivers</Heading>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A History of Northumberland, in three Parts. By</i> John 
Hodgson, <i>Clerk, Vicar of Whelpington, &amp;c. &amp;c. Part ii. vol.i. 4to</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE History of such a lawless county in the Marches as 
Northumberland, briings to our recollection the chivalrous events connected with 
Chevy-chase, and that valorous Knight, who
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>- "When his legs were smitten off,</Line>
<Line>Still fought upon his stumps."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The existence of such disorder is ascribed to the natural 
consequence of overloading the population through small farms.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The true cause of the disorders that prevailed in both districts 
is very reasonably and forcibly deduced from its being over-stocked with population. Three
or four families lived upon a farm of noble rent. The consequence of this poverty was, 
they went into the disorderly districts of England and Scotland to steal. Idleness and 
early associations had endeared to them every field, and wood, and stream, and dell, in 
their native valley, so that they had rather lived poorly in it, than more wealthily in 
another country. Besides which, when any of them had settled in distant places, they so 
frequently became abettors of their friends at home in plans of plunder, that people were 
afraid to employ them. Sir R. Bowes (the agent employed by the Government) therefore 
recommended, that the superfluous population should be sent southward, to places too far 
distant for their relations and countrymen to resort to. They were divided into clans, 
each of which had a rank and precedence in the country according to its numerical 
strength. If a thief of any great surname, or kindred, was lawfully executed by order of 
justice, for stealing beyond the limits of his own province, the rest of his clan would 
visit the prosecutor with all the retributive vengeance of <i>deadly feud</i>, as bitterly
and as severely as if he had killed him unlawfully with a sword. This method of seeking 
revenge, had before that time frequently bred a kind of civil war in the country; whole 
townships were burnt; gentlemen and others, of whom they sought revenge, were murdered; 
great garrisons established to check their outrages, and raids and incursions made against
them, and by them, "even as it were between England and Scotland in time of war." Hence 
parties that were plundered generally chose, when they discovered the thieves who carried 
off their goods, to take a part of them back again by way of composition, rather than go 
against them in the extremity of justice." P.70.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And these habits obtained also among the Gentry and Clergy; for, 
continues Mr. Hodgson,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"But we are most inclined to a merciful review of the manners of 
these people from the consideration that thieving was a fashionable accomplishment among 
them - the employment in which they most delighted; and especially because their clergy 
were as vicious and disorderly as themselves; and the crimes for which they were holden 
up, as infamous, were constantly committed by the heads of the best families in 
Northumberland, not only without any sense of shame, but even with feelings of rivalry in 
courage and dexterity, and as feats which they boasted in. Bishop Fox, in 1498, had, on 
informations being taken to him of the great number of robbers which infested these parts,
issued his mandate to all the clergy of Tindale and Redesdale, charging them to visit with
the terrors of the greater excommunication, all the inhabitants of their several cures, 
who should, excepting against the Scots, presume to go from home, armed in a <i>jack</i> 
and <i>salel</i> or <i>knapescull</i>, or other defensive armour, or should ride on a 
horse worth more than six shillings and eight pence; or should wear in any church, or 
church-yard, during the time of divine service, any offensive weapon more than a cubit in 
length. And the same prelate elsewhere describes the chaplains here, the good Sir Johns of
Redesdale, as publicly and openly living with concubines, irregular, suspended, 
excommunicated and interdicted, wholly ignorant of letters, so much so, that priests of 
ten years standing did not know how to read the ritual. Some of them were even nothing 
more than sham priests, having never been ordained, and performed diocese service, not 
only in places dedicated to divine worship, but in such as were unconsecrated and 
interdicted. Of the example which they had from the laity of the county, Sir Robert Bowes 
has left us this description. The whole country of Northumberland is much given to 
wildness and riot, especially the young gentlemen, or headsmen, many of whom are guilty of
thefts and other greater offences; and then regard for truth in depositions about their 
quarrels is so indifferent, that it were perilous to give credence to them without the 
evidence of the complaining party being confronted with that of the accused." P.74.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such were (in great part), says Mr. Hodgson, the consequences of 
"parcelling out the lands into very small farms." P.75.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We are rejoiced to give the following results of educating the 
poor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The inhabitants of this parish (Elsden) show a very praiseworthy 
zeal in forwarding, according to the best of their ability, the education of their 
children. They have schools to suit the convenience of every part
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1828 part 2 p.54
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of it; and at Birness, where twelve might attend gratis, that 
number, so great is their displike to pure ellemosynary assistance in rearing their 
families, very rarely attend it in that capacity. Reading has been a favourite occupation 
among them; and the poor-rates, generally speaking, are low, and the poor contented, 
honest, and thrifty." P.86.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have a relick of Anglo-Saxon usages in the paragraph next 
ensuing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"To these parishes resort the <i>Witeiriding</i> men (supposed 
<i>Witreding</i> from &#x01BF;ite, a chief lord, and r&#x00E6;den, a council) otherwise 
called <i>Thanes</i> of that English March." P.91.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In P.95 we find the mullions of a Gothic window taken out, to make
way for a modern sash one, "<i>by an Archdidiaconal command.</i>" P.95.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Hodgson doubts the authenticity of Richard of Cirencester's 
work, "De situ Britanniae;" 1st because no manuscript of it could ever be found; 2d. 
because the pretended fac-simile of the first page is not in the style of any manuscript 
of Richard's time, but is a clumsy imitation of the hand-writing of a centruy before him, 
and contains abbreviations unwarranted by ancient examples; 3dly. because the Latinity is 
too pure and classical for a Monk of the 15th cent., especially one "whose acknowledged 
historical works are, in point of language, scarcely on a level with the dull and ignorant
productions of his contemporaries." P).146.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following account of a Peel House at Whelpington shows the 
ancient mode of living in this country.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The only Peel house remaining in the place is called "the Bolt 
House," and consists of a byer or cow-house below, and the family apartments above, viz. 
an upper room with a boarded floor, and a garret, both approached by stone stairs on the 
outside, and the whole covered with thatch. The door-way to the cow-house is under the 
<i>landing</i> of the stairs, and the door of it was fastened with a strong <i>bolt</i> in
the inside, for which purposes the byer and the upper-room had communication by a 
<i>trap-hole</i>, that is, by a horizontal door in a corner of the floor, and a 
<i>trap</i> or <i>ladder</i>; for the English word <i>trap</i>, in the terms, a 
<i>trap-way, trap-hole, trap-door</i>, and a <i>trap-rock</i>, has the same origin as the 
Swedish and German words <i>trap</i> and <i>treppe</i>, which means <i>stairs</i>, and 
seem to owe their origin to some obsolete inflection of the German and English verbs 
<i>treten</i> and <i>to tread</i>. This was the character of the principal farm-houses in 
Northumberland a hundred years since. The peels of the <i>lairds</i> or yeomanry 
proprietors had each a stone arch over the byer, and were frequently covered with 
free-stone slate, which made them more secure, than houses with thatchced roofs, from 
being burnt in the plundering irruptions of the Scotch, and their no less troublesome 
neighbours, the people of Redesdale. The cottage next to the Bolt-house, on the right, is 
a good specimen of an inferior farm-house, the room at the entrance of which was, and 
still continues in many places to be, a <i>byer</i> in winter and a <i>bed-room</i> in 
summer, and is called the <i>out-bye</i>: the <i>in-bye</i>, or inner room, with three 
small windows to the left of the out-door, was the dwelling of the family, and often 
partitioned by two press-beds into two apartments." P.189.Shakespeare's and Milton's use 
of the Fairy Mythology is well illustrated, as once a matter of serious credibility, in 
the following account of Rothley Mill.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The old mill, with its black water wheel, and heathery roof, far 
from human habitations, and shut up in a glen narrow and thick with wood, was the haunt of
a family of fairies, and had many a marvelloous tale about it. For old queen Mab and her 
train, they say, with the help of the miller's picks, formed out of the rock the numerous 
circular basins which are still to be seen here in the bed of the Hart, and were every 
moonlight summer's evening seen like so many water-fowls, flickering and bathing in them. 
The mill itself was their great council-hall; and the eye of the kiln their kitchen, 
where, in boiling their pottage, they burnt the seeds or <i>husks</i> of oats the miller 
laid up for drying the corn he had next to grind. The meal and firing thus made use of, 
they took as an old customary claim for guarding and cleaning the mill and other useful 
services; but the miller thinking them too extravagant, was determined to disturb them; 
and while they were preparing their supper one night, threw a sod down the chimney and 
instantly fled. The falling mass dashed soot, fire, and boiling pottage amongst them; and 
the trembling fugitive, before he could reach the dingly verge of the glen, heard the cry,
"burnt and scalded! burnt and scalded! the sell of the mill has done it;" and the old 
mother of the family set after him, and just as he got to the style, going into Rothley, 
touched him, and he doubled up, was bow-bent, and a cripple to his dying day." 305.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Hodgson has been indefatigable in his researches;and has 
enlivened his book with numerous biographical matters, respecting the proprietors of 
estates in more modern areas, a practice which is not sufficiently regarded in 
topographical works. The pedigrees are remarkably full, elaborate, minute, and 
well-authenticated. General anti-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1828 part 2 p.55
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[anti]quities are treated according to good authorities; and 
thoough we are not satisfied with all the etymological deduction, this is a very trifling 
ground of complaint, and appears to have originated in a right principle, that of leaving 
nothing unexplained. We shall anxiously expect the remaining parts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<PersonName>Ellis, Henry</PersonName>
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<Keyword>borderers</Keyword> <Keyword>Burghley, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Border Topography 
of Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Platt of the Opposete Border of Scotland to ye West Marches
of England</Keyword> <Keyword>Grame Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Graham Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Story Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Foster Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Hetherington 
Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Esk, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Leven<Note>Lyne, 
River</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Lyne, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Hethersgill</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kirklinton, Kirklinton Middle<Note>?</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1828 part 2 p.420
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Debateable Lands</Keyword>
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The Debateable Lands</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Review of an article in Archaeologia vol.22 part 1:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">XII. <i>copy of a Manuscript Tract, addressed to Lord Burghley, 
illustrative of the Border Topography of Scotland, A.D. 1590; with a Platt or Map of the 
Borders, taken in the same year.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Communicated by Henry Ellis, esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The military spirit of the Borderers was kept up, it seems, by 
mutual fears of incursion; and 'diamond cut diamond.' - A curious elucidation of surnames,
taken from clans, and in England, occurs in this documentand it shows that families, like 
hares and rabbits, kept together in the same district.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'<i>Eske.</i> - Upon both sides of the river dwell the Grames, 
which is the greatest surname at this day upon the West Border. For the Grames of Eske and
Leven are able to make vC. serviceable men. There dwelleth also a surname of Stories, but 
they are sore decayed.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'<i>Leven.</i> - Upon this river also dwelleth many Grames, and 
above Kirklynton on Sompert dwelleth a great surname of Fosters, and about Hethersgill is 
a surname of Hetheringtons.' P.169.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The private life and demoralized habits of these Borderers we have
recently exhibited and explained in our Review of Mr. Hodgson's Redesdale. (See p.53)
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<Keyword>M'Christen Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Christian Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Isle of 
Man</Keyword> <Keyword>Christian, Ewan</Keyword> <Keyword>Unerigg<Note>Ewanrigg 
Hall</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Ewanrigg Hall, Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Taubman, 
Miss</Keyword> <Keyword>Curwen, Miss</Keyword> <Keyword>Curwen, Henry</Keyword> 
<Keyword>High Sheriff of Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>politician</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Geneal Election</Keyword> <Keyword>Fawcett, Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave, 
Philip, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Graham, James, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Edmond Castle, 
Hayton</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Hayton</Keyword> <Keyword>Parkins</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">J. C. CURWEN, ESQ. M.P.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 11. At Workington Hall, Cumberland, aged 72, John 
Christian Curwen, esq. M.P. for the county of Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This gentleman's paternal name was Christian. He was a member of 
the ancient and very respectable family of M'Christen, of the Isle of Man, "who," says 
Lysons, "for several generations were Deemsters or Judges of that Island. They appear 
first to have written their name Christian about the year 1600. Ewan Christian, esq. the 
fist of the family, who settled at Unerigg, (or Ewanrigg) died in 1719." At the age of 
about 20, Mr. Curwen, then Mr. Christian, married miss Taubman, of the Isle of Man, by 
whom he had issue the present John Christian, esq. now one of the Deemsters of that 
Island. On the death of his first wife, Mr. Curwen married his cousin, Miss Curwen, only 
daughter of the late Henry Curwen, esq. of Workington Hall, and the last of the family of 
that name; Mr. Curwen therefore added Curwen to his name of Christian in 1790, by the 
King's sign manual.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Curwen served the office of High Sheriff of Cumberland in 
1784. He began his political career in 1786, in which year, on a vacancy for the city of 
Carlisle, he stood a warm and at first unsuccessful struggle, but was established in his 
seat after a petition. His fortune was similar at the general election in 1790; when, 
after a double return, he was declared duly elected. At the general elections of 1796, 
1802, 1806, and 1807 he was again chosen; and he retained his seat till 1812. The tide of 
popular favour then beggan to flow against him; he was opposed by the late Henry Fawcett, 
esq., and very early quitted the field, in just anger, his friends alleged, at the 
fickleness of that many-headed master whose humours it had been his pride and pleasure to 
serve. On Mr. Fawcett's death in 1816, however, Mr. Curwen was prevailed upon again to 
offer himself; and he was elected again after a sharp struggle with the late Sir Philip 
Musgrave, Bart., who on that occasion made his first essay in public life - and , young as
he was, fought a good fight against the political veteran. In June 1818, Mr. Curwen, in 
conjunction with the late Sir James Graham, Bart. of Edmund Castle, was re-elected for 
Carlisle, without any other impediment than that opposed by the trifling pretensions of 
Mr. Parkins. In the succeeding week, Mr. Curwen made a demonstration in favour of the 
county representation, much to the disrelish of his old friends in Carlisle; and even 
offered to contest the county, in union with Lord Morpeth, but his Lordship declined, and 
Mr. Curwen retired, satisfied with showing that he possessed an influence which he did not
then think it prudent to exercise. This very naturally laid the foundation of a schism 
among the Whig or Blue party, which is still in existence. At the general election which 
shortly followed the King's death in 1820, Mr. Curwen, to the public surprise, once more 
presented himself to the freemen of Carlisle, and was at first very coolly received, but 
was eventually returned. At the Cumberland election, which shortly followed, Mr. Curwen 
declared himself a candidate for the county representation, and succeeded in ousting Lord 
Morpeth without a contest. In 1826, he was again returned for Cumberland, and met with no 
opposition. These choppings and changings did Mr. Curwen much injury in the popular 
estimation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Curwen was in early life actuated by a just sense of the 
importance of rural improvement. This incessantly engaged his attention. By subduing the 
sterility of his own estate - fertilizing the barren waste - stimulating the inert - 
meliorating the durid and tenacious - draining the swamp - and by giving depth and 
superior qualities to the staple of the land, he insured a luxuriance of crop, in spite of
an ungrateful soil, and cold rainy climate. He also introduced every kind of improvement, 
which, under his superin-
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<Keyword>Soiling System</Keyword> <Keyword>Curwen Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Unerigg<Note>Ewanrigg Hall</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Ewanrigg Hall, 
Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Workington Hall, Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>Belle Isle, 
Windermere</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1829 part 1 p.179
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G829A179.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[superin]tendancy, became still further improved - calling forth 
the capabilities of the land by every practical and judicious mode of cultivation, and by 
rearing and feeding in the most economical way, every kind and breed of animals which 
experience had approved, and which assiduity or money could procure. Mr. Curwen seems to 
have been particularly attentive to assist that general law of nature, by which animals 
and vegetables reciprocally exchange their substance or qualities with each other; on this
circumstance he founded the necessity and propriety of his "Soiling System" - that is, by 
confining the animals to the spot where they are fed; by which means a more abundant 
quantity of dress is collected and prepared to be returned to the partly exhausted soil, 
whence the food has been produced. Hence Mr. Curwen was called "the Father of the Soiling 
System." He also studied, and successfully practised, the means of rendering the food of 
cattle more nutritious, by preparing it for their use by steaming, in preference to simple
boiling, thereby retaining the saccharine qualities of the roots, &amp;c., which would, by
boiling, be extracted and lost. The drill husbandry Mr. Curwen also adopted successfully; 
in short he neglected no expedient, or rational practice, which could in any way tend to 
the perfection of agricultural science. His skilful operations may be said to have given a
new character to the business of farming. His excellent example has imparted an impulse to
agricultural exertions all over the kingdom; many old prejudices and erroneous customs 
have been banished, and his improvements have amply compensated every farmer who had the 
spirit to adopt them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Active and temperate from youth, and strongly attached to rural 
pursuits, he enjoyed an almost uninterrupted flow of robust health during his long life, 
till within about the last two years, when his constitution exhibited symptoms of decay. 
In the Session of Parliament 1826-7, he bagan to experience the inconvenience of late 
hours and crowded houses. The freshness of the Cumberland breezes produced a beneficial 
effect upon him in the summer and autumn of 1827; but as winter approached his debility 
returned, and he found himself unable to encounter his senatorial duties during the whole 
of the last session.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By his second marriage he had three sons, Henry, William, and 
John; and two daughters, all living, except William. Mrs. Curwen died in 1820. The Unerigg
property goes to the Deemster: the Workington-hall estate descends to Henry Curwen, esq., 
who for many years past has lived in comparative retirement at Bell Isle, Windermere.
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
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  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>personalia</Keyword>  <Keyword>Sandys</Keyword>
</Classification>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1829 part 2 p.116</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>DBH</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1829</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1820s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>monument</Keyword> <Keyword>Sandys Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hawkshead</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Hawkshead</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, 
Hawkshead</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1829 part 2 p.116
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>monument</Keyword>  <Keyword>Sandys Family</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Monument, Sandys Family</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G829B116.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Hawkeshead, Aug.</i> 2.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I SEND you two epitaphs which I transcribed from monuments of the 
Sandys family, in the parish Church
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1829 part 2 p.117</Title>
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<PersonName>DBH</PersonName>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>monument</Keyword> <Keyword>Sandys Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hawkshead</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Hawkshead</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, 
Hawkshead</Keyword> <Keyword>Sandys, Edwin</Keyword> <Keyword>Bible, translation</Keyword>
<Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>London, Bishop of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hawkshead Grammar School, Hawkshead</Keyword> <Keyword>Sandys, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rawlinson, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Abbot of Furness</Keyword> <Keyword>Dixon, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Wooderslacke<Note>Witherslack ?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Witherslack<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>effigy</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of 
arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Grathuethia<Note>Graythwaite Hall</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Graythwaite Hall, Satterthwaite</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1829 part 2 p.117
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G829B117.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">of Hawkshead, Lancashire: one from the monument of William and 
Margaret Sandys, parents of the celebrated Edwyn Sandys, who in 1565, being then Bishop of
Carlisle, was one of those appointed to translate the Bible, was Bishop of London in 1570,
and Archbishop of York in 1576, and founded the Free Grammar School here in 1585. The 
other is from a monument erected to the memory of five of the infant children of Myles 
Sandys, son and heir of Samuel Sandys of Graithwaite. This Myles was deputy Lieutenant for
the county of Lancaster in 1700, and High Sheriff in 1708; he lies interred in the Sandys'
choir. William, mentioned in the former epitaph, was nephew of Thomas Rawlinson, Abbot of 
Furness, and married Margaret daughter of John Dixon of Wooderslacke, co. Westmorland. 
They lie also in the Sandys' choir, under a table monument, upon which are represented, in
alto relievo, their effigies, in full proportion, with their hands raised in a praying 
posture. At the head, and on the side, are the Sandys' arms, between the letters E.S. (the
initials, I suppose, of the Archbishop), with a crescent of distinction. The epitaph runs 
round the verge of the tomb, and is in some parts much contracted. Over the choir door, on
the outside, are the Sandys' arms, between the same initials, and underneath the date 
1578.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I shall feel much obliged to any of your readers who will transmit
you a correct copy of the epitaph of Miles Magrath, first protestant Archbishop of Cashel 
in Ireland, who was buried in that city. His epitaph, I understand, was privately erased 
about twenty-six years ago, by some person to whom it seemed to give offence.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">D.B.H.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Conditur hoc tumulo Gulielmus Sandus, et uxor</Line>
<Line>Cui Margaretae nomen et omen erat:</Line>
<Line>Armiger ille fuit percharus regibus olim:</Line>
<Line>Illa sed exemplar religionis erat.</Line>
<Line>Conjugii fuerant aequali sorte beati,</Line>
<Line>Foelices opibus, stemmate, prole, fide:</Line>
<Line>(Pignora divini fuerant haec magna favoris;</Line>
<Line>Haec tamen Edwini cuncta retundit honos:</Line>
<Line>Qui doctor, rectorque scholae, censor quoque, praesul</Line>
<Line>Ter fuerat, merito Phoebus in orbe sacro),</Line>
<Line>Quos amor et pietas lecto conjunxit eodem.</Line>
<Line>Hoc sub spe vitae continet iste lapis."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Hoc monumentum Mylo Sandys armiger, filius natu maximus Samuelis 
Sandys de Grathuethia generosi, ab antiqua nobilitatis familia oriundi, erexit in 
perpetuam pulchrae suae sobolis memoriam in ipso vere juventae mortem obeuntis, 
<i>viz.</i> Samuelis, Bathshebae, Elizabetae, Catherinae, et Mylonis, morti succumbentis 
decimo nono die Februarii, Anno Domini 1698, aetatis suae nono."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Threnodia, in mortis victoriam.</Line>
<Line>Mors fera terribili vulta pia corda virorum</Line>
<Line>Concutit; heu! nulli parcit avara manus.</Line>
<Line>Falce metit, velutense ferox bellator in armis,</Line>
<Line>Nunc validos juvenes, mox miserosque senes.</Line>
<Line>Quaque ruit, furibunda ruit: non sanguinis ordo,</Line>
<Line>Nec virtutis honos fata movere valet.</Line>
<Line>Nullaqueat differre diem medicina statutum:</Line>
<Line>Si mors dura jubet, nescit habere ducem."</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G829B357.txt">

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<Identification>
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  <Keyword>archaeology</Keyword>  <Keyword>roman</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1829 part 2 p.357</Title>
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<Content>
<Date>1829</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1820s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>gravestone</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>roman finds</Keyword> <Keyword>Gallow Hill, 
Carlisle</Keyword>  <Keyword>Aurelia Aureliana</Keyword>  <Keyword>tombstone</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1829 part 2 p.357
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman tomb</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Tomb, Carlisle</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G829B357.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">ROMAN ANTIQUITIES NEAR CARLISLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As the cutting down of Gallow-hill, near Carlisle proceeds, many 
interesting remains of former ages are brought to light; but especially memorials of the 
dominion of the Romans, whose chief northern stations, as is well known, were in this 
district. A discovery was made lately, of a well-executed and neatly designed Roman tomb, 
in fine preservation, five feet four inches long, and two feet nine inches and a half 
wide. It contained a female figure, in alto relievo, three feet in length, holding in her 
left hand a rudely sculptured flower; in her right a scarf, or some emblematical ornament,
which is thrown over the shoulder. Underneath is the inscription: 'D. M. Avr. aurelia 
vixit annos xxxxi: mil. Pius Apolinaris coniugi carissime posuit.' Probably:- Diis Manibus
Aureliae. Aurelia vixit annos 41: Memoriae loco Pius Apolinaris conjugi carissimaae 
posuit.' Near the stone was also discovered a roughly executed capital of a Corinthian 
column, 24 inches by 10, in red free-stone; also six Roman urns, of various dimensions, 
(one of them full of ashes), a lachrymatory, and three jet rings; the largest three inches
in diameter, and in an extraordinary perfect state.
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<Identification>
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  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>recreation</Keyword>  <Keyword>bellringing</Keyword>
</Classification>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1829 part 2 p.501</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>L</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1829</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1820s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>bell</Keyword> <Keyword>church bell</Keyword> <Keyword>Methodism</Keyword> 
<Keyword>fairs</Keyword> <Keyword>wakes</Keyword> <Keyword>morris dancing</Keyword> 
<Keyword>maying</Keyword> <Keyword>bellringing</Keyword> <Keyword>Bellringing Country, 
The</Keyword>  <Keyword>Campanalogia</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1829 part 2 p.501
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>bellringing</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bellringing</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G829B501.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>London, Nov.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THERE is, I am grieved to find, a spirit <i>methodist</i>ically 
set against Fairs, Wakes, Morris-dancing, Maying, Bell-ringing, and all old English sports
and pastimes, without distinction. These innocent amusements are worthy of some respect, 
were it only because they were the delight of our ancestors of the olden time, who were 
certainly as well meaning and orderly people as their posterity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Being a lover of the noble science of Campanology, and knowing 
that it is not only healthful and tranquillizing to those who are its students, but has a 
most enlivening and joyous effect on all who can appreciate the sweet undulating melody, I
am concerned to observe a strong desire in some quarters to 'put down' this truly national
and Christian recreation. I have rung in many a peal, and can safely say, that I never 
found my companions ought but good fellows, and had any one of them been in an unpleasant 
humour when he came to the pull, he never failed to be in good spirits when he retired, 
nay the village itself became more hilarious as the peal increased in its intricate 
chimes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">England has been for ages justly famous for the art, from which in
former times it was denominated 'the Bell-ringing country,' an appellation that I trust it
will still continue to deserve, maugre the heartless enemies of <i>tinnulous</i> melody. 
Meantime I cannot refrain from saying somewhat in defence of this innocent and scientific 
amusement; for I view the hostility to this appropriate and almost sole use of the 
<i>steeple</i>, as an insidious attempt on the <i>Church</i> itself. Enemies to this 
diversion appear, indeed, not to be confined to the present day; for in the curious work 
entitled 'Campanalogia,' published in the time of Charles II. it is regretted that, 'many 
malicious aspersions were cast upon this diverting, ingenious, harmless, and healthful 
art, by partial and extrajudicial persons;' but in this advanced state of society it is 
discovered that ringing the bells shakes not only the steeple but the whole fabric of the 
church, and adjacent buildings; and St. Mary le Bow, with her celebrated bells, dear to 
all natives of the land yhent Cockayne, is silenced without <i>a peal</i>. To be sure the 
'rocking of the steeple' may not be very agreeable to its near neighbours. Those sensitive
people who are unable to bear a slight vibration are much to be pitied, in being still 
subjected to the grating noise and heavy incessant rattling of some thousand carriages. 
Alas! I have heard, when the world had not the light afforded by the high civilization of 
the present age, that when the tower shook it proved the goodness of the masonry, the 
walls being well cemented, solid, and all of a piece as it were, but these were 
old-fashioned notions. I, however, should like to know whether a tower was ever actually 
pulled down by ringing the bells?
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<Identification>
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  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
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  <Keyword>recreation</Keyword>  <Keyword>bellringing</Keyword>
</Classification>
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  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1829 part 2 p.502</Title>
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<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>L</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1829</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1820s</Keyword>
</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>bell</Keyword> <Keyword>church bell</Keyword> <Keyword>bellringing</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Beehive of the Roman Church</Keyword> <Keyword>thunder</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Devil</Keyword>  <Keyword>storm</Keyword>  <Keyword>peal, bellringing</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1829 part 2 p.502
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G829B502.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">This much I do know, that where Acts of Parliament have been 
obtained for rebuilding some churches, the chief reason assigned has been 'the ruinous and
dangerous state of the tower;' yet when proceeding to pull down the fabric, the same tower
has been found in best repair, although the most ancient part, and in some cases has 
actually been allowed to stand rather than the expence and trouble of removing so firm a 
mass should be incurred! This, I believe, is the case with Mitcham in Surrey, where the 
tower is left in a most awkward position by the chancel wall.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">An old author says of the English, that when they get together and
become merry, 'they are wont to adjourn to some neighbouring church, and ring a merry 
peal,' surely an unobjectionable mode of divertisment. Most of us know that bells were in 
early ages, as they are still, I believe, in Catholic countries, baptised and consecrated 
with much ceremony, and dedicated to some particluar saint, for a curious account of all 
which Stell's 'Beehive of the Roman Church,' 1580, may be consulted. The tolling of a bell
had powerful effects. It kept the spirits of darkness from assaulting believers; it 
dispelled thunder, and prevented the Devil from molesting either the church or 
congregation, and hence the bells were rung with due ardour and devotion, in time of 
storm. To insure these valuable services many, in the 'dark ages,' were induced to 
bequeath property for the support of favourite bells, which could be rung at their funeral
to the discomfiture of the arch fiend, whose attempts to get possession of the deceased's 
soul were paralyzed by the hallowed sound; and to what purpose, can you inform me, are the
funds devoted, if the terms of the bequest are not complied with?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Old bells have generally inscriptions detailing their wonderful 
properties. We are first informed to what Saints they were dedicated, and then we are 
reminded of the less important duties: 'sabbata pango, funera plango, solemnia chango.' 
Since we have been emancipated from the 'damnable doctrine and heresy' of Popery, to be 
sure we have no such veneration for bellringing, but there are occasions on which it would
be grievously vexatious, both to the performers and the public, if the exercise was 
interdicted, and the exhilerating harmony of treble bobs, grandsire bobs,' or any sort of 
bobs from 'Cripplegate chorus,' to 'St. Dunstan's doubles,' were no longer to be heard. 
Many anecdotes of bellringers might be related, and many stories illustrative of the 
beneficial effect of this 'very delightful and pleasing exercise;' but I fear I have 
already intruded myself too far, and shall conclude with a few short extracts from the 
work to which I have referred. 'While other sports,' says the enthusiastic campanologist, 
are 'unaccompanied by melody, nothing can yield a more pleasant and harmonious sound than 
eight or ten merry bells, well rung by ringers well skilled and practised. There have 
been,' he continues, 'many noble and ingenious persons that have been very ambitious and 
desirous of attaining a knowledge in the art, and, moreover, at this time, to our certain 
knowledge, there are several learned and eminent persons, both clergy and laymen, of good 
estates, that are members of several societies of ringers, inhabiting within this city, 
and think themselves very much respected and highly favoured, that they can attain so 
great a happiness and honour. Nor is it less esteemed and admired by foreigners, who have 
acknowledged that in all parts, wherever they have been, the like is not known; and 
therefore they have named England 'the ringing country.' This we hope will satisfy the 
judicious, that the scandalous aspersions cast upon this art are erroneous, and malicious,
and that other exercises are not in the least to be compared with it, because not so 
artful, or requiring so thoughtful and ingenious a head-piece.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">L.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">the subject is continued:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE earliest peal of Bells which we read of was at the Abbey of 
Croyland, put up soon after the Conquest; it consisted of five, but we are not acquainted 
with their weights.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'At the Abbey of St. Peter's, Westminster,' says an author of the 
fourteenth century, 'are two bells, which, over all the bells of the world, obtain the 
precedence in wonderful size and tone.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A writer of the twelfth century says, that Conrad, Prior of Christ
Church, Canterbury, fixed in the clock house five exceedingly great bells, of which one 
required eight men to ring it,
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1829 part 2 p.503</Title>
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<Date>1829</Date>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1829 part 2 p.503
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G829B503.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">two others ten each, the fourth eleven, and the fifth twenty-four.
A succeeding Prior in the same century set up a bell in the clock house, which required 
thirty-two men to ring it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In the Abbey of St. Edmondsbury,' says John Major, the Scots 
historian, 'is reported to be the greatest bell of all England, though in England is a 
vast number of bells of the finest tone.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'In the priory church of Christ Church, Aldgate, London,' says 
Stowe, 'were nine bells well toned.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The glory of Oxford was the peal of Oseney Abbey, consisting of 
five. Their names were <i>Douce, Clement, Hautileve, Gabriel</i>, and <i>John</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Stowe gives the following account of the celebrated bells of St. 
Paul's Cathedral:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Near unto the schoole in St. Paul's Church yarde belonging to the
Cathedral church was a great and high clochier or bell house, four square, builded of 
stone, and in the same a most stronge frame of timber, with foure bells, the greatest that
I have heard. These bells were called Jesus bells, and belonged to Jesus Chappel of the 
Cathedral. The same had a great spire of timber covered with lead, with the image of St. 
Paul at the top, but was pulled down by Sir Miles Partridge, knight, in the raigne of 
Kinge Henry VIII. The common speech then was, that he did set 100<i>l.</i> upon a cast of 
dice against it, and so won the said clochier and bells of the King, and then causing the 
bells to be broken as they hunge; the rest was pulled downe.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of the great size and weight of conventual bells, we may form some
notion, from the accounts of the Commissioners, at the Dissolution, of the various sales 
of bell-metal. In that of Christ Church Cathedral, Canterbury, in 1540, is the following 
memorandum:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Parcel of five bells late in the great belfraye, containing 
24,600 lb.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The greatest bell of York Minster, before the Reformation, weighed
6600lbs. The heaviest bells now in England are the following:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>Clock bells not rung in Peal.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Christ Church, Oxford ... 17000lb.</Line>
<Line>Exeter ... 12500</Line>
<Line>Lincoln (the best in England) ... 9894</Line>
<Line>St. Paul's Cathedral ... 8400</Line>
<Line>Gloucester ... 6500</Line>
<Line>Canterbury ... 7500</Line>
<Line>Beverley ...</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of these, four belonged to great conventual Churches, viz. Christ 
Church, which came from Oseney Abbey; St. Paul's, which originally, it is said, belonged 
to Westminster; Gloucester, and Canterbury.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are some other clock bells remaining, but of inferior 
weights and size. There is a bell of this sort at Tonge Church in Shropshire, which was a 
collegiate church. It weighs about 4000lbs.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>Some of the heaviest bells now rung in Peal.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Exeter Cathedral, in the south tower, a peal of ten; tenor ... 7552lbs.</Line>
<Line>St. Mary le Bow, London, peal of ten; tenor ... 5300</Line>
<Line>York Minster, peal of ten; tenor ... 5300</Line>
<Line>St. Saviour's, Southwark, peal of twelve; tenor ... 5100</Line>
<Line>St. Mary Radcliff, Bristol, peal of eight; tenor ... 5100</Line>
<Line>Wells Cathedral, peal of ten; tenor ... 4400</Line>
<Line>St. Peter's, Mancroft, Norwich, peal of twelve; tenor ... 4100</Line>
<Line>Christ Church, Spitalfields, London, peal of twelve; tenor ... 4400</Line>
<Line>Sheffield, peal of ten; tenor ... 4100</Line>
<Line>St. Michael, Cornhill, London, peal of twelve; tenor ... 4000</Line>
<Line>St. Martin's, Birmingham, peal of twelve; tenor ... 3600</Line>
<Line>St. Giles, Cripplegate, London, peal of twelve; tenor ... 3600</Line>
<Line>Shrewsbury, St. Chad, peal of twelve; tenor ... 3400</Line>
<Line>St. Martin's in the Fields, London, peal of twelve; tenor ... 3400</Line>
<Line>St. Michael, Coventry, peal of ten; tenor ... 3100</Line>
<Line>St. Maragaret, Lynn, peal of 8; tenor ... 3000</Line>
<Line>St. Leonard, Shoreditch, London, peal of twelve; tenor ... 3000</Line>
<Line>Cambridge, St. Mary's, peal of twelve; tenor ... 3000</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are in the kingdom some very heavy ancient peals of six and 
five bells. Amongst the most remarkable are those of Sherbourne, Abbey, Dorset, the tenor 
of which weighs about 3600lbs; Bampton, Oxfordshire, tenor 3000; St. Mary's, Oxford, 
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>Weights of some foreign Clock Bells.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The famous bell of Moscow ... 43200lbs.</Line>
<Line>St. Peter's, Rome (recast in 1785) ... 18667</Line>
<Line>Florence Cathedral ... 17000</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1830 part 1 p.290</Title>
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<Content>
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<PersonName>Pidgeon, H</PersonName>
</Person>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Investigator</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1830</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1830s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>bell</Keyword> <Keyword>church bell</Keyword> <Keyword>Dissolution, 
The</Keyword> <Keyword>Armathwaite Nunnery, Ainstable</Keyword> <Keyword>Cromwell, 
Thomas</Keyword>  <Keyword>Ecclesiastical Survey</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1830 part 1 p.290
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">MINOR CORRESPONDENCE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">H. PIDGEON says, that in the statement of the weights of several 
Church bells, p.503, pt.ii vol.xcix. there is an error in the weight of the tenor of St. 
Chad's at Shrewsbuy, which in fact weighs upwards of 4600lbs. instead of 3400lbs. as 
mentioned; so that it may be considered to rank as the <i>sixth heaviest peal in the 
kingdom</i>, instead of the thirteenth.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Armathwaite Nunnery</Keyword>  <Keyword>The Dissolution</Keyword>
</Marginal>
The Dissolution, Armathwaite Nunnery</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G830A290.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">INVESTIGATOR wishes to be informed whether the surrender of the 
Priory of Armathwaite, Cumberland, is extant. It is not in the Augmentation Office, nor in
the Chapter House of Westminster. He also will be glad to know if there is any other copy 
of Cromwell's Ecclesiastical Survey than the one in the library of Lambeth Palace.
</Paragraph>
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<Identification>
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  <Keyword>transport</Keyword>  <Keyword>rail</Keyword>
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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1830 part 1 p.359</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1830</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1830s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>railways</Keyword> <Keyword>Newcastle and Carlisle Railway</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Corby Bridge, Wetheral</Keyword>  <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
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century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q2.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1830 part 1 p.359
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Corby Bridge</Keyword>  <Keyword>Newcastle and Carlisle Railway</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, Corby Bridge</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G830A359.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">DOMESTIC OCCURENCES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>Newcastle and Carlisle Railway</i> has commenced by the 
laying of the first stone of the intended bridge from Wetheral to Corby, across the river 
Eden, near to Corby Castle. The edifice when completed will be a most stupendous piece of 
workmanship. It will consist of five arches; and the viaduct or carriage road will be no 
less than 95 feet above the bed of the Eden. About a fifth part of the quantity of stone 
used in Waterloo Bridge, will be required for this.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1830 part 1 p.498</Title>
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<Date>1830</Date>
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</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>monument</Keyword> <Keyword>Weever</Keyword> <Keyword>Discourse on Funeral 
Monuments</Keyword>  <Keyword>Leland, John</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1830 part 1 p.498
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>monument</Keyword> <Keyword>Edmond Nevill</Keyword> <Keyword>Earl of 
Westmorland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Monument, Earl of Westmorland</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">In an article relating a walk from Wanstead, Essex:-
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G830A498.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">In a description of the church at East Ham, Essex:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... On the opposite [north] of the altar is one of those 
interesting monuments, not infrequently to be seen in our parochial churches, but which 
often unexpectedly present themselves to the ardent topographer, in requital of his 
toils,&#x2020;
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; The vexatious annoyances to which the topographer was 
subjected in the prosecution of his labours in the days of the first James are thus 
alluded to by old Weever, in his "Discourse on Funeral Monuments;" and the writer of these
crudities can bear witness to the teasing interruptions sometimes encountered even at the 
present time, by the disciples of John Leland; although hitherto he has escaped the 
mortification of affording amusement to the village urchins by an exhibition of his meagre
visage in the cage, or resting his weary legs in the stocks. "Having found," says Weever, 
"one or two ancient funeral inscriptions, or obliterated sculptures, in this or that 
parish church, I have ridden to ten parish churches distant from that, and not found one. 
Besides I have been <i>taken up</i> in divers churches by the <i>churchwardens of the 
parish</i>, and not suffered to write the epitaphs, or take view of the monuments as much 
as I desired."
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>monument</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Nevill, 
Edmond</Keyword> <Keyword>Westmorland, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Latimer, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>effigy</Keyword> <Keyword>armour</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Nevill Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Rising of the Northern Earls</Keyword> 
<Keyword>rebellion, 1569</Keyword> <Keyword>Verdon Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Elizabeth 
I</Keyword> <Keyword>Northumberland, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>President of the 
North</Keyword> <Keyword>Ratcliff, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Calder Abbey, St Bridget 
Beckermet</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1830 part 1 p.499
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G830A499.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">sometimes even, as in the present instance, affording him a motive
for an inquisitive research into the history of his country, to resolve some obscure or 
doubtful point.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The monument here referred to, bears, with two others, the 
following inscription:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"In memoriam sacrum.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"To the memory of the Right Honourable Edmond Nevill, Lord 
Latimer, Earl of Westmoreland, and Dame Jane his wife; with the memorials of their seven 
children. Which Edmond was lineally descended from the honourable blood of kings and 
princes, and the seventh Earl of Westmoreland of the name of Nevill." The effigies of the 
Earl and his Countess are about the size of life, and are represented with uplifted hands,
as in prayer, kneeling at a desk or altar, on which are open books. The Earl is in armour,
over which is a mantle, with his helmet lying beside him. His Countess is attired in 
sweeping robes, and the coronet on her head denotes her dignity. On the lower step of the 
monument are figures representing their seven children in black dresses, and in white 
hoods, and, as is usual on these occasions, their heights are nicely graduated. This 
monument is exceedingly rich in heraldry, there being no less than eleven separate 
escutcheons of arms, showing the alliances of this illustrious house, whose name has been 
assoicated with the annals of their country for so many generations. Those most 
conspicuous, from being emblazoned on much larger shields, are,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1st. Gules, a saltire Argent, for Nevill.&#x002A; 2d. Or, fretty 
Gules, on a Canton party per pale, Argent and Sable, a ship of the second with sails 
furled.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I remember to have seen it stated somewhere that the latter is the
ancient coat of Nevill. It is, however, certain that it was borne, but without the canton,
by the de Verdons, a powerful baronial family of Norman descent, who flourished for 
several centuries after the Conquest in the northern counties.&#x2020;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But it is the circumstances attending the history of the personage
here commemorated, that render this monument more than ordinarily curious. Although the 
undoubted representative of his ancient line, this Edmond Nevill was only the the titular 
Earl of Westmoreland. Charles, the sixth Earl of Westmoreland, and thirteenth Baron Nevill
of Raby, having conspired with the Earl of Northumberland (Thomas Percy, seventth Earl), 
against the government of Elizabeth, and not improbably with a view to place her rival, 
Mary, on the Throne, these powerful nobles, having called together their friends and 
vassals, met at the Castle of Brancepeth, in Durham, an ancient stronghold of the Nevills,
where they suggested to their followers, "That all the English Nobility were resolved to 
restore the Romish religion; and that they did thus put themselves in arms to prevent 
upstarts from trampling on the old nobility; and so appeared in open rebellion."&#x2021; 
But upon the President of the North (Thomas Ratcliff, Earl of Sussex) marching against 
them with a superior force, they fled into Scotland, from whence the Earl of Westmoreland 
escaped to Flanders; and being attainted of high treason by outlawry in the Parliament of 
the 13th of Elizabeth, 1570, his dignity and possession were forfeited.&#x00A7; He died
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The Right Honourable Henry Nevill, Earl of Abergavenny, 
Baron Bergavenny, or as it is now spelt, Abergavenny, premier Baron of England, who is 
descended from Edward Nevill, sixth son of Ralph, first Earl of Westmoreland, bears this 
coat with a difference; viz. Gules, on a saltire Argent a rose of the First, barbed and 
seeded Proper.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; During the last summer I observed the arms of the de 
Verdons, on a shield attached to the monumental effigy of a knight, half buried in the 
ground, among the picturesque ruins of Calder Abbey, Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; See Dugdale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x00A7; the Castle of Brancepeth was vested in the Crown by a 
special act. In the reign of Charles I. it was sold, under the authority of letters 
patent, to Lady Middleton and others, since when it has passed, by alienation, through 
several families, and is now the seat of William Russell, Esq. M.P. for the County of 
Durham. Brancepeth came to the Nevills by marriage with the heiress of the Bulmers. (A 
view of Brancepeth Castle will be found in vol.XCVII. i. p.305.) Raby Castle, in the same 
county, was the chief residence of this great family, and was among the estates forfeited 
by Charles, the last Earl, for the rebellion in the north. On the grand entrance to Raby 
there are three shields, bearing the arms of the Nevills.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>James I</Keyword> <Keyword>Nicolas</Keyword> <Keyword>Synopsis of the Peerage of 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1830 part 1 p.500
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<Paragraph rend="quote">abroad at an advanced age, without issue male.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the second year of the reign of James the First, Edmond Nevill 
(whose name is recorded on the monument above-menntioned) the lineal descendant of George 
Nevill, fifth son of Ralph, first Earl of Westmoreland, who was created to that dignity by
letters patent in 1397, and next heir male of Charles the last Earl, having assumed the 
title of Earl of Westmoreland, notwithstanding the attainder, was summoned to appear at 
Witehall, before the Lords Commissioners for executing the office of Earl Marshall, which 
he answered on the 3d of March, 1605, by his attorney, who prayed for time. It appears 
that the case was afterwards, by the command of the king, propounded to the judges, who 
decided against the claim, on the ground that the attainder had caused all the honours to 
be forfeited to the Crown as an estate of inheritance.&#x002A; To the untoward 
circumstances attending his suit, he may be supposed to allude, in the following rhyming 
epitaph on his tomb:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"From princely, and from honourable blood,</Line>
<Line>By true succession was my high descent;</Line>
<Line>Malignant crosses oft opposed my good,</Line>
<Line>And adverse chance my state did circumvent."&#x2020;</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Edmond Nevill, although entitled to the Earldom of Westmoreland 
(barring the attainder), as representative of the eldest male line of his family, the 
assumption by him of the title of Latimer was surely erroneous, the ancient Baronies of 
Latimer having long before passed by females into other families according to the law of 
descent of Baronies in fee, by which the females of each generation are preferred to the 
males of the preceeding generation. The Barony of Latimer, constituted by writ of summons 
of the 28th Edw. I. 1299, though it has not been taken out, is vested in the present Lord 
Willoughby de Broke, by the marriage of his ancestor, Sir Thomas Willoughby, with the 
sister and sole heir of John Nevill, the fifth Baron, who died in 1430.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Barony of Latimer, by writ of the 10th of Henry VI. 1430, upon
the death of John Nevill, fourth Baron, in 1577 (who was great-great-grandson of George 
Nevill, first Baron, fifth son of Ralph, first Earl of Westmorland, from whom Edmond 
Nevill deduced his descent), fell into abeyance between his four daughters; and the 
present Duke of Northumberland, by the marriage of his ancestor, Henry Percy, eighth Earl 
of Northumberland, with Katharine Nevill, is the representative of the eldest of the four 
coheirs of that honour. It would appear rather that Edmond Nevill should have styled
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; A copy of Edmond Nevill's claim, which is a curious 
document, may be found in the Lansdowne MSS. 254, p.376. See Mr. Nicolas's Synopsis of the
Peerage of England, a work of great labour and research, and one of the most valuable 
"Helps to History" which has appeared for many years. May I venture to hope that Mr. 
Nicolas will undertake a similar elucidation of the Peerage of Scotland and Ireland. (The 
latter, we have some time since announced, is promised by the best authority, Sir William 
Betham, the present Ulster King at Arms. - EDIT.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Edmoond Nevill might, probably, feel the disallowal of 
his ancestral honours the more acutely, from the circumstance of the Earldom of 
Northumberland being vested, in his day, in the family of Percy, notwithstanding the 
attainder in 1571 of Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, on account of his participation
with Charles Nevill, Earl of Westmoreland, in the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth, 
mentioned above. The Earldom of Northumberland and other dignoities, were by Letters 
Patent conferred (the ancient Earldom was under forfeiture) on Thomas Percy, in 1577, and 
in default of heirs male, with remainder to his brother Henry, and the heirs male of his 
body. The said Thomas Earl of Northumberland, was attainted of high treason in 1571, and 
had he left issue male, so long as such issue male existed, these dignities would have 
been forfeited; but on the extinction of the issue male of his body, the remainder would 
immediately take effect; as, however, he died without issue male, the dignities instantly 
devolved on his brother, in consequence of the limitations of the Patent. (Vide Nicolas.)
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1830 part 1 p.501
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">himself, instead of "Lord Latimer," "Lord Nevill of Raby," that 
ancient dignity, held originally by tenure in the reign of Henry II. by Geoffrey de 
Nevill, grandson of Gilbert de Nevill, Admiral of the Coqueror's fleet, being vested in 
him, excepting always the impediment of the attainder, and provided also there were no 
representatives in the female line nearer than himself in blood to Charles, the sixth and 
last Earl of Westmoreland, and thirteenth Baron Nevill of Raby.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... On the Nevill monument there is no date, but I find that Jane 
Nevill died in 1641, and left, together with some charitable bequests, five shillings to 
be laid out annually in repairs to her husband's monument.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the parish is an ancient mansion, supposed to have been the 
residence of the Nevills.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That famous antiquary, Dr. Stukeley, lies buried in this quiet 
churchyard, in a spot which struck him whilst on a visit to the vicar a short time before 
his death in 1765. He was many years Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, and 
published the Itinerarium Curiosum, ... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; It may be here observed, that the Right Honourable John 
Fane, the present and tenth Earl of Westmoreland of his family, is descended from Francis 
Fane, son of Sir Thomas Fane, by Mary Nevill, daughter and heir of Henry Nevill, Baron 
Bergavenny, Despencer, and Burghersh, who descended from Edward, sixth son of Ralph 
Nevill, first Earl of Westmoreland (that ancient tree from which sprung so many nobke 
scions). This lady challenged the Barony of Bergavenny against the heir male, which led to
the celebrated anomolous decision of the House of Lords in respect of that Barony, in the 
time of James the First. See 3d Report of Lord's Committees on the Dignity of the Peerage,
p.216.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>Poor Susan</Keyword> <Keyword>poet</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Life of Mausie Wauch</Keyword> 
<Keyword>There's nae hame like our ain hame</Keyword>
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>William Wordsworth</Keyword>  <Keyword>Poor Susan</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Poor Susan, Willliam Wordsworth</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Scraps from a Notebook.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">about London
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It may seem hypercritical, but I cannot help thinking that the 
effect of Wordsworth's affecting little piece, "Poor Susan," is injured, in the minds of 
Cockneys at least, by the making of "bright volumes of vapour down <i>Lothbury</i> glide,"
since it is impossible, from "the corner of Wood-street" (the scene of the ballad) to 
catch a glimpse of that place, especially if "a river" is to be seen "flowing through the 
vale of Cheapside" at the same time. Does not Lothbury too, sound in unaccustomed ears as 
something pleasant and countryfied? - I know nothing so exquisitely pathetic as the short 
piece in question in the whole range of British poetry, except a song in the "Life of 
Mausie Wauch," entitled "There's nae hame like our ain hame," I would rather be the author
of that one little poem, than of all the fashionable novels that have followed one another
into oblivion for the last fifty years.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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  <Keyword>tithes</Keyword> <Keyword>Quarterly Journal of Agriculture</Keyword> 
<Keyword>agriculture</Keyword> <Keyword>On the History of Tithes</Keyword> <Keyword>On the
Commutation of Tithes</Keyword> <Keyword>Canterbury, Archbishop of</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 1 p.3
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>tithes</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Tithes</Heading>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 1.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I HAVE read with regret in No.XI of the Quarterly Journal of 
Agriculture, which has rather an extensive circulation, two articles on the subject of 
TITHES. The first purporting to be "On the History of Tithes;" and the second, "On the 
Commutation of Tithes," headed by the title of the Bill introduced by his Grace the 
Archbishop of Canterbury; both of which are filled with misrepresentations, disingenuous 
arguments, and groundless conclusions, and are calculated to excite a feeling of hostility
in the breast of laymen against the Established Clergy. You would oblige one who is 
perfectly disinterested, by inserting this Letter, containing an impartial epitome of the 
History of Tithes, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Allow me, in the first place, to bring forward a few proofs, from 
the fore-named articles, of the truth of my assertions. The former writer acknowledges, 
that charters are extant, by which different proprietors granted Tithes, &amp;c. to the 
Clergy; that canons relating to Tithes are found in records long before any regular 
statute was enacted. His words are, "In England as well as abroad, canonical regulations 
on this subject existed before any regular statutes, a circumstance which is of itself 
sufficient to explain the fact, that even the earliest of these statutes speak of Tithes, 
not as a new exaction, to which the people were strangers, but as one which they were 
previously well acquainted." He is also compelled by Ethelwolf's statute, which he 
presents, as he says, in full length in a note (but he takes <i>one</i> part from Ingulph,
and the <i>other</i> from Matthew of Westminster,) to acknowledge that it "confers on the 
clergy a full and inalienable gift of Tithes of all England, to be held by them in their 
own right for ever;" and that the right of Tithes is amply provided for, at and after the 
Conquest.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Though he has acknowledged all this, and asserted that in cases of
doubt "there still remains one sure and invariable principle to guide our researches - the
principle of human nature," he so far forgets himself as to combat what he had before 
allowed, viz. the private endowments of individuals, in these words: "Had such endowments 
in reality been made, the Clergy would neither have urged Ethelwolf to pass this grant; 
nor would the Barons have sanctioned a gift on his part, of what they themselves had 
already bestowed." Such is this writer's opinion of the principle of human nature, that he
concludes that men will feel no anxiety to have property secured to them by statute; and 
that it is unlikely that the Barons would allow Ethelwolf to convey and secure to the 
Clergy what they had already given them; but that they would doubtless very coolly suffer 
him <i>to give away one tenth of their property without the slightest opposition!!</i> And
mark, Sir, the logic of this learned writer, as the Editor is pleased to style him; 
<i>because</i> there are private charters extant, by which individual proprietors gave 
tithes, &amp;c. to the Clergy; <i>because</i> "canons relating to Tithes are found in the 
records before any regular statute was enacted;" <i>because</i> Ethelwolf conferred the 
Tithes on the Clergy, "to be held by them in their own right for ever;" <i>because</i> the
right of Tithes was amply provided for at the Conquest; <i>because</i> each of our Kings 
on his accession to the throne solemnly swears this oath, and binds and obliges himself
</Paragraph>
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Commutation of Tithes</Keyword> <Keyword>Selden, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Hume, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 1 p.4
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">to observe the laws, customs, and franchises granted to the 
Clergy;" <i>therefore</i> "the main conclusion to be drawn from the preceding statements 
is, that the civil right of Tithes emanated originally and alone from the ancient 
Legislature of the Nation!! This point being established, the title of the existing 
Legislature to alter, to modify, or to <i>annul</i> this right, whenever circumstances or 
the general wellfare of the country demands such a measure cannot be denied!!!" This 
writer has a wonderful system of logic; for, with about two or three syllogisms, he would 
square the circle, reverse Kepler's law, and Newton's theorems, and make each of the 
planets dance a hornpipe.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The writer of the second article commences by asserting that the 
revenues of the Church of England, "though ample, are not excessive." He afterwards enters
into a very partial examination of the origin of Tithes; in which he eulogizes Selden, so 
far as his testimony <i>favours</i> his <i>favourite</i> hypothesis, viz. that Government 
gave the Tithes to the Clergy, and therefore may "take them away," or "justly secularize 
them;" by styling him "the learned and ingenious John Selden," the "profound Antiquary, 
who, with great learning, traces the origin and progress of Tithes from the earliest 
times." But when this learned and ingenious John Selden states that originally the Tithes 
"were gifts of the laity conveyed by grants and charters to the different Churches by 
their patrons and founders," he immediately exclaims, "the whole hypothesis, however, is 
opposed to historical fact, and to the known history of the Tithes!!" This opposed to 
historical fact! when Hume says, "and the nobility preferring the security and sloth of 
the cloister to the tumult and glory of war, valued <i>themsleves chiefly</i> on 
<i>endowing monasteries;</i>" when King John, in a letter to Pope Innocent, claims the 
right of his Barons, &amp;c. to found Churches within their seignories <i>by the custom of
the realm;</i> and when the writer of the first article acknowledges, that charters are 
extant by which the nobility gave Tithes to the Clergy prior to any regular statute. This 
opposed to the known history of the Tithes! when this very writer, a few pages before, has
said that Tithes were demanded on pain of excommunication, nearly 300 years before the 
first law was enacted. But, after all this partial and disengenuous reasoning, he is 
compelled to conclude thus: "On whatever pretence then a right to the tenth part of the 
produce of the country was at first obtained, and however unwise the laws may be held to 
be which confirmed the claim, the right of the property is now in the Church as an 
incorporated body, and by laws as valid and as ancient as those which any property in this
country is inherited or possessed." Notwithstanding this conclusion, he proceeds to rail 
against the Tithes as "an impost upon property," an "impost of the worst kind," as "a tax 
grievous and offensive in its nature," &amp;c.!! - How an impost or tax, if such 
well-secured property? Again, a great want of candour may be observed in his arguments to 
show the effect of Tithes on agriculture. "It used to be (he writes), and still is over a 
great part of the country, a common calculation, that one third part of the whole produce 
of the land is paid as rent; one third as expenses; and that one third is left to the 
farmer for profit, the risk of his stock, and the expenses of his own maintenance. Now a 
tax (adds he) equal to a tenth part of the whole produce, would in such a case be a tax 
equal to thirty per cent. on the portion which remains to the farmer." Thus he insinuates 
that the Tithes are taken from a farmer's profit; when every one who reflects at all, 
knows that they are taken from the part which would go to the landlord. As a well-informed
country gentleman has observed, "The farmers are the only persons who generally complain 
on this head; but if they are wise, they will never wish for the abolition of Tithes; for 
what they now contingently get from the moderation of the Clergy, the landlords would 
immediately put into their own pockets; and the farmers, burdened with increased rents, 
rates, and taxes, would feel how indiscreet were their former complaints." Lastly, after 
starting the purport of the Archbishop's Bill, which is, that an Archbishop or Bishop, as 
a guardian of the Church property, shall name one commissioner, and the parishioners 
another, to fix a rate of composition for 21 years, to be regulated every seven years, by 
the
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Commutation of Tithes</Keyword> <Keyword>Canterbury, Archbishop of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Consilium Romanum</Keyword> <Keyword>St Augustin</Keyword> 
<Keyword>John</Keyword> <Keyword>Egbert, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>York, Archbishop 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Offa, King of Mercia</Keyword> <Keyword>Ethelwolf</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Heptarchy, The</Keyword> <Keyword>William the Conqueror</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 1 p.5
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G831A005.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">price of the produce of land, he has these interrogatories. "Why, 
we ask, is all to depend on the will of any Archbishop or Bishop? Why is the cumbrous and 
costly machinery to be renewed at intervals? Why these partial provisions in favour of the
receiver of Tithes, and none in favour of the payer?" He thus intimates that there is 
partiality where none exists, and endeavours to induce the farmers to consider any thing 
short of an eternal lease on their own terms, without consent of the guardians of the 
property, an intolerable hardship. This may suffice to justify my expressions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I now proceed to an impartial epitome of the history of Tithes, 
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The priests under the Mosaic dispensation were supported by Tithes
and offerings. It was evidently the will of the Divine Founder of the Christian Religion, 
that the ministers of the Gospel should be supported by the laity, which appears from his 
charge to the 70 missionaries. "Carry neither purses nor scrip, nor shoes, &amp;c. for the
labourer is worthy of his hire." From many passages in the New Testament we have strong 
grounds for concluding, that He designed that Christian ministers should be maintained as 
the priests had been under the former dispensation, i.e. by Tithes and Offerings; for 
instance, "If we have sown unto you spiritual things, is it a great thing if we shall reap
your carnal things? Do ye not know that they which minister about holy things, live of the
things of the Temple? and that they which wait at the altar are partakers with the altar? 
<i>Even so (&#x039F;&#x03CD;&#x03C4;&#x03C9;) hath the Lord ordained</i>, that they which 
preach the Gospel should live of the Gospel." Hence we find the early Fathers exhorting 
their hearers to contribute Tithes for the support of the Clergy. So early as A.D. 356, it
was decreed at a Council, that Tithes were due to ministers of the Gospel as the rents of 
God <i>(Dei census)</i>. Again, it was decreed at the Consilium Romanum, A.D. 375, "That 
Tithes and First fruits should be given by the faithful, and that they who refuse should 
be stricken with the curse." <i>(Ut decimae atque primitiae a fidelibus darentur; qui 
detrectant anathemate feriantur.)</i> After the Christian Religion had been embraced by 
the majority of the English people, the Barons and nobles, in obedience to the injunctions
of Augustin and his successors, gave tithes and glebe lands for the endowment of Churches,
&amp;c. as certain charters now extant, and the claim made by King John of the right of 
his nobles to found Churches with their seignories, <i>by the custom of the realm</i>, 
plainly evince. Such Tithes were regularly paid according to ancient usage and decrees of 
the Church, previously to any regular statutes, which is evident from a canon of Egbert, 
Archbishop of York, A.D. 750, and from the 17th canon of the General Council held for the 
whole kingdom at Chalcuth, A.D. 787. About A.D. 793, Offa, King of Mercia, passed a law to
secure the Tithes of his kingdom to the Church <i>(Offa Rex Merciorum nominatissimus, 
Decimam omnium rerum Ecclesiae concedit)</i>, and ordered his subjects to pay them 
regularly under sever penalties. Again, about A.D. 855, Ethelwolf, immediately after the 
union of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, secured by a regular statute the Tithes of the 
whole land to the Church, to be held by them in their own right for ever <i>(jure pepetuo 
possidendam)</i>. From this time to the Conquest many statutes were enacted for enforcing 
the payment of Tithes, &amp;c. and when William the Conqueror framed a code of laws for 
the government of his English subjects, the Tithes were secured to the Clergy, according 
to laws already enacted, and he solemnly swore to observe the laws and customs granted to 
the people by the Kings of England, his lawful and religious predecessors, and 
particularly the laws, customs, and franchises, granted to the Clergy by the glorious St. 
Edward his predecessor. The original guardians of this property were the King, with his 
council of Bishops and chiefs of the realm <i>(Rex cum consilio Episcorum ac 
principum)</i>: but in process of time, during the four centuries subsequent to the 
Conquest, the Pope gradually usurped the sole authority over ecclesiastical affairs, as is
evident by resolutions entered into by King Edward the First and his Barons at a 
Parliament held at Carlisle; when the King, by the assent of his Barons, denied the Pope's
usurped authority over the revenues of the Church "within England," alleging, that
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<Keyword>Henry VIII</Keyword> <Keyword>Church of England</Keyword> <Keyword>Glorious 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 1 p.6
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<Paragraph rend="quote">"they were founded by his progenitors, and the nobles and others 
of the realm, for the service of God, alms, and hospitality." When the Pope through his 
legates, &amp;c. had applied the property given to the Church to a purpose foreign to the 
intention of the donors, the statute 26 Henry VIII. deprived him of his power, and 
apointed the King as sole guardian of ecclesiastical affairs; and it was enacted, that the
King our Sovereign Lord, his heirs and successors, Kings of the realm, shall be taken, 
accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England ... And 
shall have power from time to time to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct, 
restrain, and amend, all such errors, heresies, abuses, offences, contempts, and 
enormities, whatsoever they be, which by any manner of spiritual authority or jurisdiction
may lawfully be reformed, repressed, redressed, corrected, restrained, or amended, most to
the pleasure of Almighty God, to the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for the 
conservation of the peace, unity, and tranquillity of the realm; any usage, custom, 
foreign laws, foreign authority, prescription, or any other thing to the contrary, 
notwithstanding." And the Clergy, in convocation, acknowledged his Majesty as the only 
protector and supreme lord, and as far as accords with Christ's law the supreme head of 
the Church <i>(ecclesiae et clerci Anglicani, cujus singularem protectorem at supremum 
dominum, et, quantum per Christi legem licet, etiam supremum caput ipsius majestatem 
recognoscimus)</i>. This prerogative was exercised, though often improperly, by each of 
Henry's successors, until the glorious Revolution of 1688; when the supremacy was limited,
and it was decreed as illegal for the King alone to enact any law, &amp;c. "without the 
advice and assent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons in Parliament 
assembled, and by authority of the same." From that time to the present, the King, Lords 
and Commons, combined, have been guardians over the rights, &amp;c. of the Established 
Church, "to preserve (according to the Coronation oath) unto the Bishops and Clergy 
committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges as by law do or shall appertain 
unto them or any of them," and (according to the oath of the Union with Scotland) "to 
maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of the Church of England, and the 
doctrine, worship, discipline, and government thereof, as by law established;" and they 
have exercised their authority as guardians, consistently, in enacting divers laws and 
regulations. Finally, by 39 and 40 Geo. III. the Churches of England and Ireland, as now 
by law established, were united into one Protestant and Episcopal Church, called "the 
United Church of England and Ireland."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the preceeding statements it appears that the Government, as 
constituted of King, Lords, and Commons, is guardian over the Established Church of 
England and Ireland; with power to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, &amp;c. most to
the pleasure of Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, &amp;c. but 
that it cannot alienate its revenues, or take away its rights and privileges, without 
being guilty of robbery, sacrilege, and perjury.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Doubtless the present system of taking Tithes acts as a 
prohibition on the less fertile soils, often occasions strife between masters and their 
flocks, gives arbitrary and litigious men a power to harass and perplex others; and causes
the deserving Clergy, for the sake of peace, to be deprived of half their incomes. If, 
according to the principle of his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury's Bill, it were 
enacted that two commissioners, one chosen by each party, should fix a rate of composition
every 21 years, subject to regulation every seven years by the price of the produce of 
land, and that the Clergyman's churchwarden or other deputy, should collect the same 
yearly for the minister, by a summary process similarly to other parochial rates, it would
remove all cause of contention, and be a benefit; and it ought to satisfy both the 
receiver and payer of Tithes. But an eternal lease, as recommended by the writer of the 
article "on the Commutation of Tithes," is impracticable; and it would be unjust toward 
both parties; because the farm, which is now in the highest state of cultivation, may by 
overcropping or neglect become so unproductive in fifty years time, that it would scarcely
produce
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<Filename size="vlarge">G831A007.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">the Tithes at the present valuation; and the contrary.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In our ancient law books, Tithes are briefly defined "to be an 
ecclesiastical inheritance or property in the Church, collateral to the estate of the 
lands thereof;" and no other support for the Clergy appears so likely to produce efficient
ministers to preach "right things" rather than "smooth things," and thus keep up a sound 
tone of religion and morals in the country.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A FRIEND OF IMPROVEMENT, BUT A LOVER OF JUSTICE AND GOOD FAITH.
</Paragraph>
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</Marginal>
Obituary, Richard Lough</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WESTMORELAND. - At Kendal, age 41, Mr. Richard Lough, printer and 
proprietor of the Westmoreland Advertiser and Kendal Chronicle
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Beck<Note>3</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>Preston Isle<Note>St 
Bees Head</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees Head, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Preston 
Quarter</Keyword> <Keyword>Isle of Man</Keyword> <Keyword>Lawson's Leap, St Bees</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE village of Saint Bees is situated on the coast of Cumberland, 
in that quintuple division of the county called Allerdale Ward&#x002A; above Derwent. Its 
position is remarkable. From Saint Bees to Whitehaven, a distance of about four miles, 
there is a narrow vale entirely separating the high lands on the coast from the interior. 
From the general appearance of the soil, and the discovery of an anchor some years since, 
about the centre of this vale, it is probable that it was formerly an arm of the sea. This
opinion is corroborated by the descent of the ground each way, which is evinced by the 
small rivulet Poe, or Poe-beck, rising about the middle of the vale, and flowing with an 
easy current into the sea at Whitehaven, while the other part of it, rising at nearly the 
same spot, falls into the ocean at Saint Bees. In fact, the hilly ground supposed to be 
thus formerly isolated, is distinguished in ancient deeds by the appelation of Preston 
<i>Isle</i>. Proceeding along the summit of Preston Isle, or, as it is now called, Preston
Quarter, a distant view of the Isle of Man, with its northern bicephalous mountain, may be
obtained with the naked eye. Here too is the disjointed rock standing at some distance 
from the rest, separated by a tremendous chasm called "Lawson's Leap," some adventurous 
Nimrod of that name having formerly cleared it in the excitation of the chase. Nature has 
been here exerting herself in the formation of the rocks into the rude semblance of the 
ruins of a church, called <i>Kelsoe Kirk</i>. As-
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; When England was divided in 878, the subdivisions in 
Cumbria were called <i>wards</i>, and not hundreds as in most other counties, from the 
watching and warding necessary against the incursions of the Scots and Irish.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>geology</Keyword> <Keyword>Barugh<Note>St Bees Head</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Bees Head, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>lighthouse, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees 
Lighthouse, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>population, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumbria, 
Kingdom of</Keyword> <Keyword>Strathclyde</Keyword> <Keyword>Britons</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carte</Keyword> <Keyword>Marianus</Keyword> <Keyword>Romans</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Speed, John</Keyword> <Keyword>religious houses</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mary and St
Bega, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>church, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Begock<Note>St 
Bees</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Begoth<Note>St Bees</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Beghes<Note>St Bees</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Begog<Note>St 
Bees</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>placename, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bega</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Tomlyne<Note>Tomlin</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Tomlin, St Bees</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Danes</Keyword> <Keyword>Meschines, William de</Keyword> <Keyword>William the 
Conqueror</Keyword> <Keyword>Benedictine Order</Keyword> <Keyword>Rottington, St 
Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Fortibus, William de</Keyword> <Keyword>Albemarle, Earl 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Egremont</Keyword> <Keyword>Lacy, Richard de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hunte, Richard</Keyword>  <Keyword>Chaloner, Thomas, Sir</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 1 p.301
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[As]ssisted by the ebon tints of evening, and the roaring of the 
ocean, the fanciful may picture to himself worshippers bending amid the massy ruins, 
though here "the sound of the church going bell" was never heard. Passing Keswick Bay 
(where the lapidary may find pebbles of every hue, susceptible of a beautiful polish, and 
suitable for snuff-boxes, brooches, &amp;c.), Saint Bees head, the ancient Barugh, 
presents itself 220 feet above the level of the sea. On this height the new light-house, 
with nine reflectors, was erected in January 1822. The parish of Saint Bees is large, as 
will be evident from the number of inhabitants at the following periods, especially when 
it is considered that in this remote part of England, the habitations are generally far 
apart:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1688. : 1801. : 1811. : 1821.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3,345. : 13,246. : 16,520. : 19,169.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was part of the kingdom of Cumbria or Strath Cluyd Britons, 
which was first inhabited, says Mr. Carte, by a Celtic race about 2000 years before the 
Christian aera. That the genuine ancient Britons posted themselves here, we have the 
authority of Marianus himself,&#x002A; not to mention that there are many names purely 
British. Although every part of it, where liable to aggression, was fortified by the 
Romans, as appears from the ancient ruins, it was frequently the scene of bloody 
contention. Speed, speaking of Cumberland, says that it was strengthened with twenty-five 
castles, and preserved by the prayers of six religious houses, in which latter enumeration
that of Saint Bees is mentioned. The village was formerly known by the names of BEGOCK, 
BEGOTH, or BEGHES, and the Church is styled in ancient evidences Kirkby Begog. The 
derivation of Begoth seems to be, from two ancient British words BEG OG; by our 
interpretation, little, young, like the Gaelic <i>oig</i>, little. The name is supposed to
have originated from the Holy Bega, a pious woman from Ireland, who is said to have 
founded a small monastery here about the year 650.&#x2020; Respecting this holy woman, 
tradition is not entirely silent. It is said, that on her voyage from Ireland she was in 
imminent danger of being wrecked upon the rocks below the mountain called Tomlyne, on the 
coast of Saint Bees, and, according to the custom of those days, vowed to build a 
religious house, should she be fortunate enough to escape. To her vow and escape the 
origin of the ancient monastery of Saint Bees is attributed. The mists of revolving 
centuries dwell upon her memory, and many are the romantic stories attached to her name, 
fit subjects for the novelist and the poet. This religious house was destroyed by the 
Danes most probably about the year 873, for at that time history mentions a very 
formidable irruption of them. It was restored by William de Meschines, brother of Ranulph,
first Earl of Cumberland, a family then lately brought over from the continent by William 
I. by whose grant they became possessed of the earldom of Cumbria. Saint Bees now became 
the cell of a prior and six Benedictine monks, to the abbey of St. Mary at York. Bishop 
Tanner mentions &#x2021; that under this cell there was a small nunnery situate at 
Rottington, about a mile from Saint Bees. This is confirmed by the ancient names of places
still retained there, but few other vestiges are now to be found.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Ranulph de Meschines, the son of William, by his charter,&#x00A7; 
confirmed his father's grants to the prior and monks, and still further increased them. 
William de Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle, who married a descendant of William de Meschines, 
by his charter &#x2016; confirmed and still further increased his ancestor's grants. 
Amongst other distinguished names, that of the prior of Saint Bees appears as a witness to
"the rules and orders for the burghers of Egremont," by Richard de Lacy, about the reign 
of King John. In the reign of Henry IV. a Richard Hunte was appointed to Saint Bees, as a 
free chapelry in the gift of the Crown, but the abbot of Saint Mary's remonstrated with 
the King, and the grant was revoked. After the dissolution of monasteries, 7 Edward VI. 
Sir Thomas Chaloner became possessed of the monastic property, paying to the Crown yearly 
the fee farm rent of 143<i>l.</i> 16<i>s.</i> 2 1/2<i>d.</i>. This yearly rent was 
afterwards granted (4 and 5 William
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; See Camden, p.1002.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Tanner's Notitia, No.73.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; Notitia, No.72.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x00A7; 1 Dugd. Mon. 395.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2012; 1 Dugd. Mon. 397.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Keyword>Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles I</Keyword> <Keyword>Civil War</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lowther Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Ennerdale Bridge</Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Mary, Ennerdale Bridge</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Eskdale</Keyword> <Keyword>St Catherine,
Eskdale</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Nether Wasdale</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, Nether 
Wasdale</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Loweswater</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bartholomew, 
Loweswater</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Wasdale Head</Keyword> <Keyword>St Olaf, Wasdale 
Head</Keyword> <Keyword>Wasdale Head, Nether Wasdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Bridgman, 
Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mary and St Bega, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>church, St 
Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther, James</Keyword> <Keyword>Ainger, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>effigy</Keyword> <Keyword>Lucy, Anthony</Keyword> <Keyword>Egremont, Lord 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Law, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Literates</Keyword> 
<Keyword>clergyman, training</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees School, St Bees</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hall, Bishop</Keyword>  <Keyword>Trinity College, Dublin</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 1 p.302
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and Mary) to Cuthbert Bishop of Chester and his successors, paying
thereout to the Crown yearly 43<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> From Sir Thomas Chaloner 
these rich possessions passed into the highly respectable family of the Wyburghs, long 
resident at Saint Bees, but afterwards removed to Clifton in Westmoreland, in consequence 
of marriage with an heiress. Being great sufferers in the reign of Charles I. from the 
civil wars, these estates were mortgaged to the Lowther family, and on a suit in Chancery,
instituted by Sir John Lowther in 1663, the estates passed into the family of the Earl of 
Lonsdale, their present noble and munificent possessor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The parish of Saint Bees being extensive, the church is the Mother
Church for a distance of many miles, including the populous town of Whitehaven, and five 
other chapelries, namely, Ennerdale, Eskdale, Nether Wasdale, Wasdale Head, and Lowswater,
together with numerous other townships. Some of these have been considered to have 
distinct parish churches, but they are in fact nothing more than chapels of ease. There is
an order extant of the time of Bishop Bridgman (A.D. 1622), by which these five chapelries
are enjoined to contribute to the repair of the Mother Church,&#x002A; and at the present 
time yearly payments are made by them respectively.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The old abbey is built of free-stone. The western part or nave, 
erected in the reign of Henry I. is fitted up as the parish church, the great door of 
which is ornamented with grotesque heads and chevron mouldings.&#x2020; In 1705 the church
was certified at 12<i>l.</i> per annum by James Lowther of Whitehaven, esq. the 
impropriator. It is at present a perpetual curacy of small value, held by the Rev. Dr. 
Ainger.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There was formerly in the body of the church, on the south side, 
an effigy in wood of Anthony the last Lord Lucy of Egremont, which, if a true portraiture,
showed him to be a large bodied man, upwards of six feet high, and proportionably 
corpulent. This monument was removed to make way for modern improvement some time since. 
The other monuments now existing are comparatively modern, and not worthy of any 
particuclar notice.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The eastern part of the abbey was built in the thirteenth century,
and had been for many years in ruins, till 1817, when it was fitted up as a college, 
containing one large hall for the students, and a lecture room, the end of the ancient 
cross aisle being converted into another. Near the steps leading up to the college, are 
two mutilated stone figures, to which common report has given the names of Lord and Lady 
Lucy. This institution or college was commenced under the auspices of the Right Rev. 
George Henry Law, D.D Lord Bishop of Chester, and intended for the education of those 
candidates for ordination in the northern diocese, who are termed "LITERATES." With the 
assistance of the Earl of Lonsdale, the college was fitted up, and the house built for the
principal. One of the lecture rooms is likewise used as a library, and contains a very 
useful collection of divinity works. In this room is a full-length likeness of the 
principal, executed by Lonsdale, and presented by the students, as a testimonial of their 
high respect. The students, previous to admission, are expected to be well versed in the 
Classics, so that the course of study does not exceed two years. In this period the 
standard divinity works are diligently studied, and such principles inculcated as are 
likely to form faithful ministers of the Gospel, who, as far as their spheres for exertion
will permit, may be able to preserve the Church in its original purity, free from those 
errors which indistinct notions are apt to engender. The present principal is the Rev. 
William Ainger, D.D.; lecturer, the Rev. Richard Parkinson, M.A.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A short distance from the church and college is a respectable 
farm-house standing on part fo the ancient monastic premises, and retaining to this day 
the name of "The Abbey." In this immediate neighbourhood, separated only by the high road 
to Whitehaven, is the grammar school, which has been long eminent in the north, and has 
produced many very learned characters, amongsts whom was Bishop Hall, Master of Trinity 
College, Dublin. It was founded in
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; See Burn's Westmoreland and Cumberland, vol.II. p.47.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Well engraved by Coney in Dugdale's Monast. iii. 574.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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  <Keyword>St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>Grindal, Edmund, Archbishop</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Canterbury, Archbishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bees School, St Bees</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Pow Bridge, St Bees</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Elizabeth 
I</Keyword> <Keyword>Palmer's Fields, Croydon</Keyword> <Keyword>library</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Williamson, Joseph, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Lamplugh, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>York, Archbishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Barlow, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Smith, 
Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Lonsdale, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>cock penny</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Queen's College, Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>Fox, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Scott, 
Mr</Keyword> <Keyword>Algrind<Note>Grindal</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Spenser, 
Edmund</Keyword>  <Keyword>Hensingham, Whitehaven</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 1 p.303
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the year 1587, by Edmund Grindall,&#x002A; Archbishop of 
Canterbury. Over the door of the school is the date 1583, as there is likewise on the 
battlements of the bridge leading to the school, with the arms, so that it is probable 
that the school house was built in that year, though the school was not fully established 
till afterwards. The benevolent founder obtained letters patent from Queen Elizabeth, 
dated 24 April, 1583; and on 3d of July, he solemnly delivered and published the Statutes 
for the regulation of the school, in the presence of eight witnesses. During the life of 
the founder, certain lands called Palmer's Fields, at Croydon in the County of Surrey, of 
the value of 50<i>l.</i> per annum, were purchased in the names of the Governors. This 
estate was afterwards improperly leased for 1000 years, without fine or premium to the 
school! King James considerably increased the revenues of the school, and several patents 
were granted and Acts of Parliament passed in its favour, so that the present annual value
of its lands is supposed to be at least 8000<i>l.</i> while the income arising from them 
to the school is stated to be less than 100<i>l.</i> The royalty of Saint Bees still 
belongs to the school, and a court is yearly held at the school house. To the school is 
attached a good library, which has been greatly improved at various periods by Sir Joseph 
Williamson, Secretary of State to Charles II. Dr. Lamplugh, Archbishop of York, Bishop 
Barlow, Bishop Smith, the Earl of Lonsdale, &amp;c. - By the Statutes only the inhabitants
of Cumberland and Westmoreland are eligible for instruction here, but custom has rendered 
it the same as if free to every county in England; every scholar making a yearly offering 
to the master, according to his ability, which is termed "Cock-Penny." The master is to be
a native of Cumberland, Westmoreland, Yorkshire, or Lancashire, and is nominated by the 
provost of Queen's, or in default by the master of Pembroke-hall. There have been between 
150 and 200 scholars at one time. The present Governors are the Earl of Lonsdale, John 
Fox, D.D. Provost of Queen's College, Oxford, ex officio, the Rev. Mr. Scott, Rectorof 
Egremont, ex officio, and four others.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The School has been long in a declining state, and probably at the
present time has a smaller number of scholars than it ever had. Time will best show the 
cause of this, when under other care it may again attain its pristine celebrity. Its 
present condition, however, must be lamented by every friend of literature, but especially
by those who knew it as the scene of their youthful days, - by those now occupying 
situations of rank and affluence, for which they were fitted within its walls. &#x2021;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GEORGE C. TOMLINSON.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; It may not be improper to mention that Archbishop 
Grindall is the <i>Algrind</i> of Spenser, by transposition of the letters of his name. He
was born in Hensingham near Saint Bees in 1519, died in 1583, and was buried in the 
chancel of Croydon Church in the county of Surrey, where there is a monument to his 
memory. - See Biog. Brit.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; See Carlisle's Endowed Grammar Schools, vol.I.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; Since the above was written, a new Master has been 
appointed to the School, in the person of Rev. John Fox, M.A. of Queens' College, Oxford, 
the nephew of the worthy Provost.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Brougham, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Caroline, Queen</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham 
and Vaux, Baron</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Vaux 
Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Richmond Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Catterlen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Norfolk, Duke of</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 2 p.195
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Lord Brougham</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Lord Brougham</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">THE NEW PEERAGES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON the creation of several new Peerages in January 1828, some 
remarks on the history or origin of their titles were made in this miscellany, and proved 
sufficiently interesting to attract considerable attention. The writer is in consequence 
induced to pursue the same train of remark on those which have been conferred since the 
accession of his present Majesty.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The first peerage conferred in the present reign was that on the 
Lord Chancellor. It was a remarkable circumstance that the two lawyers most directly in 
opposition to the Crown at the commencement fof the last reign should be the first to be 
prominently promoted in this; and that without any intention on the part of the new 
sovereign to censure the conduct of his predecessor, and entirely without any reference to
the bahaviour of the gentlemen in that particular. It was merely the result of the 
alteration in the position of political parties; when the same commanding talents 
naturally placed their possessors, whose circumstances had not in the interval materially 
changed, at the head of the legal members of their own friends. ... Queen Caroline ... Mr 
Brougham, her Attorney, is elevated to the woolsack and a peerage. His title is Baron 
Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham, in the county of Westmoreland. "Vaux," it was announced in
the Times newspaper, "is an old barony which Mr. Brougham's family have always laid claim 
to, though they have never proceeded to establish the title. Mr. Brougham, at the request 
of his friends, will retain his name, and be called Lord Brougham, the Vaux being added by
way of protest, and saving his right." - It was not, however, any old Barony that the 
Chancellor could lay claim to; as it does appear that he is himself descended from the 
family of Vaux. There was a marriage in his family with that of Richmond, the heirs of 
Vaux of Catterlen in Cumberland (a junior branch of the Vauxes Barons by tenure ante Hen. 
III.); but the present Broughams are not descended from that marriage. I believe, however,
that the estate of Catterlen was brought into the Brougham family by the marriage with 
Richmond; but was sold by the Chancellor's father, I think, to Charles Duke of Norfolk.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 2 p.197
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  <Keyword>Lord Burlington</Keyword>
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Lord Burlington</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">THE NEW PEERAGES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have now arrived at the Coronation Peers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... Lord George Cavendish, who is now in the seventy-eighth year 
of his age, is grandson of the last Earl of Burlington. That eminent nobleman, so 
celebrated for his taste in architecture, died in 1735, after the title, which was first 
conferred on his great-grandfather, Richard second Earl of Cork, in 1664, had existed 
about seventy years. The late member for the University of Cambridge, now elected for 
Devonshire in the place of his grandfather, assumes, as his grandfather's heir apparent, 
the title of Lord Cavendish, of Keighley.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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Penrith</Keyword>  <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 2 p.399
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  <Keyword>Countess PIllar</Keyword>  <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Countess Pillar, Penrith</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 22.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PASSING a day this autumn at the pleasant town of Penrith, I 
visited some of the objects of interest in its vicinity, and amongst them was the Pillar 
erected by the Countess of Pembroke, Dorset, and Montgomery, to commemorate the last 
parting with her mother, called by the people in the neighbourhood, the Countess's Pillar.
It stands on a little green eminence on the right of the high road from Penrith to 
Appleby, which is also the road to Appleby from Brougham Castle, whence no doubt the two 
ladies set out, the mother - who appears to have been left at Brougham, as she died there 
seven weeks after the parting, - accompanying the daughter so far on her journey. The 
distance from Brougham Castle is about half a mile. The home view from the spot on which 
it stands, is not in any respects striking: but in the distance, looking east-
</Paragraph>
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Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Cross Fell, Culgaith</Keyword> <Keyword>Saddleback, 
Threlkeld</Keyword> <Keyword>sundial, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Clifford Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Vesci Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Russell 
Family</Keyword> <Keyword>charity</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham Castle, Brougham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham Hall, Brougham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Gamont 
Bridge<Note>Eamont Bridge</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Eamont Bridge, Yanwath etc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>date stone</Keyword>  <Keyword>Bridge End, Eamont Bridge</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 2 p.400
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[east]ward, we see the vast range of Cross Fell, a line of lofty 
hills extending for many miles, while behind, Saddleback appears raised above the other 
hills.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The pillar consists of an octagonal shaft, each of the faces being
twelve or fifteen inches in breadth. On this is raised a cube, over which is a kind of 
capital.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The shaft is plain; but on the face of the cube which is toward 
the road, are two shields of arms, which appear to have been recently repainted. The one 
presents Clifford impaling Vesci, Gules, 6 annulets Or, the marriage which gave the 
Cliffords their great northern possessions. The other is Clifford impaling Russell, the 
achievement of the father or the mother of the lady by whom the pillar was erected; but 
plainly intended for the lady, since there is no crest, while the red griffin of the 
Cliffords is given over the other shield.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is also on this face the date 1654.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The three other faces of the cube serve as the plates of 
sun-dials; but in that on the side from the road is inserted a brass-plate containing the 
well-known inscription, of which the following is an exact copy:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THIS PILLAR WAS ERECTED ANNO 1650 / BY YE RT HONOLE ANNE COUNTESS 
DOWAGER OF / PEMBROKE, &amp;C. DAUGHTER AND COHEIR OF YE RT / HONOBLE GEORGE EARL OF 
CUMBERLAND, &amp;C. FOR A / MEMORIAL OF HER LAST PARTING IN THIS PLACE / WITH HER GOOD 
&amp; PIOUS MOTHER YE RT HONOBLE / MARGARET COUNTESS DOWAGER OF CUMBERLAND, / YE 2D OF 
APRIL, 1616. IN MEMORY WHEREOF / SHE ALSO LEFT AN ANNUITY OF FOUR POUNDS / TO BE 
DISTRIBUTED TO THE POOR WITHIN THIS / PARRICH OF BROUGHAM EVERY 2D DAY OF APRILL / FOR 
EVER, UPON THE STONE TABLE HERE HARD BY. / LAUS DEO.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The inscription appears to be an addition to the original design, 
and not to have been put up until after the death of the Countess of Pembroke. It is 
awkwardly placed in the face of the sun-dial, and it is so much raised above the eye of 
the spectator, that it is read with difficulty.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The stone-table no longer exists, but a stone still fixed firmly 
in the ground very near the pillar, seems to mark the place where it stood; and a flat 
stone lying in the ditch under the hedge at a short distance, is what appears to have been
the table slab. One cannot but regret that a monument of a very interesting character 
should not be kept up, and that since soome cost has been recently bestowed upon it, the 
table on which the benefaction of the Countess ought to be dispensed, has not been 
restored.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Brougham Castle is a ruin, but it is the ruin of a magnificent 
edifice. The room which is the most entire, was evidently the chapel, a room of good 
proportions, on the south side of the castle, and having apartment beneath it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Brougham-hall, the seat of the Chancellor, is about a mile from 
the castle, in a beautiful situation; commanding extensive views of this fine country. The
house itself has an air of ancestral pretension; the decorations of the old ceilings being
the arms and quarterings or impalements of the Broughams. Great improvements are now in 
progress; and in making them, regard has been shown to the preservation of the Roman 
inscriptions which have been found here. They are inserted in one of the walls, and in a 
situation where they are protected from the weather.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The taste for inscriptions prevails in this district. I observed 
several (some of a recent date) at the little village of Gamont Bridge (sic). But there is
one which invites attention, not more by the words themselves, than by the careful manner 
in which the letters have been cut:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OMNE SOLUM FORTI / PATRIA EST. H. P. 1671.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I could learn nothing of the person who placed this over his door.
Perhaps some of your Correspondents may be able to say by whom the words were inscribed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ANAMNESTES.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>tithes</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Trinity College, 
Cambridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Uvedale, R</Keyword> <Keyword>Sadler</Keyword> <Keyword>Hume,
David</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 2 p.482
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</Marginal>
Tithes, Kendal</Heading>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Rev. ROBERT UVEDALE, Vicar of Fotherby and Hogsthorpe, having 
learned from the public prints that Mr. Sadler and Mr. Hume have presented to the House of
Commons petitions from Kendal, complaining of an attempt to levy Tithes in kind, begs to 
state he that has a M.S. in small quarto respecting Trinity College, Cambridge, which 
belonged to his great-grandfather, the Rev. R. Uvedale, LL.D. one of the Fellows, and 
which comprises copies of Charters, Statutes, and King's Letters, and Accounts of Masters,
Benefactors, Estates, &amp;c. From a passage in this book, it is evident that the holders 
of land in the parish of Kendal were, 300 years ago, <i>not</i> liable to such demands as 
have been lately set up by Trinity College.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>atlas</Keyword> <Keyword>Gazetteer</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Family Topographer</Keyword> <Keyword>Tymms. Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>county, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 2 p.537
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Samuel Tymms</Keyword>  <Keyword>Family Topographer</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Samuel Tymms, Family Topographer</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G831B537.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Family Topographer; a Compendious Account of the ancient 
and present state of the Counties of England. By</i> Samuel Tymms. <i>Vol.I. Home 
Circuit.</i> 12mo, pp.224.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HE who knows how to make the most of time; to form his own 
unprejudiced opinions of objects; to revive the memory of things forgotten; to possess 
memoranda of interesting matters; to disburden the mind of treasuring mere dates; to 
anticipate what he is likely to find, and to acquire numerous incidental aids to his 
knowledge, will easily understand the value of a Compendia; and it is with science, as 
with money, the next thing to having it, is to know how to get it. This Compendium comes 
under such a character. It is a guide for the benefit of all persons who take an interest 
in topography, statistical and archaeological; or in history, national and biographical. 
In fact, it is a work that will be found useful and interesting to every individual, of 
whatever rank or pursuit, in the country. This recommendation will be found just, from an 
enumeration alone of the heads of the divisions under which each county is treated; viz. 
1. <i>Situation and Extent.</i> 2. <i>Ancient State and Remains.</i> 3. <i>Present State 
and Appearance.</i> 4. <i>Historical Events.</i> 5. <i>Eminent Natives.</i> 6. 
<i>Miscellaneous Observations.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As to the execution of the work, we can only say that he who used 
needles, and would be obliged to seek for them in bottles of hay, must receive an 
important service by having them collected, and brought to him in a case; and where things
are necessary or useful, every on ought to praise the
</Paragraph>
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<Date>1838</Date>
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history</Keyword> <Keyword>county, description</Keyword> <Keyword>Byro<Note>Roby, 
Mr</Note></Keyword>  <Keyword>Roby, Mr</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 2 p.538
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G831B538.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">patience and industry by which he is supplied with them. We 
further think good workmanship is a better test than quantity; but both together, the most
desirable thing of all. Therefore we only act justly towards our author; who has converted
a colossus into a portable image, perfect notwithstanding, though in miniature, as to all 
its leading parts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This Volume contains the Counties of Essex, Herfordshire, Kent, 
Surrey, and Sussex; and is introduced by the following account of the plan of arrangement,
and a little history of its progress. After mentioning his intention of annexing to the 
last volume an historical and descriptiove explanation of the plan on which the history of
the Counties has been written, the Editor says, the arrangement was "originally suggested 
by Mr. ROBY, of Tamworth, under the signature of 'BYRO,' in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for
October, 1816. The plan and notices were at first but slight and imperfect, the two 
counties of Bedford and Berks occupying only four pages of that Miscellany; but in the 
progress of the series, as far as Shropshire, many improvements were effected, till the 
plan nearly reached its present extent. The discontinuance of the series by that gentleman
in 1821, and the frequent enquiries respecting the cause of the apparent non-completion, 
induced the present Editor to think of compiling the remainder of the counties; and on 
their completion, to rewrite the whole for distinct publication."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The benefit of a more extended research are multifarious and 
important. The following apology is unnecessary.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The merits of the plan are due to Mr. Roby: the present Editor 
seeks for nothing beyond the credit due to his industry; and this humble need of 
approbation he feels confident will not be withheld, when it is considered that 
considerably more than a hundred volumes - some of which, as the antiquarian and 
topographical reader will be aware, are of no mean bulk - must have been carefully perused
to effect the abridgment of the Home Circuit alone. This may be ascertained by the 'List 
of Works consulted,' which is appended to each county, to enable the curious reader to 
extend his enquiries further with facility and pleasure."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We shall conclude with observing that other Compendia of County 
Histories are only selections - this is an epitome and synopsis of <i>all</i> their more 
prominent features.
</Paragraph>
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<Type>comment</Type>
<Paragraph rend="text">Compendia of county history for Westmorland and Cumberland appeared
in the Gentleman's Magazine
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>granite</Keyword> <Keyword>glacial erratic</Keyword> <Keyword>Reliquiae 
Galeanae</Keyword> <Keyword>Stukeley, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Gale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Routh</Keyword> <Keyword>Stones of Shap<Note>Karl Lofts</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Karl Lofts, Shap</Keyword> <Keyword>Kemp Howe stone circle, Shap</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Druids</Keyword> <Keyword>Danes</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumbri</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cimmerii</Keyword> <Keyword>Romans</Keyword> <Keyword>greywacke</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wastdale granite<Note>Shap granite</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1833 part 1 p.4
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>stone circle</Keyword>  <Keyword>Shap</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Stone Circle and Alignment, Shap</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 13.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN the Reliquiae Galeanae, p.387, is the subjoined interesting 
passage, in a letter dated Stamford, Sept. 24, 1743, from Dr. Stukeley to Mr. Gale:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'I have got a vast drawing and admeasurement, from Mr. Routh of 
Carlisle, of the Stones of Shap' (in Westmoreland,) 'which I desired from him. They give 
me so much satisfaction that verily I shall call on you next year to take another 
religious pilgrimage with me thither. I find it to be, what I always supposed, another 
huge serpentine temple, like that of Aubury. The measure of what are left extends a mile 
and a half, but, without a doubt, a great deal of it has been demolished by the town, 
abbey, and every thing else thereabouts.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I send you the above for insertion in your Magazine, with the hope
that some of your correspondents may be able to inform you whether the drawing and plan 
which it mentions, were ever published or not: if they were, in what work? and if not - 
whether they exist, and where?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The inclosure of Shap Fell made sad havoc in the temple. Traces of
it, however, still exist, and the recovery of Mr. Routh's plans might go far to find out 
its original form, and throw much light upon the history of the neighbourhood, which 
abounds in Druidical remains.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Stukeley is certainly right in calling the whole collection of
stones a temple. It is not, as has been commonly and idly conjectured, a Danish monument. 
Similar works abound in parts of Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, where the Danes never 
settled. Neither is there any evidence, or probable ground of conjecture, that the Danes 
ever erected any such monuments in Britain as this. They were too intent upon plunder and 
securing their conquests, to have either time or inclination to get up monuments in their 
glory.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is a remarkable feature of Westmoreland and Cumberland, that 
their uncultivated hills and plains are scattered all over with Druidical remains; while 
in Northumberland and Durham, which adjoin them on the east, scarcely anything of the kind
exists. There is, indeed, good historical evidence to show, that Cumberland and 
Westmoreland were inhabited by the Celtic race, called Cumbri, or Cimmerii, for several 
centuries after the Romans left Britain; whereas the eastern shores of the island, in 
Northumberland and Durham, were inhabited by German tribes before the Roman aera. The rude
masses of stone, of which the temple is made, consist chiefly of the granite and 
grauwacke, which abound in the mountains to the west of Shap. They are all diluvial; and 
immense numbers of similar sorts of blocks are found all over the hills about Shap and 
Orton, and as far east as about Appleby and Brough. Some blocks of the Wastdale granite (a
district to the south west of Shap) are even left upon the bare limestone strata on 
Stanemore; one lies as a curiosity in the street of Darlington; and rounded fragments of 
the same kind are often found in the
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granite<Note>Shap granite</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Wasdale Beck</Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
coin</Keyword> <Keyword>coin, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Musgrave, Christopher, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden Hall, Edenhall</Keyword> <Keyword>road, Kendal to 
Shap</Keyword> <Keyword>Vespasian</Keyword> <Keyword>Domitian</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Agricola</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1833 part 1 p.5
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">gravel-heaps of the south-western parts of the county of Durham. 
Near to the ancient beds from which all the granite blocks were torn, the Wastdale-beck 
rolls over prodigious quantities of them; and about three years since, when the workmen 
were employed in improving the road from Shap to Kendal, they had a great many of them to 
remove just on the north side of Wastdale beck; and under some, found considerable 
quantities of Roman coins, all belonging to emperors, prior, as I understood my informant,
to the reign of Trajan, but principally of Vespasian and Domitian. There were 19 of gold, 
and about 580 of silver, and all in fine preservation. Several of them found there way 
into the cabinet of Sir Christopher Musgrave, Bart. of Eden Hall, in Cumberland. This 
discovery is highly interesting, inasmuch as it serves to show that the route of 
Agricola's army from Wales, was by that way into Caledonia. I hope this notice may be the 
means of procuring you some further and more particular account of the coins themselves, 
and of the circumstances under which they were found.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">V.W.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1833 part 1 p.25
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>jesters</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Jesters</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G833A023.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PROGRESS OF ANECDOTAL LITERATURE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Continued from</i> vol.CII. i. p.586.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Ancient Jesters.</i>
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G833A024.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Much of this article is not relevant to Westmorland or Cumberland, 
but see pp.26-27
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<Filename size="vlarge">G833A025.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following are some of the titles of Jest-bookes published 
during the foregoing periods:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Baldwin's Treatise of Moral Phylosophye, containynge the Sayinges 
of the Wyse, Worthye Preceptes, Pithy Meeters, and Proverbs. b. l. imp. by R. Tottel, 
1561.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Flowers of Sencies, gathered out of Sundry Writers, printed by
T. Kynge, 1552.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Apophthegmes, that is to saie, prompte, quicke, wittie, and 
sentencious sainges, verie pleasant and profitable to reade. b. l. 1564.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Wonderful Year 1603, with certaine tales cut into sundry 
fashions, to shorten the Lives of Long Winter Nights. 4to.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Jack a Lent, his Entertainment, with the Mad Prankes of the 
Gentleman Usher.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Jacke of Dover, his Quest of In-
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>jester</Keyword> <Keyword>Armstrong, Archibald</Keyword> <Keyword>Archee, 
jester</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles I</Keyword> <Keyword>James I</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wauchopdale, Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Howell</Keyword> <Keyword>Familiar 
Letters</Keyword>  <Keyword>Weldon, A, Sir</Keyword>  <Keyword>Droman, David</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1833 part 1 p.26
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Archibald Armstrong</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Archibald Armstrong</Heading>
<References>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[In]quirie for the veriest foole in England, 1604.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wit and Mirth, chargeably collected out of Tavernes, Bowling 
Greenes, Allyes, Alehouses, Water-passages, &amp;c. made up into Clinches, Bulls, Quirkes,
Yerkes, &amp;c. b. l. 1629.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There have always been persons who have made it their business to 
note down whatever witticisms they hear, for the purpose of retailing them elsewhere as 
their own. A living punster, who can afford to honour drafts on his talent at sight, 
happening to detect a purloiner of this kind, in repeating old stories with new 
applications, told him that he trusted to his memory for his wit, and to his invention for
his facts. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Additions to Anecdotal Literature.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Vol.XCI. part i. p.23. Archibald Armstrong, commonly called Archy,
is said to have been born in Cumberland, but a tradition is preserved in the south of 
Scotland of his having resided in Wauchopedale, and stealing sheep there.[14] It appears 
that he was at Madrid with Prince Charles in 1623; for Howell, in his Familiar Letters, 
says, "our cousin Archy hath more privilege than any, for he often goes with his fool's 
coat where the Infanta is with her <i>meninas</i> and maids of honour, and keeps a blowing
and blustering among them, and blurts out what he lists."[15] (He may have gone as a sort 
of spy). King James seems to have been partial to Archy, and to have diverted himself with
him frequently; at his supper-time, says Sir A. Weldon, "Goring was master of the game for
fooleries: sometimes presenting David Droman, and Archer Armstrong, the king's fools, on 
the back of other fools, to tilt one at another, till they fell together by the ears."[16]
Ben Jonson, in his Discoveries, tells us a <i>Heare-say newes</i>, "That an Elephant, 
1630, came hither Ambassadour from the great Mogull (who could both write and reade) and 
was every day allowed twelve cast of bread, twenty quarts of Canary sacke,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[14] Irving's Scottish Poets, i. 200.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[15] P.136.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[16] Memoirs, p.91, edit. 1689.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>History of England</Keyword> <Keyword>Parliament, prorogued</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1833 part 1 p.27
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">besides nuts and almonds the citizens' wives sent him. That he had
a Spanish boy to his intepreter, and his chiefe negotiation was, to conferre or practise 
with Archy, the principall foole of State, about stealing, hence <i>Windsor Castle</i>, 
and carrying it away on his back if he can." In the Banquet of Witty Jests, No.312, a 
story is attributed to Archy which has been told of various others:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"ON KING CHARLES AND ARCHEE. - King Charles ordered some thousands
of crowns to be delivered (to) a French Monsieur to buy horses, whose skill therein was 
accounted extraordinary, and departed the court with great splendour; which one of his 
Majesty's jester observing, takes his pen and ink and puts his Majesty in his catalogue of
fools, which was not long after found out by his Majesty, and the reason demanded thereof?
To which he thus answered:- Charles, thou hast given many thousands crowns to buy horses, 
and if he return with either, I will scratch thee out, and put him down for the fool 
indeed."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Echard, in his History of England, says that in 1641, when the 
King conceded to the Parliament, that they "should not be adjourned, prorogued, or 
dissolved without their own consent;" this was not only reflected on abroad, "but 
condemned at home by his own fool Archy, who said he did not know whether the King was the
greater fool to grant it, or the Parliament the greater knaves to ask it."[17] The remark 
may have been made, but Archy was not then the King's fool.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That Armstrong acquired a competency during the time he enjoyed 
his office, is certain; for it is mentioned in the verses prefixed to his Jests, and 
alluded to in Lord Stafford's Letters, as well as in the Preface to the Tales of Hugh 
Peters, where it is said, "And believe me, let the world say what it will, <i>Archee</i> 
was a fool to him, as appears by his fulfilling the proverb, <i>Fortune favours fools</i>;
for he got a good estate, and so did our author too, you'll say." When he died is not 
known.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The office of Court Jester was probably abolished at the 
Restoration; ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[17] Vol.ii. p.241.
</Paragraph>
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William</Keyword> <Keyword>Observations on the Lakes of Cumberland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Burke</Keyword>  <Keyword>picturesque</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1834 part 1 p.141
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Thomas Green</Keyword>  <Keyword>William Gilpin</Keyword>
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Thomas Green on William Gilpin</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Thomas Green's diary for 23 October 1801 - comments on William 
Gilpin.
</Paragraph>
<References>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Diary of a Lover of Literature.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 23. Finished <i>Gilpin's</i> Observations on the Lakes
of Cumberland, &amp;c. In the 16th Section he maintains that masterly but unfinished 
sketches please beyond finished performances, because "they leave to the imagination the 
power of creating something more;" and not, as Burke affirms, "from the promise of 
something more in themselves." The difference does not appear very material; both mean 
that the imagination is stimulated to supply what is not represented. In the 18th Section 
he contends that beauty and sublimity are both mingled in <i>Ullswater Lake</i>, without 
destroying each other, as Burke predicts they must. The mediation of Price's doctrine of 
the <i>picturesque</i> seems adapted to set the whole right. Delighted as I am with 
Gilpin, I begin to think that for purposes of liberal gratification he views nature too 
exclusively with an artist's eye, and thus deprives of just praise, many grand and 
striking scenes in his Tour, while he overrates others. His sketches by no means 
correspond to the refinement of his ideas; and they are any thing but portraits of the 
places. Some of his little historical digressions are eminently pleasing; they are 
judiciously introduced, and most gracefull treated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1834 part 1 p.176
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>library</Keyword> <Keyword>Naworth Castle</Keyword> <Keyword>King 
Arthur</Keyword>
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Library, Naworth Castle, and King Arthur</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">The scene is first set by an observation in Gloucestershire:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - In a journey I made a few since to Bristol, I passed 
through Newport, about 16 miles from Gloucester, and whilst the horses were changing, I 
saw from the window of the inn, where I was sitting, a board on the opposite side of the 
way, inscribed - "Here is to be seen the tomb of King Arthur." Attracted by this 
<i>enticing</i> inscription, I knocked at the door of a humble cottage, which was opened 
by an old woman, whom I desired to show me the tomb; on which she pointed to a large and 
ponderous stone coffin, between 7 and 8 feet long, and weighing as was said 3 tons. in it 
was a well preserved human skeleton, supposed to have been deposited in an inner wooden 
coffin, that was found to be almost decayed from time and moisture. At the bottom of the 
stone chest, I noticed two small bronze shovels, a fragment of a bronze hinge, a Roman key
of the same materials, and some fragments of pottery. There was also the handle of a large
vessel with the latters L. A. S. stamped upon it, which had most learnedly interpretted by
the old dame to mean "Lord Arthur Sovereign." She informed me that this stone coffin was 
found at Gloucester, on the premises of a Mr. John Sims, of whom she purchased it on 
speculation for 16<i>l.</i> I should have mentioned that the edges of it are lined with a 
thick coating of lead, and a printed paper given to the visitors, replete with ignorance, 
mentions a leaden coffin, &amp;c. This wonderful tomb of "the Lord Arthur," is certainly 
Roman, and of the same kind as some that have been described in Archaeologia.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This specimen of popular ignorance would have better suited 
Glastonbury than either Gloucester or Newport. The monkish fraud of the supposed tomb of 
Arthur and his wife Guinevra, at Glastonbury, is too well known to your readers to require
any enlargement concerning it in this place.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It has been said, that at the dissolution of the monasteries in 
England, several articles belonging to Glastonbury Abbey were transferred to Naworth 
Castle, in Cumberland, then in the possession of Lord William Howard, the friend of 
Camden, who seems to have believed in the monkish fable and in the cross with Arthur's 
name, which he has given in the Britannia.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Ritson, in his Life of King Arthur, p.139, states that there 
is still preserved at the above-mentioned castle a huge volume of three vellum leaves, 
standing on the floor, being the original legend of Joseph of Arimathea, which Leland 
beheld with admiration on his vist to Glastonbury Abbey. It would be very desirable to 
know whether this volume still exists, and to have a particular account of it, as well as 
of any articles formerly in Glastonbury. A catalogue too of the ancient library at Naworth
Castle, if it could be obtained by permission of the noble owner, would also be a most 
acceptable present to many a bibliomaniac of the present day.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">D.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1834 part 2 p.544
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Obituary, Samuel Taylor Coleridge</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, ESQ.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>July</i> 25. At Highgate, aged 62, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 
Esq.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Coleridge was born in 1773 at the market town of Ottery St. 
Mary, in Devonshire. His father, the Rev. John Coleridge, was for many years Vicar of that
parish, after having been an eminent schoolmaster at South Moulton, on the northern side 
of that county. He was also the author of some Scriptural Dissertations, and of a critical
Latin Grammar, which was by no means an ordinary production. He died in 1782, having had a
numerous family, of whom the male survivors were: 1. Colonel Coleridge; 2. the Rev. Edward
Coleridge, of Ottery; 3. the Rev. George Coleridge, of the same place; and 4. the 
distinguished Poet and Philosopher now deceased.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It may well be supposed that with so large a family, and having 
had only a small living, Mr. Coleridge could not leave much behind him; and accordingly, 
some friends procured admission for the youngest son in Christ's Hospital, where he soon 
distinguished himself as a boy of acute parts and eccentric habits. To his master, The 
Rev. James Bowyer, he expressed the deepest obligations; he was a severe disciplinarian, 
but produced excellent scholars. Mr. Coleridge says - "He early moulded my taste to the 
preference of Demosthenes to Cicero, of Homer and Theocritus to Virgil, and again of 
Virgil to Ovid. He habituated me to compare Lucretius, Terence, and above all, the chaster
poems of Catullus, not only with the Roman poets, of the, so called, Silver and Brazen 
ages, but with even those of the Augustan era; and on grounds of plain sense and universal
logic to see and assert the superiority of the former, in the truth and nativeness, both 
of their thoughts and diction. At the same time that we were studying Greek Tragic Poets, 
he made us read Shakespeare and Milton as lessons; and they were the lessons too which 
required most time and trouble to <i>bring up</i>, so as to escape his censure. I learned 
from him that poetry, even that of the loftiest, and seemingly that of the wildest odes, 
had a logic of its own, as severe as that of science, and more difficult, because more 
subtle, more complex, and dependent on more, and more fugitive causes. In our English 
compositions (at least for the last three years of our school education) he showed no 
mercy to phrase, metaphor, or image, unsupported by sound sense, or where the same sense 
might have been conveyed with equal force and dignity in plainer words. Lute, harp, and 
lyre, muse, muses, and inspirations, Pegasus, Parnassus, and Hippocrene, were all an 
abomination to him. In fancy, I can almost hear him now exclaiming - "<i>Harp? Harp? Lyre?
Pen and ink, boy, you mean! Muse, boy, muse? Your nurse's daughter, you mean! Pierian 
spring? Oh, aye! the cloister-pump, I suppose!</i>"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another friend, to whom Mr. Coleridge acknowledges his 
obligations, while on that noble foundation, was Dr. Middleton, afterwards Bishop of 
Calcutta, who was then in the first form, or, in the language of the school, a 
<i>Grecian</i>. From him, among other favours, he received a present of Mr. Bowles's 
Sonnets, with which our student was so enthusiastically delighted, that in less than 
eighteen months he had made more than forty transcriptions of them, for the purpose of 
giving them to persons who had in any way won his regard. The possession of these peoms 
wrought a great, and indeed radical, change in the mind of our author, who hitherto, and 
even before his fifteenth year, had bewildered himself in metaphysical speculation and 
theological controversy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Nothing else," says Mr. Coleridge, "pleased me. History, and 
particular facts, lost all interest in my mind. Poetry (though for a school-boy of that 
age, I was above par in English versification, and had already produced two or three 
compositions, which, I may venture to say, without reference to my age, were somewhat 
above mediocrity, and which had gained me more credit than the sound good sense of my old 
master was at all pleased with,) poetry itself, yea, novels and romances, became insipid 
to me. in my friendless wanderings, on our <i>leave days</i>, (for I was an orphan, and 
had scarce any connections in London) highly was I delighted, if any passenger, especially
if he was dressed in black, would enter into a conversation with me. For I soon found the 
means of directing it to my favourite subjects.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Of Providence, fore-knowledge, will, and fate,</Line>
<Line>Fix'd fate, free-will, fore-knowledge absolute,</Line>
<Line>And found no end, in wandering mazes lost."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the age of nineteen our author removed to Jesus College, 
Cambridge; but of his academical history we know but little; nor does it appear, indeed, 
that he either graduated or stood a candidate for the literary honours of the university. 
While there, however, he assisted one of his friends in the composition of an
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1834 part 2 p.545
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<Paragraph rend="quote">essay on English Poetry, intended for a society at Exeter, but 
which piece is not inserted in their published volume.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We presume that it was at this period of his life that he enlisted
as a common soldier in the Dragoons. Upon this singular fact, or what might be called in 
the metaphysician's own language "psychological curiosity," the following authentic 
account has been communicated to the public by the Rev. W. L. Bowles, who is, perhaps, the
only person now living who could explain all the circumstances from Mr. Coleridge's own 
mouth, with whom he became acquainted after a sonnet addressed to him in his poems; and 
who, moreover, was intimate with that very officer who alone procured Coleridge his 
discharge:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The regiment was the 15th, Elliott's Light Dragoons; the officer 
was Nathaniel Ogle, eldest son of Dr. Newton Ogle, Dean of Winchester, and brother of the 
late Mrs. Sheridan; he was a scholar, and, leaving Merton College, he entered his regiment
a cornet. Some years afterwards - I believe he was then a Captain of Coleridge's troop - 
going into the stables, at Reading, he remarked written on the white wall, under one of 
the saddles, in large pencil characters, the following sentence, in Latin -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">'Eheu! quam infortunii miserrimum est fuisse felicem!'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Being struck with the circumstance, and himself a scholar, 
Captain Ogle inquired of a soldier whether he knew to whom the saddle belonged. 'Please 
your honour, to Comberback,' answered the dragoon. 'Comberback!' said his captain; 'send 
him to me.' Comberback presented himself, with the inside of his hand in front of his cap.
His officer mildly said, 'Comberback, did you write the Latin sentence which I have just 
read, under your saddle?' 'Please, your honour,' answered the soldier, 'I wrote it?' 
'Then, my lad, you are not what you are not what you appear to be. I shall speak to the 
commanding officer, and you may depend on my speaking as a friend.' The commanding 
officer, I think, was General Churchill. Comberback&#x002A; was examined, and it was found
out, that having left Jesus College, Cambridge, and being in London without resources, he 
had enlisted in this regiment. He was soon discharged, - not from his democrratic 
feelings; for, whatever those feelings might be, as a soldier he was remarkable orderly 
and obedient, though he could not rub down his own horse. He was discharged from respect 
to his friends and his station. His friends having been informed of his situation, a 
chaise was soon at the door of the Bear Inn, Reading, and the officers of the 15th 
cordially shaking his hands, particularly the officer who had been the means of his 
discharge, he drove off, not without a tear in his eye, whilst his old companions of the 
tap room gave him three hearty cheers as the wheels rapidly rolled away along the road to 
London and Cambridge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"It should be mentioned, that by far the most correct, sublime, 
chaste, and beautiful of his poems, <i>meo judicio</i>, his 'Religious Musings,' was 
written, <i>non inter sylvas academi</i>, but in the tap room at Reading. A fine subject 
for a painting by Wilkie."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1794, Coleridge ventured to publish a small volume of juvenile 
Poems, which were very favourably spoken of by the periodical critics, as the buds of 
hope, and promises of better works to come: though the same reviewers concurred in 
objecting to them, obscurity, a general turgidness of diction, and a profusion of 
new-coined double epithets. The same year he published "The Fall of Robespierre, an 
historic drama," in which the Conventional speeches were happily versified, and the 
sentiments expressed in language classically correct, and uncommonly vigourous. The French
Revolution had at this time turned the heads of many persons, and this was the case with 
Mr. Coleridge, who became such a zealot in the cause of universal liberty as to abandon 
the friendly cloisters of his college to embark in the quixotic enterprise of reforming 
the world. he had, at this time, formed a close intimacy with Mr. Southey and Robert 
Lovell, on a visit to Oxford; and, their sentiments being perfectly in unison, the 
triumvirate began to project schemes for ameliorating the condition of human society. They
began their operations at Bristol in a course of Lectures delivered by our young 
adventurer, with considerable applause from certain classes in that renowned trading city.
Here, also, in 1795, Mr. Coleridge published two political pamphlets, one entitled, 
"Conciones ad Populum, or Address to the People;" and the other, "A Protest against 
certain Bills then pending for Suppressing Seditious Meetings."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In an inauspicious hour he was also persuaded to commence a weekly
paper, "The Watchman;" and as the object of
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; When he enlisted he was asked his name. He hesitated, but
saw the name Comberback over a shop door near Westminster-bridge, and instantly said his 
name was "Comberback."
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1834 part 2 p.546
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<Paragraph rend="quote">it was to diffuse the new political doctrines, he set out like 
Wildgoose in Mr. Grave's admirable novel, to make proselytes, and above all, to procure 
subscribers. No "Diffusion Society" had then prepared his way in the manufacturing towns; 
the Watchman languished on the tenth number, and then its warning voice was heard no more.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This woeful disappointment in his political expectations was in 
some measure relieved by the favourable reception given to a volume of Poems, the quick 
sale of which induced him to a republication, with the addition of some communications 
from his friends, Charles Lamb and Charles Lloyd.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Still the ardour of liberty, and the establishment of a perfect 
order of things, continued to prevail, and Mr. Coleridge, with his friends Southey and 
Lovell, were bent upon trying their skill as political philosophers, not in correcting the
evils of a old state, but in the settlement of a new one. This Utopia, which was to bear 
the high-sounding name of PANTISOCRACY, they proposed to found on the banks of the 
Susquehanna, where all property was to be held in common, and every man in his turn to be 
a legislator. But while preparations were making to carry out this fine project into 
execution, the whole scheme blew up by a spark of another description; for in the midst of
their dreams of immortality, these rivals of Solon, Lycurgus, and Numa, became enamooured 
of three sisters of the name of Fricker. Thus the business of Love thrust out the mighty 
concern of what Jeremy Bentham was wont to call the science of Codification, and in a 
short time our author and his two associates, instead of seeking happiness in the wilds of
America, were content to sit down in the bosom of domestic enjoyment, according to the 
laws and usages of their fathers. In plain terms, all three married; and the scheme of 
foreign colonization being given up, they began to think about settling in their own 
country. Mr. Coleridge went to reside at Nether Stowey, a small town near Bridgewater, 
where he contracted an acquainance with Mr. Wordsworth.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At this period the circumstances of our author were far from being
comfortable, and his principal subsistence depended upon literary labours, the 
remuneration for which, at such a distance from the metropolis, could not be adequate for 
the necessities of a growing family. In this perplexity he was relieved by the generous 
and munificent patronage of Mr. Josiah and Mr. Thomas Wedgwood, who enabled him to finish 
his education in Germany, where he began to study the language at Ratzeburg; after 
acquiring which he went through Hanover to Goettingen. Here he diligently attended the 
lectures of Blumenbach on physiology and natural history; and those of Eichhorn on the New
Testament: but his chief application was to philosophy and polite literature. This 
important event in the life of Mr. Coleridge occurred in 1798, and during his residence 
abroad he had the satisfaction of meeting Mr. Wordsworth, then on a tour in Germany with 
his sister. Soon after the return of our author from Germany, he undertook the literary 
and political department of the Morning Post, on entering into which engagement, it was 
stipulated that the paper should be conducted on certain fixed and announced principles, 
from which the editor should neither be obliged nor requested to deviate in favour of any 
party or circumstance. This connexion continued during the Addington Administration, after
which, the paper being transferred to other proprietors, Mr. Coleride relinquished the 
management. While he was in this concern he published translations of two of Schiller's 
Dramas, on the story of Wallenstein.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Coleridge now became Secretary to Sir Alexander Ball, whom he 
accompanied to Malta, of which island that distinguished officer was appointed Governor; 
but this situation our author did not long retain, nor did it prove any otherwise 
advantageous to him than by extending his knowledge of the world, and giving him an 
opportunity of treading the classic ground of Italy. During his wanderings, his wife and 
family resided under the roof of Mr. Southey, at Keswick, and thither our poet bent his 
course on his return to England.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We next find him lecturing on poetry at the Royal Institution, and
an occasional writer in the Courier, his political principles having now undergone a 
complete transmutation. In 1812 he produced a series of miscellaneous essays entituled 
"The Friend;" which, though they had but a very limited circulation, he subsequently 
revised, enlarged, and re-printed. The year following appeared "Remorse;" a tragedy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This was originally written some years before at the suggestion of
his friend Mr. Bowles, in consequence of a wish expressed by Sheridan, but who, when he 
saw it, had considered it unsuitable for performance.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1816 Mr. Coleridge published Christabel, &amp;c.; and the 
Statesman's Manual, a Lay Sermon; in 1817 his Bibliographia Literaria, in two vols.; in 
1818
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1834 part 2 p.547
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Sibylline Leaves, a collection of Poems; and a Second Lay Sermon; 
and in 1818 Zapolya, A Christmas Tale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For many years he continued his lectures at Literary institutions,
though with repugnance to the task. In a letter written in 1819, he says -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Wo is me! that at forty-six I am under the necessity of appearing
as a lecturer, and obliged to regard every hour that I give to the <i>permanent</i>, 
whether as a poet or philosopher, an hour stolen from others' as well as from my own 
maintenance; so that, after a life (for I might be said to have commenced in earliest 
childhood) - a life of observation, meditation, and almost encyclopedic studies, I am 
forced to bewail, as in my poem addressed to Mr. Wordsworth -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Sense of past youth and manhood come in vain,</Line>
<Line>And genius given and knowledge won in vain,</Line>
<Line>And all which I had culled in wood-walks wild,</Line>
<Line>And all which patient toil had reared, and all</Line>
<Line>Commune with Thee had opened out, - but flowers</Line>
<Line>Strewed on my corse, and borne upon my bier,</Line>
<Line>In the same coffin to the self-same grave.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wo from without, but well for me, however, from within, that I 
have been 'more sinned against than sinning.' My lectures are, though not very numerously,
yet very respectably attended - and as respectably attended to. My next Friday's lecture 
will, if I do not grossly <i>flatter-blind</i> myself, be interesting, and the points of 
view not only original, but new to the audience. I make this distinction, because sixteen,
or rather seventeen, years ago, I delivered eighteen lectures on Shakespeare at the Royal 
Institution - three-fourths of which appeared at that time startling paradoxes, which have
since been adopted by men who at the time made use of them as proofs of my flighty and 
parodoxical turn of mind - all tending to prove that Shakespeare's judgment was, if 
possible, still more wonderful than his genius: or rather, that the contra-distinction 
itself between judgment and genius, rested on an utterly false theory. This, and its 
proofs and grounds have been, I should not have said adopted, but produced as their own 
legitimate children - nay, the merit given to a foreign writer, whose lectures were not 
given orally till two years after mine - rather than to their countryman, though I dare 
appeal to the most adequate judges - as Sir G. Beaumont, the Bishop of Durham, Mr. 
Sotheby, and afterwards to Mr. Rogers and Lord Byron, whether there is one single 
principle in Schlegel's work (which is not an admitted drawback from its merits) that was 
not established and applied in detail by me."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This letter has been lately published in the "The Canterbury 
Magazine;" and in the Literary Gazette another has appeared on the same subject, which was
addressed in the same year to John Britton, esq. with reference to some lectures Coleridge
then delivered at the Russell Institution. This contains the following interesting 
passage, describing his <i>method</i> and management in these compositions:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The fact is this: during a course of lectures, I faithfully 
employ <i>all</i> the intervening days in collecting and digesting the materials; whether 
I have or have not lectured on the same subject before, making no difference. The day of 
the lecture, till the hour of commencement, I devote to the consideration, what of the 
mass before me is best fitted to answer the purposes of a lecture - <i>i.e.</i> to keep th
audience awake and interested during the delivery, and to leave a <i>sting</i> behind - 
<i>i.e.</i> a disposition to study the subject anew, under the light of a new principle. 
Several times, however, partly from apprehension respecting my health and animal spirits, 
partly from the wish to possess copies that might afterwards be marketable among the 
publishers, I have previously written the lecture; but before I had proceeded twenty 
minutes, I have been obliged to push the MSS. away, and give the subject a new turn. Nay, 
this was so notorious, that many of my auditors used to threaten me, when they saw any 
number of written papers on my desk, to steal them away; declaring they never felt so 
secure of a good lecture, as when they perceived I had not a single scrap of writing 
before me. I take far, far more pains than would go to the set composition of a lecture, 
both by varied reading and by meditation; but for the words, illustrations, &amp;c. I know
almost as little as any one of my audience (<i>i.e.</i> those of any thing like the same 
education with myself) what they will be five minutes before the lecture begins. Such is 
<i>my way</i>, for such is my <i>nature;</i> and in attempting any other, I should only 
torment myself in order to disappoint my auditors." In a subsequent passage of the same 
letter he says, "Were it in my power, my works should be confined to the second volume of 
my 'Literary Life,' the Essays from the third volume of the 'Friend,' from page 67 to page
165, with about fifty or sixty pages from the two former volumes, and some half-dozen of 
my poems.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There has been still another interesting letter lately published 
in the newspapers, which was written in 1826 in reply to an application for pecuniary 
relief from a brother poet, and in which he thus describes his own situation:
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1834 part 2 p.548
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<Paragraph rend="quote">"<i>September</i> 2, 1826.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"O, it is sad, sir, to know distress, and to feel for it, and yet 
have no power of remedy! Conscious that my circumstances have neither been the penalty of 
sloth, nor of extravagance, nor of vicious habits, but to have resulted from the refusal, 
since earliest manhood, to sacrific my conscience to my temporal interests, and from the 
practice of writing what my fellow-citizens want rather than what they like, I suffer no 
pang of shame in avowing to you that I do not possess so many shillings as you mention 
pounds, and that if I were arrested for a debt of eight sovereigns, I have no other means 
of procuring the money but by the sale of my books, that are to me the staff of life. The 
whole of my yearly income does not amoount to the prime cost of my necessary maintenance, 
clothes, shelter, food, and medicine; the rest I owe to the more than brotherly regard of 
my disinterested friend, Mr. Gillman, to whose medical skill I owe, under God, that I am 
alive, and to whose, and his amiable wife's unceasing kindness I am indebted for all that 
makes life endurable. Even when my health is at the best, I can only exert myself for a 
few hours in the twenty-four, and these I conscientiously devote to the completion of the 
great works, in the matter of composition of which I have been employed the last twenty 
years of a laborious life - if hard thinking and hard reading constitute labour. But for 
the last six months, such has been the languor and debility of my frame - languor 
alternating with severe pain - that I have not been able even to maintain the scanty 
correspondence with the few friends I possess. By Publications I, or rather two or three 
generous friends, have lost about 300<i>l.</i> - for I cannot, at least will not, write in
reviews - and what I can write the public will not read, so that I have no connexion with 
any magazine, paper, or periodical of any kind, nor have I had interest enough to procure 
any review or journal even the announcement of my own last work - the Aids to Reflection. 
I neither live for the world nor in the world."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The last memorable circumstance in Coleridge's life, was the 
publication of a complete edition of his Poems, on which his fame will rest, in three 
volumes by Pickering. It may not be amiss to point out their threefold nature; as works of
passionate and exalted meditation, witness his 'Sunrise in the Valley of Chamouni,' his 
'Lines on an Autumnal Evening,' his 'Religious Musings,' his 'Ode to the Departing Year,' 
and many other of his earlier poems; - as out-pourings of the wild inspiration of old 
romance, his 'Ancient Mariner,' his 'Genevieve, and his 'Christabel' - and his latest 
verses, as treasuring in a few lines, matured philosophy - mingling wisdom with 
retrospect, and intimations of holy truths with pleasant and simple images. Nor must we 
forget his version of 'Wallenstein,' a master-translation of a master work; or his 
original dramatic compositions, too full of deep thought and delicate imagery for a stage.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After all, however, it was in his <i>conversation</i> that Mr. 
Coleridge was most remarkable. In an admirable article on his poetical and peculiar 
genius, which appeared just before his death, in No.103 of the Quarterly Review, are the 
following remarks on this subject:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Perhaps our readers may have heard repeated a saying of Mr. 
Wordsworth, that many men of his age had done wonderful <i>things</i>, as Davy, Scott, 
Cuvier, &amp;c.; but that Coleridge was the only wonderful <i>man</i> he ever knew. 
Something, of course, must be allowed in this, as in all other such cases, for the 
anithesis; but we believe the fact really to be, that the greater part of those who have 
occasionally visited Mr. Coleridge, have left him feeling akin to the judgment indicated 
in the above remark. They admire the man more than his works, or they forget the works in 
the absorbing impression made by the living author. And no wonder. Those who remember him 
in his more vigourous days can bear witness to the peculiarity and transcendant power of 
his conversational eloquence. It was unlike anything that could be heard elsewhere; the 
kind was different, the degree was different, the manner was different. The boundless 
range of scientific knowledge, the brilliancy and exquisite nicety of illustration, the 
deep and ready reasoning, the strangeness and immensity of bookish lore - were not all; 
the dramatic story, the joke, the pun, the festivity, must be added - and with these the 
clerical-looking dress, the thick waving silver hair, the youthful-coloured cheek, the 
indefinable mouth and lips, the quick yet steady and penetrating greenish grey eye, the 
slow and continuous enunciation, and the everlasting music of his tones, - all went to 
make up the image and to constitute the living presence of the man. Even now his 
conversation is characterized by all the essentials of its former excellence; there is the
same individuality, the same <i>unexpectedness</i>, the same universal grasp; nothing is 
too high, nothing too low for it: it glances from earth to heaven, from heaven to earth, 
with a speed
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1834 part 2 p.549
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and a splendour, an ease and a power, which almost seem inspired.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"So much of the intellectual life and influence of Mr. Coleridge 
has consisted in the oral communication of his opinions, that no sketch could be 
reasonably complete with a distinct notice of the peculiar character of his powers in this
particular. We believe it has not been the lot of any other literary man in England, since
Dr. Johnson, to command the devoted admiration and steady zeal of so many and such widely 
differing disciples. The fulness, the inwardness, the ultimate scope of his doctrines, has
never yet been published in print, and if disclosed, it has been from time to time in the 
higher moments of conversation, when occasion, and mood, and person begot an exalted 
crisis. More than once has Mr. Coleridge said, that with a pen in hand he felt a thousand 
checks and difficulties in the expression of his meaning; but that - authorship aside - he
never found the smallest hitch or impediment in the fullest utterance of his most subtle 
fancies by word of mouth. His abstrussest thoughts became rhythmical and clear, when 
chaunted to their own music."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Coleridge died under the roof of his invaluable friend Mr. 
Gillman, at Highgate, and his body was laid in the ground in the vaults of the new church 
there. His funeral was strictly private, and his hearse was followed by a very few 
intimate friends only. Many of the admirers of his great attainments and his high literary
fame and reputation would have wished to attend, but they were not invited, some even 
excluded, by the friends who had the conduct of his funeral, and who were best acquainted 
with the dislike of the deceased to empty ostentation, and with the just but meek and 
Christian feelings and sentiments of his last moments.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A month or two before his death, he wrote his own humble and 
affectionate epitaph:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Stop, Christian passer by! Stop, Child of God!</Line>
<Line>And read with gentlest breast. Beneath this sod</Line>
<Line>A poet lies, or that which once seemed he;-</Line>
<Line>O, lift a prayer in thought for S.T.C.!</Line>
<Line>That he who many a year with toil of breath</Line>
<Line>Found death in life, may here find life in death!</Line>
<Line>Mercy for praise - to be forgiven for fame -</Line>
<Line>He asked, and hoped through Christ. Do thou the same.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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Obituary, Rev Edward Tatham</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">REV. EDWARD TATHAM, D.D.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 24. At Coombe rectory, Oxford-shire, aged 85, the 
Rev. Edward Tatham, D.D. Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford, Rector of Whitchurch, Salop, 
and Perpetual Curate of Twyford, Berks.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Tatham was a native of Cumberland, and was originally of 
Queen's college, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1776. He was afterwards elected 
Fellow of Lincoln, and proceeded to B.D. 1783, D.D. 1787. In 1778 he published in 8vo., an
Essay on Journal Poetry; and in 1780, Twelve Discourses introductory to the study of 
Divinity. In 1789 he preached the Bampton Lecture; and his discourses delivered on that 
occasion, were published under the title of "The Chart and Scale of Truth," in two 
volumes, the first of which appeared in 1790, the second not until 1792.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Tatham was at that time deeply interested in politics. He 
addressed through the public prints, a remonstrative Letter to the Revolution Society. In 
1791 he published "Letters to Edmund Burke, on Politics." 8vo; and in 1792,a Sermon 
preached before the University, Nov. 5, the anniversary of the Revolution of 1688. In the 
year 1792 he was elected Rector of Lincoln College, with the annexed living of Twyford. In
1793 he published a "Sermon suitable to the Times," which he had then recently preached 
four times; and in 1797 he published "Letters to Mr. Pitt, on the National Debt and a 
National Bank;" in 1807, "An Address to the Members of Convocation, on the proposed new 
statute respecting Public Examinations;" in 1811, "An Address to Lord Grenville on Abuses 
in the University;" in 1813, "Oxonia Purgata, consisting of a series of addresses on the 
subject of the new discipline in the University of Oxford; in 18-- "Oxonia Ornata," 
treating of the architectural improvements of Oxford; and in 1816 a pamphlet containing 
"Observations on the Scarcity of Money, and its effects on the Public." He was presented 
in 1829 to the rectory of Whitchurch in Shropshire, a living in the patronage of the 
trustees of the Bridgewater estate, it having been held until that time, for nearly fifty 
years, by the late Earl, the Prebendary of Durham.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1836 part 1 p.533
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  <Keyword>eclipse, 1836</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Eclipse</Heading>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G836A533.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ANNULAR ECLIPSE OF THE SUN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the afternoon of the 15th inst. there will be an unusually 
large and visible annular Eclipse of the Sun, which will be central in the North of 
England, Ireland, and in the South of Scotland. It will begin at Greenwich at 50 min. 59 
sec. past one o'clock, and will end at 39 min. 8 sec. past four. Over England and the 
adjacent parts the light and heat of the annular obscuration will be little more than 
one-tenth of the full sun; and should the atmosphere prove to be clear at the time of the 
greatest magnitude, it may be expected that several of the largest stars will be visible. 
The breadth of the annulus for England will be about 142 miles. The whole body of the moon
will appear on the disc of the sun, leaving a small ring or circle of light on the 
external edge of the sun. The annexed is a representation of its appearance in London and 
its neighbourhood, - the letter B denoting where the eclipse begins, and E where it ends.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1837 part 1 p.534
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</Marginal>
Black Lead Mine</Heading>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Domestic Occurrences.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[<i>March</i>]
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The black-lead mine in Borrowdale (the only one known in the 
world), from which all Europe is supplied with that commodity for the manufacture of 
pencils, has been recently closed, owing to the death of Mr. Dixon, the late steward. 
Twelve men have been employed in the mine for the last 15 months, without falling in with 
one single sop of this valuable mineral.
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Diocese of Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Isle of Man</Keyword> <Keyword>Diocese 
of Sodor and Man</Keyword> <Keyword>Verney, H, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners of England and Wales</Keyword> <Keyword>Inglis, R, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Codrington, R, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Russell, John, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Peel, Robert, Sir</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1838 part 1 p.82
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  <Keyword>Diocese of Carlisle</Keyword>
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Diocese of Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">PROCEEDINGS IN PARLIAMENT.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 28. Sir <i>H. Verney</i> moved for leave to bring in a
Bill to relieve the Ecclesiastical Commissioners of England and Wales from the duty of 
laying before Her Majesty in Council a scheme for uniting the sees of Carlisle and Sodor 
and Man. The motion, which was supported by Sirs <i>R. Inglis</i> and <i>E. 
Codrington</i>, and opposed by Lord <i>John Russell</i> and Sir <i>Robert Peel</i>, was 
lost on a division, by a majority of 159 against 53.
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of Sodor and Man</Keyword> <Keyword>Ecclesiastical Commissioners of England and 
Wales</Keyword> <Keyword>Ripon, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Sodor and Man Bichoprick 
Bill</Keyword> <Keyword>Canterbury, Archbishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Exeter, Bishop 
of</Keyword>  <Keyword>London, Bishop of</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1838 part 1 p.416
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HOUSE OF LORDS, ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Feb.</i> 22. The Earl of <i>Ripon</i>, in moving the order of 
the day for the second reading of the SODOR AND MAN BISHOPRICK BILL, was happy to state , 
that in consequence of communications which had taken place between the Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners and the authorities of the Isle of Man, the former had come to the 
determination to recommend, not the union of the bishoprick with that of Carlisle, but its
continuance as a separate see. The <i>Archbishop of Canterbury</i>, in giving his consent,
under these circumstances, to the passing of the present Bill, said he wished it not to be
supposed that he was ready to yield on other points to alterations of the Bill passed two 
sessions ago for effecting a new distribution of the dioceses. He felt bound to state that
he should resist any propositions which might have any tendency to interfere with the 
general principles of that measure. - The Bishop of <i>Exeter</i> said there was one part 
of the statute to which the most Rev. Prelate had just alluded, which he thought most 
unconstitutional and most dangerous to the spiritual interests of the Church - he meant 
that part which related to the constitution of the commission, which he deplored as fatal 
to the security and dignity of the Church. He therefore hoped that better times would 
come, when that Act would be removed from the statute book. - The Bishop of <i>London</i> 
defended the Commissioners; they had not made one step from the Act; and it was impossible
for them to originate any measure that would affect the general interests of the Church.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>guide book</Keyword> <Keyword>Topographical Prosings</Keyword> 
<Keyword>tourist</Keyword> <Keyword>botany</Keyword> <Keyword>geology</Keyword> 
<Keyword>drawing</Keyword> <Keyword>architecture</Keyword> <Keyword>linguistics</Keyword> 
<Keyword>antiquities</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1838 part 2 p.375
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Topographical Prosings</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Topographical Prosings</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Hints for Antiquarian Tourists
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Hints for Antiquarian Tourists.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TOPOGRAPHICAL PROSINGS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THERE are few person, however incurious, who have not felt the 
want of information respecting districts through which they have travelled, and of the 
features which, from the absence of some association of the mind, they quickly lose all 
distinct recollection. The peculiarities of a country, to witness which is the usual 
reason for travel, are best observed and remembered by those who have cultivated some 
branch of natural science or history, - some liberal art, - or who have learned to employ 
their pencil. The general survey or vague recollection of beautiful scenery, rich foliage,
picturesque ruins, or a foreign tongue, affords no present or future enjoyment equal with 
that of the traveller whom Botany or Geology, Drawing, Architecture, or the science of 
language, provide at every step with matter for inquiry, and who returns home with his 
inquisitive functions in healthy vigour, seeking a fuller knowledge upon the many subjects
which an entire novelty has offered to him, and tasting the sound and lasting satisfaction
given to the acquisition of truth without any reference to its utility.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The best way to enable a traveller to profit to any extent by his 
travel, would probably be to give him a manual or hand-book of those branches of 
knowledge, instances of which were likley to come within his reach, and so to point out 
their more particular features, as not only to satisfy a transient curiosity, but to 
excite a desire for information upon matter of permanent interest. Such a book should 
point out what is best to be observed and committed to memory upon the spot, and in what 
quarter more diffuse information may be obtained, if required, afterwards at home.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It would occupy more space than can be spared to explain even the 
leading feature of the plan above mentioned; we shall, therefore, as more in accordance 
with the tenour of this Journal, confine our remarks at present to the subject of Gothic 
Architecture, and more particularly to the best method of examining ancient ruins with 
exactness and rapidity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">An antiquary is generally a person
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Topographical Prosings</Keyword> <Keyword>tourist</Keyword> <Keyword>Aikin, 
Miss</Keyword> <Keyword>Eyes and No Eyes</Keyword> <Keyword>Dryasdust</Keyword> 
<Keyword>archaeology</Keyword> <Keyword>Rickman</Keyword> <Keyword>Britton, John</Keyword>
<Keyword>architecture</Keyword> <Keyword>heraldry</Keyword> <Keyword>Edmondson</Keyword> 
<Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>camera lucida</Keyword> <Keyword>brass 
rubbing</Keyword> <Keyword>geology</Keyword> <Keyword>botany</Keyword> 
<Keyword>ornithology</Keyword> <Keyword>antiquities</Keyword> <Keyword>etymology</Keyword>
<Keyword>Celtic</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Britannia</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Grose, Francis</Keyword> <Keyword>Lysons, Daniel and Samuel</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Buck's views</Keyword> <Keyword>map</Keyword> <Keyword>Ordnance Survey</Keyword>

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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1838 part 2 p.376
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">who has some other and more important business pursuit, from which
he is now and then able for a short time to escape. He is of course anxious to make the 
most of his time, and should therefore be prepared to <i>observe</i> as many things as 
possible. Let him remember Miss Aikin's admirable tale of "Eyes and No Eyes."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In his capacity of Dryasdust, he has of course acquainted himself 
with the general archaeology of his own country, and has gained, by an attentive perusal 
of Rickman, and by turning over the accurate plates of Britton, a competent knowledge of 
the styles and dates of English Architecture, the heads of which information may easily be
written in a fly-leaf of his note-book. He is also a herald, or at least he has read 
enough of Edmondson to be able to note down any coat of arms that he may observe. He 
should also be a fair draughtsman, and much time will be saved if he be expert at the use 
of the camera-lucida. Some smooth thin paper, and a ball of wash-leather, slightly oiled, 
with some powdered black-lead, will enable him to take accurate rubbings of the sepulchral
brasses, or even to trace some of the architectural mouldings, &amp;c. Our traveller will 
have ample opportunities of profiting by a knowledge of geology, botany, and ornithology, 
with which branches of science we shall suppose him to be more or less acquainted; and if 
he wishes to appreciate the skill and ingenuity of ancient carpenters and architects, he 
must have made some proficiency in geometry, and know something of the strength of 
materials. In truth, the more universal his acquirements the better; for there is scarcely
any kind of knowledge that does not come into play during a ramble through an English 
county. He must, however, beware lest the worlds of the father of poetry concerning a 
distinguished pantologist of antiquity be applied to him:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"&#x03A0;&#x03BF;&#x03BB;&#x03BB; 
&#x03AE;&#x03C0;&#x03B9;&#x03C3;&#x03C4;&#x03AC;&#x03C4;&#x03BF; 
&#x03AD;&#x03C1;&#x03B3;&#x03B1;&#x002C; &#x03BA;&#x03B1;&#x03BA;&#x03C9;&#x03C2; &#x03BF;
&#x03B7;&#x03C0;&#x03B9;&#x002D;&#x03C3;&#x03C4;&#x03AC;&#x03C4;&#x03BF; 
&#x03C0;&#x03AC;&#x03C5;&#x03C4;&#x03B1;."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In many parts of England, Scotland, Ireland or Wales, an 
etymological knowledge of Celtic is useful. Our antiquary must also be a tolerably active 
climber, possess a good pair of eyes, and be not afraid of standing in wet feet.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Before setting out on a tour, the outline of the history of the 
district should be gained, with as much information as possible respecting the ancient 
buildings that it contains. This may be sought in the county history, or, in its absence, 
in the county collections usually to be found in the British Museum, in Camden's 
Britannia, King's Munimenta, Grose, Lysons, and the Appendix to Rickman. He will take 
short notes of sieges, of the erection or destruction of buildings, and of such events as 
are likely to have left physical traces behind them; but it will be better to postpone 
research into the general history until his return. He may also, if he can afford it, 
purchase at the print shops Buck's Views, or any engravings relating to the topography of 
the district he is to visit.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These general notes, forming a sort of epitome of the memorabilia 
of the district, should be entered into a quarto or octavo memorandum-book, to be referred
to before or after a day's work. Detailed notes are to be entered on the spot in a 
portable clasped field-book, carrying a pencil in a tight sheath, and upon the ass's skin 
fly-leaf of which are entered various memoranda, such as the dates of different styles 
from Rickman, sketches of characteristic mouldings or ornaments, abbreviations, forms of 
arches, and other symbols; of the form and expediency of which the individual is himself a
sufficiently good judge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The ordnance sheet for any district may be purchased for a very 
moderate price, and is a very important addition. It informs you of the principal 
antiquities, and points out the shortest road to them, and upon it lines of trackway, 
geological observations, or the locality of particular plants, may be marked down. The map
should be mounted, with open joints, to a portable size, and in single sheets at least, if
not in smaller divisions, so that no more need be carried than is absolutely required.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">With the camera-lucida it will be convenient to have a light iron 
frame, 13 inches by 9, covered with tin-plate, and provided with an open flap of tin-
</Paragraph>
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</Period>
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<Keyword>measuring tape</Keyword> <Keyword>compass</Keyword> <Keyword>clinometer</Keyword>
<Keyword>telescope</Keyword> <Keyword>Schmalkalder</Keyword> <Keyword>Dollond</Keyword> 
<Keyword>architecture</Keyword> <Keyword>castles</Keyword> <Keyword>religious 
houses</Keyword> <Keyword>stained glass</Keyword> <Keyword>fonts</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1838 part 2 p.377
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G838B377.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[tin-]plate - being, in fact, a drawing-book of metal. Upon this 
frame the camera may be screwed, and the whole will then rest steadily almost any where.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Much depends upon a proper selection of dress or appointments. A 
frock coat with outside and inside pockets will hold much, and is not so singular as a 
shooting coat; into the pockets of the coat should go a small but strong geological 
hammer, a 30 feet tape, a folding foot-rule, a Schmalkalder compass, a clinometer, one of 
Dollond's small telescopes, and a sheet of ass's skin folded into four.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The shoes should be strong and worn with stout gaiters, permitting
you to stand in a moat, or some such place, up to the middle in nettles, to draw.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Besides these, an india-rubber cape should accompany the baggage, 
together with an umbrella, under the shade of which you may draw in wet weather.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is important to adopt a good method of description. First a 
general plan of the building should be sketched; and to this a subsequent description of 
details will be conveniently referred. The forms of the arches, mouldings, and other 
particulars from which a date may be inferred, should next be noted, together with the 
leading particulars of any tombs of founders or others likely to throw light on the age of
the building. Next may be drawn general elevations of the different faces of the building,
on which may be noted any observations not referable to the plan. These need be but 
sketches; a few leading dimensions may be taken with the tape; but for the rest it will be
sufficient to trust to the eye. After having made a general survey of the building, 
corrections in the plan may often be made by ascending some of the towers. The bearings of
walls, &amp;c. should be taken with the compass.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When your examination is completed, it will be well to look round 
into the neighbouring cottages and farm-houses for fragments of carved oak, stained glass,
enamelled tiles, &amp;c. The houses near a ruin are frequently constructed from its 
materials. Old shafts, broken mullions, &amp;c. are generally in such cases to be 
discovered, with the font, or perhaps a stone coffin or two, in the gardens of farmyards.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In examining a military remain, the features of castellated 
architecture in different ages should be borne in mind, since it is by these rather than 
by ornaments that the date of such buildings is to be inferred. The Norman castles, for 
example, are known at a glance by their keeps, the Edwardian by their concentric defences 
and their larger windows, and so on. Sometimes the earthworks round the castle are of 
barbarian date, and therefore older than the building itself. Sometimes they are of the 
same date; and sometimes they have been thrown up to render the building tenable since the
introduction of gunpowder.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">However mutilated a castle may be, it is generally possible with 
some some attention to discover traces of ornament; the style of the battlements may be 
known from an examination of the wall upon which it terminated, the stumps of the door or 
window mouldings are often to be found overgrown with grass or covered with the top soil; 
and the tablets and strings, though elsewhere defaced, are usually found perfect in the 
re-entering angles of the buildings.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In examing ecclesiastical structures, there is the less 
difficulty, that the relative positions and uses of the different buildings are generally 
known; but this guide does not exist in castles: still the great hall, the kitchen, the 
stables and guard-rooms, and the gate-house, are apartemnst that must have existed, and 
may therefore be sought for.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In examining a religious house, we should expect to find at least 
three styles of buildings; those of the original structure, those introduced at a 
subsequent period by the monks, and those added by the grantee at the Reformation to make 
the place suitable for a private residence.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The antiquary will not always be suffered to conduct his 
researches in peace; nor indeed is it desirable to neglect the information of the Cicerone
of the place. If possible, however, let him make his own examination unmolested, and then 
compare his own deductions with the local traditions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Ciceronoe should be paid properly; from sixpence to a shilling
is
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1838 part 2 p.378
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<Paragraph rend="quote">about the mark; and care should be taken in trampling over 
gardens, entering houses, &amp;c. which you will sometimes find it advisable to do, by the
help either of money or civility, or both, to avoid hurting the feelings of the people, 
and thereby doing wrong yourself and injuring the next visitor also. Do as you would be 
done by, is not less applicable to ruin-hunting than to matters of higher importance.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">An intelligent man who is employed upon the antiquities of a 
county, is generally a welcome guest at the tables of country gentlemen. In such a case do
not ride you hobby against your host; he probably will turn the conversation upon your 
subjects, but you should not bore him; give what information you can, but modestly; not 
shewing that you hold his theorires or notions on the subject to be erroneous, but stating
your own views quietly, by way of query, and with the deference due to his superior local 
knowledge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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book</Keyword> <Keyword>castles</Keyword> <Keyword>churches</Keyword> 
<Keyword>museums</Keyword>  <Keyword>fossill</Keyword>  <Keyword>antiquities</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 1 p.385
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Topographical Prosings</Keyword>  <Keyword>guide book</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Topographical Prosings II</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G839A385.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TOPOGRAPHICAL PROSINGS. - <i>On Local Guides.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TOPOGRAPHICAL PROSINGS,&#x002A; No.II.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IT may be assumed that there are few persons in this country whose
time is sufficiently at their own disposal to permit them to pay more than the most 
general attention to the curiosities of any place through which they may chance to pass; a
hasty visit to the cathedral, a glance at the castle or bishop's palace, a walk round the 
interior of the principal churches, and perhaps a peep into the museum of local fossils 
and antiquities, is the very utmost that can be achieved, and is a feat that leaves in the
heads of those who perform it little more than a confused notion of the whole, of which, 
perhaps, the principal features are retained, but that exact impression that can alone 
render a visit to such places valuable is never acquired.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is possible, however, to turn such a visit to good account. The
visitor, either before or upon his arrival, should make himself acquainted with the 
general outline of what is to be seen, determine upon what parts he will bestow more 
particular attention, in what order he will visit them, and arrange his time accordingly. 
Knowing beforehand what to look for, and what is more particularly worth remembering, the 
mere sight of the objects will so fix them in the memory that they may be at any time, by 
a glance at the note book, recalled with tolerable freshness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such a method involves, however, the possession of a "Guide" or 
"Handbook," to the construction of
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; See our Magazine for Oct. p.357.
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history</Keyword> <Keyword>hospitals</Keyword> <Keyword>gaols</Keyword> 
<Keyword>gasworks</Keyword>  <Keyword>factories</Keyword>  <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 1 p.386
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">which we shall therefore draw the attention of our readers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This book should be titled A GUIDE. This word expresses the 
visitor's wants, which the usual titles of "Sketches," "Description," "History, and 
Antiquities, &amp;c." do not; being, in fact, applicable to a species of book nearly 
useless as a Guide. This title should stand on the back and side; the book should be of 
small 8vo size, covered with canvas, if it does not increase the thickness inconveniently,
and a few copies should be kept interleaved. Travellers who take notes would prefer such a
copy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A map of the place, upon which the objects described are clearly 
located, and including if possible a circle of suburb about a mile radius, should 
invariably accompany the Guide.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The next points, and those upon which almost all Guide-books are 
grossly deficient, are style, general arrangement, and description.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The style must be concise. Figures of speech, flourishing periods,
epithets, should especially be avoided. Nothing is more common in a Guide, and nothing can
be more offensive. The words employed should be those in every-day use, the construction 
of the sentences simple, the periods brief; the phrases <i>former</i> and <i>latter</i>, 
if possible, should be avoided; the terms of art explained in foot notes; the study of the
writer being to carry the reader forward with the description. The style employed by Mr. 
Rickman in his "Architecture" is well suited to the purposes of a Guide-book.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Much depends on the arrangement adopted; and this, which in a 
general history should be chronological, must here be strictly topical. The visitor is to 
be led from place to place in that order that shall cause the loss of as little time as 
possible on the way, and in such order he will visit the cathedral, castle, &amp;c; but, 
when safely landed at one of these stations, the arrangement of its details should be that
pointed out under description.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A Guide should commence with an epitome of the local history, 
containing as many facts and as concisely stated as possible, and followed by such general
remarks in confirmation as the local evidences may warrant.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The reader thus prepared for what to expect, will tax his memory 
for such passages as the several history of the country as may bear upon the local history
before him. At Bolton-le-Moors, for example, or in Craven, the traveller might not 
remember that James Earl of Derby was beheaded, or that Anne Countess of Dorset and 
Pembroke resided; but if his attention were drawn to these facts, his memory would 
probably put him in possessiojn of much of the general history of those persons, and 
therefore of their aera; and it is needless to say how much additional gratification the 
visit would then afford.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After the general history, it will be proper to place, in the 
order recommended, the local curiosities in a succession of sections, which will of course
form the bulk of the volume.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In a following chapter should be enumerated those objects that 
present few or no peculiarities, and which, from their being found in equal or greater 
perfection or magnitude elsewhere, are not commony visited by strangers. Such would 
probably be the infirmary, the jail, the gasworks, or the manufactories; objects which it 
is very proper to enumerate, briefly stating their leading particulars.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another chapter should give the statistics of the place, its 
general commerce and manufactures, its institutions, societies, and religious sects; and a
final chapter should be bestowed upon the natural history and general geological position 
of the place, with lists of local fossils. minerals, and plants.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Much depends upon the employment of a proper method of 
description; meaning by description the arrangement and account of the details, more 
particularly of the buildings to be visited. This part of the volume cannot be fitly 
executed without the addition of a few well-selected vignettes of the general plan, 
elevation, and any peculiarities of detail not admitting of verbal description; and for 
these purposes mere line drawings are more intelligible and less expensive. The 
description should also include any remarkable armorial bearing, especially such as are 
carved upon or coeval with any part of a building.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the description of all English
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 1 p.387
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ecclesiastical architecture the nomenclature of Rickman will 
necessarily be adopted.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Rickman has excluded military structures almost, if not 
altogether, from his valuable work; but his rules may nevertheless be applied to the 
determination of their date in almost every case with success; since the architecture of 
different periods differs not less in the distribution and fashion of the ornaments, than 
in the arrangement and proportion of the parts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We are not aware of any instance of Guide-book in which we can 
seek for an illustration of what has been advanced; but if the reader will turn over half 
a dozen pages of any one of these performances that may be within his reach, he will find 
ample instances of the errors to which we have been objecting.
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  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>History and Antiquities of Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Jefferson, Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Nicolson and 
Burn</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutchinson</Keyword> <Keyword>Lysons, Daniel and Samuel</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ridpath</Keyword> <Keyword>Border History</Keyword> <Keyword>Magna Britannia et 
Hibernia, Antiqua et Nova</Keyword> <Keyword>Billings, R W</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle 
Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>architecture</Keyword> <Keyword>stained 
glass</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 1 p.516
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>History and Antiquities of Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Samuel Jefferson</Keyword>
</Marginal>
History and Antiquities of Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The History and Antiquities of Carlisle: with an account of the
Castles, Gentlemen's Seats, and Antiquities in the Vicinity, and Biographical Memoirs of 
Eminent Men connected with the Locality. 8vo. pp.460.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THIS is, on the whole, a work of considerable merit. The 
publisher, Mr. Samuel Jefferson, of Carlisle, has been more than usually fortunate in the 
amount and quality of the literary assistance he has received from a variety of able 
contributors; and has executed his own editorial task with much judgment and good sense. 
There was not before any History of Carlisle beyond a few summary guide-books; and the 
only former accounts of it worthy of mention, are those in the Histories of Cumberland, by
Nicolson and Burn, by Hutchinson, and by the Lysons's.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From its peculiar and very important situation as a border 
fortress, Carlisle mixes more than most places in the general history of the kingdom; and 
for this part of the subject the foundation was broadly laid in Ridpath's Border History, 
and in other works. We feel bound, however, to add that our author appears to have availed
himself very industriously of all sources within his reach, and to be generally alive to 
the additional materials which have been afforded by modern works.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His architectural descriptions have been very ably supplied by an 
anonymous contributor. This was a subject which his predecessors of the last generation 
were entirely unacquainted; a flood of new light was, however, brought into Cumberland by 
the brother authors of the Magna Britannia. We may here incidentally mention that Mr. R. 
W. Billings, a well-known architectural artist, and author of a very complete work on the 
Temple Church, is now engaged in engraving a series of plates descriptive of Carlisle 
cathedral, after the manner of Britton's Cathedral Antiquities. It is an edifice shorn of 
its due proportions, battered alike by time and border warfare, and imperfect from 
unfinished reconstructions; but it has curious portions, and its east window, in 
particular, is perhaps the finest existing specimen of the Decorated style, being
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 1 p.517
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<Paragraph rend="quote">preferred by Rickman even to the celebrated west window of York 
Minster.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Apart from architecture, Hutchinson had a good talent for 
observation and description; and his account of Carlisle furnishes a striking example of 
the value which accrues even in less than half a century to minute and apparently trifling
remarks, especially when they are made in a transition period of society - and what 
period, in this ever-changing world, is not more or less a period of transition? It is 
true, however, that in the present instance the change has been rapid; for in the course 
of half a century Carlisle, from being a dull and silent military garrison, quietly 
sleeping within its girdle of ramparts, has been converted into a strictly manufacturing 
town, throwing out its various arms of communication, and gathering in its vicinity a 
teeming and busy population. Mr. Hutchinson's details are somewhat long, and Mr. Jefferson
has judiciously compressed them. In the following extracts we shall beat the field still 
more cursorily, as our only object will be to bring forward the more striking points of 
this picture:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Carlisle after this period (the period of the rebellion in 1745, 
when it was first occupied by the Pretender's adherents, and afterwards became the scene 
of the execution of many of them), continued to present the appearance of an important 
military garrison. Sentries were posted at every gate, besides those at the castle and the
house of the governor. The gates were closed and locked every night with the usual 
military parade; and guns were fired morning and evening, when they were opened or shut. 
The draw-bridge at the outer gates of the castle was drawn up every night at ten o'clock, 
and thus all communication with the city was cut off. There were towers or turrets, at 
intervals, along the whole line of the city walls,and upon these cannon were placed and 
sentinels posted. The greater part of the soldiers and artillery-men who formed the 
garrison were quartered on the citizens.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"At this time the trade of Carlisle was very limited, and a large 
part of it was transacted at two great annual fairs, at which numbers of persons attended 
from different parts of England and Scotland. Provisions and other necessary articles were
very cheap, and the industry of the citizens provided them with wearing apparel of their 
own spinning. In consequence of the little trade carried on, there were at this time no 
public carriers from this city. Coals were brought in sacks on ponies, which were allowed 
to graze in Fisher street, which was then quite green with grass.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The office of Mayor was considered to be of no great consequence;
he seldom appeared in public without some of the insignia of his office, and was generally
attended by one of his serjeants. The citizens were industrious and hospitable, and a 
friendly and neighbourly intercourse pervaded the whole city.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The Market-place was disfigured and rendered incommodious by the 
Guard-house and the Shambles. The latter were private property, built of wood, and covered
with slates of different kinds, which gave them an unsightly and grotesque appearance. At 
the north end of the shambles was a draw-well, over which was a building supported by 
pillars, called Carnaby's Folly. Adjoining this was the Fish-market. The Shambles and 
Folly were taken down about the year 1790; the (former) having been purchased, at a great 
price, by the corporation; the (latter&#x002A;) was their own property. There were also 
two or three public draw-wells in Scotch-street. There were two stone bridges over the 
Eden, one of four, the other of nine arches.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The houses of the citizens bore no marks of taste, or even what 
would now be considered requisite for comfort. Most were built of wood and clay, in few 
instances exceeding one story in height, and generally covered with thatch. The gable-ends
of many fronted the street, in the old style of domestic architecture, and presented long 
rows of porches at each door. The rooms were miserably lighted by the small windows, which
were irregularly placed; and the strong outer doors were arched, and fastened together by 
wooden pins projecting from the surface. Those houses which were two stories high, had the
upper rooms floored with oak, but without any ceiling beneath. They were not painted, 
either within or without. "The lanes and avenues, even the church road, were not paved; 
and in many places entirely covered with weeds and underwood. The streets, not often trod 
upon, were in many parts green with grass. The centre part or causeway, rose to 
considerable height. The fronts from the
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; We have altered these two words <i>former</i> and 
<i>latter</i>, having the authority of Hutchinson for doing so. Besides, our present 
author had just above stated that the shambles were private property. REV.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>woollens</Keyword> <Keyword>osnaburghs</Keyword> <Keyword>linen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hodgson, Eichard</Keyword> <Keyword>Hodgson, William</Keyword> <Keyword>road, 
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Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>carriage</Keyword> 
<Keyword>post chaise</Keyword> <Keyword>Waugh, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Worcester, Dean 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Stanwix, General</Keyword> <Keyword>Farrer, Major</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 1 p.518
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<Paragraph rend="quote">houses were paved in the same manner; the consequence of which was
that the kennels or gutters were deep trenches, and stone bridges were placed in many 
different parts, for the convenience of passing from one side of the street to the other. 
These gutters were the reservoirs of all kinds of filth, which, when a sudden heavy rain 
happened, by stopping the conduit of the bridges, inundated the streets so as to render 
them impassible (sic) on foot. Manure was of such little value, that the corporation gave 
a man 40<i>s.</i> per annum, and a new cart occasionally, to remove it every week. Goods 
were brought into the city on pack-horses, as the roads were so bad as to be almost 
impassable for other conveyances. The staple trade was in whips and fish-hooks, but there 
was also a small linen manufactory. As there were no public breweries, the publicans 
brewed their own ale, and many of them made their own malt. &#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"About the year 1747, a company of Hamburgh merchants selected 
Carlisle as a suitable place in which to carry on an extensive woollen manfactory, 
although at such a distance from those parts of the kingdom where this branch of business 
had generally been cultivated. This manufactory was of great consequence to Carlisle and 
its neighbourhood, but in a few years declined, and the company became insolvent. About 
the year 1750 Aldermen Richard and William Hodgson established a manufactory of coarse 
linen cloths, called Osnaburghs, and also a woollen manufactory, which, however, was of 
short duration.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"At this period the military road from Carlisle to Newcastle was 
commenced, chiefly on the line which was formerly the Roman road. When this was completed,
carts and waggons were more frequently used. Soon after, manufactories of linen and cotton
began rapidly to increase, and improvements in the city continually took place. Houses 
were built in a greatly improved manner, and every year an additional number, which 
gradually replaced those on the old construction. In 1756 a public brewery was established
near the Irish Gate. &#x002A; &#x002A; The balls and assemblies were held in a large room 
in the castle, which occupied the site of the new magazine. At this time there were 
<i>four</i> private carriages kept in the city, - a coach and four belonging to Dr. Waugh,
Dean of Worsester (sic); another coach and four, the property of General Stanwix; and two 
single horse chaises belonging to Major Farrer and Mr. Dobinson. About this period post 
chaises were first kept at the Inns. &#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"In 1761 a company from Newcastle commenced the calico-printing in
this city, under the firm of Scott, Lamb, and Co., and an extensive manufactory was 
established soon after. In consequence, land increased in value, rents were heightened in 
proportion, and prices in general rose considerably. Familes who before had been unable to
earn more than eight shillings weekly, were now receiving from twenty to thirty shillings.
This increase of business brought numbers of Scotch and Irish in search of employment. 
&#x002A; &#x002A; In 1794 there were four print-fields, which employed about one thousand 
persons. &#x002A; &#x002A; There were also two hundred persons employed in spinning 
cotton. &#x002A; &#x002A; Three breweries, at this time, paid upwards of 6000<i>l.</i> 
annually in duty, and a soap manufactory paid 1500<i>l.</i> &#x002A; &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"After the introduction of manufacturing into Carlisle, the 
population of this city was considerably increased. In 1763 the inhabitants were numbered,
on a suggestion of Bishop Lyttelton, and found to be 4158. In 1780 they were again 
enumerated under the inspection of Dr. Heysham, when they were found to have increased to 
6299, and the number of houses was 891. In 1801 the inhabitants were found to be 10,221; 
in 1811, 12,531; in 1821, 14,....; in 1831, 19,069."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such is a sample of the curious particulars and valuable 
statistical remarks for which we are indebted to the observations of Mr. Hutchinson; and 
of his correspondent Mr. R. Longrigg, a resident in the city. A few lines, from a 
subsequent part of the present volume, in which the commercial history of the place is 
more fully detailed, will complete the picture in its main features:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"From the introduction of the cotton manufactory, Carlisle 
commenced a steady course of posperity; since 1761 it has three times doubled its 
inhabitants, and besides the employment given to the native population, it sends forth 
work to the inhabitants of the towns and villages at a distance of twenty, thirty, and 
even forty miles around. The principal fabrics are ginghams and checks (for the West 
Indian market), calicoes, carpets, table-cloths, &amp;c. There are eleven or twelve 
cotton-mills in the town and immediate vicinity; three print-fields, several dye-houses, 
bleacheries, hat-manufactories, three iron-foundries, and four public breweries.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The Ship Canal, extending from Carlisle to the Solway Frith near 
Bowness, was commenced in 1819, and completed in 1823, at the cost of about
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Newcastle and Carlisle Railway</Keyword> <Keyword>Maryport and Carlisle 
Railway</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster and Carlisle Railway</Keyword> <Keyword>Caledonian 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 1 p.519
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">90,000<i>l.</i>. It is eleven miles and a half in length, has 
eight locks, and is navigable by vessels of less than a hundred tons burden. &#x002A; 
&#x002A; The warehouses have been bonded since 1832, and at present contains goods to the 
value of upwards of 40,000<i>l.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Carlisle is destined to form the point of concentration for four 
Railroads, or the centre from which four Railroads will diverge:- east, to Newcastle; 
west, to Maryport; north, to Glasgow; and south, to Liverpool, Manchester, and London; 
thus becoming the intersecting point of a cross, which will extend from sea to sea, and 
lay the country under contribution to augment its commercial prosperity and importance."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We must now remark that the judgment shown in the general 
selection and arrangement of the contents of this volume, is not attended by equal care in
its language, or skill in its correction. There is neither the polish of a scholar nor the
minute accuracy of the antiquary. The Latin inscriptions, modern as well as ancient, are 
full of misprints. Of the monuments in the cathedral mentioned in p.185, we should say 
that in a History of Carlisle the epitaphs should have been given at length, or at least 
their dates. A poetical or a philosophical antiquary would have thought it worth his while
to have decyphered more completely the rhyming legends of saints, painted in the cathedral
by Prior Senus, or Senhouse, at the commencement of the sixteenth century; but they are 
merely transcribed from Hutchinson. The sepulchral portrait of Bishop Robinson should have
been engraved from a tracing of the brass in the cathedral, which would have nearly as 
easy as copying the engraving already published of his duplicate brass at Queen's College,
Oxford.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To notice the inaccuracies of the epitaphs would occupy more space
than we can afford; but we will say something on one or two other ancient inscriptions. In
p.173 we are told that two ancient copes,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"together with the <i>cornu eburneum</i> (an ancient tenure horn) 
are preserved in an old <i>almery</i> or closet in St. Catharine's Chapel; where there are
several other of these ancient receptacles&#x002A; for the benefactions of the charitable,
all of which have been richly painted and ornamented with carved work; and on one of them 
was an inscription in old English characters, now defaced:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>En doms. hec floruit Godibour sub tegmine Thomae.</Line>
<Line>cu~ bonus immensis merces sint dimida lusis."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now, by the engraving in Hutchinson, p.130, we perceive that this 
inscription was very different to the above, though there is one word we do not decypher,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Cum domus hec floruit gudebowr sub tegmine thome,</Line>
<Line>cum bonis immensis merces sint d... a lucis.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">which corrects an error in the orthography of the Prior's name, 
several times spelt in this book Gondibour, but it is shown by the inscription to have 
been Goudebour, or in modern spelling Goodbower.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In p.112 we find an inscription on a tower of the castle correctly
given, but quite misunderstood in a translation -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Sumptibus hoc fecit propriis opus Elizabetha Regina occiduas dominus Scroop dum 
regit oras.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Which may be read (says our author), Lord Scroop, while Warden of
the Western Marches, erected this at his own expense, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But this would have been quite contrary to the usual practice, of 
the Crown bearing the charge of maintaining its own castles. The Latin is by no means 
involved, all the difficulty being created by the translator; and we need scarcely add 
that the proper sense is, "Queen Elizabeth made this work at her own expense, whilst Lord 
Scroop was Warden of the West Marches."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At p.324 is engraved a small silver buckle, or fibula, found in 
1829, said to inscribed IHESVS H. R. <i>Jesus Hominum Redemptor</i>; but the two last 
letters are NA. the first syllable of <i>Nazarenus</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We will now make a few observations on a matter of greater 
importance, namely, "The Earldom of Car-
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; This is a specimen of the carelessness of our author in 
the construction of his sentences. The reader would hardly understand what are the 
receptacles meant: but from Hutchinson we ascertain that the inscription was on one of the
almeries.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 1 p.520
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[Car]lisle," of which we are told at p.438 that it "was given to 
Ranulph de Meschines by William the Conqueror, but surrendered by his son of the same 
name, to Henry I.;" that it was "<i>revived</i> in the person of Sir Andrew de Harcla, in 
1322, but was extinct in the following year, when he was executed;" that "in 1622 Sir 
James Hay was created Earl of Carlisle; but in 1660 the title <i>again</i> became extinct 
by the death of James the second Earl, without issue;" and lastly, that "the Earldom of 
Carlisle was <i>again revived</i> in 1661, in the person of Charles Howard," in which 
family it still remains.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now, we are aware that the above statement is the same which has 
long been copied from book to book; but the fault we have to find is, that in a History of
Carlisle so important a feature as the earldom (if an Earldom there was) should not be 
more fully investigated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">With respect to the person first mentioned, we find it stated in 
Brooke's Catalogue, 1619, p.51:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Randolphe de Meschines, sonne of Randolphe Viscount of Baieulx, 
and Alice his wife, base daughter of Richard the third Duke of Normandy, came into England
with William the Conqueror, who gave him the Earldom of Carlisle."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">and of his son, the second Randolph (in p.38) that, succeeding in 
right of his mother to the Earldom of Chester, he "surrendered Carlisle, his father's 
earledome, to king Henry the first." But Sir Harris Nicolas, in his Synopsis of the 
Peerage, remarks, without noticing the first Ranulph,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Ranulph de Meschines, afterwards Earl of Chester, is by many 
writers called Earl of Carlsle, though there is but little, if any, authority for the 
statement."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Then, with regard to Sir Andrew de Harcla, it would have well 
become our historian to have inquired what authority there is for attributing to him the 
title of Earl, beyond the circumstance of his having been Governor of the royal castle of 
Carlisle; and if Edward II. really did, in the warmth of his favour, confer that dignity 
upon him, whether or no it should not be considered the creation of <i>Cumberland</i> into
an earldom, for in ancient times the dignity of Earl always implied jurisdiction over a 
considerable district or county; and though some Earls might chose (sic) to be designated 
by the name of their chief residence, yet that was merely the head, of which the county at
large was the body. Thus the Earl of Salisbury was, in fact, Earl of Wiltshire; the Earl 
of Striguil was Earl of Pembrokeshire; the Earl of Arundel was Earl of Sussex, and 
sometimes, if he moved his residences, was called Earl of Chichester.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">History seems to mention no Earl of Cumberland until that dignity 
was conferred on the Clifford family by Henry the Eighth: but Brooke states (<i>ubi 
supra</i>) that John Duke of Bedford (the Regent of France), and Richard, Duke of 
Gloucester (afterwards King Richard III.) both bore among their titles that of Earl of 
Carlisle, which is not mentioned by our author. The fact of the latter being governor of 
the castle and <i>sheriff</i> of the county is noticed by Mr. Jefferson at p.96; and its 
memory is preserved to modern times by a tower called after his name. We may here remark 
that the chronological list of the governors at page 119 should have been made more 
complete by the additions of such dates as might have been ascertained.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">With respect to the title of Earl as enjoyed by the families of 
Hay and Howard (by the way, "Sir James Hay" was previously Lord Hay and Viscount of 
Doncaster), it had been evidently a mere <i>nominal</i> dignity, like all those of modern 
origin, the creation of which has been found compatible with the existence of other 
earldoms derived from the county; so much so that we have now a Duke of Buckingham and an 
Earl of Buckinghamshire; an Earl of Devon, a Duke of Devonshire, and a Marquess of Exeter,
and indeed there are few counties that do not furnish many titles of earldoms instead of 
only one.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These remarks we have made merely to point out a line of research 
which an historian of Carlisle should have taken: to pursue it further is beyond both our 
limits and our means; but our author will, probably, allow there must be some relation, if
not identity, in the titles of earl of Cumberland and Earl of Carlisle, when we merely 
point out to him in the second page onwards
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the Earls of Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 1 p.521
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">in his own book, the title of a MS. in the British Museum.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Genealogies and Historical Incidents in the lives of <i>the Earls
of Carlisle</i> from Ranulph de Meschines to <i>George de Clifford</i>, 1569."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Before we conclude, we should state that this volume is rather 
rich in biography; though we do not think the lives of the Bishops particularly well 
given. We may also remark that, besides the distinguished persons who figure in this 
volume, there are several other literary and scientific characters and artsist briefly 
noticed in Hutchinson, vol.ii p.66; and among them Dr. Heysham, and the present Royal 
Academician Mr. Smirke.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And now we must take leave of Mr. Jefferson and Carlisle, only 
adding that the history of one of our ancient cities, the scene of many important 
historical events, and the theatre of many generations once active in the affairs of this 
busy world, fully merits the expanse of two quarto volumes. The best model for such a 
history is the Shrewsbury of Blakeway and Owen. We may repeat our general satisfaction 
with this work, as a popular history; but at the same time we will add out hopes that it 
is merely a prelude to a larger and more satisfactory work.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 2 p.170
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>History and Antiquities of Carlisle 
Cathedral</Keyword>  <Keyword>Robert W Billings</Keyword>
</Marginal>
History and Antiquites of Carlisle Cathedral</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Book review.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The History and Antiquities of Carlisle Cathedral. By</i> 
Robert William Billings. 4<i>to. pt.I.</i> 15 <i>plates.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. Billings, an artist whose works have often come under public 
notice, and whose talents as an architectural draughtsman are well known by his engravings
illustrative of the Temple Church, St. Stephen's Chapel, and other ancient structures, has
announced his intention of completing such of the English Cathedrals which are not 
included in the Cathedral Antiquities of Mr. Britton: a publication which, we are 
compelled with unfeigned regret to add, is now brought to a termination, with the omission
of several of these noble relics of ancient art and piety, which to the antiquary are not 
the least interesting of our national temples.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The author has commenced with Carlisle Cathedral, which, from the 
remoteness of its situation, in addition to its unfinished and mutilated state, has 
received but little attention from the hands of the antiquary - still, although it is 
destined to hold an inferior rank amongst our Cathedrals, to occupy a place inferior to 
the grand and splendid structures at Canterbury and Lincoln, and to yield in proportion 
and beauty to Wells, Lichfield, or Salisbury, it possesses many features which are 
beautiful to the eye of the antiquary, and valuable to the student of our ancient 
architecture. The choir, for instance, is a rich specimen of the architecture of the 
fourteenth century, and is perhaps not surpassed by any existing structure of equal 
magnitude.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Billings proposes to illustrate this Cathedral by forty-five 
engravings, to be accompanied by an historical and architectural account, which
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 2 p.171
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">at the conclusion of the work is to be presented gratis to the 
subscribers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The first part of the proposed publication has appeared, 
containing fifteen plates, etchings executed by the author from his own drawings, in a 
bold and free style, and though not so highly and expensively finished as the plates in 
the early published Cathedrals of Mr. Britton, well calculated to display the features and
architecture of the structure pourtrayed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This Cathedral affords an instructive lesson on the mode pursued 
by the ancient prelates and churchmen in rebuilding their churches: a work which was 
constantly going on, and the progress of which was only stopped by the arrival of the day 
of spoilation. The Cathedral was originally of Norman architecture, and of small 
dimensions, when compared with the existing choir, which appears to have been the 
commencement of a grand design for rebuilding the whole church in the splendid and 
beautiful architecture which then prevailed about the junction of the thirteenth and 
fourteenth centuries. The architect contemplated the preservation of so much of the old 
church as he could use use to advantage in his new design, not sweeping away the ancient 
structure to its very foundations, according to the practice of modern architects, when 
any new-fangled building is to be raised on the ruins of an older one. He intended to 
preserve the south transept with the corresponding piers of the tower, meaning to work 
them into the new edifice; but as the north transept would, in consequence of the 
extension of the choir in breadth, have been within the walls of the new choir, he rebuilt
that branch of the cross, and on the east side of it, made provision for the addition of 
an aisle, which has not been carried into effect, although its commencement is manifested 
by the existence of the angular pier of the eastern aisle, which was completed before the 
removal of the wall of the transept, and now remains partially embedded in such wall. If 
this plan had been fully executed, the present tower, no way grand enough for a structure 
of so great magnificence, would with the Norman nave have been entirely taken down; but 
the work never proceeded beyond the choir, which, as we before remarked, is a resplendent 
specimen of architecture. The inspection of Mr. Billings' ground plan will plainly shew 
the commencement of the intended aisle, and Plate III. being the elevation of the north 
aisle, shews with equal distinctness the profile of the eastern wall of this aisle, set 
out upon the face of the wall of the choir aisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The elaborate and tasteful design of the eastern window, one of 
the purest and most elegant examples of the flowing and foliated tracery of Edward the 
Third's reign in existence, is exhibited in elevation, accompanied with sections, plans, 
and details, and a diagram, in which the construction of this curious piece of workmanship
is shewn geometrically.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The remain plates exhibit the detail, which includes some objects 
of the most curious description; among other masonic freaks displayed in the structure, 
are seen two corbels in which the terminations are made to appear as if they were ribbons 
tied in knots.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The windows of the church, which are partly lancet-shaped and 
partly foliated, are detailed with measurements in correct style, and the contruction of 
the tracery is shewn geometrically.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Two curious winding staircases are worthy of notice; the newels 
end in ribs resembling the bars of a crown: they form the subject of two perspective 
views. One of the plates contains the detail of a structure styled a Confessional: if it 
be correctly designated, it is an almost unique example of this appendage, which, however 
commonly met with in the Roman Catholic churches of the present day, either did not exist 
in our ancient churches, or the remains must, in every other instance, have been so 
completely removed as to leave a reasonable ground for doubting their presence, a 
circumstance far from probable, if they had formed permanent structures of stone like the 
one here represented.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Perspective views of the exterior, and of portions of the interior
of the cathedral, are given, as well as of a plain but bold circular arched gateway of the
Norman period, known as the Abbey gate. The whole form a
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<Paragraph rend="quote">very good collection of views of the church, and afford a good 
example of the entire illustrations, which we hope to see completed with an equal degree 
of merit.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We need not add how highly we approve of Mr. Billings' 
praiseworthy attempt to complete Mr. Britton's undertaking. He has our good wishes, and we
trust he will receive from the hands of the public sufficient patronage to enable him to 
fill up the entire series, which will then truly deserve the character of a national work;
one that in extent, as well as in the object it embraces, will be a credit to the 
enterprise of both gentlemen by whose exertions the work was projected, carried on, and 
finished.
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<Keyword>Jefferson, Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Historical and Descriptive Accounts of 
Naworth Castle and Lanercost Priory</Keyword> <Keyword>Life of Lord William 
Howard</Keyword> <Keyword>Lanercost Priory, Lanercost</Keyword> <Keyword>Lanercost, 
Burtholme</Keyword> <Keyword>Naworth Castle, Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Naworth</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Dacre, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scott, Walter, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard, William, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Belted Will</Keyword> <Keyword>Memorials of the Howard Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lay of the Last Minstrel</Keyword> <Keyword>baldrick</Keyword> <Keyword>Bauld 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 2 p.509
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>Guide to Naworth and Lanercost</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Samuel Jefferson</Keyword>
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Guide to Naworth and Lanercost</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Book review.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A Guide to Naworth and Lanercost; or, Historical and 
Descriptive Accounts of Naworth Castle and Lanercost Priory, and a Life of Lord William 
Howard.</i> Carlisle: <i>by</i> Samuel Jefferson. 12mo.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THIS is a pleasing guide-book, offered by the author of the 
History of Carlisle (which was reviewed in our May number, p.516), to those of his friends
who devote a summer's holiday to a visit to the towers of Naworth, or the mouldering 
arches of Lanercost.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Naworth Castle, the chief residence of the Dacres lords of 
Gilsland, has been characterised by Sir Walter Scott as "one of those extensive baronial 
seats which marked the splendour of our ancient nobles, before they changed the hospitable
magnificence of a life spent amongst numerous tenantry, for the uncertain honours of court
attendance, and the equivocal rewards of ministerial favour." It was here that the 
celebrated Lord William Howard, better known as Bold or Belted Will Howard,&#x002A; a man
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "Lord William," says Mr. Howard, in his Memorials of the 
Howard Family, "is in the Lay of the Last Minstrel called by Sir Walter Scott <i>Belted 
Will Howard</i>, meaning, I apprehend, that he was in the habit of wearing the 
<i>baldrick</i>, or broad belt, which was formerly worn as a distinguishing badge by 
persons of high station. But this, as to him, is not at all founded on fact, as the belts 
which he wears in his pictures are particularly narrow. But the characteristic epithet 
with which his name has come down to our time is <i>Bauld</i>, meaning 'Bold Wyllie.' That
of his lady is '<i>Bessie with the braid apron;</i>' not, I conceive, from any embroidery 
of that part of her dress, but using the word broad, which is often so pronounced, in 
allusion to the breadth or extent of her possessions."
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 2 p.510
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of superior talents, as well as extensive territory, passed a long
life in the exercise of vice-regal power: and what renders the place particularly 
interesting, is the circumstance that, from the death of that distinguished personage in 
the year 1640, "This castle has undergone little alterations, either in respect of the 
buildings, furniture, ornaments, or appearance. It seems, like few fortresses of so much 
strength, to have escaped during the ensuing season of devastation and bloodshed, as no 
record exists to show that it was held either for the King or Parliament." (P.14.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The castle of Kirkoswald being dismantled about the year 1604, by 
Lord Dacre of the South, the ceilings of the hall and chapel, with their curious 
paintings, were purchased by Lord William, who applied them to the same uses at Naworth, 
and the repairs were proceeding when the castle was visited by Camden in 1607." (P.23.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the end of the picture gallery, a massive iron-grated door, 
secured with huge bolts, forms the entrance to the rooms which remain as Lord William 
Howard left them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"After passing through a short dark passage, the first apartment 
is entered. It is a bedchamber, retaining its original furniture, measuring 14 feet by 18 
feet; the floor is formed of a hard composition, and the mantlepiece has sculpted on it 
three shields, with the arms of Dacre quartering those of Vaux, Lancaster, and de 
Morville; Dacre impaling Greystock (modern); and Boteler of Wemme impaling ---, supposed 
to be Vaux. The shields are all surrounded by the garter, and on labels between them is 
the motto <i>Fort en loialte</i>. The walls are wainscoted with oak and covered with 
tapestry. On pushing aside a panel of the wainscot near the fire-place, there is a dark 
apartment vaulted with stone, and guarded at the entrance by a strong door of oak.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Above the bedchamber and secret room are two other apartments, 
forming a library and a private chapel. A circular stone staircase, dark and narrow, 
admitting only one person to ascend at a time, conducts us to these rooms. The library is 
of the same size as the bedchamber beneath it, but more gloomy. It is fitted up with plain
closets, filled with a valuable collection of old works on history, school-divinity, 
&amp;c. There was formerly a good collection of MSS. in this library, but only a few of 
them now remain, and those of little value.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"There is, however, one extremely curious document, containing a 
life of Joseph of Arimathea ('extractus de libro quem invenit Theodosius imperator in 
Jerusalem') and his twelve disciples; together with a history of saints, with the number 
of years or days for which each could grant indulgences in the monastery of Glastonbury. 
It is written on six large skins of fine vellum, beautifully illuminated, and is pasted in
a wooden case, with two folding leaves, the dimensions of which are two feet by three 
feet. There is an old reading desk of four sides, in the form of a pyramid, with a 
flattened apex; which, by means of a screw passing through the centre, can be raised or 
depressed at pleasure.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The windows of this chamber are narrow, and are reached by an 
ascent of three steps. The ceiling is richly carved, in a similar manner to the ceiling in
the deanery of Carlisle. The corbels and bosses are embellished with armorial devices. 
Here Lord William spent much of his time; 'a lover of the venerable antiquity,' as he was 
styled by Camden, having closed his door, he could pursue his favourite study without 
interruption."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Jefferson has presented us with the copy of a catalogue of the
library. From the dates of some of the books, it appears to have been made some time 
subsequently to Lord William's day; though the greater number of them are the best 
historical and learned works that were published in his life-time. One volume, a Treatise 
on the Real Presence, contains the autograph of <i>John Fisher, Episcopus Roffensis;</i> 
another was a present from an Abbat (sic) of Fountains. On the title-page of most of the 
books is the autograph of Lord William Howard, written in a good hand, and, in some cases,
a short remark is added. For instance, in a
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Lysons states that most of these MSS. are now in the 
library of the Heralds' College.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Naworth Castle, Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Naworth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>library, Naworth</Keyword> <Keyword>Luther, Martin</Keyword> 
<Keyword>motto</Keyword> <Keyword>volo sed non valeo</Keyword> <Keyword>Institutes, 
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<Keyword>Douce</Keyword> <Keyword>beasts, Naworth</Keyword> <Keyword>crest</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Christ, genealogy</Keyword> <Keyword>Egliement, Lucas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Engelbert, Cornelius</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry VIII</Keyword> <Keyword>Lines to a 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 2 p.511
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">book of Martin Luther's is written <i>William Howarde. Volo sed 
non valeo</i> (the family motto), <i>non possum quod desidero</i>. On a copy of Calvin's 
Institutes, 1569, is <i>Qui sibi videtur stare videat ne cadat</i>. On a copy of Galatea 
is, <i>for thear glory is to change, and thear liberty is to rainge</i>. On another volume
is the softer language of conjugal affection, <i>Merces amoris amor. Mary Howarde. W. 
Howarde. 1582</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The three officers, the diary of whose tour in 1634 is preserved 
among the Lansdowne manuscripts, were hospitably entertained by Lord William Howard and 
his lady at Corby castle. The writer says -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"These noble twain (as it pleas'd themselves to tell us 
themselves) could nott make above 25 yeares both togeather when first they were marry'd, 
that now can make above 140 yeares, and are very hearty well and merry, and long may they 
continue soe, for soe have they all just cause to pray, that live neere them; for their 
hospitality and fre entertainment agrees with their generous and noble extraction, and 
their yeares retains the memory of their honourable predecessor's bountifull 
housekeeping."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This little book includes a very interesting biography of Lord 
William Howard, for which the materials have been furnished in the elaborate and very 
magnificent volume, of Memorials of the Howard family, recently printed by Mr. Howard of 
Corby.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The ancient MS. relative to the abbey of Glastonbury, described in
the extract we have given respecting the library, is the same which was inquired after by 
the late Mr. Douce, in our Magazine, shortly before the publication of Warrer's History of
Glastonbury. We are happy to find that it is still preserved.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In p.37 we find mentioned four large carvings of wood, in the 
great hall, "representing a griffin, a unicorn, a dolphin, and a bull; these" it is added,
"formed the <i>crests</i> of the Dacre, Multon, Greystock, and Grimthorp families, and 
have evidently been <i>made to carry banners</i> with the same arms." Gigantic carvings of
this kind are seen over the gateways of several of the castles in the North, as at Hilton,
and elsewhere. We notice the present description, to remark upon the inaccuracy of the 
term <i>crests</i>; they would more properly be called supporters. At the time of their 
execution they used to be called "beasts," and only <i>one</i> was used, which bore the 
arms on a banner, as mentioned in the present case. The ancient <i>crests</i> of these 
families, it will be found on inquiry, were something different: for all ancient crests 
are such as a knight might really carry on his head, not an entire animal, neither an 
elephant nor a castle, - though very frequently an animal's head.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In p.39 we find mentioned the name of an old painter, who adorned 
the panels of the ceiling of the chapel with the heads of the genealogy of Christ, 
springing from the root of Jesse, in fifty-four compartments. It is given "Magister Lucas 
Egliement, Pictor MCXII." But we suspect there may be some trifling error. Can the artist 
be the same with Cornelius Engelbert, who, as noticed by Walpole in his Anecdotes of 
Paintings, came to England and was made painter to Henry the Eighth? The date appears full
early for him; but in that also there may be some mistake.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have not time to accompany Mr. Jefferson to Lanercost abbey, 
though he appears to have described the ruins of its architecture in a very satisfactory 
manner; but we will now conclude with the following very elegant verses, by the present 
heir apparent of Naworth, who appears to inherit the poetical talents of his late 
grandfather, Frederick, Earl of Carlisle:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">LINES TO A JASMINE TREE IN THE "COURT OF NAWORTH CASTLE,"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Written by Viscount Morpeth.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>My slight and slender jasmine tree</Line>
<Line>That bloomest on my border tower,</Line>
<Line>Thou art more dearly loved by me</Line>
<Line>Than all the wreaths of fairy bower.</Line>
<Line>I ask not, while I near thee dwell,</Line>
<Line>Arabia's spice or Syria's rose;</Line>
<Line>Thy light festoons more freshly smell,</Line>
<Line>Thy virgin white more freshly glows.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1839 part 2 p.512
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<Line>My mild and winsome jasmine tree,</Line>
<Line>That climbest up the dark grey wall,</Line>
<Line>The tiny flowrets seem to glee</Line>
<Line>Like silver spray-drops down to fall;</Line>
<Line>Say, did they from their leaves thus peep</Line>
<Line>When mail'd moss-troopers rode the hill;</Line>
<Line>When helmed warders paced the keep,</Line>
<Line>and bugles blew for Belted Will?</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>My free and feathery jasmine tree,</Line>
<Line>Within the fragrance of thy breath</Line>
<Line>Yon dungeon grated to its key,</Line>
<Line>And the chain'd captive pined for death.</Line>
<Line>On border fray, on feudal crime,</Line>
<Line>I dream not while I gaze on thee;</Line>
<Line>The chieftans of that stern old time</Line>
<Line>Could ne'er have loved a jasmine tree.</Line>
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  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>History and Description of Carlisle 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1840 part 2 p.155
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>History and Description of Carlisle 
Cathedral</Keyword>
</Marginal>
History and Description of Carlisle Cathedral</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Book review.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Architectural Illustrations. - History and Description of 
Carlisle Cathedral. By</i> R. W. Billings, 4<i>to.</i> 1840.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>An attempt to define the Geometric proportions of Gothic 
Architecture, as illustrated by the Cathedrals of Carlisle and Worcester. By</i> R. W. 
Billings.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. BILLINGS' very excellent series of illustrations of the 
unfinished, mutilated, and decayed cathedral of Carlisle, is now brought to a conclusion, 
and completed by the addition of a letter-press description of the plates. The 
representations of the church are most copious. In the words of the author, "the 
comparatively unknown church of St. Mary at Carlisle has now a more extended architectural
survey published than any other cathedral in Britain; by which means the whole mass of the
building might be rebuilt." This cathedral boasts a choir, which, in point of 
architectural effect, is perhaps unrivalled in this country. The eastern window is 
probably the most beautiful example of the flowing tracery of the 14th century in 
existence. The author has drawn a very minute and accurate comparison between this 
splendid example and the celebrated west window of York Minster. The dates of the two are 
nearly coeval; - that at Carlisle being erected shortly after 1292, and the York specimen 
between 1291 and 1330. Although the Carlisle window is, so far as respects a great portion
of the interior face of the tracery, in an unfinished state, it is manifestly superior in 
point of design to its better known and more admired contemporary. The laborious 
investigation which Mr. Billings made of this window is evinced by his elevation of the 
tracery, in which the stones and their joints are distinctly marked out and numbered.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The plates of the choir exhibit a display of architecture so 
beautiful, that the spectator cannot help viewing it with a feeling of regret when he 
finds that it is the only portion of the structure which has been completed in this 
exquisite style; and of indignation when he sees that the legal guardians of the pile are 
so blind to its merits as to suffer it to fall into ruin by almost total neglect. The 
gable over the principal eastern window was almost unique in its ornaments. The parapet in
its original state was crocketed and ornamented with no less than nine crosses, of which 
one was placed on the apex, and the other eight on the side of the raking parapet. All the
crosses have been destroyed; more, perhaps, from the effects of time than the hands of 
fanaticism; but one is preserved in the cathedral, and from which Mr. Billings is enabled 
to make an elevation in a restored state.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The stalls and woodwork of the
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1840 part 2 p.156
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">interior of the choir are equally rich; and until the end of the 
last century it presented one of the most splendid displays of carved work in this 
country, at least. A considerable portion of this most beautiful carved work was removed, 
to allow of a series of arches of carpernter's Gothic design to be substituted. So 
lamentably are our finest churches injured, more effectually by those who are bound to 
take an interest in their preservation than by actual outrage.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We cannot think the structure depicted in plates xl. xli. xlii. 
and xliii. is rightly styled a confessional. Judging from the position of the monk and the
penitent represented in plate xliii. the confession must have been anything but auricular.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Surely Mr. Billings does not give the stained glass coloured after
the original in plate xv. as an example either of beauty or purity. The glass must have 
been set up in very recent times, and that by the meanest glazier in Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Pl..xxxix. shows a perspective of a very fine crypt under the 
Fratery. It is of early date, and the architecture very interesting and curious.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following passage evinces great carelessness in allusion to a 
carving of some roses in the cathedral. We are told in a note that "when whitewashed they 
may have been emblematical of the house of Lancaster: but that coating being taken away, 
instantly changed the rose (from the colour of the stone) into Yorkist." Surely Mr. 
Billings does not suppose that the white rose was the Lancastrian badge!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The ingenious author of the present illustrations has announced 
his intention of proceeding with all the cathedrals left undone by Mr. Britton. We truly 
hope he will receive the support he justly merits, and that he will be enabled to complete
the series in the same style as the present. We believe Durham will be the subject of the 
next illustration.
</Paragraph>
<Instruction>
<Type>rule</Type>
</Instruction>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The second work which stands at the head of this review is devoted
to the excellent purpose of tracing out the geometric rules by which the architects of the
ancient churches proceeded to construct their wondrous fabrics.The theory of Mr. Billings 
may be best understood by giving his own words:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The application of the circle, or intersecting circles, to the 
plan of Gothic buildings, is not new; but the application of scales, composed of a regular
division of parts of that figure, fixing both the position and substance of the columns 
within the building, besides the various parts of the elevation, has hitherto been 
unknown; and the author, consquently, claims the invention or re-discovery of this 
principle, if it be really that which the ancient architects used, as his own. From the 
variety in the proportion of every part of our cathedrals, he cannot possibly conceive how
any other rule could have regulated the design."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Billings works out his theory by an analysis of the cathedral 
of Carlisle, the first structure on which he applied successfully his system of circles. A
single division of Worcester cathedral, traced from Mr. Britton's work, he also finds to 
contain within it equal evidence of the same principles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whatever may have been the profound ignorance of the architects 
and writers of the last two centuries, who have condemned the Gothic style, of the merits 
of the architects of our ancient churches, no one will be found at the present day to 
controvert the position that in the general form, as well as in the detail of a Gothic 
structure, the utmost harmony prevails in every part: no one will be hardy enough to 
assert that the Gothic architects worked without rule, or to bestow on them the name of 
barbarians. Some difficulty may exist in discovering the rules which guided them, and in 
laying them down with sufficient precision to enable a workman to carry them out in an 
intended design. Mr. Billings considers that he has effected this. We receive with great 
satisfaction his attempts at so useful and desirable an object; and though, when the 
various irregularities in Gothic buildings thrust themselves before our vision, a doubt 
will arise whether the author's rules will in all cases apply, yet we hopes that he will, 
when he "elucidates the more perfect and gorgeous specimens scattered over the country," 
find his theory fully confirms; and that the irregularities are, in fact, exceptions to
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  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>History and Description of Carlisle 
Cathedral</Keyword> <Keyword>Attempt to Define the Geomteric Proportions of Gothic 
Architecture</Keyword> <Keyword>Billings, R W</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>architecture, 
gothic</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carter, John</Keyword>  <Keyword>Trinity, The</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1840 part 2 p.157
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">the general rule. The attempt to trace out the harmony and the 
proportions of Gothic architecture to their true source is creditable to Mr. Billings, and
will be sufficient to place his name high upon the list of the scientific writers on the 
architectural styles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">One extract more and we will conclude:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"We allude to the east end of the cathedral, (the author is 
apeaking of Carlisle) the gem of the building. By examination it will be found that an 
equilateral triangle, whose base is the whole width of the cathedral, comprised the total 
height of the east end to the point of the gable. This cannot be refuted; and if it were 
attempted, we could refer triumphaantly to the upper window in the gable, where that form 
is repeated four times. Although it may be as well to avoid the question of symbolical 
forms, the idea that this window was intended to convey a type of unity of the Trinity - 
all coequal, neither superior or inferior, so forcibly strikes the imagination, that we 
cannot refrain from expressing our belief that the architect designed it with that 
intention."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have no doubt that the window in question was designed with the
very object which Mr. Billings alludes, - the architectural "three in one;" so aptly 
designated by the late John Carter, and to be met with in some shape or other in every 
early structure, was by that eminent writer always judged to be an emblem of the sacred 
Trinity. The doctrines of the Trinity and the Atonement were never lost sight of in our 
ancient churches. The repeated occurrence of the triplication of parts, held and bound 
together by a common band of union, is seen in the windows, the cusps, the columns, the 
mouldings, and the ground plan; and the form of a cross is equally conspicuous and 
predominating, showing incontrovertibly that even the fabric of an ancient church bore 
testimony to the Catholicity of the doctrines which it was erected to support and 
promulgate.
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<Keyword>Redmond, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Redmond, Jane</Keyword> <Keyword>Langrigg Hall, 
Langrigg</Keyword> <Keyword>Chapel House, Whitehaven<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Melmerby, Ousby</Keyword> <Keyword>Christ's Hospital<Note>almshouses, 
Wigton</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>almshouses, Wigton</Keyword> <Keyword>Wigton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Orton, Orton S</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1840 part 2 pp.218-219
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>Jane Barwise</Keyword> <Keyword>Mary 
Bardgert</Keyword>  <Keyword>Jane Redmond</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Obituary, Jane Barwise, Mary Bardgert, and Jane Redmond</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">Obituaries
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G840B218.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CUMBERLAND. - <i>June</i> 14. At Langrigg Hall, aged 95, Jane, 
relict of the Rev. John Barwise, late rector of Niton, in the Isle of Wight, and of 
Langrigg Hall, Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>June</i> 25. Aged 86, at Chapel House, near Whitehaven, Mary, 
wife of the Rev. Joseph Bardgert, Rector of Melmerby, near Penrith.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>July</i> 11. In Christ's Hospital, Wigton, aged 66, Jane, widow
of the Rev. John
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Redmond, Vicar of Orton, Westmorland.
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Jane</Keyword> <Keyword>Langrigg Hall, Langrigg</Keyword> <Keyword>Lysons, Daniel and 
Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Topographical Account of Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Barwise, 
Ann</Keyword> <Keyword>Dearham</Keyword> <Keyword>Barwise, Elizabeth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bromfield</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cumberland, longevity</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1840 part 2 p.226
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>longevity</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cumberland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Longevity, Cumberland</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">MINOR CORRESPONDENCE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN the Obituary of our last Magazine, p.218, the death of Mrs. 
Jane Barwis, relict of the Rev. John Barwis, of Langrigg Hall, Cumberland, and Rector of 
Niton, in the Isle of Wight, was briefly noticed. Messrs. Daniel and Samuel Lysons, in 
their Topographical Account of Cumberland, state, "It is remarkable that <i>two</i> ladies
of this family attained the age of 100 years: Mrs. Anne Barwis, buried at Dearham in 1686,
and Mrs. Elizabeth Barwis, mother of the late Mr. Barwis, who died at Langrigg Hall, in 
1814." His widow, who died at Langrigg Hall, on the 12th of June last, was born on the 
24th of July 1744, o.s., and consequently had nearly attained the age of 96. Mr. Daniel 
Lysons, in a letter to the Vicar of Bromfield written in 1811, says, "It is extremely 
difficult to account for the cause of the extraordinary longevity observable in certain 
districts. The whole of Cumberland we have ascertained to be remarkable for it. Bromfield 
is among the parishes that are most so, but the same is observable in some of the parishes
on the borders of Northumberland. Some think the climate of the North particularly 
favourable to longevity, but in Cornwall the only part particularly not for it is on the 
<i>southern</i> coast. Temperance is generally, and I believe justly, supposed to 
contribute to longevity, and I dare say it may be the general character of the Cumberland 
people; but in the course of our enquiries we heard of several instances of extraordinary 
longevity among persons who had accustomed themselves to a contrary habit. Whatever has 
been the cause, the fact is very curious and remarkable: the general calculation is, that 
one in 32 attain the age of fourscore; in great towns about one in 40. In Cumberland we 
have found the general average in the country to be about one in 7 or 8; in Bromfield, and
some other villages, more than one in 8; in great towns, even in Whitehaven, 
notwithstanding great ravages of the small-pox, about one in 16: indeed, a very 
extraordinary proportion in every part of the county." It should be remarked, that Mrs. 
Jane Barwis was born in the parish of St. Andrew's, Holborn, and passed the greater part 
of her early life in London. In 1788 she removed to Niton, in the Isle of Wight, where she
lived till 1822, after which time she resided at Langrigg Hall. Her father and mother were
both natives of the same part of Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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Lady</Keyword> <Keyword>Rainbow, Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sermon preached at the Funeral, April 14, 1676, of Anne Countess of Pembroke 
...</Keyword> <Keyword>Jefferson, Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Donne, Dr</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1840 part 2 p.277
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Lady Anne Pembroke</Keyword>  <Keyword>sermon</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Funeral Sermon for Lady Anne Pembroke</Heading>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>A Sermon preached at the Funeral, April 14, 1676, of Anne 
Countess of Pembroke, Dorset and Montgomery, by</i> Edward Rainbow, <i>D.D. Lord Bishop of
Carlisle. Reprinted from the edition of 1677; with Memoirs of the Countess and of Bp. 
Rainbow. By</i> S. Jefferson, <i>Carlisle.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE lady here commemorated is probably as well known as any female
character of former times, that is not absolutely mixed up with political history. This 
was the lady of whom Dr. Donne said in her youth (as is related in the Sermon before us) 
"That she knew well how to discourse of all things, from predestination to slea-silk." Her
biography has been ably written by two modern authors, Dr. Whitaker and Mr. Lodge: by the 
former she is termed "one of the most illustrious women of her own or any age;" and by the
latter her character is delineated as worthy of the highest praise and admiration.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Respecting such a personage, even a Funeral Sermon becomes 
interesting. Though it is true that the pulpit compositions of the period were tedious and
conceited, yet they abound in personal allusions and even anecdotes, and hence their 
historical value. The few extracts we shall now make will fully show that neither Dr. 
Whitaker nor Mr. Lodge have exhausted the interest of the composition before us.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"She was not ignorant of knowledge in any kind, which might make 
her conversation not only useful and gracious, but also pleasant and delightful; which 
that she might better do, she would frequently bring out of the rich storehouse of her 
memory things old and new, sentences or sayings of remark, which she had read or learned 
out of authors, and with these her walls, her bed, her hangings, and furniture must be 
adorned; causing her servants to write them on papers, and her maids to pin them up, that 
she, or they, in the time of their dressing, or as occasion served, might remember and 
make their discants on them. So that, though she had not many books in her chamber, yet it
was dressed up with the flowers of a library." (p.40.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"She had six houses; in each of which she used, at her prefixed 
times, to keep her residence. None can call this an unsettledness, or humour of 
mutability; it was not onely that she might the better hold up and keep in repair those 
houses which commonly in the owner's absence
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...</Keyword> <Keyword>Jefferson, Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>road, Brough to 
Appleby</Keyword> <Keyword>Seward's Anecdotes</Keyword> <Keyword>diary, Lady 
Anne's</Keyword> <Keyword>Biographia Britannica</Keyword> <Keyword>Kippis, Dr</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1840 part 2 p.278
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G840B278.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(who is the soul of the house) turn to carcases, ready to be 
dissolved, fall to ruine and dust; but she resolved by her presence to animate the houses 
which she had built, and the places where she lived; to dispense and disperse the 
influences of her hospitality and charity in all the places where her patrimony lay, that 
many might be made partakers of her comforts and kindness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"In her frequent removals, both going and coming, she strewed her 
bounty all the way. And for this end it was (as may be charitably conjectured) that she so
often removed; and that not only in the winter season (less fit for travelling), but also 
that she chose to pass those uncouth and untrodden, those mountainous and almost 
impassable ways, that she might make the poor people and labourers her pioneers, who were 
always well rewarded for their pains. Let the season be never so bad, the places never so 
barren, yet we may say it by way of allusion, Psalm. 65. II. <i>She crowned the Season 
with her goodness, and her paths dropped fatness, even upon the pasture of the 
wilderness,</i> the barren mountains. If she found not mines in these mountains, I am sure
the poor found money in good plenty, whenever she passed over them." (p.46.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Bishop then proceeds to detail at length as "an instance of 
her constancy" of purpose, "a known story in these parts," that about three years before 
her death, during a misty frost in January, she had appointed to remove from Appleby to 
Brougham Castle. Just before her departure, she turned into the chapel, as was her 
practice, to offer her private prayers, and there fell into a swoon. When recovered she 
could not be persuaded to forego the journey, "having before fixed on that day, and so 
much company being come purposely to wait on her;" nor yet when she had been seized with 
another fit, when she first came to her horse litter. And no sooner was she came to her 
journey's end (nine miles) but a swooning seized on her again; still she would not allow 
that she ought not to have undertaken the journey. "She replied she knew she must die, and
it was the same thing to her to die in the way, as in her house; in her litter as in her 
bed; declaring a courage no less than the great Roman general, <i>Necesse est ut eam, non 
ut vitam:</i> She would not acknowledge any necessity why she should live, but believed it
becessary to keep firm to her resolution."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Of a humour pleasing to all, yet like to none; her dress not 
disliked by any, yet imitated by none. Those who fed by her, might be full; if with her, 
starved, to eat by the measures she took to herself. She was absolute mistress of herself,
her resolutions, actions and time; and yet allowed a time for every purpose, for all 
addresses, for any persons; none had access to her but by her leave, when she called; but 
none were rejected: none must stay longer than she would, yet none departed unsatisfied. 
Like him at the stern, she seemed to do little or nothing, but indeed turned and steered 
the whole course of her affairs." (p.51.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such was this energetic and masculine woman, the Elizabeth of the 
peerage. The extracts now given will be sufficient to justify us in tendering the public 
thanks to Mr. Jefferson for this interesting reprint:&#x002A; but we wish he would exert 
himself to procure for us a fuller copy of his heroine's DIARY, of which some very curious
passages were first published in Seward's Anecdotes. We believe it was a different MS. to 
"the private memoirs of the Countess, written by herself,"&#x2020; which occupy a large 
portion of one of the three
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; In the preface, p.ix. is a slight mistake respecting Mary
Sidney, Countess of Pembroke, that "her epitaph <i>in Salisbury Cathedral</i>, which is so
much admired records her as Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother." The epitaph was never 
placed in Salisbury Cathedral, but only in the works of Ben Jonson, whence the copies of 
it have been derived.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; The Diary was evidently made as events arose; and 
afterwards "some parts of these Diaries were summed into Annals." (Bishop Rainbow's 
Sermon, p.50.) Of the folio memoir the full title will be found, together with some 
extracts, in the last edition of the Biographia Britannica, vol.ii p.640, whence the more 
recent writers have derived them. A transcript of the narrative was communicated to Dr. 
Kippis by Mr. Baynes; and its contents are described by the former as a "few things which 
relate to the general events of the times," and "every incident, how trifling soever, 
which happened to herself or any of her family. The different places of her residence, the
time she staid in them, the repairs of her houses, her journeys from one castle to 
another, the marriages of her daughters, the births of her grand-children and 
great-grand-children, the deaths of the great persons she was connected with, the visits 
she received from her noble relations, the way by which they came and returned, the number
of nights they lodged with her, the rooms in which they lay, her repeated entertainment of
the Judges of Assize, and many other particulars of the like nature, are recorded with the
most circumstantial exactness;" and, though too minute and full of repetitions to be 
available to Dr. Kippis, we cannot imagine a more interesting record of ancient manners, 
(now rendered more remote by the lapse of nearly sixty years since Dr. Kippis wrote,) or 
one better deserving the attention of either the Surtees or the Camden Society.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Sermon preached at the Funeral, April 14, 1676, of Anne Countess of Pembroke 
...</Keyword> <Keyword>Jefferson, Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby Castle, 
Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1840 part 2 p.279
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">folio volumes that she collected of her family documents, and that
are now preserved in Appleby Castle. (preface p.xii.) Gilpin, in his Tour to the Lakes, 
ii. 191, says he had been informed that "the late Earl of Thanet <i>destroyed</i>" her 
Journal, "as it contained many severe remarks on several characters of those times, which 
the earl supposed might give offence to their families." But it was about the same time 
that Mr. Seward published his extracts. We have heard that the MS. was mutilated, and for 
a somewhat different though equally foolish reason, that is to say, on the score of some 
coarsenesses, repugnant to modern delicacy; but that it was not wholly destroyed. There 
can be no question that a judicious selection from all that remains of her memoirs would 
form a valuable addition to our materials of domestic history. As Bishop Rainbow himself 
remarked, the Countess of Pembroke, Dorset, and Montgomery is a subject "fitter for a 
History than a Sermon."
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Gilbert</Keyword> <Keyword>Hartley Castle, Hartley</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1840 part p.401
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Life of Sir Philip Musgrave</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Book review.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Life of Sir Philip Musgrave, Bart. of Hartley Castle, co. 
Westmorland, and of Edenhall, co. Cumberland, Governor of the City of Carlisle, &amp;c. 
Now first published from an original MS. by the Rev.</i> Gilbert Burton, <i>Vicar of 
Edenhall</i>, 1669-1683. S. Jefferson, <i>Carlisle</i>. 8<i>vo.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SIR Philip Musgrave was one of the noble cavaliers whose devoted 
loyalty and disinterested patriotism embellishes the otherwise disastrous history of 
Charles the First. He was naturally of a grave and studious temperament. Iin his younger 
days, before the troubles,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"He had a melancholy disposition and
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Gilbert</Keyword> <Keyword>Hartley Castle, Hartley</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Hartley</Keyword> <Keyword>Civil War</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Rowton Moor</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Charles I</Keyword> <Keyword>Wharton, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Lambert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Committee of Safety</Keyword>  <Keyword>Monk, General</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1840 part p.402
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<Paragraph rend="quote">weak body, not much addicted to those pleasures which young 
gentlemen commonly accustom themselves to. His genius led him most to ye repairing of his 
houses, and bringing his estate into some better order than he found it, for he paid many 
debts which his father left upon it, and endeavoured to stock his grounds, thereby to 
bring his revenue to ye hight from which, in the time of his Wardship, it was much fallen.
About ye space of seven years following, hee lived in this sort, suitable to his quality 
and fortune," - at Hartley Castle, as Justice of the Peace and Quorum in ye Counties of 
Cumberland and Westmorland."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Subsequently he was made a Deputy Lieutenant, an office of far 
greater importance than at present, inasmuch as it was not devolved on many persons, and 
actually incurred the duties of the Lord Lieutenant, during his absence.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1644 Sir Philip Musgrave was, by the Marquess of Newcastle, 
made Commander-in-chief of the two counties of Cumberland and Westmorland. At the battle 
of Rowton-Moor (where the Earl of Lichfield was slain) he was among the prisoners taken by
the victorious Parliamentarians. After a few months imprisonment at York and Pontefract 
castles, he was again actively engaged in the royal cause, until all was lost.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Ye next day after ye King was put to death, hee left London, went 
to Dover, and staying a few hours, shiped himself to France and landed safely at Calice ye
next morning. There he found Sr Marmaduke Langdale, and stayed with him six weeks; in 
which time ye English Parliament voted him to be one of ye eleven persons excepted for 
their lives and estates. Of this number ye young King and his brother ye Duke of York were
named ye two first."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1650 the King, then at Breda, signed a warrant for the title 
and dignity of a Baron, to be conferred on Sir Philip Musgrave, (which warrant is appended
to this publication,) but this never passed the great seal. Shortly after, he accompanied 
the King to Scotland, and was present at his coronation at Scone. He was hardly ever at 
rest even during the Protectorate, being engaged in most of the attempts made for the 
restoration of his sovereign. He sufferd various imprisonments; but, on the whole, appears
to have been fortunate in the leniency of his treatment from the regnant authorities, 
chiefly through the interference of his kinsman, Lord Wharton.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Then came ye actions of ye once great Lambert, who rebelled 
against the thing yt called itself a Parliament, and wch he and his souldiers had owned by
yt title, yet turned ym out of ye honor, and did appoint a certain number of men which 
were stiled a Committee of Safety to do as he would have ym, until, when he was at 
Newcastle, and upon his march toward Scotland, against Genl Monk, God put a hook in his 
nostrills, and turned him back by the way yt he came, untill his men, without feeling yr 
blow or seeing ye face of an enemy, dropt away from him like snow melting wth ye summer 
heat."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This is, we think, on the whole, the most eloquent passage with 
which the worthy family chaplain has favoured us. His composition cannot be termed 
exceedingly entertaining, for the writer is a very matter-of-fact person, detailing his 
events in a dry circumstantial style. But when we say that his narrative is full of exact 
particulars of the occurrences in the north of England, particularly during the eventful 
period of the civil war, and that great reliance may be placed on their authenticity and 
precision, it will be allowed that Mr. Jefferson has done good service in giving it to the
world; only, to secure its utility, he should have added an Index to the persons and 
places which occur in such abundance.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sometimes the names have not been carefully printed. The Earl of 
<i>Lanerick</i> in p.12 and Lord <i>Laurick</i> in p.14, both mean one person; and who is 
he? The Earl of <i>Clewland</i> in p.18 should be Cleveland. <i>Barclif</i>, p.27, is 
previously Racliff.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The narrative is continued to near the time of the good old 
cavalier's death, which occurred in 1678, at the age of seventy. A very beautiful letter 
is appended, written to his wife when under arrest at Carlisle in 1655, under imminent 
danger of his life.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1841 part 1 p.338
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Royal Coat of Arms in Churches</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">CLERICUS would be glad to be informed, whether there is not some 
old law, and where it is to be found, requiring the SOVEREIGN'S ARMS to be set up in every
parish church in the kingdom? Such appears to have been the fact originally.
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Thornburghs of Hamsfeld</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">T. asks, Was John Thornburgh, Bishop of Worcester, who died 1641, 
descended from the Thornburghs of Hamsfeld Hall, near Cartmel, co. Lancaster? He bore the 
same arms, viz. Ermine, fretty and chief gu. with a mullet for a difference.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1841 part 1 p.603
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Islington, April</i> 8.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE following observations on the custom of setting up the Royal 
arms in churches, may serve as a reply to the question of your correspondent CLERICUS 
(Minor Corr,. April 1841).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Burn, having mentioned the great Bible, and book of Common 
Prayer, the font, communion table, pulpit, and chest for alms, with other things required 
by the Canons and Rubric, says, "Besides what hath been observed in particular, there are 
many other articles for which no provision is made by any special law, and must therefore 
be refered to the general power of the churchwardens, with the consent of the major part 
of the parishioners as aforesaid, and under the direction of the ordinary; such as the 
erecting of galleries, adding new bells ... organs, clocks, chimes, <i>King's arms</i>, 
... and such like." Eccl. Law, 1824, I. 374.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Amongst the records at Lambeth (Chartae Misc. tom. ii. No.13.) is 
a curious document, of which I send a transcript. It seems to confirm the opinion, that 
the practice under consideration is not required by law, but only observed from custom. It
is a grant from Abp. Abbot, to one John Sergent, to paint the King's arms, &amp;c. 
together with <i>a prayer for the King</i>, in all the churches within the province of 
Canterbury.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The custom does not seem to be mentioned by Fuller, Collier, 
Sparrow, Strype, Burnet, or Cardwell, nor have I ever seen any allusion to it in articles 
of inquiry or visitations.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, Amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HENRY GOUGH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To all Christian people to whome this preasant wrightinge shall 
come to be read, harde, or understood, George by God's providence Archbishop of Cant. 
Primate and Metrapolitan of all England (&#x002A;within the province of Cant.) sendeth 
greetinge in o<sup>r</sup> Lorde God Everlastinge. Forasmuche as we, understandinge that 
greate deformytie appeareth in divers Churches and Chappells w<sup>t</sup>hin this his 
Ma<sup>ties</sup> Realme of England (and o<sup>r</sup> province of Cant.) they beinge 
verie negligently kepte, And not in such decent manner as they oughte to be, And for that 
in o<sup>r</sup> late Soveraignes Raigne of famous memorie we have observed that her 
Ma<sup>ties</sup> Armes weare aptlie placed in all or moste part of the Churches and 
Chappells w<sup>t</sup>hin this saide Realme, (and o<sup>r</sup> province) And for that 
o<sup>r</sup> Soveraigne Lord and Kinge James hath in like manner moste zealouslye and 
constantlie declared his princley care, providence, and protection of God's Church, And 
the true and Christian Religion established amongest us. Knowe ye that we have lycenced, 
and by these preasants doe lycence and aucthorise, o<sup>r</sup> wellbeloved in Christe 
John Sergent of Hytchen in the Countie of Hertford Paynter stayner, to Survey and paynte 
in all the Churches and Chappells wo<sup>t</sup>hin this Realme of England 
(w<sup>t</sup>hin o<sup>r</sup> province) the Kinges Ma<sup>ties</sup> Armes in due forme 
w<sup>th</sup> helme crest mantell and supporters as they oughte to be, together 
w<sup>th</sup> the Noble younge princes, And to wright in fayre text letters the tenn 
Commaundements the beliefe and the Lords prayer w<sup>th</sup> some other fruitefull and 
profitable sentences of holye scrypture, And prayer for his most excellent 
ma<sup>tie</sup> as to hym is Directed, w<sup>th</sup> the advise of the mynister of suche
Churces and Chappells where he shalbe so employed, as may serve for the better ornament of
the same, And for the edifyeing and instrucc'on of all Christian people useinge and 
resortinge unto them, whose skyll experience and understandinge in
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<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; These words, and the others within parentheses, are 
interlined in paler ink.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1841 part 1 p.604</Title>
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<PersonName>Gough, Henry</PersonName>
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<Date>1841</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1840s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>coat of arms, royal</Keyword> <Keyword>Clericus</Keyword> <Keyword>James 
I</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1841 part 1 p.604
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">this busynes we knowe to be most sufficient and very good, 
Chargeinge and commaundinge all Churchwardens and sidemen presently upon the sight heareof
to ayde further and assiste the saide John Sergent or his sufficient deputie in the 
performemabce of his premisses where neede shall require, and where such ornaments are 
wantinge, as they tender theire duetie to Allmightie God, and the King's most excellent 
Ma<sup>tie</sup>, accordinge as we expect, or upon yo<sup>r</sup> contempt ye shall heare 
from us in Another kinde. And this o<sup>r</sup> Lycence to contynue so longe as he shall 
lawdiblye and honestlye behave hymselfe in this service, takeinge for his worke and paynes
no more then he shall well deserve, And shall reasonablie agree for w<sup>th</sup> the 
Churchwardens of every such Church and Chappell, And untill we shall understand all the 
said Churches and Chappells, togeather w<sup>th</sup> theire Chauncells, so to be Decently
Adorned as aforesaide. In withnesse whereof, we have heare-unto set o<sup>r</sup> hand and
Seale of Office this [blank] of [blank] 1614. And in the Twelveth yeare of the Raigne of 
o<sup>r</sup> Soveraigne Lorde and Kinge James, by the grace of God of England, Fraunce, 
and Irelond, And of Scotland the Eight and fortieth, Defendo<sup>r</sup> of the Faythe, 
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(ENDORSED.) The letter to be sente by Norwich Cart to be left at 
the syne of the Bell in Thetforde, to be sent to Mr. Wm. Barret, of Mones ... in Norff.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The seal and signature are wanting. The latter was probably upon 
the slip of vellum to which the seal was affixed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1841 part 2 p.53</Title>
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<Date>1841</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1840s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>History and Antiquities of Leath Ward</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Jefferson, Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Leath Ward, Cumberland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>ward</Keyword> <Keyword>hundred</Keyword> <Keyword>watch and ward</Keyword> 
<Keyword>border reivers</Keyword> <Keyword>Alfred the Great</Keyword> <Keyword>Burn, 
Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Nicolson and Burn</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutchinson</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lysons, Daniel and Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Beauties of England and 
Wales</Keyword>  <Keyword>History of Cumberland</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1841 part 2 p.53
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword>  <Keyword>History and Antiquities of Leath Ward</Keyword>
</Marginal>
History and Antiquities of Leath Ward</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Book review.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The History and Antiquities of Leath Ward, in the County of 
Cumberland; with Biographical Notices and Memoirs. By</i> Samuel Jefferson. <i>Carlisle, 
8vo. pp.</i>516.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE county of Cumberland is divided, not into Hundreds but into 
Wards, an arrangement which, according to this author, is owing, in common with the 
subdivision of other counties into hundreds, "to the wise policy of Alfred the Great." But
had Alfred any jurisdiction over Cumberland? We rather imagine not. And if so, in what 
ancient record are the Wards first mentioned? This should be one of the first questions to
be investigated by a Cumberland historian. Dr. Burn gives a more satisfactory account of 
this peculiar division of Cumberland and Westmorland. He says the Wards were "the 
districts of the like number of High Constables, who presided over the <i>wards</i> to be 
sustained at certain fords and other places, for repelling the plundering parties out of 
Scotland." (Burn's Westmorland, pp.12, 13.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A very recent alteration has taken place in the division of 
Cumberland. The five Wards of which it consisted have been formed into six. Leath Ward, 
however, remains unaltered (p.496.) It comprises the south-eastern portion of the county; 
is about thirty-five miles in length east and west, and in breadth north and south very 
irregular, in no part exceeding fourteen miles. It contains twenty-one parishes, of which 
that of the town of Penrith is first noticed in the present volume. The history of 
Cumberland has been described by a very competent judge, (Mr. Hodgson, the historian of 
Northumberland,) as "a wide and rich, but uncultivated field." It has only been 
<i>surveyed</i>, not cultivated, by Messrs. Nicolson and Burn, by Mr. Hutchinson, and the 
Messrs. Lysons. But we should not forget another survey made by the historian of 
Northumberland himself, and contributed to "The Beauties of England and Wales," - an early
evidence of his love of topography, and his patriotic affection towards his native county.
Mr. Jefferson discloses the circumstance, that
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The History of Cumberland which bears Mr. <i>Hutchinson's</i> 
name is usually attributed to him; but that gentleman appears merely to have written a few
parts, furnished notes for some parishes, and left the management and editorship to 
others. His Histories of Northumberland and Durham have established his fame as a writer, 
he lent his assistance and countenance to that of Cumberland, which now bears his name."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And now we are called upon to give our opinion of Mr. Jefferson's 
own performance: We could not conscientiously give it the highest praise: for to bring it 
into a comparison with the erudition and taste of Mr. Hodgson would be extravagant. We 
think its compilation has been rather hurried; but life is short, and topographers are not
immortal. On the tomb of too
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<Keyword>Jefferson, Samuel</Keyword> <Keyword>Todd, Hugh</Keyword> <Keyword>Nicolson, 
Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Dean and Chapter of Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, 
Skelton</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Skelton</Keyword> <Keyword>Skelton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brougham, Henry Richmond</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham, Peter and 
Elizabeth</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham, Mary</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brougham Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Gale, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Richmond, Elizabeth</Keyword> <Keyword>Vaux, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Catterlen</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke Castle, Greystoke</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Salvin, 
Anthony</Keyword>  <Keyword>Huddleston, Father</Keyword>  <Keyword>Lingard, Dr</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1841 part 2 p.54
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">many a county historian the motto may be inscribed
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Magnis ille excidit ausis</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The world, in one sense, is more indebted to publishers than to 
collectors, that is, to the publishers of their own generation who diffuse the collections
of preceding times, rather than to the collectors of their own generation, who bury their 
stores for posterity. The former process Mr. Jefferson is very laudably engaged in 
accomplishing. He has the use of a MS. history of the diocese, compiled towards the close 
of the seventeenth century, by the Rev. Hugh Todd, D.D.; of the MS. collections of Bishop 
Nicolson, and others in the library of the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle. He also pays 
greater attention to the Church architecture than has previously been done, and publishes 
copies of the sepulchral memorials.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Among these, in the church of Skelton, we find the following:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"To the memory of HENRY RICHMOND BROUGHAM, Esq. who died 23rd 
April 1749, and lies near this place, where his father Peter Brougham, Esq. and his mother
Elizabeth, his brother John, and sister Mary, are likewise interred. Erected by John Gale,
Esq."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Peter here mentioned was the great-uncle of Lord Brougham. He 
married Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Christopher Richmond, esq. which Christopher's 
mother was Mabell, elder daughter and coheiress of John Vaux of Catterlen. The children of
the marriage of Brougham and Richmond all died without issue, as above noticed; and the 
remarkable part of the matter is, that Lord Brougham and <i>Vaux</i> is <i>not</i> 
descended from the heir of the latter family. We think, however, that Mr. Jefferson, on 
concluding his pedigree of Vaux of Catterlen in p.149, should have mentioned that Lord 
Brougham's title was derived from that family, in the way that we have mentioned.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another object of interest in the volume is the castle of 
Greystoke, which our author states is at present undergoing a very extensive repair, from 
designs of A. Salvin, esq. F.S.A. architect.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The volume is closed with biographies of several eminent natives 
or residents of the district, among which is one of Father Huddleston, contributed by Dr. 
Lingard.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the whole, though it is obvious that twenty-one parishes cannot
be fully discussed in 500 not very large octavo pages, we have no hesitation in saying 
that Mr. Jefferson's book is, and ought to be, very acceptable to the county, and that it 
is published at a price which will meet the convenience of all purchasers. The 
embellishments are of an inferior kind; and, without increasing his expences materially, 
the author might certainly obtain more correct drawings and more interesting subjects. In 
this respect we shall hope to see an improvement in Mr. Jefferson's next volume, which 
will contain the history of Allerdale Ward above Derwent.
</Paragraph>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>fancy</Keyword> <Keyword>imagination</Keyword> <Keyword>poems of the 
fancy</Keyword> <Keyword>poems of the imagination</Keyword> <Keyword>poet</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Stewart, Dugald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Taylor</Keyword>  <Keyword>etymology</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.3
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>William Wordsworth</Keyword>  <Keyword>poem</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Wordworth Poems of Fancy and Imagination</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">WORDSWORTH. POEMS OF THE FANCY. POEMS OF THE IMAGINATION.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FEW readers of English poetry can be ignorant of the distinction 
which the poet, whose name we have placed at the head of this article, endeavours to 
establish between the Fancy and the Imagination - as faculties or powers of the human 
mind: and some have perhaps exercised their critical perspicacity in attempting to 
ascertain with what consistent accuracy the poet, in the composition of the poems, 
arranged under the heads respectively of these two supposed faculties, may have observed 
his own distinction.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For our own parts, we must candidly confess, however the 
confession may derogate from our pretensions to a nice perception and lively sensibility, 
that if we had not chanced to entertain some long-cherished preconceptions of our own upon
the classification of poetical imagery, we should have been so satisfied with the beauties
so profusely scattered through these poems, and our minds so absorbed in the contemplation
of them, that we should have cared little to investigate, whether they were intended by 
their author to be considered as the progeny of the one faculty or the other.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the course of our brief dissertation, we shall have occasion to
present (to the no small gratification, we doubt not, of many readers of the Gentleman's 
Magazine,) some few choice specimens of the passages with which we have been more 
particularly delighted.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That elegant and ingenious writer, Mr. Dugald Stewart,&#x002A; 
appears to have been the first who, on modern days, proposed to place <i>the</i> Fancy and
<i>the</i> Imagination over separate provinces, and to assign to each a peculiar 
jurisdiction. The professor, after a lapse of about forty years, was followed by Mr. 
Taylor,&#x2020; of Norwich; who, without animadverting upon the refined speculation of Mr.
Stewart, expounds to us a discrimination of his own. It is very remarkable - that this 
latter experiment is cited and commented upon by the POET, while the former, though an 
earlier and more elaborate effort, is not even referred to, and was, not improbably, 
either forgotten or unknown. If the POET had taken into his consideration the opinions of 
the Professor, he would, it may be believed, have found no occasion to start the 
objection, which he urges <i>in limine</i> against those of Mr. Taylor, viz. that the 
author's mind "was enthralled by etymology." Objections of this kind are too frequently 
intended (though they cannot <i>here</i> be suspected of being so) to supersede the 
trouble of a more careful and minute examination, and also to mark the mind of the 
individual, against whom they may be advanced, with the character of being too partial and
limited in its views to deserve any greater share of attention. For our own parts, 
however, we should not be discouraged by any fear of a similar imputation from resorting 
to etymology, and availing ourselves of its assistance, if it would serve our purpose so 
to do, nor shall we, at
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind, ch.v.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; English Synonyms discriminated.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Stewart</Keyword> <Keyword>Reid, 
Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Akenside, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Addison</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cicero</Keyword> <Keyword>Quintillian</Keyword> <Keyword>Consolatio of 
Boethius</Keyword> <Keyword>Chaucer, Geoffrey</Keyword> <Keyword>Alfred the 
Great</Keyword> <Keyword>etymology</Keyword> <Keyword>Plato</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Aristotle</Keyword>  <Keyword>Boethius</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.4
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">any other time, when we think we can derive from it any advantage 
to the inquiries upon which we may be engaged.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Reverting to the supposition of Mr. Stewart's originality, it may 
be observed, in confirmation of it, that Dr. Reid, who is to be considered, though of a 
different university, to have been the praelector of Scotch moral and metaphysical 
philosophy, expressly states, that what he denominates the IMAGINATION, was formerly 
called the FANCY, or PHANTASY: and suggest no change in the usage. Dr. Akenside introduces
his eloquent poem on the Pleasures of <i>Imagination</i>, with an address to "indulgent 
<i>Fancy</i>," and in the progress of his work the names are interchanged, as it suited 
the taste or covenience of the author. Addison had before him, in his admirable essays 
under the same title, used the two names indiscriminately.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is not at all necessary for our instant purposes to enter into 
a discourse on the doctrines maintained by sects of ancient Greek philosophers with 
respect to <i>Fancy</i>, or <i>Fantasy</i>. The word 
(&#x03A6;&#x03B1;&#x03C5;&#x03C4;&#x03B1;&#x03C3;&#x03B9;&#x03B1;) was, together with the 
philosophy of Greece, transferred to Rome by Cicero; but he renders it into Latin, not by 
<i>Imaginatio</i>, so long recognised by us as its synonym, but by <i>Visum</i>; and 
Quintillian by <i>Visio</i>. <i>Imaginatio</i> does not appear to have acquired in its 
native soil that "philosophical import" which has been bestowed upon its English 
descendant, but it becomes common in "that golden volume, not unworthy of the leisure of 
Tully or Plato," the Consolatio of Boethius.&#x002A; It had probably acquired a current 
conversational familiarity in the English language long before the translation of this 
volume had been contemplated by the venerable Father of English Poetry; but we may very 
plausibly pretend that the pen of Chaucer enrolled it in our vocabulary in all the 
philosophic dignity with which he found it invested in the original Latin. It must not be 
omitted that Alfred, "the most glorious of English Kings," had before translated the 
writings of the Roman senator and consul into Anglo-Saxon of his own time.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It will be interesting, and may be instructive to our more curious
readers, if we give them an opportunity of learning in what philosophic acceptation this 
same word, now so variously interpreted,&#x2020; was thus introduced to the acquaintance 
of the English scholar.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Boethius was an Eclectic, and endeavoured to combine the 
philosophy of Plato with that of Aristotle. &#x2021; And, agreeably to the system which it
was his ambition to construct, he severally explains the four terms - SENSUS, IMAGINATIO, 
<i>Ratio</i>, and <i>Intellectus</i>. (Lib. v. Pr.4.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SENSUS enim figuram in subjecta materia <i>constitutam</i>; 
IMAGINATIO vero solam sine materia judicat figuram: "For the WIT&#x00A7; (SENSUS) 
comprehendeth without the figure (of the body of man) that is <i>un</i>stablished&#x2016;
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Gibbon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Johnson has (<i>suo more</i>) eight interpretations of 
the noun Fancy, and four of Imagination: and (<i>suo more</i>) he says, Fancy, 1. 
Imagination: and Imagination, 1. Fancy. Webster has nine of Fancy, and five of 
Imagination. His first of the verb "to imagine," is, to form a notion or idea in the mind;
to fancy. We can imagine, he adds, the figure of a horse's head united to a human body. In
this sense, <i>fancy</i> is the more proper word. And in the New English Dictionary, it is
said that to the FANCY, as distinguished from IMAGINATION, may be ascribed the province of
personifying, and of investing the personification with qualities of real beings, supplied
by memory or imagination.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; Brucker, v. iii.p.525.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x00A7; And so the old expression, "Bless your Five Wits," i.e. 
Senses.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2016; The original is <i>constitutam</i>, which requires us to 
explain <i>un</i>stablished, to mean <i>en</i>stablished; as <i>un</i>trimmed, in K. John,
means <i>en</i>trimmed. See untrimmed and unstablished, in New English Dictionary.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.5
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">in the matter subject. But the IMAGINATION comprehendeth only the 
figure without the matter. Reason," continues the old Bard, "surmounteth Imagination, and 
comprehendeth, by universal looking, (universali consideratione,) the common 
<i>Speces</i>;&#x002A; but the eye of <i>Intelligence</i> (INTELLECTUS) is higher, for it 
surmounteth the environning (<i>ambitum</i>) of the universitie (<i>universe</i>), and 
looketh over that by pure subtilty of thought."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And afterwards, in fuller description:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"IMAGINATION, albeit so that it taketh of wit (<i>ex sensibus 
visendi</i>), the beginning to be seen and formen the figures, algates, although that wit 
ne were not present, yet it environneth and comprehendeth all things sensible, not by 
reason sensible of deeming, but reason imaginative." (Non sensibili, sed imaginaria 
ratione judicandi.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In these passages, which exhibit some of the earliest efforts in 
the English language to stammer out the accents of philosophy, the word <i>Imaginatio</i> 
is used as the name of a power of the mind; it is <i>the</i> Imagination, - literally from
the original; but in a subsequent passage, our countryman, - as if in apprehension of 
failing to express the true meaning of the word with which he, perhaps, was intimately 
acquainted, but which is wholly unwarranted by the Latin text. (Met. 4).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Philosophers" (he writes) "that highten Stoiciens" (i.e. are 
called Stoics) "wend that <i>Images</i> and sensibilities, that is to say, sensible 
<i>imaginations</i>, or els, <i>imaginations</i> of sensible things, were imprinted into 
souls fro bodies without forth." Now for this repetition of "sensible imaginations, or 
els, imaginations of sensible things," there are in Boethius no other words than 
<i>sensus</i> and <i>imagines</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was not, indeed, till a far later period that that which 
includes the Roman philosophy, that the Latin IMAGINATIO was advanced to an equal fulness 
of importance with the Greek PHANTASIA. In the middle ages, we find their co-efficiency 
completely established; and the questions very formally discussed, whether this 
<i>power</i> differed at all from <i>memory</i>, or could, in any respect, be 
distinguished from <i>the common sense</i>. All this was, no doubt, well known to the 
learned of our own country; but the old steel-capt philosopher of Malmesbury, though he 
employs the two nouns to be the same signification, yet, following the steps of Aristotle.
he defines Phantasy, or Imagination, to be - "Conception remaining, and by little and 
little decaying from and after the act of sense."&#x2020;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The words are now traced from their native homes, and implanted as
synonyms in our own language; but, that they were not unanimously received as such, the 
poem on the Immortality of the Soul, by Sir John Davies, a contemporary of Hobbes, is 
sufficient proof. Davies, who was undoubtedly a very learned man, had a system to 
maintain, and in accordance with it, after devoting a section to each of the Senses, 
<i>Seeing, Hearing, Taste, Smell</i>, and <i>Touch</i>, he allots one to the IMAGINATION, 
or <i>the Common Sense</i>, and another to FANTASY. Of the former he writes:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"These are the outward instruments of sense;</Line>
<Line>These are the guards which every thing musts pass,</Line>
<Line>Ere it approach the mind;'s intelligence,</Line>
<Line>Or touch the <i>fantasy</i>, wit's looking glass.</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The edition of Islip, 1598, reads <i>Speache</i>, and 
this is followed by Chalmers. The original is <i>Speciem</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; &#x0389; &#x03B4;&#x03B5; 
&#x03A6;&#x03B1;&#x03C5;&#x03C4;&#x03B1;&#x03C3;&#x03B9;&#x03B1; 
&#x03B5;&#x03C3;&#x03C4;&#x03B9; 
&#x03B1;&#x03B9;&#x03C3;&#x03B8;&#x03B7;&#x03C3;&#x03B9;&#x03C2; &#x03C4;&#x03B9;&#x03C2; 
&#x03B1;&#x03C3;&#x03B8;&#x03B5;&#x03C5;&#x03B7;&#x03C2;. Aristotle Opera. Du Val, ii. 
536.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.6
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>And yet these porters (i.e. the senses), which all things admit,</Line>
<Line>Themselves percieve not, nor discern the things;</Line>
<Line><i>One common power</i> doth in the forehead sit,</Line>
<Line>Which all their proper forms together brings.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>For all these nerves, which spirits of sense do bear,</Line>
<Line>And to those outward organs spreading so,</Line>
<Line>United are, as in a centre, there;</Line>
<Line>And there <i>this pow'r</i> those sundry forms doth know.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Those outward organs present things receive,</Line>
<Line>This <i>inward sense</i> doth absent things retain;</Line>
<Line>Yet straight transmits all fomrs she doth receive</Line>
<Line>Unto an highier region of the brain."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such is described to be the province of that common power, that 
inward sense, to which the Author assigns the name of IMAGINATION <i>only</i>, or 
<i>Common Sense</i>. And that higher region of the brain, to which she transmits "all 
forms she doth preceive," is then described to be the IBI,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Where <i>Fantasy</i>, near handmaid to the mind,</Line>
<Line>Sits and beholds, and doth discern them all;</Line>
<Line>Compounds in one, things different in their kind,</Line>
<Line>Compares the black and white, the great and small.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Besides, those single forms she doth esteem,</Line>
<Line>And in her balance doth their values try,</Line>
<Line>Where some things good, and some things ill do seem,</Line>
<Line>And neutral some, in her <i>fantastic</i> eye.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>This busy pow'r is working day and night;</Line>
<Line>For when the outward senses rest do take,</Line>
<Line>A thousand dreams, <i>fantastical</i> and light,</Line>
<Line>With fluttering wings do keep her still awake.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In a following stanza, of a section entitled Sensitive Memory, it 
is said of this <i>Fantasy</i>,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Yet always all may not afore her be,</Line>
<Line><i>Successively</i> she this and that intends;</Line>
<Line>Therefore such forms as she doth come to see</Line>
<Line>To Memory's large volume she commends."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And of WIT, the looking-glass of Fantasy, our Author writes -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"The Wit, the pupil of the soul's clear eye,</Line>
<Line>And in Man's world the only shining star,</Line>
<Line>Looks in the mirror of the <i>fantasy</i>,</Line>
<Line>Where all the gath'rings of the senses are."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Poet of Paradise has his distinctions likewise, which our 
readers must compare for themselves with that of Davies, and those of the middle ages,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>--- "But know, that in the soul</Line>
<Line>Are many lesser faculties, that serve</Line>
<Line>Reason as chief; among these, FANCY next</Line>
<Line>Her office holds; of all external things</Line>
<Line>Which the five watchful Senses represent,</Line>
<Line>She forms <i>imaginations</i>, aery shapes,</Line>
<Line>Which Reason, joining or disjoining, frames</Line>
<Line>All that we affirm, or what deny, and call</Line>
<Line>Our knowledge or opinion: then retires</Line>
<Line>Into her private cell. When Nature rests</Line>
<Line>Oft in her absence mimic <i>Fancy</i> wakes</Line>
<Line>To imitate her; but misjoining shapes</Line>
<Line>Wild work produces oft, but most in dreams,</Line>
<Line>Ill matching words and deeds long past or late."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Paradise Lost</i>, b.5.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.7
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">FANCY here is the sovereign power; and <i>imaginations</i> are her
workmanship. So, also, he places Satan close to the ear of Eve:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Assaying by his devilish arts to reach</Line>
<Line>The organs of her <i>Fancy</i>, and with them force</Line>
<Line>Illusions as he list, <i>phantasms</i> and dreams."</Line>
<Line>Ib. b.4.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And where Adams relates, how "gentle sleep first found him." and 
he thought himself about "to pass into his former state, and forthwith to dissolve,"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"When suddenly at my head a dream,</Line>
<Line>Whose inward apparition gently mov'd</Line>
<Line>My <i>fancy</i> to believe I yet had being,</Line>
<Line>And liv'd."</Line>
<Line>Ib. b.8.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">So again, where Adam
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Dazzl'd and spent, sunk down, and sought repair</Line>
<Line>Of sleep ----</Line>
<Line>Mine eyes he clos'd, but open left the cell</Line>
<Line>Of <i>Fancy</i>, my internal sight.</Line>
<Line>Ib. b.4.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And in the same book, <i>Fancy</i>, or <i>Mind</i>, are joined as 
univocal -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"But apt the Mind, or <i>Fancy</i>, is to rove</Line>
<Line>Unchect, and of her roving is no end."</Line>
<Line>Ib. b.4.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the second book, our divine Poet uses <i>imaginations</i> as in
the passage we have first quoted from him; and in the sixth, (and there, we think, only,) 
HUMAN IMAGINATION appears as a power of the mind: it is in the description of Michael and 
Satan preparing for battle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"They ended parle, and both addressed for fight,</Line>
<Line>Unspeakable; for who, though with the tongue</Line>
<Line>Of angels, can relate, or to what <i>things</i></Line>
<Line>Liken on earth <i>conspicuous</i>, that may lift</Line>
<Line>Human <i>imagination</i> to such height</Line>
<Line>Of godlike power."</Line>
<Line>Ib. b.6.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But neither did the formal division of Davies, nor the practical 
example of Milton, control the course of subsequent writers, whether philosophers or 
poets; and from this time forth the words became, and continued to be, employed 
indiscriminately, until Mr. Stewart projected the discussion, of which we have above made 
mention.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To Mr. Stewart, therefore, it is now necessary that we should 
direct our attention.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"It is obvious (he writes&#x002A;) that a creative imagination, 
when a person possesses it so habitually that it may be regarded as forming one of the 
characteristics of his genious, implies a power of summoning up, at pleasure, a particular
class of ideas; and of ideas related to each other in a particular manner; which power can
be the result only, of certain habits of association, which the individual has acquired. 
It is to this <i>power of the mind</i>, which is evidently <i>a particular turn of 
thought</i>(!), and not one of the common principles of our nature, that our best writers 
refer, in general, when they make use of the word FANCY." "Whatever they" (i.e. the 
particular relations by which the ideas are connected) "may be, the power of summoning up 
at pleasure the ideas so related, as it is the groundwork of poetical genius, is of 
sufficient importance to the human constitution to
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Elements, ut supra.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.8
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">deserve an appropiate name, and, for this purpose, the word FANCY 
would appear to be the best that our language affords."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"According to the explanation (he proceeds) which has now been 
given of the word FANCY, the office of this power is to <i>collect</i> materials for the 
<i>imagination</i>; and thus the latter power presupposes the former, while the former 
does not necessarily suppose the latter.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"A man whose habits of association present to him, for 
illustrating or embellishing a subject, a number of resembling or of analogous ideas, we 
call a man of FANCY; but for an <i>effort</i> of <i>imagination</i>, various other powers 
are necessary, particularly the powers of taste and of judgment; without which, we can 
produce nothing that will be a source of pleasure to others. It is the power of 
<i>fancy</i> which supplies the poet with the metaphorical language, and with all the 
analogies which are the foundation of his allusions; but it is the power of 
<i>imagination</i> that creates the complex scenes he describes, and the fictitious 
characters he delineates. To <i>fancy</i>, we apply the epithets of rich and luxuriant: to
<i>imagination</i>, those of beautiful or sublime."&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As regards this application of epithets, it may be very reasonably
asked, may they not be interchanged? Is not the imagination of Thomson rich and luxuriant?
Is not the fancy of Collins beautiful and sublime? And if these queries be answered in the
affirmative, what becomes of this [l]aboured effort at distinction?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Stewart's meaning, however, requires illustration: and a poet 
of his own country shall supply it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Yet such the destiny of all on earth:</Line>
<Line>So flourishes and fades majestic man;</Line>
<Line>Fair is the bud his vernal morn puts forth;</Line>
<Line>And fost'ring gales awhile the nursling fan:</Line>
<Line>O smile, ye heavens, serene:- ye mildews wan,</Line>
<Line>Ye blighting whirlwinds, spare his balmy prime,</Line>
<Line>Nor lessen of his life the little span!</Line>
<Line>Borne on the swift, though silent wings of Time,</Line>
<Line>Old Age comes on apace to ravage all the clime."</Line>
<Line><i>Minstrel, st.</i> 2.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">According to Mr. Stewart's interpretation of nature, it is the 
office of fancy to collect materials for the imagination, to supply the analogies that are
the foundations of his allusions, and also to supply the language.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the above poetic pourtraiture, then, we find man and his 
destiny, vegetable nature and its destiny, to be the materials which <i>fancy</i> has 
collected: the analogy between the two, as being both exposed to sudden and resistless 
destruction, was supplied by <i>fancy</i>; and by <i>fancy</i> also the language. What is 
wanting to the completion of the picture? the scenes or materials (for what are the 
materials but the scenes?) are created, and are delineated and described by <i>fancy</i>. 
What then is left for <i>imagination</i> to perform? her aid may be dispensed with as 
superfluous. And yet Mr. Stewart insists that it is she who created the scenes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Other objections present themselves against the views of Mr. 
Stewart; but the above will probably be deemed sufficient: for, unless distinctions of 
this kind are clear and determinate, they are worse than nugatory. We must proceed 
therefore to the Author of the Synonyms; who writes thus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"A man has IMAGINATION, in proportion as he can distinctly copy in
idea the impressions of sense; it is the faculty which images to the mind the phenomena of
sensation. A man has <i>fancy</i> in proportion as he can call up, connect, or associate, 
at pleasure, these internal images, 
(&#x03C6;&#x03B1;&#x03BD;&#x03C4;&#x03B1;&#x03C2;&#x03B5;&#x03B9;&#x03BD; is to cause to 
appear,) so as to complete ideal representations of absent
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.9
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">objects. <i>Imagination</i> is the power of depicting; - 
<i>fancy</i>, of evoking and combining. The <i>imagination</i> is formed by patient 
observation: the <i>fancy</i> by a voluntary activity in shifting the scenery of the mind.
The more accurate the <i>imagination</i>, the more safely may a painter or a poet 
undertake a delineation or description, without the presence of the objects to be 
characterised. The more versatile the <i>fancy</i>, the more original and striking will be
the decorations produced." Syn. 242.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fancy, it is said, evokes - imagination depicts - consequently 
imagination is inert; she has nothing to depict, until fancy has evoked the images which 
are to be depicted. Imagination is a portrait painter, with her pencil and palette in her 
hand, her canvas on her easel, awaiting the arrival of her sitter. A result surely never 
contemplated by this very ingenious writer; but one as assuredly inevitable from his mode 
of expressing himself.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Before we proceed to state the sentiments of the POET upon the 
matters at issue, we are induced to communicate our own; and, at the outset, we beg our 
more learned readers to call to remembrance, that the two most eminent critics of the 
Roman empire, Longinus and Quintillian, the one as remarkable for the ardour of his genius
as the other for his taste and judgment, never thought of this distribution of the mind 
into separate critic and poetic powers. They do not talk of <i>the</i> fancy or <i>the</i>
imagination, but of <i>fancies</i> and <i>images</i>. And to these names, the one of 
<i>phantasiai</i>, and the other of <i>visiones</i>, they give pretty closely the same 
explanation. "We," says Quintillian, "give the name of <i>visio</i> to that which the 
Greeks call &#x03C6;&#x03B1;&#x03BD;&#x03C4;&#x03B1;&#x03C3;&#x03B9;&#x03B1;, by which the
images of absent things are so represented to the mind that we seem to discern them with 
our eyes, and have them before us."&#x002A; The Grecian, "by all the Nine inspired," 
produces the appeal of Orestes to the mother whom he had murdered; - And the pitiful and 
affectionate reply of his sister deserves to be added.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"ORESTES. Oh! mother, I implore thee, goad not against me the blood-eyed and 
snake-haired Virgins. They themselves are leaping close against me.</Line>
<Line>"ELECTRA. Stay, O wretched one! stay quiet in thy bed! For thou seest nothing of 
those things which thou seemest to see."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Here," exclaims the critic, "the Poet himself saw the Furies; and
what he fancied he compelled also the auditors also to see." Another example of poetical 
imagery, given by Longinus, is from a lost drama of Euripedes, in which Phoebus is 
described giving his last instructions to his ambitious son. 
&#x03A3;&#x03B5;&#x03B9;&#x03C1;&#x03B9;&#x03BF;&#x03C5;&#x0020;&#x03BD;&#x03C9;&#x03C4;&#x03B1;,
and with warning voice exclaims, 'Drive that way, now this, turn your chariot. Here!'"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"May you not say," observes Longinus, "that the <i>mind</i>" (not 
the <i>fancy</i>, not the <i>imagination</i>, but the whole <i>mind</i>) "of the writer 
ascends the chariot with Phaeton, and that, sharing his danger, he flies along with the 
horses."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Plutarch had before referred to the scene in Orestes, in 
illustration of the distinction drawn by himself between phantasy and phantasm; and for 
the same purposes he refers to the vision of Theoclymenus, when the Seer perceives the 
suitors moved to <i>unspontaneous</i> laughter; and altogether dementated by Pallas 
Minervae.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Has imagines quisque bene conceperit, is erit in 
affectibus potentissimus. Hinc quidam dicunt 
&#x03AD;&#x03C5;&#x03C6;&#x03B1;&#x03BD;&#x03C4;&#x03B1;&#x03C3;&#x03B9;&#x03C9;&#x03C4;&#x03BF;&#x03BD;,
qui sibi res, voces, actus, secundum verum optime finget. Lib. vi. c. 2.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>etymology</Keyword> 
<Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>Cowper, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Longinus</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.10
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Ah, miserable men! what curse is this</Line>
<Line>That takes you now? Night wraps herself around</Line>
<Line>Your faces, bodies, limbs; the palace shakes</Line>
<Line>With peals of groans - and, oh! what floods ye weep!</Line>
<Line>I see the walls and arches dappled thick</Line>
<Line>With gore! The vestibule is throng'd, the court</Line>
<Line>On all sides throng'd with apparitions grim</Line>
<Line>Of slaughtered men, sinking into the gloom</Line>
<Line>Of Erebus! The sun is blotted out</Line>
<Line>From heaven, and midnight whelms you premature."</Line>
<Line><i>Cowper</i>, Od. b.20.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The visions selected by the two Grecian critics are as different 
as raving madness, prophetic enthusiasms, and poetic fury could create; and yet they do 
not dream of any classification of them under different powers of mind. The phantasia of 
the inspired Ithacan forces upon our memory the Bard of Gray, to whom we must listen for a
moment:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Dear lost companions of my tuneful art,</Line>
<Line>Dear as the light that visits these sad eyes,</Line>
<Line>Dear as the ruddy drops that warm my heart, -</Line>
<Line>Ye died amid your dying country's cries."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After this bold apostrophe, the Bard, entranced by the 
overpowering energy of thought, sees these his lost companions in the character of 
avengers of their native land, sitting upon the distant cliffs, and weaving with bloody 
hand the tissue of Edward's line.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The prophetic images continue to pour themselves upon him in so 
rapid and multitudinous a presentment, that, as if unable longer to gaze upon the 
spectacle, the Bard exclaims, in a burst of almost frenzied deprecation,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Visions of glory! spare my aching sight;</Line>
<Line>Ye unborn ages, rush not on my soul!"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We cannot forbear to add a short quotation from an old divine, in 
whose writings our POET takes just delight.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"A man is sometimes so impressed with the false fires and glarings
of temptation that he cannot see the secret turpitude and deformity; but when the cloud 
and veil is off, then comes the tormentor from within. Then the calamity swells, and 
conscience increases the trouble, when God sends war, or sickness, or death. It was Saul's
case, when he lost that fatal battle in which the ark was taken. He thought he saw the 
priests of the Lord accusing him before God. And this hath been an old opinion of the 
world, that in the days of their calamity, wicked persons are accused by those whom they 
have injured. <i>Then every bush is a wild beast, and every shadow is a ghost, and every 
glow-worm is a dead man's candle, and every lantern is a spirit</i>."&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The practice of these so highly and so justly esteemed instructors
in the principles of criticism has the merit, in our opinion, of being established on good
sense and sound philosophy. The invention of new powers or faculties, and new operations 
of the mind, to support systems, or to answer an emergency, has been the <i>ignis 
fatuus</i> by which founders of sects or teachers of neoteric refinements have suffered 
themselves to be misled, from the earliest days of metaphysical subtilty to the present 
hour. Anxious, however, as we are to escape from these erroneous paths, and pursue the 
course of our ancient masters, we shall far conform ourselves
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Bp. Taylor's Rule of Conscience, B. i. c. 1.
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1842 part 1 p.11</Title>
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<Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>etymology</Keyword> <Keyword>Bacon, 
Francis<Note>?</Note></Keyword>  <Keyword>platypus</Keyword>  <Keyword>Horace</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.11
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">to the phraseology of the different writers, whose creeds we are 
canvassing, as to ascribe <i>a</i> fancy to <i>the</i> fancy, and <i>an</i> imagination to
<i>the</i> imagination; thus reducing the discussion to some palpable form, inasmuch as we
have now to determine, what is a <i>fancy</i>, and what is <i>an imagination</i>; or what 
is that to which <i>fancy</i> may distinctively be applied, and what that to which 
<i>imagination</i>: for the whole dispute is about the imposition of a name.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If we resort to Bacon, and it is rarely that we can do so in vain,
he will supply us with a clue. Speaking of <i>imagination</i>, by which, as he is then 
considering it, he understands, "the representation of a particular thought," he says, 
that it is, <i>inter alia</i>, "of things present, or as if they were present; for," he 
adds, "I comprehend in this, <i>imagination</i> feigned, and at pleasure; as if one should
<i>imagine</i> such a man to be in the vestments of the Pope, or <i>to have wings</i>."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now, instead of saying, we <i>imagine</i> a man to have wings, or 
the <i>imagination</i> presents to us a man having wings, the appropriate distinctive 
expression seems to be, we <i>fancy</i> a man to have wings, or the <i>fancy</i> presents 
to us a man having wings. The <i>imagination</i> presents the man and the wings 
separately: the <i>fancy</i> presents them combined in the same impersonation. And this we
shall contend to be the peculair province of <i>fancy</i>; and we shall do so from a 
conviction, that we are thus led to a distinction, which may be always clearly preserved 
in poetical imagery.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is an observation of a great historian of Nature (Buffon), that
whatever it was possible for his goddess to produce had been produced.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Suppose then an enthusiastic admirer of her works, giving free 
play to his speculations, should present to his mind - in one conformation - the 
constituent parts, some of a bird and some of a beast; that he should engraft the beak of 
a duck on the head of a quadruped; that he should give to it webbed feet, and clothe its 
body with a thick, soft, beaver-like fur; and, in many minuter particulars, should unite 
in one animal the features of more, of bird and beast: this presentation to the mind, a 
creature and creation of its own, seems properly to deserve the denomination of <i>a 
fancy</i>; and the creative power, since it is to be ascribed to a monarchic power, <i>the
fancy</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But suppose such an animal should actually be detected in 
existence, (and such we are told is the fact),&#x002A; should be seen and described; then 
the representation of it, whether to him who had seen, or to him who had only read the 
description, would be <i>an</i> imagination; and the representing faculty, <i>the</i> 
imagination.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the first supposition, the existence of an animal with such a 
conformation of parts is the work of <i>fancy</i>; but yet <i>imagination</i> must supply 
every one of those parts. Every fancied whole must be constructed of imagined parts. 
Imagination, exclusive of her own domain, is thus a subsidiary potentate in that of fancy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">So in the famous conceit of Horace, that a painter should unite in
one picture the neck of a horse to the head of a man; and that he should cover the limbs, 
collected from animals of divers kinds, with variegated feathers. The existence of a 
creature, conformed of parts so alien to each other, would be the painter's <i>fancy</i>; 
and the creation of his <i>fancy</i>. But when the finished picture should be exposed to 
beholders, then the subsequent representation of the painted monster to the mind of a 
beholder would be <i>an</i> imagination, and the representing faculty <i>the</i> 
imagination.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To the <i>fancy</i> we ascribe the visions of the Greek Madman, 
the Greek
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Shaw's General Zoology, Art. Platypus.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.12
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Prophet, the English Bard, and the English Divine: these are the 
<i>phantasmata</i> of Plutarch. To the imagination, the vision of the father following the
son, and shouting to warn and guide him in his perilous course: this is the 
<i>phantasia</i> of Plutarch.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But we have to deal with the POET, and we therefore again resort 
to poetry for aid in illustrating and confirming our opinions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Taylor remarks, and the remark may be true, that Macpherson 
had more fancy than imagination. It is, indeed, quite possible, that a writer may create 
by impersonation; and that he may not be able to adorn his own creation with 
characteristic attributes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Collins was a poet of a different order; and his far-famed Ode on 
the Passions, once so familiar to the ear of youth, will enable us to display in 
comparison the peculiar characteristics of fancy and imagination, acting in concert to 
produce one scenic effect.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Passions, as so many exisitencies, thronging to the cell of 
Music, snatching the instruments of sound from the myrtles upon which they hung; and their
mad resolution, each to prove his own expressive power; the several impersonations of Fear
and Anger, Despair and Hope, Revenge and Jealousy, of Pity, of Melancholy and of 
Cheerfulness, are the pure creations of <i>Fancy</i>; but she must resort to the aid of 
<i>Imagination</i> for a supply of imagery, from which she may borrow the appropriate 
attributes, actions, passions, with which she may endow these her creatures. It is from 
these that she must select the picture of Fear, recoiling at the sounds himself had made; 
of the rude clash and hurried hand of Anger, and of the enchanted smile and waving golden 
hair of Hope; of the low sullen sounds of Despair; of the numbers of Jealousy, fixed on 
nought; of the notes, in which, by distance made more sweet, Melancholy poured through the
mellow horn her pensive soul; and, lastly, of the inspiring air, ringing through dale and 
thicket, blown by Cheerfulness, with bow across her shoulder, and buskins gemmed with 
morning dew.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We now approach the preface of our POET, in which he explains his 
tenets, and to the poems which he professes to have composed in consistency with them. 
Here we are to encounter a combination of precept and practice, with the <i>experto 
credite</i> of a consummate master in his art. We shall not, we suspect, gain much ground,
either in the estimation of the author, or that of our reader, when we commence with an 
acknowledgment that we suspect ourselves unable to understand the tenets sufficiently to 
reduce them to precepts by which the practice might be tried; or to discriminate whether 
each poem can, in conformity with them, pretend to be composed under the influence of one 
poetic power in preference to the other. We are perfectly sure that the manly and liberal 
mind of the Poet will not <i>fancy</i> that under this acknowledgment it is intended to 
couch the slightest disrespect; and we can as confidently assure him that it is, on the 
other hand, from respect, a just respect, to opinions entertained by him, that we have 
thought it worth while to continue so prolonged a discussion, as, we are apprehensive, 
this must now begin to appear. Our readers, however, will begin to revive their flagging 
attention (if any have permitted it to flag) when we apprize them that it is to 
Wordsworth, and to him almost alone, to whom they will now be called to lend their ears.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The POET remarks, upon the explanation of Mr. Taylor which we have
above quoted, "It is not easy to find how imagination, thus explained, differs from 
distinct remembrance of images, or fancy, from quick and vivid recollection of them; each 
is nothing more than a mode of memory."
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<Title>Gents Mag 1842 part 1 p.13</Title>
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<Date>1842</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1840s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.13
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">"if the above words bear the above meaning, and no other, what 
term is left to designate that faculty of which the poet is all compact; he whose eye 
glances from earth to heaven, whose spiritual attributes body forth what his pen is prompt
in turning into shape; or what is left to characterize <i>fancy</i> as insinuating herself
into the heart of objects with creative activity?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Imagination," he continues, "in the sense of the word, as giving 
a title to a class of the following poems, <i>has no</i> reference to images that are 
merely a faithful copy, existing in the mind, of absent external objects, but is a word of
higher import, denoting <i>operations</i> of the mind upon those objects, and <i>process 
of creation</i> or of composition, governed by certain fixed laws."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is to be feared, that, according to this expurgatory ban, even 
the two "wonderful stanzas," as they are reporrted to have been called by Gray, must be 
placed, in something like disgrace, to the score of memory alone: indeed, it seems 
scarcely possible to fix upon any saving clause in our Poet's edict by which we may rescue
from the same debasement the lines in which Eve describes the sweetness of rising morn and
grateful evening mild. But if memory be pronounced commensurate to the office of 
performing so much that is excellent, it may, perhaps, be possible to associate her with 
sentiments and feelings - not powers - not operations of the mind - that will enable her 
to render the supposition of any superior power entirely superfluous.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Let the reader judge - here are the lines:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Sweet is the breath of Morn, her rising sweet,</Line>
<Line>With charm of earliest birds; pleasant the Sun,</Line>
<Line>When first on this delightful land he spreads</Line>
<Line>His orient beams, on herb, tree, fruit, and flower,</Line>
<Line>Glist'ring with dew; fragrant the fertile earth</Line>
<Line>After soft showers; and sweet the coming on</Line>
<Line>Of grateful Evening mild: then silent Night,</Line>
<Line>With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon,</Line>
<Line>And these the gems of heav'n, her starry train:</Line>
<Line>But neither breath of Morn, when she ascends</Line>
<Line>With charm of earliest birds, nor rising Sun</Line>
<Line>On this delightful land, nor herb, fruit, flower,</Line>
<Line>Glist'ring with dew, nor fragrance after showers,</Line>
<Line>Nor grateful Evening mild, nor silent Night,</Line>
<Line>With her solemn bird, nor walk by moon,</Line>
<Line>Or glittering star-light, without thee is sweet."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>P. L.</i> b.6.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"But who the melodies of morn can tell?</Line>
<Line>The wild brook babbling down the mountain side;</Line>
<Line>The lowing herd, the sheepfold's simple bell;</Line>
<Line>The pipe of early shepherd dim descried</Line>
<Line>In the lone valley; echoing far and wide</Line>
<Line>The clamorous horn along the cliffs above;</Line>
<Line>The hollow murmur of the ocean tide;</Line>
<Line>The hum of bees, the linnet's lay of love,</Line>
<Line>And the full choir that wakes the universal grove."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"The cottage curs at early pilgrim bark;</Line>
<Line>Crown'd with her pail, the tripping milkmaid sings;</Line>
<Line>The whistling ploughman stalks afield; and, hark!</Line>
<Line>Down the rough slope the pond'rous waggon rings;</Line>
<Line>Through rustling corn the hare astonish'd springs;</Line>
<Line>Slow tolls the village clock the drowsy hour;</Line>
<Line>Deep mourns the turtle in sequestr'd bower,</Line>
<Line>And shrill lark carols clear from her aerial tour."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Minstrel</i> b.1.
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<Title>Gents Mag 1842 part 1 p.14</Title>
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  <Keyword>fancy</Keyword> <Keyword>imagination</Keyword> <Keyword>poems of the 
fancy</Keyword> <Keyword>poems of the imagination</Keyword> <Keyword>poet</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>Resolution and 
Independence</Keyword>  <Keyword>Milton</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.14
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The POET proceeds to illustrate his meaning by some very common 
instances of metaphorical usages of words; and it is our intention to accompany him with a
running commentary, to explain and enforce our own notions, as they have been above set 
forth; and at the same time shew how easily all his instances will accommodate themselves 
to those notions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"A parrot," says he, <i>hangs</i> from the wire of his cage; a 
monkey from the bough of a tree. Each creature does so literally and actually." In Virgil,
the shepherd sees his goats <i>hang</i> from the rock. In Shakespeare "<i>hangs</i> one 
who gathers samphire." According to our interpretation, both the latter are in such 
positions as to seem to require that, or a similar support, from above, which the two 
former possess, to prevent their fall.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Again, in Milton:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Far off at sea a fleet descried</Line>
<Line><i>Hangs</i> in the clouds;"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">that is, from its distance, we are unable to discern the 
sustaining waters, upon which, says the POET, "we know and feel it pursues its track;" and
it seems therefore to require, and from the apparent proximity and substantiality of the 
clouds, it seems to posses, a support from above: and it is the imagination, according to 
our POET, which suggests and supplies it. So far as to the impressions of sight. Instances
of correspondent nature succeed - of impressions from sound. And then the poet remarks, 
"Thus far of images independent of each other, and immediately endowed by man <i>with 
properties that do not inhere</i> in them, upon an incitement from properties and 
qualities the existence of which is inherent and obvious."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The manifest effect of this "endwoment by man with properties not 
inherent," is to change the identity of the object in view of the mind; to change its 
personality.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the imagination "acting upon an individual image," we are led
"to a consideration of the same faculty employed upon images in a conjunction by which 
they modify each other." And an example is selected, from our author's own poem, entitled,
"Resolution and Independence:"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"As a huge stone is sometimes seen to lie</Line>
<Line>Couch'd in the bald top of an eminence;</Line>
<Line>So that it seems a thing endued with sense,</Line>
<Line>Like a sea beast crawled forth, which on a shelf</Line>
<Line>Of rock or sand reposeth, there to sun himself.</Line>
<Line>Such seem'd this man: not all alive or dead,</Line>
<Line>Nor all asleep, in this extreme old age."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The stone is here, by comparison, <i>impersonated</i> into the 
likeness of a sea beast; and that sea beast is supposed in a place or state, having some 
affinity to that of the stone, to render the likeness more complete; and the old man is 
supposed in a similar place and state:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Motionless as a cloud the old man stood,</Line>
<Line>That heareth not the loud winds when they call,</Line>
<Line>And moveth altogether when it move at all."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Here the cloud is so far imnpersonated as to be endowed with "the 
property not inherent," a sense of hearing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Thus far," says the POET , "of an endowing or modifying power - 
but the imagination also shapes or creates:-" and in no process "does it more delight than
that of consolidating numbers into unity, and dissolv-
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<Title>Gents Mag 1842 part 1 p.15</Title>
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<Date>1842</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1840s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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fancy</Keyword> <Keyword>poems of the imagination</Keyword> <Keyword>poet</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>Song at the Feast 
of Brougham Castle</Keyword> <Keyword>Spenser, Edmund</Keyword> <Keyword>Gay, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.15
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[dissolv]ing and separating unity into number." And this is 
illustrated by the fleet descried far off - sailing compact as one person; then the 
merchants representing this unity separated into number: and then again, the comparison of
the flying fiend to the ships re-combined in a body. These are indeed all images brought 
into juxta position by Imagination.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The POET forbears to consider "the Imagination as it deals with 
thoughts and sentiments, as it regulates the composition of characters, and determines the
course of action:" and in our own observations we have used the same forbearance. He 
distinguishes enthusiastic and meditative Imagination, or poetical, from human and 
dramatic; a subdivision of powers capable of subdivisions, to which it would be difficult 
to prescribe an end. The Scriptures, Milton, and also Spenser, are the store-houses of the
former, and Shakespeare of the latter.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Spenser, - as at one time incited to the allegorical spirit, "to 
create persons out of abstractions," i.e. to impersonate; and still impersonating, "to 
give - as in the character of Una - the universality and permanence of abstractions, by 
means of attributes and emblems that belong to the highest moral truths and purest 
sensations."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The exclamation of Lear, quoted as an illustration of human or 
dramatic imagination, is an impersonation of the boldest and yet simplest character:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"I tax not you, ye Elements, with unkindness;</Line>
<Line>I never gave you kingdoms, called you daughters."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To Mr. Taylor's definition of Fancy, by which it characterised as 
the power of evoking and combining, the POET objects, and very justly objects, that it is 
too general. "To aggregate and to associate, to evoke and to combine, belong as well to 
the Imagiination as to the Fancy." It is the same objection that may be urged against the 
language in which the two are discriminated by the POET: it is too general, the qualities 
ascribed are too super-essential, if we may borrow a scholastic term, for use, or even 
common comprehension. Our POET is indeed himself aware that there are times and occasions 
when "Fancy ambitiously aims at a rivalship with Imagination, and Imagination stoops to 
work with the materials of Fancy."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is now time to have done with the Preface, and to proceed to 
the Poems. And the first thing that strikes us is their titles - brute animals, of earth, 
air or sea; inanimate objects, from the towering oak to the lowly daisy, from the mountain
to the grain of sand, - have been the common resource of the fabulist, from antient AEsop 
to our own Gay: and our author himself, when about to find employment for his fancy, 
immediately resorts to this exhaustless Treasury. All these small productions it is our 
intention to pass; and after one short extract from the Song at the Feast of Brougham 
Castle; in which - though allotted to Imagination - Fancy seems to have intruded herself; 
we shall conclude with some quotations from the longest poem, under the same head of 
Imagination, in which also Fancy is repeatedly guilty of taking the pen out of the hand of
Imagination and guiding it herself.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From Song at the Feast of Brougham Castle:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"He knew the rocks which Angels haunt,</Line>
<Line>Upon the mountains visitant;</Line>
<Line>He hath kenn'd them taking wing;</Line>
<Line>And into caves where Faeries sing</Line>
<Line>He hath entered; and been told</Line>
<Line>By voices how men lived of old."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the exquisite Poem, On the Power of Sound, Fancy commences her
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.16
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<Paragraph rend="quote">career in the very first stanza, and appears at intervals boldly 
sustaining it to the utmost close. The organ of vision is addressed <i>in person</i>; and 
then a spirit aerial is supposed to exist, who
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Informs the cell of Hearing, dark and blind;</Line>
<Line>Intricate labyrinth, more dread for thought</Line>
<Line>To enter than oracular cave:</Line>
<Line>Strict passage, through which sighs are brought,</Line>
<Line>And whispers for the heart, their slave;</Line>
<Line>And shrieks, that revel in abuse</Line>
<Line>Of shivering flesh; and warbled air,</Line>
<Line>Whose piercing sweetness can unloose,</Line>
<Line>The chains of frenzy, or entice a smile</Line>
<Line>Into the ambush of despair."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the second stanza, the invisible Spirit is again addressed; and
at the close of it we have a new personification -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Toll from thy loftiest perch, lone bell-bird, toll!</Line>
<Line>At the still hour to Mercy dear,</Line>
<Line>Mercy from her twilight throne</Line>
<Line>List'ning to nuns' faint throb of holy fear,</Line>
<Line>To sailor's prayer breathed from a dark'ning sea;</Line>
<Line>Or widow's cottage lullaby."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the third stanza, again personification!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Ye Voices, and ye Shadows,</Line>
<Line>And images of Voice - to hound and horn,</Line>
<Line>From rocky steep and rock bestudded meadows</Line>
<Line>Flung back, and in the sky's blue caves reborn!</Line>
<Line>On with your pastime! 'till the church tower bells</Line>
<Line>A greeting give of measured glee;</Line>
<Line>And milder Echoes from their cells</Line>
<Line>Repeat the bridal symphony."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the fourth, the blessings of song are described by very lively 
images of its effects.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The lute of Amphion, the harp of Arion, and the pipe of Pan, with 
their respective fancies or fabled effects, are also well described, and the Poet tunes 
his strains, at the call of Imagination, to paint the saddest images of reality:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Ye, who are longing to be rid</Line>
<Line>Of fable, though to truth subservient, hear</Line>
<Line>The little sprinkling of cold earth that fell</Line>
<Line>Echoed from the coffin lid!</Line>
<Line>The convinct's summons in the steeple's knell.</Line>
<Line>'The vain distress-gun,' from a leeward shore,</Line>
<Line>Repeated - heard - and heard no more."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Then we are again thrown into the hands of Fancy, who introduces 
us to the "wandering utterances" of earth and sky; and who teaches that -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"The towering headlands, crowned with mist,</Line>
<Line>Their feet among the billows, <i>know</i></Line>
<Line>That Ocean is a mighty harmonist;</Line>
<Line><i>Thy</i> pinions, universal Air,</Line>
<Line>Ever waving to and fro,</Line>
<Line>Are delegates of harmony, and bear</Line>
<Line>Strains that support the seasons in their round;</Line>
<Line>Stern Winter loves a dirge-like sound."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the two superb stanzas with which this too short poem 
concludes, Fancy and Imagination play alternately before us, and leave us at a loss which 
we should admire most, the manifest beauty and approaching sublimity of the one, or the 
brilliancy and richness of the other.
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<Title>Gents Mag 1842 part 1 p.17</Title>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 1 p.17
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<Paragraph rend="quote">We are unwilling to throw any check upon the pleasing emotions 
which the perusal of these lines is calculated to raise in the mind of the reader, by any 
grave, prosaic reflections of our own: but we must be permitted to say, that we are the 
more anxious to impress our own doctrine, because we are conviniced that the habit, so 
universal in all climes and ages of the world, of speaking metaphorically, of endowing 
objects with properties not inherent, of personifying, has had a too important influence 
upon all systems of logic and metaphysic; in which langauge has been unduly treated rather
as the mistress than the interpreter of philosophy.
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<Title>Gents Mag 1842 part 2 p.598</Title>
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<PersonName>Hodgson, John</PersonName>
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<Person>
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<PersonName>Matthews, Richard</PersonName>
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  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> 
<Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Olenacum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Old
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Old Carlisle, Westward</Keyword> <Keyword>Matthews, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Wigton Hall, Wigton</Keyword> <Keyword>Wigton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Roman Wall 
and South Tindale</Keyword>  <Keyword>Wiza, River</Keyword>  <Keyword>print</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 2 p.598
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword>  <Keyword>Old Carlisle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Altar, Old Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Hartburn, Morpeth.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">YOU will, I am sure, be glad to hear, that a Roman Altar has been 
lately found at OLENACUM, or <i>Old Carlisle</i>, concerning which I am enabled to send 
you an interesting Letter, and correct drawings, forwarded to me by the Rev. William 
Matthews, of Wigton Hall, proprietor of this celebrated station, and a Magistrate of the 
county of Cumberland. The only observation I would make is, that, on another 
consideration, he may find the puzzling lines on the first and second line were intended 
for FVLG.; for altars to "Juppiter Optimus Maximus Fulgerator" are far from uncommon, and 
even under the names of "Fulminator, Fulgurator, Tonans." On his emendations on the altars
printed by Camden, and in Horsley, and noticed under Olenacum, numbers 6 and 12, in my 
last volume on Northumberland, I am very much indebted for his critical care and 
observations; and respecting his inquiry about a second edition on the Roman Antiquities I
have published in that volume, I am happy to mention to himself and other Antiquarian 
scholars, that a very few copies of the whole of it may be obtained under the title of 
"THE ROMAN WALL and SOUTH TINDALE."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">JOHN HODGSON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Wigton Hall, Aug.</i> 5.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DEAR SIR,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I SEND you a drawing of an Altar which was found a few weeks ago 
in the bed of a small stream, which runs into the Wiza, a little to the south of the Roman
Station at Old Carlisle. The letters upon it are very perfect, with the exception of those
in the last line, which are injured to the extent shown in the drawing. I am unable to 
explain the abbreviation VLK; but the numeral VII expresses, I think, the number of times 
that Gordian was saluted Augustus, or Imperator, which terms, after the reign of Octavius,
be-
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Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Old Carlisle, Westward</Keyword> <Keyword>Matthews, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1842 part 2 p.599
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[be]came synonymous. I read the inscription thus:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I.O.M. ET VLK.</Line>
<Line>Pro salute Domini Nostri Marci Antonini Gordiani</Line>
<Line>Pii Felicis, Augusti septimum, magnam Aram</Line>
<Line>Cohors prima Augusta dedit.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If I read the last line correctly, this is the only Inscription 
recorded to have been found at Old Carlisle which make mention of a <i>Cohort</i>, and 
which in doing so distinctly informs us of what before was merely a matter of conjecture, 
- that the Ala Augusta was a military body composed of horse and foot. And this, it 
appears to me, is the only <i>new</i> historical information that can be gathered from it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After an attentive examination of the original, I am of opinion, 
that No.6, in your list of Inscriptions found at Old Carlisle, cannot be read otherwise 
than thus:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I.O.M</Line>
<Line>Pro salute domini nostri Marci Antonini pii felicis Agusti - (Rufus Colegius cui 
Praefectus <i>est</i>) - Ala Agusta - Quartum Imperatore Antonino <i>et</i> Balbino 
secundum Consulibus.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The peculiarities of this Inscription are - <i>Cui Praefectus 
est</i>, instead of <i>Cu Praest</i>, and Quartum <i>before</i> the name of the Consul, 
instead of <i>after</i> it; but it agrees fully with all similar Inscriptions found at Old
Carlisle, in being dedicated by the <i>Ala</i>, and not its <i>Praefect</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Allow me to offer for your consideration a conjectural reading, 
somewhat different to yours, of No.12 in your Old Carlisle list:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Deae AEternae Romae</Line>
<Line>Templum</Line>
<Line>L. Vaternus Marcellus</Line>
<Line>Restituit.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Romae AEternae</i> occurs in two Inscriptions found at 
Ellenborough; and this reading agrees tolerably with the remaining letters, and the 
probable dimensions of the stone when perfect.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If correct drawings of this, and the preceding Inscription, would 
be of any use to you, I will endeavour to have them made, and send them to you.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If my recollection does not deceive me, a wish was expressed in 
the Gentleman's Magazine, that you would publish that portion of your History of 
Northumberland which relates to Roman Antiquities in a separate form. Unfeignedly 
concurring in this wish,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I remain, Dear Sir, yours truly,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">RICHARD MATTHEWS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Rev. John Hodgson,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Hartburn, Northumberland.</i>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1843 part 1 p.35</Title>
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<PersonName>Shortt, W T P</PersonName>
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</Period>
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<Keyword>Old Carlisle, Westward</Keyword> <Keyword>Matthews, Richard</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Jupiter</Keyword> <Keyword>Vulcan</Keyword> <Keyword>Akerman</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cohors Augusta</Keyword> <Keyword>armour</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors 
Praetoria</Keyword> <Keyword>chosen men</Keyword> <Keyword>Brementeracum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brampton</Keyword>  <Keyword>Ala Herculea</Keyword>  <Keyword>Olenacum</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 1 p.35
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Heavitree, Dec.</i> 5.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I BEG to correct the interpretation of the first and second lines 
of the Inscription noted in your Magazine for this month. The Rev. R. Matthews will not 
err in altering it to I . O . M . (JOVI OPTIMO MAXIMO) ET . VOLKANO (VLK contraction): To 
the most benficient and almighty Jupiter and Vulcan, who was the son of Jove.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The "Deo Volkano" occurs on some of the coins of P. Lic. 
Valerianus, brother to Gallienus; and Mr. Akerman gives a silver one of his, DEO . 
VOLKOAN. rev. Statue of Vulcan within a temple. (Descr. Cat. vol.ii p.14.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Valerian erected a temple to Vulcan, as his brother did to Mars; 
from his skill in fabricating armour, he was as needful to war as any other deity - 
perhaps more so: had the Emperor Julian not forgotten to put on his cuirass, he would not 
have fallen by the Persian lance, by the same mishap which terminated the career of the 
immortal Sir P. Sidney, near Zutphen, namely, omitting to buckle on his cuishes, or 
thigh-armour.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is not suprising, therefore, that the Augustan band or cohort 
should dedicate their votive altar to the great MULCIBER as well as to Jove - viz. "Pro 
Salute," for the health and safety of Valerian - to what little purpose his unfortunate 
exit will bear testimony; but armour of proof would be the best guarantee, of course, for 
how could he enjoy health, or be in safety if incurring the peril of wounds, without the 
aid of Vulcan, who presided over the fabrication of armour?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">An inscription occurs
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I . O . M . ET . GENIO . P . R . ET . VENALIC .</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">which proves it was usual to couple the omnipotent Jove with other
members of the heirarchy of the times.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Augustan cohort of the days of Gordian the Third must have 
been of the same rank and routine of service as the <i>Cohors Praetoria</i>, which was 
especially attached to the body-guard of the Praetor of the province where it was 
stationed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The latter was also composed of horse and foot, and of what, in 
modern warfare, were denominated <i>reformadoes</i> or chosen men, similar to the "Cuneus 
Armaturarum," at Brementeracum (Brampton, Cumberland), who were, properly speaking, 
"<i>Milites in Comitatu Imperatoris</i>," belonging to the Emperor's train or body-guard, 
and not "a body of troops in armour," as some writers have designated <i>armatura</i>, 
which is found in Ammianus, and was composed of cavalry.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">W. T. P. SHORTT.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. I shall be glad to hear of any discoveries relating to the 
ALA HER
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G843A036.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[HER]CULEA of the <i>Notitia</i>, stationed at <i>Olenacum</i> in 
the latter days of the empire.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>stone circles</Keyword> <Keyword>Druids</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, stone 
circles</Keyword> <Keyword>Annaside stone circle, Whicham<Note>?</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hall Foss stone circle, Whicham<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Whitbeck, 
Whicham</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkstones, Gutterby</Keyword> <Keyword>Gutterby, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.361
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Stone Circles, Cumberland</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Huddersfield.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN some former papers relating to those groups of massy stones, 
once existing in such great numbers, and still to be found in many parts of Britain, I 
endeavoured to shew that these ancient British remains, which we still call cromlechs, 
cairns, logan stones, tolmens, or humberd stones, derive from the patriarchal times 
recorded in scripture. And I have shewn that the names themselves are in many instances 
significant in the Hebrew language. But the object of my present paper is to draw your 
attention to those most important of all the monuments of the ancient Druids, the circular
temples, which are no where met with in such number and magnificence as in the British 
isles. This form of structure too is recorded in scripture, for the word 
&#x05DC;&#x05D2;&#x05DC;&#x05D2; (or Gilgal,) is equivalent to a circle, and gave name to 
that famous camp or forrtress, where the host of Israel first pitched their tents in the 
land of Canaan, after they passed the river Jordan in a miraculous manner dryshod. We have
moreover existing monuments in Cornwall, which were erected by the Phoenician miners in 
that part of Britain. The curious cluster of stone circles at <i>Botallac</i>, in 
Cornwall, is the first of these stone circles to which I shall advert. The very word 
itself is a compound of the Hewbrew word Bethel, which was changed by the Phoenicians to 
Bothel, and the Saxon name for the oak. In the seeming disorder of some parts of this 
circular monument, some antiquaries have thought they could trace a mystical meaning - and
that to each part was assigned some appropriate use; but as this forms no part of the 
object of my present paper, which is simply to notice the circular form of the singular 
structure, I shall forbear any conjectures on this head. Every antiquary has some theory 
of his own. The open temple of a circular form at <i>Rowldrich</i> is another instance, 
which has given name to the adjacent town. The word <i>roileag</i>, in the old Irish 
language, signifies a church. There are many barrows of different shapes within sight of 
Rowldrich, particularly near a place called <i>Chapel</i>. On the heath is a large flat 
and circular tumulus ditched about, with a small stump in the centre.&#x002A; No antiquary
has yet doubted that this most interesting remain was originally a Pagan temple. Whoever 
is of opinion that these Druidical circles, in the number of stones of which they consist,
have some relation to the ancient astronomical cycles, will find this subject very ably 
discussed by one of the most learned antiquaries of the present day,&#x2020; and the 
proofs he adduces will by some be regarded as conclusive. But that able author is 
decidedly of opinion that these stone circles were places dedicated to Pagan worship. 
Indeed the circular form was highly reverenced by the Greeks, as appears from the 
following passage of Homer's Iliad, lib. xviii.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
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&#x03B1;&#x03C1;&#x03B1; &#x03BB;&#x03B1;&#x03BF;&#x03BD; 
&#x03B5;&#x03C1;&#x03B7;&#x03C4;&#x03C5;&#x03BF;&#x03BD;&#x002C; &#x03BF;&#x03AF; 
&#x03B4;&#x03B5; &#x03B3;&#x03B5;&#x03C1;&#x03BF;&#x03BD;&#x03C4;&#x03B5;&#x03C2;</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Here the heralds are described as sitting within a <i>sacred 
circle</i> in order to give judgment, the circle being formed of rough-hewn stone. But I 
intend to show that these sacred circles, in use before the Christian aera, were in 
various parts of Britain resorted to for ages by the early Christian converts, and that in
some instances they got the name of kirk-stones. And it is not improbable that from these 
places of Druidical worship many of our parishes, which have the name of Kil prefixed, 
have originally sprung, the Gallic Cil denoting the circle inclosing the temple of the 
Druids. Many of the names of our hills have the same syllable prefixed to their names, and
it usually happens in such instances that either some actual remains of Druidism are to be
found, or, if not, traditions recorded of the former settlements of that ancient 
priesthood in some part of the neighbourhood.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Cumberland we may find examples of remains of Druidical 
monuments, of a circular form. In the parish of <i>Whitbeck</i> several such exist. I will
mention one, near <i>Gutterby</i>. which at the present day bears the name of 
<i>kirk-stones</i>. It is composed of thirty stones, which form parts of <i>two 
circles</i>, an interior and exterior one, similar in position to those of Stone-henge. In
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; <i>Vide</i> Dr.Stukely.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Godfrey Higgins, esq. on the Celtic Druids.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.362
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the parish of <i>Millum</i>, in the same county, there <i>did</i> 
exist the remains of a Druidical temple, which the country people called <i>sunken 
kirk</i>, i.e. a church sunk into the earth. It is <i>nearly a circle</i> of very large 
stones, pretty entire, only a few fallen upon sloping ground in a swampy meadow. At the 
entrance there are four large stones, two on each side, at the distance of six feet. 
Through these you enter into a <i>circular</i> area, twenty-nine yards by thirty. The 
entrance is nearly south-east. It seems probable that the altar stood in the middle, as 
there are some stones still to be seen there, though sunk deep in the earth. The situation
and aspect of the Druidical temple near <i>Keswick</i> is in every respect similar to 
this, except the rectangular recess, formed by ten large stones, which is peculiar to 
Keswick.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And I am informed that there are other remains of stone circles in
these northern districts, where there yet exist so many popular superstitions and customs.
Indeed, we find in Camden's account of Westmoreland allusion made to the ruins of one 
ancient round structure, which has always been considered to have been a temple dedicated 
to Diana, but which is now known by the name of <i>Kirkshead</i>. Many such instances will
be found in the ancient monuments of Scotland. Sometimes there are two circles of stones, 
at others three circles, having the same common centre.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the general arrangement of the stones, one of the largest 
having a cavity, at the bottom of which there is a passage for any liquid sacrifice to run
down the side of it, nothing can be more evident than that the triple circle of stones was
intended as an <i>heathen temple</i>, where Pagan priests performed their idolatrous 
ceremonies; and what is most remarkable is, that most of these singular structures are 
still known by the name of <i>chapels or temple stones</i>; and one of them, we are told, 
in the parish of <i>Enesallen</i>, is full of <i>groves</i>, and was formerly an ordinary 
place of burial, and continues to be so, for children who die without baptism and for 
strangers. There is mention made of one&#x002A; in the shire of Inverness, which consists 
of two circles of stones, and was formerly known by the name of <i>Chapel Piglag</i>, from
a lady of that name who used to repair thither for the exercise of her devotion, before a 
church was built in that part of the country. What adds to the interest of this account, 
which I have extracted from Camden, is the extraordinary sanctity in which a neighbouring 
grove of trees <i>was</i> held. So sacred indeed was it reputed, that no one would cut a 
branch out of it, and the women who dwelt near it, when they recovered out of childbed, 
were wont to repair thither, to return their thanks to God, as in other places of the 
kingdom they attend churches for the same purpose. In the midst of this grove there is a 
well or fountain, called the well of the chapel, which is also held sacred; and Dr. 
Jamieson, in his Historical Accountof the Culdees, relates a singular instance of an old 
man in the North of Scotland, who, though very regular in his devotions, never addressed 
the Supreme Being by any other title than that of <i>arch druid</i>, accounting every 
other derogatory to the divine Majesty.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is clear that, for many ages after the introduction of 
Christianity into Britain, the firm hold which Druidism had upon the mind of her 
inhabitants was a source of much annoyance to the first missionaries to this country. Some
pagan monuments were overthrown, but others were maintained inviolable for ages. But, in 
order to render the transition from a false to a true worship less difficult, it was no 
uncommon practice with the early missionaries, not merely in Britain but in other parts of
the world, to convert the temples dedicated to idolatrous uses into Christian churches. 
This circumstance will account for the situation of many of our churches, which actually 
occupy the ancient sites of Druid temples. It is probable that in many instances stone 
circles existed on the site of some of these churches, and were the scene of religious 
worship of the first converts to Christianity: of all figures the Druids <i>most affected 
the circular</i>. The druidical Kir-rock, or <i>circle of stones</i>, gradually was 
contracted into kirk, which is now pronounced church. A kirk, church, or place of worship 
in dru-
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Vide Camden's Britannia.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.363
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[dru]idical times, was literally no more than a <i>circle of 
stones</i>. These stones, circularly placed, had always an high stone for the presiding 
priest or judge. This stone usually stood single, therby serving occasionally for the 
altar or high stone of sacrifice. Though in most instances, as Christianity flourished, 
other more eligible sites for Christian churches were afterwards found, yet the ancient 
kirk or temple stones were visited for ages, though no worship was performed there. Where 
no regular church was built in the district, as was too much the case for many ages, these
ancient stone circles were probably resorted to, and a congregation formed for the 
celebration of Christian worship. If such was the case, it affords a sufficient reason why
the term kirk-stones should still be attached to these venerable relics; and, though few 
of them still exist, yet who can look with indifference on those once hallowed rocks, 
where the early Christains were accustomed to meet, and to celebrate the worship of the 
newly-preached Saviour, perhaps in those very temples which had in still earlier times 
been dedicated to the mysterious and bloody ceremonies of the Druidic religion; thus 
turning the altars of perished Paganism into the hallowed temples of the living God? There
are many such stone altars of Druidism in this and the neighbouring counties; and I am 
much deceived if some of them were not subsequently used as places of worship for the 
primitive Christians of this district. There is a collection of rocks in Ogden, in the 
parish of <i>Halifax</i>, still known by the name of "<i>Ogden Kirk</i>," which surely 
indicates that something more than mere Druidism was the origin of its present name. There
is a wood in the vicinity called <i>Snake Hill</i>, or Snag Hill.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Not far from this place are still visible the remains of a camp, 
but it is not so evident by what people it was formed. It is of a <i>circular</i> shape, 
surrounded by a ditch or agger still to be traced, and a vallum of earth; the whole 
divided in two parts. It <i>may</i> have been Roman, for it was the policy of that people 
to extirpate all vestiges of Druidical sway; and there is abundance of evidence to show 
that this now dreary district was occupied by the aboriginal Britons, or their Druids. 
This part of the parish of Halifax, when it has undergone a more searching examination, 
will probably afford us further light on this subject. Celts and arrowheads, I believe, 
have been found formerly within a few miles of the place.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Nor can I omit to mention, as one more example of stone circles in
the parish of Halifax, a ring of stones, which is not altogether destroyed, in the 
township of <i>Bankisland</i>. The stones of this circle are not <i>now</i> erect, but lie
in a confused heap, like the ruins of a building, and it is probable that many of the 
largest may have been taken away. It gives the name of <i>Ringstone Edge</i> to the 
adjacent moor. No one can doubt, I apprehend, but that this stone circle was originally 
constructed by the aboriginal Britons, under the superintendence of the Druids, either a a
temple or a court of justice or both, as Druidical circles were used for worship and for 
seats of judgment. We find the same thing said of Bethel and Gilgal&#x2020; in the days of
Samuel, who made them the annual seats of judgment. There is also a Roman camp in the 
neighbourhood of Ringstone; so apparently desirous were the Romans of extirpating the 
Druidical priesthood. There is also very near to this camp a place called <i>The 
Crays</i>, which, both by its British name and the remains dug up from time to time, seems
to have been a retreat in
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; A tradition is said to prevail in the neighbourhood to 
the following effect:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"In days of old, there lived in the valley of the Holy Brook a 
cottager, whose child, an exceedingly lovely one, had for its companion a snow-white 
serpent. One morning however the cottager saw the child sharing its pottage with the 
serpent, giving to it (as the tradition represents) each alternate spoonful; a movement of
the latter however to come nearer the dish was mistaken by the father for a hostile 
attack, and he instantly struck it with a bill, severing the snake in two. From that time 
the "<i>faerie</i> child" pined away, and speedily died. The record of the event is still 
they say preserved in the name of an adjoining wood "<i>Snakehill, or Snaghill</i>."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; &#x05DC;&#x05D1; is a <i>roundish</i> heap of stones.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.364
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<Paragraph rend="quote">very ancient times for man or for wild beasts, as it once 
exhibited the resemblance of a large cavern. This may have been a Druidical asylum, as it 
formerly was covered with oaks, of which <i>immense roots</i> are continually brought to 
light in every direction. As this interesting district is contiguous to my own summer 
residence, I hope at some future day to have it in my power to bring to light some further
evidence of Druidical occupancy, especially in that part of the district called 
<i>Weystone Edge</i>. In this part of the country there are still standing many rocks of 
various shapes and sizes, such as may once have formed a circular temple, and call for a 
more patient examination than from their remote situation they have hitherto received. It 
has been mentioned in the earliest records under the name of Booth Dean. The mosses 
hereabout, when cut into for fuel, exhibit in great abundance the fragments of trees, 
which makes it probable that it was once woody. Tacitus in his Annals mentions a grove in 
Germany which bore the name of <i>Baduhenna</i>, and it may be that the etymology of both 
names is the same, meaning a temple of Diana.The monosyllable <i>both</i> or <i>booth</i> 
corresponds in some degree with the Hebrew beth - a prefix often used in Scripture to 
signify a temple. The <i>Brimham</i> rocks of this county were probably dedicated to the 
god Rimmon, under the title of Beth Rimmon, corrupted into Brimham.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The circular temples of <i>Abury</i> and <i>Stonehenge</i> are 
known to all. I shall not therefore say more than that they appear to be of Phoenician 
origin - that the adytums or <i>interior circles</i> of both these grand but rude remains 
of British magnificence bear such an analogy to the Holy of Holies in Solomon's temple, as
to induce a belief that they were formed subsequently to the temple of Jerusalem, which 
was built about a thousand years before Christ by Solomon, who applied to Hiram King of 
Tyre for assistance in building the temple. It seems probable, therefore, that the same 
country that supplied workmen to build the one, suggested the construction of the other. 
There was this difference however, one was dedicated to Jehovah, the only true God, the 
other to the worship of Canaanitish idols. I have already in former papers described the 
character of the ancient British mythology. At Abury and Stonehenge the priests and people
met at stated periods to try the causes that were brought before them, and to sacrifice to
the sun and moon, under the title of Baal and Bealta, or Moloch. This double object was 
exactly in unison with the patriarchal custom. One observation more I will make, that, 
however rude and desolate be their appearance at the present day, we have <i>no proof they
were so</i> when used for places of worship. They might have been plastered or 
magnificently ornamented. The Druidical stones were <i>whole stones</i>, like those 
<i>stones of memorial</i> recorded in Scripture. The Egyptians, we know, were in the 
earliest ages addicted to the idolatrous custom of engraving allegorical emblems, and may 
it not have been one motive for the strict command of Moses to the Israelites, who lived 
so long in Egypt, when he forbad that the stones should be worked or engraved, to prevent 
them from adopting the example of the Egyptians? Nor do we find the Israelites, though 
guilty of idoleatry in repeated instances, ever accused of imitating the hieroglyphical 
models of the Egyptians. The ordering of them to be covered with plaster may perhaps have 
been designed to prevent this practice, which led to such degrading superstitions in other
countries. I might enumerate other circular temples in Ireland, in Anglesey, and Cornwall,
all tending to shew that the form of a circle was most usually adopted in the temples of 
the first inhabitants of these islands. It is to be lamented that so few documents exist 
from which we may learn the period when the light of Christianity first dawned on this 
island, though we have reason to believe, as I have shewn in a former paper, that 
Christian missionaries visited this country at least as early as the second century. Some 
have asserted that it was planted by St. Paul himself, under the auspices of the family of
Caractacus. "It is a remarkable and interesting fact," says a distinguished 
prelate,&#x002A; "that the detention of the British hostages should have been coincident
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Bp. Burgess' Sermon, 1812.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.365
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<Paragraph rend="quote">with St. Paul's residence there as a prisoner; and it was not a 
less favourable coincidence that they should be released from confinement in the <i>same 
year</i> in which St. Paul was set at liberty. Nothing could be more convenient for St. 
Paul's mission to the Gentiles than the opportunity which their return must have offered 
him of introducing the Gospel into Britain, and nothing more probable than that he should 
readily embrace such an opportunity." But, whatever was the period of the first 
promulgation of Christianity in Britain, it is quite clear that the professors of Druidism
were in existence, and displayed some vigour, until the twelfth or fourteenth century. 
They took refuge in many of the wild and unfrequented districts of Wales, and even of this
and the neighbouring counties. But we have reason to believe that in this district at 
least, long before any regular church was erected for the more decent observance of 
Christian worship, there was a little flock of followers of a crucified Saviour, who left 
the ancient superstitions of Druidism, and, though the habits of many generations 
prejudiced them in favour of their ancient place of worship, yet they no longer 
participated in the bloody rites of their forefathers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The rocking-stone at a short distance from the Roman town of 
Cambodunum, situate at the borders of Scamonden, <i>near Huddersfield</i>, which has 
retained the name of <i>Holy Stone</i> to this day, no doubt gave name to the neighbouring
township of <i>Golcar</i>, which is a contraction from Godle-scar, for so it is spelt in 
some copies from the earliest writers. It was the name given to it by our Saxon ancestors,
though it is, like many other names in Domesday, incorrectly spelt. To render Christianity
palatable to the Anglo-Saxons, Augustine was instructed by the Pope to permit the exercise
of some of their ancient peculiarities, by incorporating into the purer faith the less 
offensive tenets of their own superstition, and he permitted the conversion of their 
temples into Christian churches, by merely destroying the idols and consecrating the 
altars. We have no conclusive evidence to shew the precise period when a fabric for the 
celebration of Christian worship was first erected in this part of the kingdom; but, from 
the abandonment of the Roman station of Cambodunum by the Saxons, who occupied the less 
bleak and more defensibel position at Almonbury, and subsequently perhaps the present site
of Huddersfield, we have every reason to believe that the timber edifice was constructed 
in both those places in the early Saxon times. Camden was incorrect in supposing that a 
basilica was built at Almonbury by Pauklinus, which could not be the case, as at some 
future opportunity I hope most satisfactorily to shew.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">J. K.WALKER.
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Painting to the Ancient Masters</Keyword> <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>fine 
art</Keyword> <Keyword>Claude Lorraine</Keyword> <Keyword>Poussin, Nicolas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Titian</Keyword> <Keyword>Rosa, Salvator</Keyword> <Keyword>Van de 
Velde</Keyword> <Keyword>Cuyp, Jacob</Keyword> <Keyword>Stanfield</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Harding</Keyword> <Keyword>Fielding</Keyword> <Keyword>Prout</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.451
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>landscape</Keyword>  <Keyword>painting</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Landscape Painting</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Book review.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">This extract is included, though it is not directly about The 
Lakes, because such a lot is made of the qualities of Claude, Poussin. and Salvator Rosa, 
in discussing the picturesque in this geographical area. The views of this author are, 
thus, interesting. They also provide an insight into the art criticism of the age; and 
perhaps the exclusiveness of art criticism today.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Modern Painters: their Superiority in the Art of Landscape 
Painting to the Ancient Masters. By a Graduate of Oxford.</i> 8<i>vo. Vol.I.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IF the lovers of poetry were to be suddenly informed that they had
been all their lives worshipping at the shrine of false gods, and mistaking the effusions 
of ignorance and weakness for the inspirations of genius; if they were told that our elder
poets - those venerable names that appeared in such unrivalled lustre in the reigns of 
Elizabeth and James - were ignorant of the art they professed, unacquainted with its 
essential principles, and working in feebleness and error; that in their delineations of 
human passion and character they deviated from nature and truth; that we must cease to 
look on them as the models of excellence, but turn our admiration to the modern school; 
that Shakespeare and Milton were not to be compared for power, or truth, or splendour of 
genius, or richness of invention, to Southey, or Shelley, or Sheridan Knowles; if such 
startling assertions were advanced, they could not well be more surprised than the 
connoisseurs and critics of a sister art will be, who have been bred up in admiration of 
the works of the old masters, and who have looked on their high reputation as authentic 
and undeniable, when they find the hitherto illustrious names of Claude and Poussin, of 
Titian and Salvator Rosa, of Vandevelde and Cuyp, placed, in very essential points, below 
those of Stanfield and Harding, of Fielding and Prout; while one single and illustrious 
name is elevated above all modern or ancient, and the assemblage of every excellence 
discovered and illustrated in the works of Mr. J. W. Turner. Such is the purpose of this 
work; and the boldness of its design is well supported by the diligence, and knowledge, 
and skilfulness displayed in the execution. The author has laid a solid foundation in the 
broad and philosophical principles he applies to the art; while, in the very minute, 
exact, and delicate criticism he delivers, he shows a practical and artist-like 
acquaintance with the details of the subject. If his theory is wrong, if his reasonings 
are incorrect, and his conclusions not warranted, it must arise from other causes than 
from unacquaintance with his subject, from indolence in the collection of his materials, 
or unskilfulness in using them; for undoubtedly he has deeply investigated the laws and 
principles of the art he discusses; he has dwelt on it with a lover's fondness, and 
studied it with a critics attention. He is also an eloquent and impressive writer; he has 
a command of expression adapted to the sentiments he wishes to convey, and can describe 
the captivating beauties of painting in the brilliant colour of poetic diction. It is the 
work of one who confidently believes in the opinions he maintains, and who is armed 
against any argument that can be brought to oppose him. It is not the production of a 
flimsy theorist, content to obtain a temporary reputation by shallow paradoxes and 
startling assertions, nor of one who from some partial motive is desirous to raise the 
reputation of a particular artist or school of artists above their rivals; but of a person
who, having devoted a very great attention to a favourite subject, and having acquired an 
intimate knowledge of its productions at home and abroad, has pronounced to the world the 
truths he has discovered
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Painting to the Ancient Masters</Keyword> <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>fine 
art</Keyword> <Keyword>Raffaelle</Keyword> <Keyword>Michelangelo</Keyword> <Keyword>Vinci,
Leonado da</Keyword> <Keyword>Claude Lorraine</Keyword> <Keyword>Rosa, Salvator</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Poussin, Nicolas</Keyword> <Keyword>Cuyp, Aelbert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Berghem</Keyword> <Keyword>Both</Keyword> <Keyword>Ruisdael, Jacob I 
van</Keyword> <Keyword>Hobbima</Keyword> <Keyword>Teniers</Keyword> <Keyword>Potter, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.452
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and established, prepared to meet and contravert all the 
prejudices and partialities that will oppose its reception: in short, it is the work of a 
very clever man and skilful connoisseur, if not artist, and the questions he raises, and 
the opinions he delivers, whether right or wrong, are well worthy of attention, and should
be examined in the same spirit and feeling in which they are delivered. They are too 
profound to be refuted by a cavil, and too honest to be dismissed with a sneer.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The author begins by a consideration of the ideas conveyable by 
art; and, as his investigations in the art of painting have led him to dispute the 
opinions which are generally received, and which have been so long maintained, that denial
of them would appear either the result of ignorance or the desire of paradox, he states, 
as a proposition not to be doubted, that public opinion is no criterion of excellence 
except after long periods of time; that what is great in art does not address itself to 
uncultivated faculties, and that no man can be <i>really</i> appreciated but by his equals
or superiors. As the merits of a work are of a higher order, fewer in proportion can judge
of it; from these few the decision is communicated to those below, and by these to a wider
and lower circle, till at length the right opinion is communicated to all, and held as a 
matter of faith, the more positively in proportion as the grounds of it are less 
perceived. This argument is peculiarly strong in the case of painting, because much 
knowledge of what is <i>technical</i> and <i>practical</i> is necessary to a right 
judgment, so that those persons are alone competent to form a judgment who are themselves 
the persons to be judged.&#x002A; In no city of Europe is painting in so hopeless a state 
as in Rome, because there the authority of their predecessors in art is supreme and 
without appeal, and the mindless copyist studies of Raffaelle but not what Raffaelle 
studied. The author, believing that there are certain points of superiority in 
<i>modern</i> artists which have not yet been fully understood, in this work purposes to 
institute a close comparison between the great works of ancient and modern landscape art, 
and to shew the real relations subsisting between them: but, as regards the art of the 
14th and 15th centuries, he does not class the hsitorical and landscape painters together 
as possessing anything like equal rank in their respective walks of art.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"It is," he says, "because I look with the most devoted 
veneration upon M. Angelo, Raffaelle, and Da Vinci, that I do not distrust the principles 
which induce me to look with contempt on Claude, Salvator, and G. Poussin. Had I disliked 
<i>all</i>, I should have believed in and bowed before all; but in my admiration of the 
greater I consider myself as having a warrant for the repudiation of the less. I feel 
assured that they cannot with reason be admired together; that the principles of art on 
which they worked are totally opposed, and that the landscape painters of the old school 
have been honoured only because thay had in them a shadow and semblance of the manner of 
the nobler historical painters, whose principles in all important points they directly 
reversed. ... Speaking generally of the old masters, I refer only to Claude, G. Poussin, 
S. Rosa, Cuyp, Berghem, Both, Ruysdael Hobbima, Teniers, (in his landscapes,) P. Potter, 
Canaletti, and the various <i>Van</i> somethings and <i>Back</i> somethings, more 
especially and malignantly those who have libelled the sea."
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Not exactly so. There are portions of a picture, and of 
the means used to form it, of which none but a painter can accurately judge; but there are
also others which the feelings of the enlightened connoisseur can perhaps more correctly 
estimate. Thus, to secure a just decision on the merits of the cartoons lately exhibited 
in Westminster Hall, the judges were chosen both from artists and from gentlemen whose 
taste and knowledge of art were generally admitted, and Mr. Rogers and Sir Robert Peel 
were very properly joined with Eastlake and Etty. - REV.
</Paragraph>
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Painting to the Ancient Masters</Keyword> <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>fine 
art</Keyword> <Keyword>Rubens, Peter Paul</Keyword> <Keyword>Dyck, Anthony van</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rembrandt</Keyword> <Keyword>Raffaelle</Keyword> <Keyword>Dolci, Carlo</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wilkie, David</Keyword>  <Keyword>Dow, Gerard</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.453
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">He then lays down the principles on which all right judgment of 
art must be founded, in order that the terms and language in which his critical judgments 
and comparisons are expressed, may be thoroughly understood. He distinguishes between the 
painter's intellectual power and his technical knowledge; that mere technical painting or 
colouring is to the artist what the power of versifying is to the poet; but yet the 
thought, whether in painting or poetry, is intimately connected with the language in which
it is conveyed: he then distinguishes between language that is expressive, and that which 
is merely decorative or ornamental. As, for instance, most pictures of the Dutch school, 
excepting those of Rubens, Vandyck, and Rembrandt, are ostentatious exhibitions of the 
artist's power of speech, the clear and vigourous elocution of useless and senseless 
words; while the early efforts of Cimabue and Giotto are the warning messages of prophecy 
declared by the stammering lips of infants. We must therefore carefully distinguish what 
is <i>language</i> and what is thought, considering the former as an inferior excellence.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The picture which has the nobler and more numerous ideas, 
however awkwardly expressed, is a greater and better picture than that which has the less 
noble and less numerous ideas, however beautifully expressed. No weight, nor mass, nor 
beauty of execution can outweigh one grain or fragment of thought. Three pen-strokes of 
Raffaelle are a greater and better picture than the most finished work that ever Carlo 
Dolci polished into inanity. A pencil scratch of Wilkie's on the back of a letter is a 
greater and better picture - and I use the term picture in its full sense - than the most 
laboured and luminous canvass that ever left the easel of Gerard Dow. A finished work of a
great artist is only better than its sketch if the source of pleasure belonging to colour 
and charioscuro, vauable in themselves, are so employed as to increase the impressiveness 
of the thought. But, if one atom of thought has vanished, all colour, all finish, all 
execution, all ornament, are too dearly bought. Nothing but thought can pay for thought, 
and the instant that increasing refinement or finish of the picture begins to be paid for 
by the loss of the faintest shadow of an idea, that instant all refinement or finish is an
excressence and a deformity."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The author then gives his definition of what he calls "the 
greatest art," that which conveys to the mind of the spectator, by any means whatsoever, 
the greatest number of the greatest ideas; and consequently he is the greatest artist who 
has embodied such ideas in his works. He then considers that all the sources of pleasure 
or good to be derived from works of art may be referred to five distinct heads - ideas of 
power, of imitation, of truth, of beauty, of relation, - the nature of each of which he 
distinguishes. After having briefly considered the principles respecting ideas of 
<i>power</i>, he commences the second part of his work with the idea of <i>truth</i>, 
which he continues through the remainder of the volume, leaving, we presume, the 
consideration of beauty and relation for the portions of the work that are to follow. In 
this discussion there are many sound principles laid down, many accurate distinctions 
drawn, many judicious rules enforced, and many elegant illustrations brought to the 
subject. In the application of his principles he divides all painters into two great and 
distinct classes, - those who aim at the development of truth, and those who look no 
higher than mere imitation. The <i>old masters</i> he ranks in the latter category. "They 
had neither love of nature nor feeling for her beauty; they looked for her coldest and 
most commonplace effects because they were easiest to imitate, and for her most vulgar 
forms because they were most easily to be recognised." He then observes that the 
principles of selection by <i>modern</i> artists is different, seeking not what is easiest
to imitate, but for what is most important to tell, and that there is
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art</Keyword> <Keyword>Claude Lorraine</Keyword> <Keyword>Rosa, Salvator</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">consequently a greater sum of valuable, essential, and impressive 
truth in the works of two or three of our leading modern landscape painters, than in those
of all the old masters put together.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"It appears strange," he says, "to me that any one familiar 
with Nature, and fond of her, should not grow weary and sick at heart among the melancholy
and monotonous transcripts of her which alone can be receieved from the old school of art.
A man accustomed to the broad wild seashore, with its bright breakers, and free winds, and
sounding rocks, and eternal sensation of tameless power, can scarcely but be angered when 
Claude bids him stand still on some paltry, chipped, and chiselled quay, with porters and 
wheelbarrows running against him, to watch a weak, rippling, bound and barriered water, 
that has not strength enough in one of its waves to upset the flower-pots on the wall, or 
even to fling one jet of spray over the confining stone. A man accustomed to the strength 
and glory of God's mountains, with their soaring and radiant pinnacles and surging sweeps 
of measureless distance, kingdoms in their valleys, and climates upon their crests, can 
scarcely but be angered when Salvator bids him stand still under some contemptible 
fragment of splintery crag, which an Alpine snow-wreath would smother in its first swell, 
with a stunted bush or two growing out of it, and a Dudley or Halifax-like volume of 
manufactory smoke for a sky. A man accustomed to the grace and infinity of Nature's 
foliage, with every vista a cathedral, and every bough a revelation, can scarcely but be 
angered when Poussin mocks him with a black round mass of impenetrable paint, diverging 
into feathers instead of leaves, and supported on a stick instead of a trunk. Who that has
one spark of feeling of what is beautiful or true, would not turn to be refreshed by the 
pure and extended realizations of modern art?" &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He then gives examples of these truer and higher aims of the 
moderns from the works of D. Cox, Copley Fielding, J. D. Harding, Stanfield, and, above 
all, John Turner, whom he calls "glorious in conception, unfathomable in knowledge, and 
solitary in power," and compares him to the angel in the Apocalypse, and other similar 
persons, whom out of respect we shall forbear to mention. Having thus applied his general 
principles to the respective works of earlier and later times, he proceeds through the 
remainder of his volume to illustrate each separate truth from the pictures of those 
artists by whom it is most generally given, commonly from those of the father of modern 
art, J. M. W. Turner. He first takes into consideration those truths that are productive 
of what is called "effect," that is to says, truths of tone, general colour, space, and 
light; and then he investigaes the truths of specific form and colour in the four great 
component parts of landscape, sky, earth, water, vegetation. In these very ingenious and 
eloquent essays, the author draws numerous comparisons between the general principles and 
particular works of the old masters and the modern, and with such an acquaintance with his
subject, that he who is not convinced by his reasoning, or satisfied with his specimens of
excellence, will still be instructed by the particular examples through which the general 
principles are worked out. It is, however, quite impossible for us to follow him through 
such lengthened investigations, especially as the force and truth of his argument must 
depend not only on the accuracy of his general principles, but on the minute specification
of particular examples. We shall therefore extract such passages from the work as may 
afford some not inadequate views of the author's estimate of the old painters, of the 
proper and legitimate purposes of the art he comments on, and of the merits and defects of
the old painters as compared with the modern school.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"I shall endeavour," he says, "in the present portion of the
work to enter with care and impartiality into the investigation of the claims of the 
schools of ancient
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.455
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">and modern landscape to faithfulness in representing nature.
I shall pay no regard whatsoever to what may be thought beautiful, or sublime, or 
imaginative. I shall look only for <i>truth</i>, bare, clear, downright statement of 
facts, shewing in each particular, as far as I am able, what the truth of nature is, and 
then seeking for the plain expression of it, and for that alone, and I shall thus 
endeavour, totally regardless of fervour of imagination or brilliancy or effect, or any 
other of their more captivating qualities, to examine and judge the works of the great 
living painter,&#x002A; who is, I believe, imagined by the majority of the public to paint
more falsehood and less fact than any other known master. We shall see with what reason."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The author, as a preliminary step to prove the importance of 
accurate and scientific investigations of the subject, considers how far the truth of 
nature is to be discovered by the uneducated senses. "Cannot we," say the public, "see 
what nature is with our own eyes, and find out for ourselves what is like her?" Now, in 
the first place, he considers that men derive pleasure from art, and discern the beauties 
of art, in proportion to their natural sensibilty to colour and form, and in connection 
with a healthy state of moral feeling, and then he adds,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Next to sensibility, which is necessary for the perception 
of facts, come reflection and memory, which are necessary for the retention of them, and 
recognition of their resemblances. For a man may receive impression after impression, and 
that vividly and with delight, and yet, if he take no care to reason upon those 
impressions and trace them to their sources, he may remain totally ignorant of the facts 
that produced them; nay, may attribute them to facts with which they have no connexion, or
may coin causes for them that have no existence at all. And the more sensibility and 
imagination a man possesses, the more likely will he be to fall into error: for then he 
will see whatever he expects, and admire and judge with his heart, and not with his eyes. 
How many people are misled by what has been said and sung of the serenity of <i>Italian 
skies</i>, to suppose they must be more <i>blue</i> than the skies of the north, and think
that they see them so; whereas the sky of Italy is far more dull and grey in colour than 
the skies of the north, and is distinguished only by its intense repose of light: and this
is confirmed by Benvenuto Cellini; who, I remember, on his first entering France, is 
especially struck by the clearness of the sky, as contrasted with the <i>mist</i> of 
Italy; and, what is more strange still, when people see in a painting what they suppose to
have been the source of their impressions, they will affirm it to be truthful, though they
feel no such impression resulting from it. Thus, though day after day they may have been 
impressed by the tone and warmth of an Italian sky, yet not having traced the feeling to 
its source, and <i>supposing</i> themselves impressed by its <i>blueness</i>, they will 
affirm a blue sky in a painting to be truthful, and reject the most faithful rendering of 
all the real attributes of Italy as cold or dull. And this influence of the imagination 
over the senses is peculiarly observable in the perpetual disposition of mankind, to 
suppose that they <i>see</i> what they <i>know</i>, and <i>vice versa</i>, in their not 
seeing what they do not know. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Barry, in his sixth lecture, takes notice of the same want 
of actual <i>sight</i> in the early painters of Italy. 'The imitations,' he says, 'of 
early art are like those of children - nothing is seen in the spectacle before us, unless 
it be previously known and sought for: and numberless observable differences between the 
age of ignorance and that of knowledge, show how much the contraction or extension of our 
sphere of vision depends upon other considerations than the mere returns of our natural 
optics. The people of those ages only saw so much, and admired it, because they knew no 
more;' and the deception which takes place so broadly in cases like these has infinitely 
greater influences over our judgment of the more intricate and less tangible truths of 
nature. We are constantly supposing that we see what experience only has shown us, or can 
show us, constantly missing the sight of what we do not know beforehand to be visible; and
painters to the last hour of their lives are apt to fall in some degree into the error of 
painting what exists, rather than what they can see. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Be it also observed that all these difficulties would lie in
the way, even if the truths of nature were always the same, constantly repeated and 
brought before us. But the truths of nature are one eternal change - one infinite
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<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; J. W. Turner.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.456
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">variety. There is no bush on the face of the globe exactly 
like another bush, there are no two trees in the forest whose boughs bend into the same 
net-work, nor two leaves on the same tree which could not be told one from the other, nor 
two waves on the sea exactly alike. And, out of this mass of various but agreeing beauty, 
it is by long attention only that the conception of the <i>constant</i> character - the 
ideal form - hinted at by all, yet assumed by none, is fixed upon the imagination for its 
standard of truth. It is not singular, therefore, nor in any way disgraceful, that the 
majority of spectators are totally incapable of appreciating the truth of nature, when 
fully set before them; but it is both singular and disgraceful that it so difficult to 
convince them of their own incapability. Ask a connoisseur, who has scampered all over 
Europe, the shape of the leaf of an elm, and the chances are ninety to one that he cannot 
tell you, and yet he will be voluble of criticism on every painted landscape from Dresden 
to Madrid, and pretend to tell you whether they are like nature or not. Ask an 
enthusiastic chatterer in the Sistine Chapel how many ribs he has, and you get no answer; 
but it is odds that you do not get out of the door without his informing you that he 
considers such and such fgure badly drawn. A few such interrogations as these might indeed
convinct, if not convince the mass of spectators of incapability, were it not for the 
universal reply that they can recognise what they cannot describe, and feel what is 
truthful, though they do not know what is truth. And this is, to a certain degree, true: a
man may recognise the portrait of his friend, though he cannot, if you ask him apart, tell
you the shape of his nose or the height of his forehead, and every one could tell Nature 
herself from an imitation; why not then, it will be asked, what is like her from what is 
not?"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The author allows that, in <i>effects of tone</i>, the old masters
have never yet been equalled: a concession he says that is the first and nearly the last 
he has to make to them; he then considers "tone" first, as "the right relation of objects 
of shadow to the principal light," and secondly, "as the <i>quality</i> of colour by which
it is felt to owe part of its brightness to the hue of light upon it." He then enters into
the following criticism on the subject.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The finely-toned pictures of the old masters are, in this 
respect, some of the notes of nature played two or three octaves below her key, the darks 
objects in the middle distance having precisely the same relation to the light of the sky 
which they have in nature, but the light being necessarily infinitely lowered, and the 
mass of the shadow deepened in the same degree. I have often been struck, when looking at 
a camera-obscura, on a dark day, with the exact resemblance the image bore to one of the 
finest pictures of the old masters, all the foliage coming dark against the sky, and 
nothing being seen in its mass but here and there the isolated light of a silvery stem, or
an unusually illumined cluster of leafage. Now if this could be done consistently, and all
the notes of nature given in this way, an octave or two down, it would be right and 
necessary so to do; but be it observed, not only does nature surpass us in power of 
obtaining light, as much as the sun surpasses white paper, but she also infintely 
surpasses us in her power of shade. Her deepest shades are void spaces from which no light
whatever is reflected to the eye; ours are black surfaces from which, paint as black as we
may, a great deal of light is still reflected, and which, placed against one of nature's 
deep bits of gloom, would tell as distinct light. Here we are, then, with white paper for 
our highest light, and visible illumined surface for our deepest shadow, set to run the 
gauntlet against nature, with the sun for her light and vacuity for her gloom. It is 
evident that <i>she</i> can well afford to throw her material objects dark against the 
brillian aerial tone of her sky, and yet give in those objects themselves a thousand 
intermediate distances and tones before she comes to black, or to any thing like it - all 
the illumined surfaces of her objects being as distinctly and vividly brighter than her 
nearest and darkest shadows as the sky is brighter than those illumined surfaces. But if 
we, against our poor, dull obscurity of yellow paint, instead of sky, insist on having the
same relation of shade in material objects, we go down to the bottom of our scale at once;
and what in the world are we to do then? Where are all our <i>intermediate</i> distances 
to come from? - how are we to express the aerial relations among the parts themselves, for
instance, of foliage, whose most distant boughs are already almost black? - how are we to 
come up from this to the foreground, and, when we have done so, how are we to express the
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Painting to the Ancient Masters</Keyword> <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>fine 
art</Keyword> <Keyword>art, criticism</Keyword> <Keyword>chiaroscuro</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Poussin, Nicolas</Keyword>  <Keyword>Turner, J M W</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.457
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">distinction between its solid parts, already as dark as we 
can make them, and its vacant hollows, which nature has marked sharp, and clear, and 
black, among its lighted surfaces? It cannot be but evident at a glance, that, if to any 
one of the steps from one distance to another we give the same quanitity of difference in 
pitch of shade which nature does, we must pay for this expenditure of our means by totally
missing half a dozen distances not a whit less important or marked, and so sacrifice a 
multitude of truths to obtain one. And this accordingly was the means by which the old 
masters obtained their (truth?) of tone. They chose those steps of distance which are the 
most conspicuous and noticeable, that, for instance, from sky to foliage, or from clouds 
to hills, and they gave these their precise pitch of difference in shade with exquisite 
accuracy of imitation. Their means were then exhausted, and they were obliged to leave 
their trees flat masses of mere filled-up outline, and to omit the truths of space in 
every individual part of their picture by the thousand. But this they did not care for; it
saved them trouble; they reached their grand end - imitative effect - they thrust home 
just at the places where the common and careless eye looks for imitation, and they 
attained the broadest and most fiathful appearance of truth of tone which art can exhibit;
but they are prodigals, and foolish prodigals, in art: they lavish their whole means to 
get one truth, and leave themselves powerless, when they should seize (sic) a thousand. 
And is it indeed worthy of being called a truth, when we have a vast history given us to 
relate, to the fulkness of which neither our limits nor our language are adequate, instead
of giving all its parts abridged in the order of their importance, to omit or deny the 
greater part of them, that we may dwell with verbal fideleity on two or three? Nay, the 
very truth to which the rest are sacrificed is rendered falsehood by their absence; the 
relation of the tree to the sky is marked as an impossibility, by the want of relation of 
its parts to each other.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Turner</i> starts from the beginning with a totally 
different principle. He boldly takes pure white (and justly, for it it the sign of the 
most intense sunbeams) for his highest light, and lamp-black for his deepest shade, and 
between these he makes every degree of shade indicative of a separate degree of distance, 
giving each step of approach, not the exact difference in pitch which it would have in 
nature, but a difference bearing the same proportion to that which his sum of possible 
shade bears to the sum of nature's shade, so that an object half way between his horizon 
and his foreground will be exactly in half tint of force, and every minute division of 
intermediate space will have just its proportionate share of the lesser sum, and no more. 
Hence where the old masters expressed one distance he expresses a hundred, and where they 
said furlongs he says leagues. Which of these modes of procedure be most agreeable with 
truth I think I may safely leave the reader to decide for himself.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">He will see in this very first instance one proof of what we
have asserted, that the deceptive imitation of nature is inconsistent with real truth; for
the very means by which the old masters attained the apparent accuracy of tone which is so
satisfying to the eye, compelled them to give up all idea of real relations of retirement,
and to represent a few successive and marked stages of distance, like the scenes of a 
theatre, instead of the imperceptible, multitudinous, symmetrical retirement of nature, 
who is not more careful to separate her nearest bush from her farthest one than to 
separate the nearest bough of that bush from the one next to it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Take, for instance, one of the finest landscapes that 
ancient art has produced - the work of a really great and intellectual mind, the quiet 
Nicholas Poussin, in our own National Gallery, with the traveller washing his feet. The 
first idea we receive from this picture is that it is evening, and all the light coming 
from the horizon. Not so. It is full noon, the light coming steep from the left, as is 
shown by the shadow of the stick on the right hand pedestal, (for if the sun were not very
high, that shadow could not lose itself half way down; and if it were not lateral, the 
shadow would slope, instead of being vertical.) Now, ask yourself, and answer candidly, if
those black masses of foliage, in which scarcely any form is seen but the outline, be a 
true representation of trees under noon-day sunlight, sloping from the left, bringing out,
as it necessarily would do, their masses into golden green, and marking every leaf and 
bough with sharp shadow and sparkling light? The only truth in the picture is the exact 
pitch of relief against the sky of both trees and hills, the intricacy of the foliage, and
every thing indicative either of the nature of the light or the character of the objects 
is sacrificed. So much falsehood does it cost to obtain two apparent truths of tone. Or 
take, as a still more glaring instance, No.260 in the Dulwich Gallery, where the trunks of
the trees, even those farthest off, on the left, are as black as
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art</Keyword> <Keyword>Canaletto</Keyword> <Keyword>chiaroscuro</Keyword> <Keyword>Turner,
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.458
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">paint can make them, and there is not, and cannot be, the 
slightests increase of force or any marking whatsoever of distance by colour, or any other
means, between them and the foreground. Compare with these Turner's treatment of his 
materials in the 'Mercury and Argus.' He has here his light actually coming from the 
distance, the sun being nearly in the centre of the picture, and a violent relief of 
objects against it would be far more justifiable than in Poussin's case. But this dark 
relief is used in its full force only with the nearest <i>leaves</i> of the nearest group 
of foliage, overhaninging the foreground from the left, and between these and the more 
distant members of the same group, though only three or four yards eparate, distinct 
aerial perspective and intervening mist and light are shown, while the large tree in the 
centre, though very dark, as being very near, compared with all the distance, is much 
diminished in intensity of shade from this nearest group of leaves, and is faint compared 
with all the foreground. It is true that this tree has not, in consequence, the actual 
pitch of shade against the sky which it would have in nature, but it has precisely as much
as it possibly can have to leave it the same proportionate relation to the objects near at
hand. And it cannot be but evident to the thoughtful reader, that, whatever trickery or 
deception may be the result of a contrary mode of treament, this is the only scientific or
essentially truthful system, and that what it loses in tone it gains in aerial 
perspective."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We shall now give some detailed criticisms on the works of those 
who have been hitherto considered the masters of their art, and the guides of public 
taste; for the author, whether in commendation or censure, always puts the reader in 
possession of the reasons by which he is governed, and the established principles which he
keeps steadily in view. He says, speaking of a well known painter,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The effect of a fine <i>Canaletti</i> is in its first 
impression dioramic; we fancy we are in our beloved Venice again, with one foot by mistake
in the clear invisible film of water lapping over the marble steps in the foreground. 
Every house has its proper relief against the sky, - every brick and stone its proper hue 
of sunlight and shade, - and every degree of distance its proper tone of retiring air. 
Presently, however, we begin to feel that it is lurid and gloomy, and that the painter, 
compelled by the lowness of the utmost light at his disposal to deepen the shadows, in 
order to get the right relation, has lost the flashing, dazzling, exulting light, which 
was one of our chief sources of Venetian happiness. But we pardon this, knowing it to be 
unavoidable, and begin to look for something of that in which Venice differs from 
Rotterdam, or any other city built beside canals. We know that house, certainly; we never 
passed it without stopping our gondolier, for its arabesques were as rich as a bank of 
flowers in Spring, and as beautiful as a dream. What has Canaletti given us for them? Five
black dots. Well, take the next house; we remember that too; it was mouldering inch by 
inch into the canal, and the bricks had fallen away from its shattered marble shafts, and 
left them white and skeleton-like, yet with their fretwork of cold flowers wreated about 
them, still untouched by time: and through the rents of the wall behind them there used to
come along sunbeams, greened by the weeds through which they pierced, which flitted and 
fell one by one round those grey and quiet shafts, catching here a leaf and there a leaf, 
and gliding over the illumined edges and delicate fissures, until they sank into the deep 
dark hollow between the marble blocks of the sunk foundation, lighting every other moment 
one isolated emerald lamp, on the crest of the intermittent waves, when the wild sea-weeds
and crimson lichens drifted and crawled with their thousand colours and fine branches over
its decay, and the black, clogging, accumulated limpets hung in ropy clusters from the 
dripping and tinkling stone. What has Canaletti given us for this? One square red mass 
composed of - let me count - five and fifty - no - six and fifty - no - I was right at 
first - five and fifty bricks of precisely the same size, shape, and colour, one great 
black line for the shadow of the roof at the top, and six similar ripples in a row at the 
bottom! And this is what people call 'painting nature.' It is indeed painting nature as 
she appears to the most unfeeling and untaught of mankind. The bargeman and the bricklayer
probably see no more in Venice than Canaletti gives, - heaps of earth and water, with 
water between; and are just as capable of appreciating the facts of sunlight and shadow, 
by which he deceives us, as the most educated of us all. But what more is there in Venice 
than brick and stone - what there is of
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Painting to the Ancient Masters</Keyword> <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>fine 
art</Keyword> <Keyword>chiaroscuro</Keyword> <Keyword>Canaletto</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Prout</Keyword> <Keyword>Cuyp, Aelbert</Keyword> <Keyword>Turner, J M W</Keyword>

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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.459
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">mystery and death, and memory and beauty - what is there to 
be learned or lamented, to be loved or wept - we look for to Canaletti in vain."&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The author then contrasts the celebrated painter's works with 
those of some of our living artists; and, as the contrasts are striking, and the peculiar 
merits of each brought out by a critical hand, we shall follow him in his judgments.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Let us pass to <i>Prout</i>; the imitation is lost at once.
The buildings have nothing resembling their real relief against the sky. There are 
multitudes of false distances; the shadows in many places have a great deal more Vandyke 
brown than darkness in them; and the lights very often more yellow-ochre than sunshine. 
But yet the effect on our eye is that very brilliancy and cheerfulness which delighted us 
in Venice itself, and there is none of that oppressive and lurid gloom which was cast upon
our feelings by Canaletti. And now we feel that there is something in the subject worth 
drawing, and different from other subjects and architecture: that house is rich and 
strange and full of grotesque carving and character, - that one next to it is shattered, 
and varied with picturesque rents and hues of decay, - that further off is beautiful in 
proportion, and strong in purity of marble. Now we begin to feel that we are in Venice. 
This is what we could not get elsewhere: it is worth seeing, and drawing, and talking, and
thinking of - not an exhibition of common daylight or brick walls. But let us look a 
little closer; we know those capitals very well; their design was most original and 
perfect, and so delicate that it seemed to have been cut in ivory."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We now turn to another painter whose works are highly esteemed in 
this country, though introduced at a late period; but who has been placed in the very 
foremost rank of eminence in the Flemish school of landscape.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"For expression of effects of yellow sunlight, parts might 
be chosen out of the good pictures of <i>Cuyp</i>, which have never been equalled in art; 
but I much doubt if there has been a single <i>bright</i> Cuyp in the world, which, taken 
as a whole, does not present many glaring solecisms in tone. I have not seen many fine 
pictures of his which were not utterly spoiled by the vermillion dress of some principal 
figure, a vermillion totally unaffected and unwarmed by the golden hue of the rest of the 
picture, and, what is worse, with little distinction between its own illumined and shaded 
parts, so that it appears altogether out of sunshine; the colour of a bright vermillion in
dead, cold daylight. It is possible that the original colour may have gone down in all 
cases, or that these parts may have been villanously repainted, but I am the rather 
disposed to believe them genuine, because, even throughout the best of his pictures, there
are evident recurrences of the same kind of solecism in other colours - greens for 
instance - as in the steep bank on the right of the largest picture in the Dulwich 
gallery; and browns, as in the lying cow in the same picture, which is in most visible and
painful contrast with the one standing beside it, the flank of the standing one being 
bathed in breathing sunshine, and the reposing one laid in with as dead, opaque, and 
lifeless brown as ever came raw from a novice's pallet. And again in that marked 83, while
the figures on the right are walking in the most precious light, and those just beyond 
them in the distance leave a furlong or two of visible sunbeams between us and them, the 
cows are deprived entirely, poor things! of both light and air, and have nothing but brown
paint to depend upon: and these failing parts, though they often escape the eye when we 
are near the picture, and able to dwell upon what is beautiful in it, yet so injure its 
whole effect, that I question if there be many Cuyps, in which vivid colours occur, which 
will not lose their effect, and become cold and flat, at a distance of ten or twelve 
paces, retaining their influence only when the eye is close enough to rest on the right 
parts without including the whole. Take for instance, the large one in our National 
Gallery, , seen from the opposite door, where the black cow appears a great deal nearer 
than the dogs, and the golden tones of the distance look like a sepia drawing rather than 
like sunshine, owing chiefly to the utter want of aerial greys indicated through them. Now
there is no instance in the works of Turner of anything so faithful and imitative of 
sunshine as the
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The author allows that Canaletti's <i>mechanism</i> is 
wonderful; but he casts aside all mechanical excellence as unworthy of praise.
</Paragraph>
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Painting to the Ancient Masters</Keyword> <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>fine 
art</Keyword> <Keyword>Cuyp, Aelbert</Keyword> <Keyword>Turner, J M W</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ruisdael, Jacob I van</Keyword> <Keyword>Van de Velde</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bachuysen, Ludolf</Keyword> <Keyword>Poussin, Nicolas</Keyword> <Keyword>Claude 
Lorraine</Keyword> <Keyword>Potter, Paul</Keyword> <Keyword>Rosa, Salvator</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.460
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">best parts of Cuyp, but at the same time there is not a 
single vestige of the same kind of solecism. It is true that in his fondness for colour 
Turner is in the habit of allowing excessively cold fragments in his warmest pictures; but
these are never, observe, warm colours with no light upon them, useless as contrasts, 
while they are discords in the tone, but they are bits of the very coolest tints, 
partially removed from the general influence, and exquisitely valuable as colour, though, 
with all deference be it spoken, I think them sometimes slightly destructive of what would
otherwise be perfect tone. &#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A; The best proof of the grammatical 
accuracy of the tones of Turner is in the perfect and unchanging influence of all his 
pictures at any distance. We approach only to follow the sunshine into every cranny of the
leafage, and retire only to feel it diffused over the scene, the whole picture glowing 
like a sun or star, at whatever distance we stand, and lighting the air between us and it,
while many even of the best pictures of Claude must be looked close into to be felt, and 
lose light every foot that we retire. The smallest of the three sea-ports in the National 
Gallery is valuable and right in tone when we are close to it, but ten yards off it is all
brickdust, offensively and evidently false in its whole hue," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Let us now pass on to another great name; the name of one who has 
been long ranked as the foremost in his branch of the art, and the productions of whose 
pencil are not to be purchased except by the affluent.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"I wish Ruysdael had painted one or two rough seas. I 
believe, if he had, he might have saved the unhappy public from much grievous victimizing,
both in mind and pocket, for he would have shown that Vandevelde and Backhuysen were not 
quite sea-deities. As it is, I believe there is scarcely such another instance to be found
in the history of man of the epidemic aberration of mind into which multitudes fall by 
infection, as is furnished by the value set upon the works of these men. All <i>others</i>
of the ancients have real power of some kind or other, either solemnity of intention, as 
the Poussins, or refinement of feelings, as Claude, or high imitative accuracy, as Cuyp 
and Paul Potter, or rapid power of execution, as Salvator; there is something in all which
ought to be admired, and of which, if exclusively contemplated, no degree of admiration, 
however enthusiastic, is unaccountable or unnatural. But Vanddevelde and Backhuysen have 
<i>no</i> power, no redeeming quality of mind: their works are neither reflective, nor 
eclectic, nor imitative; they have neither tone, nor execution, nor colour, nor 
composition, nor any artistical merit to recommend them; and they present not even a 
deceptive, much less a real, resemblance of nature. Had they given us staring green seas 
with hatchet edges, such as we see 'Her Majesty's ships so-and-so' fixed into by the heads
or sterns in the outer-room of the academy, the thing would have been comprehensible; 
there is a natural predilection in the mind of man for green waves with curling tops, but 
not for clay and wool; and the colour, we should have thought, would have been repulsive 
even to those least cognizant of form. Whatever may be the chilliness or mistiness or 
opacity of a Dutch climate and ocean, there is no water which has motion in it, and air 
above it, which ever assumes such a <i>grey</i> as is attributed to sea by these painters;
cold and lifeless the general effect may be, but at all times it is wrought out of variety
of hue in its parts; it is a grey caused by coldness of light, not by absence of colour. 
And how little the authority of these men is worthy of trust in matters of effect, is 
sufficiently shown by their constant habit of casting coal-black shadow half-way across 
the picture on the nearest waves, for, as I have before shown, water itself <i>never</i> 
takes any shadow at all, and the shadow upon foam is so delicate in tint and so broken in 
form as to be scarcely traceable. The men who could allow themselves to lay a coal-black 
shadow upon what never takes any shadow at all, and whose feelings were not hurt by the 
sight of falsehood so distinct and recoiled not at the shade themselves had made, can be 
little worthy of credit in any thing that they do or assert. Then, their foam is either 
deposited in spherical and tubular concretions, opaque and unbroken on the surfaces of the
waves, or else, the more common case, it is merely the whiteness of the wave shaded 
gradually off, as if it were the light side of a spherical object, of course representing 
every breaker as crested, not with spray, but with a puff of smoke. Neither let it be 
supposed that in so doing they had any intention of represent-
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; We saw last summer a sea-piece of Vandevelde sold at the 
Earl of Lichfield's sale at Shugbrooke for 1200<i>l.</i> to a dealer; we believe, to Mr. 
Smith of Bond Street. - REV.
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Painting to the Ancient Masters</Keyword> <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>fine 
art</Keyword> <Keyword>sea</Keyword> <Keyword>waves</Keyword> <Keyword>Turner, J M 
W</Keyword> <Keyword>Slave Ship, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Claude Lorraine</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ruisdael, Jacob I van</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.461
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">[represent]ing the vaporous spray taken off wild waves by 
violent wind. That magnificent effect only takes place on large breakers, and has no 
appearance of smoke except a little distance; seen near, it is dust. But the Dutch 
painters cap every little cutting riple with smoke, intending it for foam, and evidently 
thus representing it because they had not sufficient power over the brush to produce the 
broken effect of real spray. Their seas, in consequence, have neither frangibility nor 
brilliancy; they do not break, but evaporate; their foam neither flies, nor sparkles, nor 
springs, nor wreathes, nor curdles, nay it is not even white, but of a dirty effloresence 
or exhalation, and their ships are inserted into this singular sea with peculiar want of 
truth; for, in nature, three circumstances contribute to disguise the water-line upon the 
wood; where a wave is thin, the colour of the wood is shown a little through it; when a 
wave is smooth, the colour of the wood is a little reflected upon it; and when a wave is 
broken, its foam more or less obscures and modifies the line of junction; besides which, 
the wet wood itself catches some of the light and colour of the sea. Instead of this, the 
water-line of the Dutch vessels is marked clear and hard all round; the water reflecting 
nothing, showing nothing through it, and equally defined in edge of foam as in all other 
parts. Finally, the curves of their waves are not curves of <i>projection</i>, which all 
sea-lines are, but the undulating lines of ropes, or other tough and connected bodies. 
Whenever two curves dissimilar in their nature meet in the sea, of course they both break 
and form an edge; but every kind of curve, catenary or conic, is associated by these 
painters in most admired disorder, joined indiscriminately by their extremities. This is a
point, however, in which it is impossible to argue without going into high mathematics; 
and even then the nature of particular curves, as given by the brush, would be scarcely 
demonstrable; and I am therefore less disposed to take much trouble about it, because I 
think that the persons who are really fond of these works are almost beyond the reach of 
argument. I can understand why people like Claude, and perceive much in their sensations 
which is right and legitimate, and which can be appealed to, and I can give them credit 
for perceiving more in him than I am at present able to perceive; but when I hear of 
persons <i>honestly</i> admiring Vandevelde or Backhuysen, I think there must be something
physically wrong or wanting in their perceptions - at least, I can form no estimate of 
what their feelings or notions are, and cannot hope for anything of principle or opinion 
common between us which I can address or understand. The seas of Claude are the finest 
pieces of water-painting in ancient art. I do not say that I like them, because they 
appear to me selections of the particular moment when the sea is most insipid and 
characterless; but I think that they are exceedingly true to the forms and time selected, 
or, at least, that the fine instances of them are so, of which there are exceeding few. 
Anything and everything is fathered upon him, and he probably committed many mistakes 
himself, and was occasionally right rather by accident than by knowledge. Claude and 
Ruysdael, then, may be considered as the only two men who could paint anything like water 
in extended spaces, or in action. The great mass of the landscape painters, though they 
sometimes succeeded in the imitation of a pond or gutter, display, wherever they have 
space or opportunity to do so, want of feeling in every effort, and want of knowedge in 
every line."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now we must place in contrast to this the author's description, or
at least a portion of it, of Turner's power in the same department of painting.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Beyond dispute, the noblest sea that Turner has ever 
painted, and therefore the noblest ever painted by man, is that of the Slave Ship, the 
chief Academy picture of the exhibition of 1840. It is a sunset upon the Atlantic, after 
prolonged storm; but the storm is partially lulled, and the torn and streaming rain-clouds
are moving in scarlet lines to lose themselves in the hollow of the night. The whole 
surface of sea included in the picture is divided into two ridges of enormous swell, not 
high, nor local, but a low, heaving of the whole ocean, like the lifting of its bosom by 
deepdrawn breath after the torture of the storm. Between these two ridges the fire of the 
sunset falls along the trough of the sea, dyeing it with an awful but glorious light, the 
intense and lurid splendour which burns like gold and bathes like blood. Along this fiery 
path and valley the tossing waves by which the swell of the sea is restlessly divided lift
themselves in dark, indefinite, fantastic forms, each casting a faint and ghastly shadow 
behind it along the illumined foam. They do not rise everywhere, but three or four 
together in wild groups, fitfully and furiously, as the under strength of the swell 
compels or permits them,
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  <Keyword>painting</Keyword> <Keyword>topography</Keyword> <Keyword>landscape 
painting</Keyword> <Keyword>Modern Painters: their Superiority in the Art of Landscape 
Painting to the Ancient Masters</Keyword> <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>fine 
art</Keyword> <Keyword>Turner, J M W</Keyword> <Keyword>Rubens, Peter Paul</Keyword> 
<Keyword>slaves</Keyword> <Keyword>Poussin, Gaspar</Keyword> <Keyword>Dughet, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.462
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">leaving between them treacherous spaces of level and 
whirling water - now lighted with green and lamp-like fire - now flashing back the gold of
the declining sun - now fearfully dyed from above with indistinguishable images of the 
burning clouds, which fall upon them in flakes of crimson and scarlet, and give to the 
reckless waves the added motion of their own fiery flying. Purple and blue, the lurid 
shadows of the hollow breakers are cast upon the mist of the night, which gathers cold and
low, advancing like the shadow of death upon the guilty ship,&#x002A; as it labours amidst
the lightning of the sea, its thin masts written upon the sky in lines of blood, girded 
with condemnation in that fearful hue which signs the sky with horror, and mixes its 
flaming flood with the sunlight, and, cast far along the desolate heave of the sepulchral 
waves, incarnadines the multitudinous sea," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of Rubens he thus speaks:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"It is curious, after hearing people expose themselves in 
maligning some of Turner's noble passages of light, to pass to some really ungrammatical 
and false pictures of the old masters, in which we have colour given without light. Take, 
for instance, the landscape attributed to Rubens, No.175 in the Dulwich gallery. I have 
never spoken, and will never speak, of Rubens but with the most revential feeling. I look 
upon him, taken merely as an artist, alone and incomparable, and I fully expect that the 
world will see another Titian and another Rafaelle before it sees another Rubens. 
Whenever, therefore, I see anything attributed to him artistically wrong, or testifying a 
want of knowledge of nature, or of feeling for colour, I become instantly incredulous, 
and, if I ever advance anything affirmed to be his as such, it is not so much under idea 
that it can be his as to show what a great name can impose upon the public. The landscape 
I speak of has beyond a doubt high qualities in it: I can scarcely make up my mind whether
to like it or not; but at any rate it is something which the public are in the habit of 
admiring and taking upon trust to any extent. Now the sudden streak and circle of yellow 
and crimson in the middle of the sky in that picture, being the occurrence of a fragment 
of a sunset colour in pure daylight, and in perfect isolation, while at the same time it 
is rather darker when translated into light and shade than brighter than the rest of the 
sky, is a case of such bold absurdity, come from whose pencil it may, that if every error 
which Turner has fallen into in the whole course of his life were concentrated into one, 
that one would not equal it; and, as our coinnoisseurs gaze upon this with never-ending 
approbation, we must not be surprised that the accurate perceptions which thus take 
delight in pure fiction should constantly be disgusted by Turner's fidelity and truth."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We now approach the illustrious names of G. Poussin and Claude, 
the reputed masters of the art of representing nature on canvas, and flinging round her 
beauties and illuminations not her own. When these names were pronounced, we have never 
been accustomed to listen except to the voice of praise and admiration; but we must now 
learn a different language.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"There is in the first room of the National Gallery 
landscape attributed to Gaspar Poussin, called sometimes '<i>Aricia</i>,' sometimes 
<i>Le</i> or <i>La Riccia</i>, according to the fancy of the catalogue printers. Whether 
it can be supposed to resemble the ancient Aricia, now La Riccia, close to Albano, I will 
not take upon me to determine, seeing that most of the towns of these old masters are 
quite as like one place as another; but at any rate it is a town on a hill, wooded with 
two and thirty bushes of very uniform size, and possessing about the same number of leaves
each. These bushes are all painted in with one dull opaque brown, becoming very slightly 
greenish towards the lights, and discover in one place a bit of rock, which of course 
would in nature have been cool and grey beside the lustrous hues of foliage, and which, 
therefore, being moreover completely in shade, is consistently and scientifically painted 
of a very clear, pretty, and positive brick red, the only thing like colour in the 
picture. The foreground is a piece of road, which, in order to make allowance for its 
greater nearness, for its being completely in light, and, it may be presumed, for the
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; She is a slaver, throwing her slaves overboard to escape.
The near sea is encumbered with corpses.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">quantity of vegetation usually present on carriage roads, is
given in a very cool-green grey, and the truthful colouring of the picture is completed by
a number of dots in the sky on the right, with a stalk to them of a sober and similar 
brown. Not long ago I was descending this very bit of carriage road, the first turn after 
you leave Albano, not a little impeded by the worthy successors of the antient prototypes 
of Veieto.&#x002A; It had been wild weather when I left Rome, and all across the Campagna 
the clouds were sweeping in sulphurous blue, with a clap of thunder or two, and breaking 
gleams of sun along the Claudian aqueduct, lighting up the infinity of its arches like the
bridge of Chaos. But as I climbed the long slope of the Alban Mount the storm swept 
finally to the North, and the noble outline of the domes of Albano, and graceful darkness 
of its ilex grove, rose against pure streaks of alternate blue and amber, the upper sky 
gradually flushing through the last fragments of rain-cloud, in deep palpitating azure, 
half aether and half dew. The noonday sun came slanting down the rocky slopes of <i>La 
Riccia</i>, and its masses of entangled and tall foliage, whose autumnal tints were mixed 
with the wet verdure of a thousand evergreens, were penetrated with it, as with rain. I 
cannot call it colour - it was a conflagration. Purple and crimson and scarlet, like the 
curtains of God's tabernacle, the rejoicing trees sank in the valley in showers of light, 
every separate leaf quivering with bouyant and burning life - each, as it turned to 
reflect or to transmit the sunbeam, first a torch and then an emerald. Far up into the 
recesses of the valley the green vistas, arched like the hollows of mighty waves of some 
crystalline sea, with the arbutus flowers dashed along their flanks for foam, and silver 
flakes of orange spray tossed into the air around them, breaking over the grey walls of 
rock into a thousand separate stars, fading and kindling alternately as the weak wind 
lifted and let them fall. Every blade of grass burned like the golden floor of Heaven, 
opening in sudden gleams as the fooliage broke and closed above it, as sheet lightning 
opens in a cloud at sunset. The motionless masses of dark rock - dark though flushed with 
scarlet lichen - casting their quiet shadows across its restless radiance; the fountain 
underneath them, filling its marble hollow with blue mist and fitful sound; and over all, 
the multitudinous bars of amber and rose - the sacred clouds that have no darkness, and 
only exist to illumine, were seen in fathomless intervals, between the solemn and orbed 
repose of the stone pines, passing to lose themselves in the last, white, blinding lustre 
of the measureless line where the Campagna melted into the blaze of the sea."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After discussing the difficulty of representing <i>foliage</i> 
with truth and elegance, and showing the laws common to all forest trees as regards their 
branches, and the cause of the diminuation of them, by throwing forth little twigs and 
sprays, and the degree of tapering which may be considered as continuous, the critic 
proceeds to observe:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"And therefore we see at once that the stem of Gaspar 
Poussin's tall tree on the right of 'La Riccia' in the National Gallery is a painting of a
carrot or a parsnip, not the trunk of a tree; for, being so near that every individul leaf
is visible, we should not have seen in nature one branch or stem actually tapering. We 
should have received an <i>impression</i> of graceful diminution, but we should have been 
able on examination to trace it joint by joint, fork by fork, into the thousand minor 
supports of the leaves. Gaspar Poussin's stem, on the contrary, only sends off four or 
five minor branches altogether, and both it and they taper violently, and without showing 
why or wherefore - without parting with a single twig - without showing one vestige of 
roughness or excrescence, and leaving, therefore, their unfortunate leaves to hold on as 
best they may. The latter, however, are clever leaves, and support themselves as swarming 
bees do - hanging on by each other. But even this precious piece of work is a jest to the 
perpetration of the bough at the left-hand upper corner of the picture opposite to it - 
the 'View near Albano.' This is a fine example of the general system of bough drawing of 
the Italian School. It is a representation of an ornamental group of elephants' tusks, 
with feathers tied to the ends of them. Not the wildest imagination could ever conjure up 
in it the remotest resemblance to the bough of a tree. It might be the
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "Caecus adulator - / Dignis Aricinos qui mendicaret ad 
axes, / Blandaque devexae jactaret basia rhedae."
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.464
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">claws of a witch - the talons of an eagle - the horns of a 
fiend; but it is a full assemblage of every conceivable falsehood which can be told 
respecting foiliage - a piece of work so barbarous in every way that one glance at it 
might prove to the mind of any man of the slightest knowledge of or feelings for nature 
the complete charlatanism or trickery of the whole system of the old landscape painters; 
for I will depart for once from my usual plan of abstaining from all assertion of a 
thing's being beautiful or otherwise: I will say here at once that such drawing as this is
as ugly as it is childish, and as painful as it is false; and that the man who could 
tolerate, much more who could deliberately set down, such a thing on his canvass, had 
neither eye nor feeling for one single attribute or ecellence of God's works. He might 
have drawn the other stem in excusable ignorance, or under some false impression of being 
able to improve upon nature; but <i>this</i> is conclusive and unpardonable. Again, - take
the stem of the chief tree in Claude's Narcissus; it is a very faithful portarit of a 
large boa-constrictor, with a handsome tail - the kind of trunk which young ladies at 
fashionable boarding-schools represent with nosegays at the top of them, by way of forest 
scenery. But let us refresh ourselves for a moment by looking at real art. We need not go 
to Turner; we will go to the man who, next to him, is unquestionably the greatest master 
of foliage in Europe - J. D. Harding. Take the trunk of the large stone pine (Plate 25) in
the 'Park and the Forest.' For the first nine or ten feet from the ground it does not lose
one hair's-breadth of its diameter; but the shoot, broken off, just under the crossing 
part of the distant tree, is followed by an instant diminution of the trunk, perfectly 
appreciable by both the eye and the compasses. Again, the stem maintains undiminished 
thickness up to the two shoots on the left, from the loss of which it suffers again 
perceptibly. On the right, immediately above, is the stump of a very large bough, who loss
reduces the trunk suddenly to about two-thirds of what is was at the root. Diminished 
again, less considerably, by the minor branch close to this stump, it now retains its 
diameter up to the three branches broken off just under the head, where it once more loses
in diameter, and finally branches into the multitude of head-boughs, of which not one will
be found tapering in any part, but losing themselves gradually by division among their 
off-shoots and spray. Now this is nature and beauty too," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Again he proceeds on the same subject:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"But it is only by looking over the sketches of Claude in 
the British Museum that a complete and just idea is to be formed of his capacities of 
error; for the feeling and arrangement of many of them is that of an advanced age, so that
we can scarcely set them down for what they resemble - the work of a boy of ten years old;
and the drawings being seen, without any aids of tone or colour to set it off, shows in 
its naked falsehood. The windy landscape of Poussin, also opposite the Dido and AEneas in 
the National Gallery, presents us in the foreground tree with a piece of atrocity which, I
think, to any person who candidly considers it, may save me all further trouble of 
demonstrating the errors of ancient art. I do not in the least suspect the picture - the 
tones of it, and much of the handling, are masterly. I believe it will, some time or 
another, if people ever begin to think with their own heads, and see with their own eyes, 
be the death-warrant of Gaspar's reputation, signed with his own hand. That foreground 
tree comprises every conceivable violation of truth which the human hand can commit, or 
head invent, in drawing a tree - except only that it is not drawn root uppermost. It has 
no bark - no roughness nor character of stem; its boughs do not grow out of each other, 
but are stuck into each other: they ramify without diminishing, diminish without 
ramifying, are terminated by no complicated sprays, have their leaves tied to their ends 
like like the heads of Dutch brooms, and finally and chiefly they are evidently not made 
of wood, but of some soft elastic substance that which the wind can stretch out as it 
pleases, for there is not a vestige of an angle in any one of them. Now the fiercest wind 
that ever blew upon the earth could not take the angles out of the boughs of a tree an 
inch thick. The whole bough bends together, retaining its elbows and angles and natural 
form, but affected throughout with curvature in each of its parts and joints; that part of
it which was before perpendicular being bent aside, and that which was before sloping 
being bent into still greater inclination, the angle at which the two parts meet remains 
the same; or, if the strain be put in the opposite direction, the bough will break long 
before it loses its angle. You will find it difficult to bend the angles out of the 
youngest sapling, if they be marked, and absolutely impossible with a strong bough. You 
may break it,
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.465
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">but you will not destroy its angles. And if you watch a tree
in the wildest storm, you will find that, though all its boughs are bending, none lose 
their character, but the utmost shoots and sapling spray. Hence Gaspar Poussin, by his bad
drawing, does not make his storm strong but his tree weak; he does not make his gust 
violent, but his boughs of India-rubber," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After comparing the superior truth of Turner is his delineation of
trees, and that of other modern artists, as Harding and Creswick, and showing how amid 
intricacy they have marked and preserved nature's unity and harmony of shade, the perfect 
repose and quiet resulting from the whole, he goes on to say,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Now it is here that Hobbima and Both fail. They can paint 
oak leafage faithfully, but do not know where to stop, and by doing too much lose the 
truth of all, - lose the very truth of detail at which they aim, for all their minute work
only gives two leaves to nature's twenty. They are evidently incapable of even thinking of
a tree, much more of drawing it, except leaf by leaf; they have no notion or sense of 
simplicity, mass, or obscurity, and when they come to distance, where it is totally 
impossible that leaves should be separately seen, yet being incapable of conceiving or 
rendering the grand and quiet forms of truth, they are reduced to paint their bushes with 
dots and touches expressive of leaves three feet broad each. Nevertheless there is a 
genuine aim in their works, and their failure is rather to be attributed to ignorance of 
art, than to such want of sense for nature as we find in Claude&#x002A; or Poussin; and 
when they come close home, we sometimes receive from them fine passages of mechanical 
truth," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In one of his concluding chapters the author concentrates his 
remarks on the truth of his favourite artist Turner, whose works he has delighted to 
illustrate, and to whose genius he has laboured to raise a monument of glory, composed of 
the ruins of his predecessors, and of those false shrines which he considers to have been 
so unworthily frequented by worshippers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The difference in the accuracy of the lines of the 
<i>Torso</i> in the Vatican, (the Maestro of M. Angelo,) from those in one of M. Angelo's 
finest works, could perhaps scarcely be appreciated by any eye or feeling undisciplined by
the most perfect and practical anotomical knowledge. It rests on points of such traceless 
and refined delicacy, that, though we feel them in the result, we cannot follow them in 
the details. Yet they are such and so great as to place the <i>Torso</i> alone in art, 
solitary and supreme, while the finest of M. Angelo's works, considered with respect to 
truth alone, are said to be only on a level with antiques of the second class, under vthe 
Apollo and the Venus, that is, two classes or grades below the <i>Torso</i>. But suppose 
the best sculptor in the world, possessing the most entire appreciation of the excellence 
of the Torso, were to sit down pen in hand, to try and tell us wherein the peculiar truth 
of each line consisted? could any words that he could use make us feel the hairs-breadth 
of depth and distance on which all depends? or end in anything more than bare assertions 
of the inferiority of this line to that, which, if we did not perceive for ourselves, no 
explanation could ever illustarte to us? He might as well endeavour to explain to us by 
words some taste or other subject of sense of which we had no experience. And so it is of 
all truths of the highest order; they are separated from those of average precision by 
points of extreme delicacy, which none but the cultivated eye can in the least feel, and 
to express which all words are absolutely meaningless and useless. Consequently, in all 
that I have been saying of the truth of artists, I have been able to point out only 
coarse, broad, and explicable matters: I have been perfectly unable to express (and indeed
I have made no endeavour to express) the finely-drawn and distinguished truth in which all
the real excellence of art consists. All those truths which I have been able to explain 
and demonstrate in Turner are such as any artist of ordiinary powers of observation
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The author owns that the foliage of Claude in his 
<i>middle</i> distances is the finest and truest parts of his pictures, and on the whole 
affords the best examples of good drawing to be found in ancient art, though he says that 
it is false in colour, and has not boughs enough amongst it.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">ought to be capable of rendering. It is disgraceful to omit 
them; but it is no very great credit to observe them. I have indeed proved that they have 
been neglected, and disgracefully so, by those men who are commonly considered the fathers
of art; but, in showing that they have been observed by Turner, I have only proved him to 
be <i>above</i> other men in knowledge of truth, I have not given any conception of his 
own positive rank as a painter of nature. but it stands to reason, that the men who, in 
broad, simple, and demonstrable matters are perpetually violating the truth, will not be 
particularly accurate or careful in carrying out delicate and refined undemonstrable 
matters; and it stands equally to reason, that the man who, as far as argument or 
demonstration can go, is found invariably truthful, will, in all probability, be truthful 
to the last line, and shadow of a line. And such is, indeed, the case with every touch of 
this consummate artist; the essential excellence - all that constitutes the real and 
exceeding value of his works, is beyond and above expression: it is a truth inherent in 
every line, and breathing in every hue, to delicate and exquisite to admit of any kind of 
proof, nor to be ascertained except by the highest of tests - the keen feeling attained by
extended knowledge and long study. Two lines are laid on canvass; one is right and another
wrong. There is no difference between them appreciable by the ordinary eye - one which can
be pointed out, if it is not seen. One person feels it; another does not; but the feeling 
or sight of the one can by no words be communicated to the other: it would be unjust if it
could, for that feeling and sight have been the reward of years of labour. And there is, 
indeed, nothing in Turner - not one dot nor line - whose meaning can be understood without
knowledge; becasue he never aims at sensual impressions, but at the deep final truth, 
which only meditation can discover, and only experience recognize. There is nothing done 
or omitted by him, which does not imply such a comparison of ends, such rejection of the 
least worthy, (as far as they are incompatible with the rest,) such careful selection and 
arrangement of all that can be united, as can only be enjoyed by minds capable of going 
through the same process, and discovering the reasons for the choice. And, as there is 
nothing in his works which can be enjoyed without knowledge, so there is nothing in them 
which knowledge will not enable us to enjoy. There is no test of our acquaintance with 
Nature so absolute and unfailing as the degree of admiration we feel for Turner's 
painting. Precisely as we are shallow in our knowledge, vulgar in our feelings, and 
contracted in our views or principles, will the works of this artist be stumbling blocks 
or foolishness to us; precisely in the degree in which we are familiar with Nature, 
constant in our understanding of her, will they expand before our eyes into glory and 
beauty. In every new insight which we obtain into the works of God, in every new idea 
which we receive from his creation, we shall find ourselves possessed of an interpretation
and a guide to something in Turner's works which we had not before understood. We may 
range over Europe from shore to shore; and from every rock that we tread upon, every sky 
that passes over our heads, every form of local vegetation or of soil, we shall receive 
fresh illustration of his principles - fresh confirmation of his facts. We shall feel, 
wherever we go, that he has been there before us - whatever we see, that he has seen and 
seized before us; and we shall at last cease the investigation, with a well-grounded 
trust, that whatever we have been unable to account for, and what we still dislike in his 
works, has reason for it, and foundation like the rest; and that, even where he has failed
or erred, there is a beauty in the failure which none are able to equal, and a dignity in 
error which none are worthy to reprove. There has been a marked and constant progress in 
his mind; he has not, like some few artists, been without childhood; his course of study 
has been as evident as it has been swiftly progressive, and in different stages of the 
struggle, sometimes one order of truth, sometimes another, has been aimed at or omitted. 
But from the beginning to the present height of his career he has never sacrificed a 
greater truth to a less. As he advanced, the previous knowledge or attainment was absorbed
in what succeeded, or abandoned without a gain; and his present works present the sum and 
perfection of his accumulated knowledge, delivered with the impatience and passion of one 
who feels too much, and has too little time to say it in, to pause for expression or 
ponder over his syllables. There is in them the obscurity, but the truth of prophecy; the 
instinctive and burning language, which would express less if it uttered more, which is 
indistinct only by its fulness, and dark with its abundant meaning. He feels now, with 
long-trained vividness and keenness of
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">sense, too bitterly, the impotence of the hand, and the 
vainness of the colour to catch one shadow or one image of the glory which God has 
revealed to him. He has dwelt and communed with Nature all the days of his life; he knows 
her now too well, he cannot palet over the material littleness of her outward form; he 
must give her soul, or he had done nothing, and he cannot do this with the flax, and the 
earth, and the oil," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now, the question will arise if, after all this novelty of remark,
this ingenuity of reasoning, this profuse display of examples and illustrations, this 
elaborate richness of description and imagery, the author has proved his point, and 
established the superiority of the modern school of art over the ancient? The first 
objection that will naturally arise in the general mind will be, that, if he is right, not
only the common and public taste has been in error, but even those who have written 
scientifically on the subject, our guides and teachers, have been as wanting in knowledge 
as ourselves. Many minute investigations have been made into the peculiar excellenece and 
characteristic merits of the old painters, and detailed descriptions given of their works 
by Reynolds, and Fuseli, and Opie, and other learned professors of the art among our 
compatriots, not to speak of works of authority and excellence in other countries; yet the
language of praise and admiration is almost the only one that has reached our ears. We 
have been directed to those illustrious artists as the very models of excellence, whom we 
may endeavour to imitate, but never hope to excel; and we certainly have few intimations 
given of those defects which are now for the first time so broadly and boldly laid before 
us. We naturally ask, has the author detected what escaped the practised eye of Reynolds, 
or eluded the vigilant and acute penetration of West and Fuseli? It may be so - we respect
authority, but never blindly follow it, - yet he who thus advances such startling 
opinions, and throws down at once the gauntlet of defiance, must be prepared to find the 
public mind slow to believe, and unwilling to abandon the guidance of those whom thay have
long looked up to with respect and confidence, and whose decisions have been confirmed by 
the consenting voice of time. Secondly, we should require an appeal to the respective 
works of the rival masters, - an actual comparison drawn from observation, - we should 
place the landscapes of Claude and Poussin beside those of Turner, so that the eye of the 
spectator might contemplate their respective merits. We should let his mind receive the 
full impressions they suggested, penetrate the principles on which they were composed, and
apply the effects they produced to the objects which painting has in view; we should tell 
him to dismiss and forget the glowing descriptions and too partial comparisons he has read
in this volume, and turn from the visionary splendour of the writer's page to the real 
colours and composition before him, and then practically form his own decision. We 
confess, that, to our minds, we should be prepared to believe that what has pleased so 
many and so long, has not pleased on insufficient grounds; nor should we be ready to admit
at once the broad distinctive line drawn by our author between the works of M. Angelo, 
Rafaelle, and the historical painters, and those of later schools in the same country, 
because we think we could point out the different links of resemblance between theirs and 
other works that have one by one, in successive periods of time, by insensible changes, 
united one to the other, till we could find the <i>germs</i> of Poussin's manner and style
in some of the slightest sketches of the Roman or Florentine school. We should not be 
unwilling to allow the great genius which Turner has displayed in his art,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and which gives him an undisputed eminence over all his 
competitors; we should allow, and gladly, the maigical effects of his pencil in the most 
difficult and daring compositions, - the skilfulness and success of his combinations, - 
the extent of his resources, - the astonishing brilliancy of his colouring, - his 
imaginative powers, - his creative thought; and we should not deny that in the power of 
seizing and describing some of the most awfull and appalling scenes on which the human eye
can gaze, when nature herself seems gasping in the throes and convulsions of elemental 
wrath, in the black and brooding tempest, in the ocean maddened into fury, and the sky 
robed with thunder, and threatening ruin and destruction; - in such scenes the old masters
must yield all attempt at competition; but we also believe that these were effects which 
they, for adequate reasons, considered it not judicious to represent, and which they 
avoided, not because they were unable to pourtray them, but because they considered them 
unsuitable to their design, and unfitted to the principles of their art. The mind is 
affected by the impressions made on it, as the landscape is by the shadows that pass 
across its bosom; if these impressions are too powerfully drawn, they are liable, after a 
certain time, to lose their attraction, and subsequently pass away in langour and 
indifference. Permanent pleasure is derived from the gentle impulse of soft and agreeable 
emotions rising without effort, and succeeding each other without distraction. We also 
should agree with the author of this work in his assertion that in his acquaintance with 
the different forms of nature, as the various strata of the earth and the shapes which 
they assume, - the varieties of clouds, the peculiarities of foliage, - Turner excelled 
the masters of the Italian school - just as the poets of the present day surpass the 
ancients in their descriptions of the individual forms of natural objects. In this point 
the Seasons of Thomson are far more graphic and exact than the Georgics of Virgil, or the 
Eclogues of Theocritus; bit it was not because the ancient poets had no eye to observe, or
no power to describe, but because they adopted and maintained certain principles which did
not admit this mere transcript of natural imagery into their works of imagination. Nature,
and the forms of nature, when they appear in the descriptive passages of the ancient 
poets, do not as seen in the transparent mirror of absolute truth, which every minute 
delineation that can realize the object; but as reflected back from the hearrt of man, 
accompanied and modified and changed by the associations and images lent to them from the 
mind, and which give them an impressive power and interest that is not their own. All art,
whether poetical or pictorial, becomes more and more <i>descriptive</i> as it advances. 
Such is the fact; but the causes of this change and movement, though not difficult to 
investigate, lie beyond our present scope and purpose; and we must therefore hasten to 
conclude, by saying, that comparing the ancient masters to Turner, as the great leader and
example of the moderns, the object they have respectively in view does not appear the 
same; the latter manifesting their great acquirements in their art, and their pictorial 
powers, by producing the most forcible impressions on the mind from different aspects of 
nature, and comprehending everything, from the greatest to the minutest object, that can 
lend them assistance; and thus, as it were, filling the mind of the spectator with great 
impressions, that he has <i>passively</i> to receive. The ancient painters appear to us 
rather to endeavour to act on the mind by calling out its own activity; by suggesting some
leading ideas to be pursued by it into minuter investigations; by awakening associations 
connected with general forms and objects; by
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<Paragraph rend="quote">avoiding all impressions too forcible and overwhelming, and such 
as would impair the calmness and serenity of the mind; and by imparting to it only such 
gentle emotions as may enable it to preserve unimpaired its powers of judgment and taste, 
and by its own suggestions fill up the outline which the artist had only sketched, - to 
multiply its beauty into a thousand new and unexpected forms, and, by the prevailing tone 
and general harmony of the whole, to give, as it were, the hint, the key-note of the 
impression which they desired to produce; and to this point, both in the treatment of the 
composition and in the tone and harmony of colour, their aim was directed; and, while the 
main purpose was in view, we allow that they sometimes neglected those particular forms 
and exact delineations, which has called forth such sever criticism in the present work.
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</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>letter</Keyword> <Keyword>Philemon Holland</Keyword> <Keyword>William 
Camden</Keyword>
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Philemon Holland to William Camden</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sept.</i> 26.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MANY of our antiquaries have doubted whether Philemon Holland's 
translation of Camden's "Britannia" was countenanced by Camden himself. The editor of 
"Original Letters of Eminent Men of the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries,"
recently published by the Camden Society, has given substantial evidence that Camden's own
maps accompanied Holland's translation, and that the work was published by Camden's 
bookseller.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The question, however, is placed entirely at rest by the following
letter from Philemon Holland himself to Camden, preserved in the Museum in one of the 
Cottonian Manuscripts; whence it will be clearly seen that Camden took the pains to revise
the sheets of Holland's translation as they gradually issued from the press, and that 
Holland consulted Camden upon every difficult passage.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">B.M.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(MS. Cotton. Jul. C. v. fol.58.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1609, 25 Aug.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">My very good friend, Mr. Camden, It appeareth, now that my 
Translation of your Britannia is under the presse, that you have taken paines in perusing 
the written sheets, and that they mean to use you still in that kind. I must confesse now 
that I mistook in the 2. pag. the latter verse of the twain, as touching the true sense, 
for finding it without any comma, and knowing there were many British Ilands more, I made 
comparison between our Britanny and all other British Isles; so that you have done me a 
pleasure in altering my latter verse. The printer should have done well to have printed 
your verse true, which I suppose went in this number,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(And, seek through Iands all, none may with British Isles 
compare.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Let me I pray you be further beholden unto you in the copie new 
set up: and namely in some ffew places here under noted, wherein I am not satisfied.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Pag. 181, lin. 46, Canonici,) whether a secular priest or regular?
because to Canonicus els wher is added regularis, as pag. 349. I have in Colleges termed 
them secular, and in Monasteries regular. As you meet with such places beside, I pray 
correct them to your own sense.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">239, lin. 2, DOMINUS AUGUSTINUS,) Sr Austen or Lord Augustin, and 
so in DOMINUS HEUBERTUS in another place.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">280, lin. 42, ffor Leckhamsted) I find written in my Latin copie 
over head (Thornton), by whose hand I know not, but it hath made me to doubt therof. And 
in truth that Latin copie which I followed in perusing my Translation, differeth from that
which I went by in my Translation, but especially in that passage of Th'Earles of 
Richmond; which did put me to a new labour.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">293, lin. 45, Lugubri Barbarorum divortio. I doubt that I misse 
the true sense.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">355, 12, Infra Banna~ Leucam. What I should call it properly I 
wote not. Yet in Lauca Brionij, yow interprete Leuca in the margin (The Lowy). But what is
Banna?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">419, 20, 
&#x03A0;&#x03C5;&#x03C1;&#x03BF;&#x03B3;&#x03BD;&#x03AE;&#x002C; &#x03BA;&#x03B1;&#x03B9; 
&#x0392;&#x03C1;&#x03CC;&#x03BC;&#x03BF;&#x03BD; &#x03BF;&#x03B0; 
&#x0392;&#x03C1;&#x03CC;&#x03BC;&#x03B9;&#x03BF;&#x03BD;. Spicigenam Bromon, haud 
Bromium,) I stick here because of the comma and copulature in the Greek, but not in your 
Latin. May it please yow to supply that place with your English.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">222. In the epitaphicall inscription of HENRY FITZ-ALAN,) I do not
well conceive the author's meaning in thes words, Sui generis ab Alani filio 
cognominatus,) nor in (MORINIS,) whether is ment PONTHEAU or PICARDIE generally taken? Nor
yet in DOMUS REGIAE PRAEFECTUS,) whether it be not the same that after ward SENescallus.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">What els where shall occurre, let me intreat you to certify. Bold 
I am and
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<Paragraph rend="quote">overbold. But your candor and love approved promiseth me thus much
and more to. And so commending your selfe, your good studies and endevors to God's 
blessing, I take my leave for this time.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Coventry, 25 August, 1609.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Your loving and affectionate ffreind,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">PH. HOLLAND.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Bottom left, right, centre:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">R. W. Billings del. / G. B. Smith sculp. / GREAT MUSGRAVE CHURCH, 
WESTMORLAND.
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William</Keyword> <Keyword>Bowstead, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Ouds, Thomas</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1843 part 2 p.571
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  <Keyword>St Theobald's Church</Keyword>  <Keyword>Great Musgrave</Keyword>
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St Theobald's Church, Great Musgrave</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">GREAT MUSGRAVE CHURCH, WESTMORELAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>With a Plate.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE church of Great Musgrave is neither celebrated for its extent 
nor the style of its architecture; in the first respect it would only vie with a good 
sized room. But it is celebrated as the scene of the early Labours of William Paley, some 
of whose justly appreciated works were written in the parsonage adjoining. More recently 
it was marked by the ministry of the Rev. John Bowstead, B.D. the uncle and preceptor of 
the late Bishop of Lichfield. This venerable "Father of the Church" regularly performed 
his parochial duties until near the age of ninety, and died on the 1st Nov. 1841.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Musgrave gave its name to the family who resided there for several
ages, and finally settled at Eden Hall in Cumberland, which family is now represented by 
Sir George Musgrave, Bart. As to the church, it is of Norman foundation, the arch dividing
the nave and aisle being of that period. The other parts are of the early-English, 
Decorated, and Perpendicular periods, but there is nothing of importance to mark these 
differences of style, excepting the remains of the Decorated chancel screen,shewn in the 
plate.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Previous to 1248 the church was appropriated to St. Mary's Abbey 
at York, but it was then transferred to the bishopric of Carlisle, saving a small pension 
to St. Mary's reserved out of its revenues.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is a brass in the chancel ornamented with the four 
evangelists at the angles (in roundels), of the early Decorated period, to Thomas Ouds, 
who was rector previous to 1298. On the north wall of the nave is a monument to the 
founder and endower of Musgrave Grammar School, the Rev. Septimus Collinson, Provost of 
Queen's College, Oxford, who was a native of this parish, and died Jan. 24, 1827 (of whom 
a memoir will be found in the Gentleman's Magazine, vol.XCVII. i. 178).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Externally there is nothing material to notice, but the churchyard
formerly had several carved coffin-lids belonging to the Musgraves, of ancient date. The 
counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland contain many, and there are some specimens 
engraved in Lyson's Cumberland, but only one is now left at Musgrave, and that is built 
into the eastern wall of the church. When an enquiry was made after some
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<Paragraph rend="quote">others which were in existence here only some twenty years back, 
the quiet answer of the mason who "did the job" was that he had "mashed" them up and built
the remains in the wall.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Over the chancel screen and walls are several garlands. These 
denote an ancient annual custom which takes place in July, called "Rush-bearing," when 
female children of the village go in procession to the church, and each deposits an 
offering of flowers, which remains there until the following year. A representation of 
this ceremony is given in the work known as "Westmoreland and Cumberland illustrated," 
accompanied by the following account of it:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"In some places, to the present day, the church floor is annually 
strown with rushes; and in several others, as at Ambleside, the ceremonial is still 
preserved. We have collected from various sources the characteristic features of recorded 
rush-bearings, in which, though the object is the same, the <i>materiel</i> of the 
festivity is somewhat different.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"At Rochdale in Lancashire, the rushes are laid transversely on 
the rush-cart, and are cut with sharp knives into the desired form. When the cart is 
finished, the load of rushes is decorated with carnations and other flowers in various 
devices, and surmounted by branches of oak, and a person rides on the top. The cart is 
sometimes drawn by horses, but more frequently by men, to the number of twenty or thirty 
couple, profusely adorned with ribands and finery. They are generally preceded by men with
horse-bells about them, grotesquely jumping from side to side, and jingling the bells. 
After these is a band of music, and sometimes a set of morris-dancers (but without the 
ancient appendage of bells), followed by young women bearing garlands. Then comes the 
rush-banner of silk, tastefully adorned with roses, stars, and tinsels; this is generally 
from four to five yards broad, by six or eight yards long, having on either side, in the 
centre, a painting of Britannia, the King's arms, or some other device. The whole 
procession is flanked by men with long cartwhips, which they keep continually cracking to 
make a clear path. A spirit of rivalry exists amongst the neighbouring villages, as to 
which shall produce the best cart and banner, and sometimes a serious fracas takes place 
between the parties.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"At Warton, in Yorkshire, they cut hard rushes from the marsh, 
which they make up into long bundles, and then dress them up in fine linen, silk ribands, 
flowers, &amp;c. Afterwards the young women of the village who perform the ceremony for 
that year, take up the bundles erect, and begin the procession, which is attended with 
multitudes of people, with music, drums, and ringing of bells. When they arrive at the 
church, they go in at the <i>west</i> door, and setting down their burdens in the church, 
strip them of their ornaments, leaving the heads or crowns of them decked with flowers, 
cut papers, &amp;c. in some part of the church, generally over the cancelli, or 
chancel(-screen). The company on their return partake of a plentiful collation, and 
conclude the day, weather permitting, with a dance round a Maypole tastefully decorated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The church of St. Oswald, at Grasmere, is annually strown with 
rushes, and paper garlands, tastefully cut, are deposited in the vestry by the girls of 
the village.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The custom is still extant of strewing Norwich cathedral on the 
mayor's day, when all the corporation attend divine service. The sweet-scented flag was 
accutomed to be used on this occasion, its roots, when bruised, giving forth a powerful 
and fragrant odour; but the great consumption of the roots by the brewers (under the name 
of quassia) has rendered it too valuable, and the yellow water-iris is therefore 
substituted in its stead. The flags were formerly strewn from the great west door to the 
entrance of the mayor's seat; but they are now laid no further than the entrance to the 
choir. Twelve shillings per annum are allowed by the dean and chapter for this service.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The strewing of rushes was not, however, confined to churches; 
private houses, and even palaces, had no better garniture for the floors in olden times, 
as we may gather from fragments of history. In 'Newton's Herball to the Bible,' mention is
made of 'sedge and rushes, with the which many in the country do use in summer time to 
strawe their parlors and churches, as well for coolness as for pleasant smell.' Hentzner, 
in his Itinerary, speaking of Queen Elizabeth's presence-chamber at Greenwich, says, 'The 
floor, after the English fashion, was strewed with hay.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"At Ambleside, the tasteful and elegant garlands are deposited in 
the church on Saturday, and remain there during divine service on the Sunday, when each 
girl takes her respective garland, and all the bearers walk in procession, preceded by a 
band of music. The children receive a penny-worth of gingerbread, and a small gratuity at 
the door of the church."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The site of Musgrave church is extra-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[extra]ordinary; for, instead of being in the village, which is 
about a quarter of a mile distant from the river Eden, on a high rising ground, it is 
actually within a few yards of the water's edge, and the rectory, a little westward of the
church, is on still lower ground. Whenever, therefore, there is a flood, or the "beck is 
out," as the local term has it, a case often occurring suddenly, owing to the rapid fall 
of water from the fells in rainy weather, the church is sometimes, and the rectory 
generally, flooded. Thus many have been the unlucky inmates, who have, on walking quietly 
down stairs on a dark morning, found themselves suddenly in two or three feet depth of 
water. The late rector was one of these.
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<Keyword>Canning</Keyword> <Keyword>Scott, Walter, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Hookham 
Frere</Keyword> <Keyword>Ellis, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Gifford</Keyword> 
<Keyword>China</Keyword> <Keyword>Account of the Dutch Embassy to Pekin</Keyword> 
<Keyword>De Guigne</Keyword> <Keyword>Coleridge, John, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Lockhart, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1844 part 1 p.246
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Sir John Barrow</Keyword>
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Sir John Barrow</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>New St. Spring Gardens, Feb.</i> 12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN your last month's Magazine you have given what the writer truly
terms an "imperfect catalogue" of articles by various authors in the Quarterly Review, 
from its commencement to vol.XIX. with an intention to continue the catalogue.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now, as the contributions of my father Sir John Barrow to that 
incomparable work appear thus "curtailed of all fair proportion," and as I am possession 
of a complete list of his contributions, I send you, with his permission, in a general 
way, the extent to which his assistance has been afforded to his late excellent friend Mr.
Gifford, one of the best scholars and most able critics of the age.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The writer of your former essay is no doubt aware that a committee
of gentlemen, consisting of Mr. Canning, Sir Walter Scott, Mr. Hookham Frere, Mr. George 
Ellis, and one or two more, originated the Quarterly Review, and were, with the aid of Mr.
Gifford, the chief contributors to the first two or three volumes. But as this could not 
long continue without further assistance, Mr. Canning urged my father strongly on this 
point, who was not disposed, either on public or private grounds, to refuse compliance 
with a request so reasonable from one who had always acted towards him with cordiality and
kindness, and as my father had just published a volume on China and the Chinese, he 
selected for his first essay of <i>reviewing</i> De Guigne's Account of the Dutch Embassy 
to Pekin, which appeared in vol.ii. No.4, and from that time to vol.xix. inclusive, 
instead of 9 articles, which in your catalogue are correctly ascribed to Sir John Barrow, 
he actually furnished, as appears by my list, no less than 75 articles, and from the 
commencement to the end of vol.xxxi (No.62) the number he supplied amounted to 134. At 
this period Mr. Gifford's illness obliged him to resign his editorship.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. (now Sir John) Coleridge succeeded him for a short time, 
during which my father continued as a contributor, and also with Mr. Lockhart, the present
editor, but to no great extent, having only supplied from No.62 to No.145 for January of 
the present year, 1844, 69 articles, the last of them being, as the first was, on Chinese 
affairs.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Thus then the whole number supplied in the course of 35 years 
amounts to 203, of which you would not thank me for a detailed account, nor do I consider 
myself entitled to give it; but, if the following summary will answer your purpose, you 
are at liberty to insert it:-
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1844 part 1 p.247
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Voyages and Travels in every part of the Globe, British and 
Foreign. ... 86
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Asiatic Nations; India; Persia; Asiatic Islands, &amp;c. ...
28
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">North America and the Americans ... 15
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Africa; Expeditions into the Interior - Slave Trade, &amp;c.
... 23
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Polar Voyages, and Arctic Expeditions by land ... 10
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Papers on Ship-building; Dry Rot, &amp;c. ... 12
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Miscellaneous subjects connected with the Arts, Sciences, 
Inventions, and Projections. ... 29
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Making in the whole ... 203
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">They contain but little of general politics, and nothing of party 
warfare.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">JOHN BARROW
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Weddell, R</Keyword> <Keyword>Smith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, Carvoran</Keyword> <Keyword>Gilsland, Waterhead</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Burdoswald<Note>Birdoswald</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Birdoswald, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1844 part 2 p.295
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Roman inscriptions, Hadrian's Wall</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Smith read an extract from a letter from Mr. R. Weddell, of 
Berwick-upon-Tweed:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"I was recently at Gilsland, and from thence took several short 
trips to examine the Roman wall in the vicinity. At Caervoran not a vestige remains. The 
tenant has recently filled up the baths, &amp;c. and the site of the camp is covered in 
potatoes and turnips! Notwithstanding all that has been done and said, down to Hodgson, 
(Hist. of Northumberland) much remains for investigation, and I hope some of the Members 
of the Association will soon direct their steps to that district. At Caervoran I saw an 
inscription which I suspect has never been printed. It is on a stone with fluted sides, 
ornamented on the top with a vase, and reads
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<Paragraph rend="quote">At Burdoswald another stone has been recently found, but the 
inscription is much defaced, and part of the upper side has been lost. All I can make out 
of it is,
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The tenant also shewed me a small brass coin of the emperor 
Licinius, much defaced, which he lately found on his farm. The entrance to the camp 
through the west wall is distinctly seen, and about midway between it and the wall to the 
north are several large stones clasped together with iron rods."
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<Paragraph rend="quote">DRUIDICAL TEMPLE NEAR SHAP, WESTMORLAND
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Druidical Temple near Shap.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">NOTWITHSTANDING the alleged increase in good taste at the present 
day, I find it is the intention of the projectors of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway to
carry their line through, and destroy, a most interesting remnant of antiquity, the 
remains of a Druidical Temple situated in a field the property of the earl of Lonsdale, on
the road from Kendal to Shap, and about 2 miles from the latter place. I am surprised that
the noble Earl should permit such barbarity, with such influence as he possesses over the 
Company.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The accompanying sketch (<i>Plate II.</i>) of this curious 
monument, which will probably be in a very short time no longer in existence, may be 
interesting to your readers. It consists of 13 stones of Shap granite, the largest of 
which is 7 or 8 feet high, placed on a circle about forty feet in diameter.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DRUID.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">JOHN DALTON, D.C.L., F.R.S.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>July</i> 27. John Dalton, D.C.L. Oxon., F.R.S. Lond. and 
Edinb., President of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Dalton was born at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, in 
Cumberland, on the 5th of September, 1766, of respectable parents, members of the Society 
of Friends. He gave early indications of mathematical ability. In 1781 he became a 
mathematical teacher in Kendal, from whence he contributed largely upon mathematical, 
philosophical, and general subjects, to the two annual works called the "Gentleman's" and 
"Lady's Diary." In 1788 he commenced his meteorological observations, which he continued 
throughout his life. In 1793 he published an octavo volume of "Meteorological Observations
and Essays." In the same year he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Natural 
Philosophy in the New College, Mosley-street, Manchester, and continued to hold his office
until the college was finally removed to York.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1808 he published "A New System of Chemical Philosophy," and a 
second Part in 1810. He also frequently contributed to Nicholson's Journal, the Annals of 
Philosophy, and the Philosophical Magazine, as well as to the Memoirs of the Literary and 
Philosophical Society of Manchester, of which, for half a century, he was an active 
member, having, altogether with his friend Dr. Edward Holme, M.D., F.L.S., been elected on
the 25th of April, 1794. Indeed they were the oldest surviving members of the society, 
with the sole exception of Sir George Philips, Bart., who became a member in 1785. Dr. 
Dalton had been President of this society since 1817. He was elected Fellow of the Royal 
Society in 1821 or 1822, and was also a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of 
several foreign colleges. In 1826, he was presented with a gold medal by the Royal Society
for his scientific discoveries; and in 1833 the sum of 2,000<i>l.</i> was raised by his 
friends and townsmen for the erection of statue to perpetuate his remembrance. The task 
was entrusted to Sir Francis Chantrey, who brought to the execution of subject a warm 
admiration of the man, and a proportionate desire to do him justice; and the statue when 
completed was depo-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[depo]sited in the entrance hall of the Royal Manchester 
Institution.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The University of Oxford did itself high honour in conferring on 
the septuagenarian philosopher the degree of Doctor of Civil Law. During Dr. Dalton's 
visit to London, about 1833, it was thought by his friends that it would be proper (if not
consistent with his private feelings,) that he should be presented to the King, and in 
that case the robes to which his academic degree entitled him would be the fittest costume
for him at the levee. The Lord Chancellor (Brougham) being made acquainted with these 
feelings, not only immediately approved of them, but offered himself to present Dr. Dalton
to the King. Dr. Dalton having been made acquainted with the usual forms, agreed in the 
propriety of the view taken by his friends, and attended the levee. King William received 
the philosopher very graciously, and kindly relieved the little embarrassment of such an 
unusual position, by addressing to him several questions respecting the interests of the 
town of Manchester.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The mortal remains of this highly-esteemed individual were 
interred on the 12th August in a vault in Ardwick Cemetery, about a mile and a half 
distant from Manchester. The body lay in state at the Town Hall, on Saturday, Aug. 10, and
the public were allowed to pass through the room during the greater part of the day. At 11
o'clock on Monday the procession moved from the Town Hall in the following order:- About 
500 members of various societies, 22 carriages, 330 gentlemen, 10 carriages, 100 members 
of the various institutions, 36 carriages, the last of which contained the Mayor of 
Manchester. The hearse, drawn by six horses. Six mourning coaches, drawn by four horses 
each, containing the relatives and friends of the deceased, followed by the members of the
Philosophical Society. The procession moved through the principal streets of the town, and
was joined near the cemetery by a large body of the Society of Friends. Most of the mills 
and workshops were closed, as were also the whole of the shops in the principal streets of
the town. The vault in which the body was laid was allowed to remain open until five 
o'clock in the evening, during which period many thousand persons viewed the coffin.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">JOHN DALTON, D.C.L. F.R.S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We are now enabled to append to the brief particulars of this 
distinguished philosopher, given in our last Magazine, p.431, the following more connected
account, delivered by the Very Rev. the Dean of Ely, in his address as President of the 
recent meeting of the British Association at York:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Dr. Dalton was one of that vigourous race of Cumberland yeomen 
amongst whom are sometimes found the most simple and primitive habits and manners combined
with no inconsiderable literary or scientific attainments. From teaching a school as a boy
in his native village of Eaglesfield near Cockermouth, we find him at a subsequent period 
similarly engaged at Kendal, where he had the society and assistance of Gough the blind 
philosopher and a man of very remarkable powers, and of other persons of congenial tastes 
with his own. In 1793, when in his 23rd year, he became Professor of Mathematics and 
Natural Philosophy in the New College in Mosley Street, Manchester, a situation which he 
continued to hold for a period of six years, and until the establishment was removed to 
this city (York), when he became a private teacher of the same subjects, occupying for the
purposes of study and instruction the lower rooms of the Literary and Philosophical 
Society in George Street, rarely quitting the scene of his tranquil and unambitious 
labours, beyond an annual visit to his native mountains, with a joint view to health and 
meteorological observations.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He made his first appearance as an author in a volume of 
'Meteorological Observations and Essays,' which he published in 1793, and which contains 
the germ of many of his subsequent speculations and discoveries; and his first views of 
the Atomic Theory, which must for ever render his name memorable as one of the great 
founders of chemical philosophy, were suggested to him during his examination of the 
olefiant gas and carburetted hydrogen gas. His theory was noticed in lectures which he 
delivered at Manchester in 1803 and 1804, and much more explicitly in lectures delivered 
at Edinburgh and Glasgow; it was, however, first made generally known to the world in Dr. 
Thompson's Chemistry in 1807, and was briefly noticed in his own System of Chemistry which
appeared in the following year; and though his claims to this great generalization were 
subject to some disputes both at home and abroad, yet in a very short time both the 
doctrine and its author were acknowledged and recognized by Wollaston, Davy, Berzelius, 
and all the great chemists of Europe.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"But the atomic theory is not the only great contribution to 
chemical science which we owe to Dalton; he discovered contemporaneously with Gay-Lussac, 
with whom many of his researches run parallel, the important general law of the expansion 
of gases - that for equal increments of temperature, all gases expand by the same portion 
of their bulk, being about three-eighths in proceeding from the temperatures of freezing 
and boiling water. His contributions to meteorology were also of the most important kind.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Dr. Dalton was not a man of what are commonly called brilliant 
talents, but of a singularly clear understanding and plain practical good sense; his 
approaches to the formation of his theories were slow and deliberate, where every step of 
his induction was made the object of long-continued and persevering thought; but his 
convictions were based upon the true principles of inductive philosophy, and when once 
formed, were boldly advanced and steadily maintained. It is always unsafe, and perhaps 
unwise, to speculate upon the amount of good fortune which is connected with the time and 
circumstances of any great discovery, with some view to detract from the credit of its 
author; and it has been contended that Wollaston, Berzelius, and others, were already in 
the track which would naturally lead to this great generalization; but it has been 
frequently and justly remarked, that, if philosophy be a lottery, those only who play well
are ever observed to draw its prizes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Though Dalton's great discovery,' says the historian of the 
Inductive Sciences, was 'soon generally employed, and universally spoken of with 
admiration, it did not bring to him anything but barren praise, and he continued in his 
humble employment when his fame had filled Europe, and his name become a household word in
the laboratory. After some years he was appointed a Corresponding Member of the Institue 
of France, which may be considered as a European recognition of the importance of what he 
had done; and in 1826, two medals for the encouragement of science having been placed at 
the disposal of the Royal Society by the King, one of them was assigned to Dalton, 'for 
his development of the atomic theory.' In 1833, at the meeting of the British Association 
for the Advancement of Science, which was held at Cambridge, it was announced
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1844 part 2 p.549
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">that the King had bestowed upon him a pension of 150<i>l.</i>; and
at the preceeding meeting at Oxford, that the University had conferred the degree of 
Doctor of Laws, a step the more remarkable since he belonged to the sect of Quakers. At 
all the meetings of the British Association he has been present, and has always been 
surrounded with the reverence and admiration of all who feel any sympathy with the 
progress of science. May he long remain among us, thus to remind us of the vast advance 
which chemistry owes to him.' This was written in 1837, the year in which a severe attack 
of paralysis seriously impaired his powers; he last appeared among us at Manchester, when 
he received the respectful homage of the distinguished foreigners and others who were 
there assmebled."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At a recent meeting of the inhabitants of Manchester the following
resolution was come to:- "That it is desirable that a simple and suitable memorial should 
be placed in the ecemetery at Ardwick over the mortal remains of this illustrious 
philosopher and exemplary Christian; and that it is most desirable to found a 
professorship of chemistry in some public place in Manchester, to be named the 'Daltonian 
Professorship,' one object of which shall be to illustrate the atomic theory, and the 
discoveries of Dalton in connexion with other branches of physical science."
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W</Keyword> <Keyword>University of Oxford</Keyword> <Keyword>atomic theory</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Daubeny, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Society of Friends, Wigton</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1844 part 2 p.660
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Pp.431, 548. The will of <i>Dr. John Dalton</i>, of Manchester, 
has been proved in Doctors' Commons, by William Nield, esq. Peter Clare, esq. and the Rev.
W. John, the executors, each of whom has a legacy of ninteen guineas. The deceased gives 
the sum of 2,000<i>l.</i> to his executors "to found a Professorship of Chemistry at 
Oxford" (but this is afterwards revoked). To the Society fo Friends at Wigton, Cumberland,
300<i>l.</i> To the school of the Society of Friends at Ackworth, York (attended by 
deceased for twenty years), 500<i>l.</i> To Dr. Henry, late of Manchester, but now of 
Hertford, all his manuscripts, &amp;c. His gold and silver medals presented to him "by the
Royal Societies of London," he bequeaths to the Manchester Philosophical Institution, of 
which he was President. To his housekeeper he gives 200<i>l.</i> and the remaineder of his
property to various relations. The personal property is sworn under 4000<i>l.</i> -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The provision under the will (dated Dec. 22, 1841) relative to the
foundation of a Professorship of Chemistry at Oxford is as follows: "I also give and 
bequeath to my executors the sum of 2,000<i>l.</i> and I request my executors to found, 
endow, or support a Professorship of Chemistry at Oxford, for the advancement of that 
science by lectures in which the Atomic Theory, as propounded by me, together with the 
subsequent discoveries and elucidations thereof, shall be introduced and explained." - 
However, in a codicil (dated 26th June, 1843), Dr. Dalton revoked his bequest, with the 
object, it is believed, of increasing the number and amount of several legacies. In this 
codicil, he directs the 2,000<i>l.</i> to fall into the general residue of his effects, 
and among other legacies gives the sum of 100<i>l.</i> to Dr. Daubeny, Professor of 
Chemistry and Botany in this University. It is thought that one of Dr. Dalton's motives in
making this bequest was to testify the gratification he felt, to the last period of his 
life, at the reception he met with from the Univesity, at a time when he obtained the 
distinction of a Degree of D.C.L. during the meeting of the British Association, at 
Oxford, in 1832, and as an acknowledgement to Dr. Daubeny, for having been the means of 
persuading him to visit the University at that time. Some years ago, Professor Daubeny 
published a work on "The Atomic Theory," in illustration of Dr. Dalton's views, which he 
dedicated to that philosopher, who expressed himself much gratified with the contents, and
pleased with the compliment.
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Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Crosthwaite, Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>St John, 
Upperby</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Upperby</Keyword> <Keyword>Upperby, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>All Saints, Renwick</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Renwick</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Renwick, Kirkoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Lough</Keyword> <Keyword>Stanger, 
James</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword>
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</Marginal>
Effigy, Robert Southey</Heading>
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<Filename size="large">G846B192.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>June</i> 30. A new Church at <i>Upperby</i> was consecrated by 
the Lord Bishop of the diocese, and the next day his lordship consecrated <i>Renwick</i> 
Church, which has been rebuilt and enlarged.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A recumbent effigy of the poet Southey, executed in marble, by Mr.
Lough, of Newcastle, has been place in <i>Crosthwaite</i> Church, at the expense of James 
Stanger, Esq. The costume is a plain gown or academical robes. The right hand rests on a 
volume by his side; the left is placed on his breast. This is the third monument erected 
to the memory of the Poet, there being a bust in Bristol cathedral, and another in the 
Poet's Corner of Westminster abbey.
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>opening, railway</Keyword> <Keyword>railways</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster and 
Carlisle Railway</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal and Windermere Railway</Keyword> <Keyword>White
Hall<Note>Town Hall, Kendal</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Town Hall, Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Nicholson, Cornelius</Keyword>
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</Marginal>
Lancaster and Carlisle Railway</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G846B526.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sept.</i> 28. The first portion of the Lancaster and Carlisle 
Railway, to Kendal (Commenced in the latter part of September, 1843), was opened on 
Monday. It extends twenty-two miles. On arriving at Kendal, the directors, with their 
officers, and a large party of friends, repaired, by special invitation from the directors
of the Kendal and Windermere railway, to the White Hall, where a handsome <i>dejeuner</i> 
awaited their arrival. Cornelius Nicholson, esq. mayor of Kendal, presided.
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>sword</Keyword> <Keyword>knight templar</Keyword> <Keyword>spur</Keyword> 
<Keyword>St Ninian, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Brougham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brougham</Keyword>  <Keyword>Brougham, Mr</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1846 part 2 pp.632-633
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</Marginal>
Knight Templar, Brougham</Heading>
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<Filename size="large">G846B632.jpg
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">page 632:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. W. Brougham gave an account of the discovery of the supposed 
remains of a knight-templar, during the late repairs of Brougham church, Westmoreland. The
sword (of which a drawing was shown) was in a perfect state; but Mr. Brougham stated that 
only one spur had been found; a circumstance which may possibly be attributed to the 
difficulty of adjusting the legs, which were, as usual, crossed, to the dimensions of the 
wooden coffin in which the body had been originally inclosed. It was remarkable that a 
fragment of glass of undoubted Phoenician fabric was found with these remains. The general
opinion seemed to be, that it had been worn by the deceased as a talisman; and it, in some
degree, corrobo-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">page 633:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[corrobo]rated a tradition which, according to Mr. Brougham, had 
always associated the interment in question with an ancestor of the family, said to have 
joined one of the Crusades during the twelfth century
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman 
inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster and Carlisle Railway</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Mould, G</Keyword> <Keyword>Coldale Hall<Note>Coledale
Hall</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Coledale Hall, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Raper, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>mason</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Botchergate, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Patriot</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Castlesteads, Walton<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1847 part 1 p.593
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Roman Altar, Clifton</Heading>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G847A593.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">ROMAN ALTAR FOUND IN CUMBERLAND.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G847E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN making the excavation of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway at 
Clifton, the Roman Altar here represented was recently discovered. It is now the property 
of Mr. G. Mould, esq. of Coldale Hall, near Carlisle; who, for the inspection of the 
curious, has kindly deposited it in the yard of Mr. Thomas Raper, stone-cutter, in 
Botchergate, previous to its being placed in the private grounds adjoining his residence. 
The annexed engraving is copied fror the Carlisle Patriot. The two figures of a vase and 
praefericulum are on the sides of the altar; the back of it is plain and in a rough state.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The inscription may be read thus:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>JOVI OPTIMO MAXIMO</Line>
<Line>GENIO LOCI</Line>
<Line>BRITANNICO</Line>
<Line>SOLVENS VOTUM AP-</Line>
<Line>OLLINA-</Line>
<Line>RIS PRIN-</Line>
<Line>CIPI CURAVIT FACIENDUM.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The nearest parallel inscription to this, found in Britain, with 
which we are acquainted, is one on an altar found at Walton Castlesteads, in the parish of
Haltwhistle, on the line of the Roman Wall, (Hodgson,&#x002A; p.215) -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I O M ET G</Line>
<Line>LOCI G VI ...</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In justification of our reading, "Genio loci Britannico," we may 
refer to another altar, found at Achindavy, also on the Roman Wall, (Hodgson, p.266) - 
Inscribed GENIO TERRAE BRI-
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Ellenborough, Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Gaius Cornelius Peregrinus</Keyword> <Keyword>Olenacum</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Akehead<Note>Aikhead</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Aikhead, Woodside</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1847 part 1 p.594
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TANNICAE M. COCCEI FIRMUS &gt; (centurio) LEG II AUG.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A celebrated altar, found at Virosadum, now Elenborough, and which
was esteemed by Horsley as "the finest and most curious Roman altar that ever was 
discovered in Britain," was erected by Gaius Cornelius Peregrinus, "GENIO LOCI, FORTUNAE 
REDUCI, ROMAE AETERNAE ET PATO BONO." (Hodgson, p.241.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A votive tablet found at York, and now in the museum of the 
Yorkshire Philosophical Society, is inscribed GENIO LOCI FELICITER. (See it described and 
discussed in Wllbeloved's Eburacum, 1842, p.93.)
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword>  <Keyword>Old Carlisle</Keyword>
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Roman Altar, Old Carlisle</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Before we conclude we may take notice of another altar found at 
Olenacum, or Old Carlisle, discovered since Mr. Hodgson wrote, and recently communicated 
by Mr. John Rooke, of Akehead, near Wigton, through Mr. Saull, to the British 
Archaeological Association. It bears the following inscription,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>DEAE BEL</Line>
<Line>LONAE RUF</Line>
<Line>INUS PRAE</Line>
<Line>EQ. ALAE AUG</Line>
<Line>ET LAINIA</Line>
<Line>NUS FIL</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On this occasion it was remarked by Mr. C. Roach Smith, that this 
inscription is the only one yet found in this island dedicated to Bellona, although we 
learn from one of the old Roman historians, that there was a temple of Bellona at York.
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glass</Keyword>  <Keyword>Fletcher, W</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral</Keyword>  <Keyword>restoration</Keyword>
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Carlisle Cathedral, Restoration</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">page 645:-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">CUMBERLAND.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The Dean and Chapter are proceeding with the restoration of 
<i>Carlisle</i> Cathedral. A Handsome parapet has been erected along the front of the 
gallery over the triforium on the north side of the choir. The design is an open 
quatrefoil, and adds much to the beauty of one of the most richly decorated choirs in 
England. Work-
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<Paragraph rend="text">page 646:-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[Work]men are now employed in repairing the window on the west 
side of the transept, preparatory to the insertion of a stained glass memorial of the late
Chancellor, the Rev. W. Fletcher, M.A.
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<Keyword>church, Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitehaven</Keyword> <Keyword>Chester, 
Bishop of</Keyword>  <Keyword>Parkinson, Richard</Keyword>  <Keyword>St Bees</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1847 part 2 p.529
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  <Keyword>Lanercost Priory</Keyword>  <Keyword>roof collapse</Keyword>
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Lanercost Priory, and Christ Church, Whitehaven</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">CUMBERLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Sept.</i> 16. During a high wind the roof of <i>Lanercost</i> 
Abbey fell in with a loud crash, bearing everything down beneath it. The unfortunate event
happened during the night, and is attributed to the ruined state of the rafters.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The new church named Christ Church, <i>Whitehaven</i>, has been 
consecrated by the Lord Bishop of Chester, assisted by the Rev. Richard Parkinson, 
principal of St. Bee's college, and about thirty other clergymen.
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  <Keyword>Brougham Hall, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Dearden,
James</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>King
Arthur's Round Table<Note>Arthur's Round Table</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Arthur's Round 
Table, Eamont Bridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Lowther Bridge, Yanwath etc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Macpherson, Cluny</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, Duke of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>rebellion, 1745</Keyword> <Keyword>1745 Rebellion</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.369
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  <Keyword>Brougham Hall</Keyword>
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Visit to Brougham Hall</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A VISIT TO BROUGHAM HALL,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>In a letter addressed to James Dearden, Esq. of the Orchard and
Handle Hall, Lancashire.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MY DEAR DEARDEN - You ask me for some account of the old embattled
mansion of Brougham Hall, the seat of the ex-Chancellor Lord Brougham, and which through 
the kindness of his lordship I visited last autumn.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The domain is in Westmorland, though upon the extreme border and 
nigh unto Cumberland, and is situated amid a succession of gradually diminishing woody 
hills and green headlands, which connect the open country with the mighty mountainous 
chain surrounding the lakes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The nearest town is Penrith, and from hence a pleasant walk of a 
mile or so on the Shap road brings you to the gate, after passing through a succession of 
inclosures sprinkled with old gabled cottages and farm-houses, clothed in a most luxuriant
garb of wild rose and honeysuckle, intermingled with the darker ivy. The first distinct 
view from the road is immediately after passing the old British remain "King Arthur's 
round table," and before ascending the celebrated and no less picturesque bridge of 
Lowther, so well known as the spot where Cluny Macpherson engaged the advanced guard of 
the Duke of Cumberland in 1745, and brought off the artillery belonging to the Highland 
army. From this place the old hall assumes a very imposing appearance. Grey, venerable, 
and massive, it crowns the summit of a precipitous bank, and from its resemblance has been
not inaptly termed the Windsor of the North.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The principal feature from this point of view is a huge square 
tower, embrasured and machicolated, rising above and connecting itself with various masses
of embattled buildings, and grouping in the most pictorial fashion with the aged trees 
which feather the steep descent to the river. Nothing could be more picturesque than it 
was as I first saw it, sometimes for a moment reposing its darkened and shadowy mass of 
battlements and towers upon the white, driving, fleecy clouds, and the next standing out 
in high relief upon a back-ground of deep blue sky or deeper cloud, with all its small 
irrregular and diamond-paned casements sparkling and glittering in the sun. Crossing 
Lowther Bridge, the vsitor leaves the main road through the park gate, and passing for a 
short distance through the wood, finds himself beneath the terrace immediately in front of
the great tower, which seems to have been constructed, from the situation and direction of
the machicolations, with the intention of defending this part of the approach.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The road now winds round the base of the buildings, splayed down 
and but-
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<Keyword>horn, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>encaustic tile</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.370
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[but]tressed at intervals, and in some parts discovering portions 
of scarped rock, revealing the foundations of the edifice. A narrow ribbed bridge over 
head at one point connects the terrace with the chapel, beneath which the road advances, 
and thence through the upper part of an old avenue, between the ruins of the castle and 
the hall, to the principal gateway, a low heavy tower, partially covered with ivy, through
which peer out two or three most significant loop holes, giving assurance of and bearing 
winess to the warm reception unwelcome visitors might have got in the days of yore. 
Beneath the arch swings an ancient and most formidable pair of iron-studded oak-plank 
gates, four inches thick, with a small wicket for foot passengers. These gates are now so 
much dilapidated that they are suffered to repose against each side, and a modern, frail, 
barred gate usurps their ancient occupation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The old oaks in the avenue are getting stag-headed, and seem fast 
dying away, more's the pity, forming as they do so desirable an accompaniment, with their 
shattered and knarled branches twisted in all manner of fantastic forms, so delightful to 
the artist. What a strange charm there is in these stunted, doddered old trees, and still 
more so in the feudal and embattled halls of the ancient gentry, hoary with age and the 
war of elements and of man, with all their historic and romantic associations; crisp with 
partially decaying masonry, and tinted by lichen, mosses, and all the small vegetation 
which so much delights in old walls.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Passing through the archway, the antiquary is delighted with the 
large venerable courtyard into which he thus gains admittance, surrounded by buildings of 
various ages, though none to appearance later than the time of Henry VII. and arranged in 
the most picturesque and irregular manner, partly covered with ivy, and the walls gray 
with the weather-stains of centuries. The edifice is in great part built of the limestone 
of the district, which assumes a variety of tone and colour after long exposure to the 
atmosphere. The windows, doorways, &amp;c. are of sandstone. From this court a 
stone-groined arched passage beneath a tower large enough for carriages leads into a 
second court, appertaining to the offices, stables, &amp;c. and having a clock tower, and 
another arched gatehouse leading into the park. The principal suite of apartments occupies
three sides of the large court first entered, and in the centre a porch, embattled and 
with buttresses, admits through a most hospitable-looking archway into a sort of 
cloistered passage running along the entire front of this range of the buildings, and 
through it into the great hall, a magnificent apartment, and worthy to banquet the best of
all its noble and learned owner's most distinguished friends. Its dimensions are from 
forty to fifty feet long by twenty wide and high, with an oaken roof resting on spandrils,
the whole illuminated with gold and brilliant colours, lately renovated. The walls are 
paneled with napkin paneling some twelve feet high, and above hang demi-suits of armour, 
intermixed with weapons and stags' antlers. At the upper end of the hall is the fireplace,
richly carved in stone, and beneath its wide yawning arch is a reredos and andirons or 
dogs, bearing the arms of Henry VII, for burning wood, Above are two full suits of armour,
one bright, and the other allecret, and between them a beautiful demi-suit of bright steel
inlayed with gold. Grouping with these military accoutrements are pennoncels and banners. 
In a recessed part of the wall, upon the court cupboard, stand various old pieces of 
silver-gilt plate and other matters of antiquity, and upon the paneling are suspended 
guns, old matchlocks, swords, and other weapons, which, from their family associations and
interest, are hung low for greater convenience of examination; the most particular of 
which is the old Saxon horn, a very interesting relic, by possession of which some how or 
other the lands were anciently held. At the bottom of the hall is a screen of 
richly-carved oak, perforated; and here stand other three full cap-&#x00E0;-pie suits of 
bright armour; one a very fine suit, temp. Henry VI., another, a fluted suit, time of 
Henry VIII., and the third of Elizabeth's reign. The old flagged stone floor has been 
recently replaced by encaustic tiles, having the armorial devices of the family inlaid 
upon quar-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.371
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[quar]ries; and the windows, six in number, are filled with 
painted glass of old German manufacture, seemingly of the date of Emperor Maximillian. In 
a quiet corner, near the screen, hangs a Crusader's sword, said to be the sword of Udard 
de Broham, temp/ Henry II. A.D. 1175, and of intense interest, from its having been 
brought with a prick spur from his tomb in the chancel of Brougham church. Through the 
hall and looking out upon the terrace, over the woods and up the vale of Lowther, is the 
dining-room, a low-roofed wainscoted room, also of napkin paneling, but much finer and 
more delicately executed than that of the hall, of the time of Henry VI. and with an 
elaborately-carved chimney-piece, representing some battle scene, carved oak doors, 
&amp;c. Above this room, and approached by a staircase carved in oak, with twisted 
bannister rails, is the old drawing-room, exactly of the same size, perhaps thirty feet 
long, but somewhat loftier, and with numerous heraldic achievements emblazoned in the 
spaces between the heavy cross beams at their intersections. The walls are hung with 
tapestry of the time of Charles II. and in capital preservation; the colouring as good and
brilliant as new. Over the carved fireplace are the arms of Edward VI. with his initials. 
Opposite to the door of the dining-room is Lord Brougham's own room, also paneled, but 
with plain panels painted white, crammed with books and papers, pictures, prints, and a 
most delightful and comfortable room, having one of the richest views imaginable of woods,
water, patches of green and cultivated land, in endless variety, and backed by the range 
of mountains hemming in and forming the eternal barriers of the lakes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A flight of steps within the screen leads to a small drawing-room,
which is fitted up in the modern fashion, but with an old oak mantlepiece, carved doors, 
and ribbed roof, with windows opening out into the gardens. Beyond this room is the 
library, - as may be supposed the most imposing and sumptuous apartment in the house, of 
large but unequal form, and fitted around with heavy oak carved book-presses, well filled 
with books, of the quality of which it is superfluous to speak. Above these presses the 
wall is hung with Cordovan leather, gilt and painted, and upon this costly ancient 
material hang a series of family portraits of various ages and costumes. The roof is 
highly enriched with carvings, illuminated missal-wise.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Retracing our steps down the cloistered stone passage, through the
screen and up the great hall, an iron clenched door opens upon the grand staircase, with 
stone-arched doorways and openings to galleries from the various landings on the ponderous
oaken stairs. In one upper corner the walls show a gathering-up of masonry upon corbelled 
projections, which seems to betoken some covered-up secret chamber or private stair; or 
perhaps the support of some superstructure in the shape of a tower or turret above the 
roof, all giving evidence of Edwardian character. In recent repairs of this staircase, 
much old oak has been brought from Scailes Hall, another old property long in the 
possession of the family, and now also belonging to his lordship. Curious ancient glazing 
in plain glass, but much infinity of pattern in leaded forms, lights the staircase; and 
the roof is very rich and handsome, with a brass chandelier of flamboyant character, and 
perhaps Spanish or French origin.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Many of the bed-rooms are hung with tapestry, wainscoted, or 
decorated with stamped or gilt leather, and furnished with antique oak, marquetrie, and 
buhl furniture. In one room, hung with dingy, faded tapestry, beside a carved oaken 
bedstead furnished with thick old silk, the carpet upon being displaced shows a trap-door 
in the wormed oaken-planked floor, and this leads down a flight of stone steps, through 
the centre of the house, in the thickness of an inner wall, down into a small stone vault,
and eventually out amongst the brushwood under the terrace; a very significant feature of 
the frail tenure upon which men held their lives and lands in the "good old days." However
much and deservedly we may admire this most pictureque and interesting of all styles of 
architecture, we most certainly ought to feel thankful we live in an age when so romantic 
an adjunct to a bed-room is no longer necessary.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another of these bed-rooms, the
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.372
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<Paragraph rend="quote">walls decorated with Dutch leather, brilliantly gilt and painted, 
contains a magnificent, ponderous, old bedstead of carved oak, covered thick and thicker 
with all the heraldries of all the Talbots. It came originally from Sheffield Castle, 
through various possessors, until purchased by Mr. Watt of Aston Hall, Birmingham, and 
presented by him to his lordship. How many a tale of romance does this frowning old bed 
seem cognizant of, perhaps occupied by Mary Queen of Scots during her long confinement 
under the Earl of Shrewsbury; her eyes fixed upon the heraldic pomp of her lordly keeper, 
but her heart far away, either in her own land of blue mountains, or in gay and regretted 
France.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Its modern occupant, if endowed with thought, may doze and dream 
away a thousand and one tales of terror and love in connection with this fine old relic of
domestic economy, and yet perhaps, after all, not the least interesting part of its 
history may be its having been presented by James Watt to Henry Brougham.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the "armourie" chamber, a flight of corbel stone steps, 
projecting from the wall, leads to a strange sort of gallery, which appears to be 
immediately over the machicolations of the great tower, and from which missiles of offence
had in ancient times been projected. Since the armoury has been converted into a sleeping 
room, the openings of the machicolations have been closed, and the passage now assumes 
quite a Udolphoish dreamy character, and worthy of Mrs. Radcliffe. This room, though 
divested of its ancient appurtenances, still boasts a fine,old, timbered roof with the 
tooth ornament of Edward III's. time, and the bed of oak is hung with faded embroidered 
curtains of no modern date; the window, fire-place, all speaking of distant years.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This grim old apartment was described to me as being before its 
change a strange old-world scene, such as rarely now can be met with; armour hanging, 
decayed and rusty, piecemeal upon its walls; in some places dropped upon its floor, and 
struggling with accumulated dust and cobwebs for the slightest chance of being visible, 
intermingled with ragged pennoncels dropping from their hooks, bundles of pikes and other 
weapons; in fact a scene to which George Cattermole's pencil alone would have done 
justice.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The muniment room I have a vague suspicion is most quaint and 
redolent of iron-clasped, worm-eaten coffers, with clumsy, cankered locks, and all the 
other decaying interests usual in such matters - musty parchments - charters - huge seals 
- brazen-clasped books - inventories, &amp;c. Of these things rumours are afloat, but few 
know the truth, and I, alas! know not even the situation thereof. I suspect, like the 
similar room in the Castle of Glammis of Shakespearian and Macbeth notoriety, no person 
but the lord, his heir, and the senechal of the castle, are allowed to know its security.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Throughout the various dressing and sleeping rooms there is an 
endless variety of ancient decoration, tapestry, leather, panelling, faded brocade, and 
embroidered silks, oaken carved grotesque bedsteads, garderobes, chairs of all shapes and 
conveniences, chimneys with raised hearths and with andirons; and yet all made choicely 
convenient by the addition of modern utilities our ancestors knew not of, but so admitted 
as to harmonize as much as possible with the more ancient arrangements.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In making some alterations in one of the towers, some Norman work 
in the shape of an arched recess was found, and this room is now being repaired to give it
a character somewhat in accordnace with the date of the ancient work there discovered. A 
large stone arch divides the room, or rather forms a sort of recess for the bed, which is 
to be made from old drawings and illuminations, and a piece of tapestry of high antiquity 
will be drawn across the inside of the arch instead of having curtains to the bed. The 
chimney-piece is of Norman zigzag work with inlaid tiled hearth; the walls of wattled work
in stone, part tinted azure, with an intermixture of gold; and above the arch in the 
spandrels are two of the Norman kings on thrones, painted from original drawings, and the 
whole surmounted by a heavy carved and painted roof. This is and will be one of the most 
singular rooms in the kingdom when completed.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.373
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Returning once more to the baronial hall, with its fifteenth 
century gloom and chivalric recollections, and passing thence along the stone cloistered 
passage, access is gained by a postern door heavily hinged and bolted to the terrace, at 
one end of which the bridge before mentioned as passing high overhead above the principal 
approach leads to the chapel - a low and very ancient building, apparently sunk in the 
earth, and grey with lichen and moss, but inside of uncommon splendour. Dr. Markham, a 
prebendary of Carlisle, in a MS. which relates principally to the ecclesiastical matters 
of the diocese, and written about 1680, says, "At the mansion of Browham stand a chapel of
a very anctient erection. In the year 1377 Johannes de Burgham is said to have had 
'Capellam apud Browham Scte. Wilfrido sacram <i>antiquis temporibus fundatum</i>,' and 
that a chaplain attended divine offices at it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The roof is an open timbered one, consisting of a series of 
arches, and carved with armorial insignia of the family. The seats are open benches, that 
standards and poppy heads all richly carved, and the pulpit a piece of very fine late 
work. One part of the chapel is divided from the rest by an elaborate parclose screen, 
forming an ante-chapel, in which is placed the organ and choir. There is a fine 
altar-piece of the most gorgeous character, brought from the continent, and placed by Mr. 
William Brougham in its present situation, the original one of very old carved oak being 
removed to the west end of the chapel. There is also a very curious old lace altar-cloth. 
In an ambry are a collection of antique ecclesiastical vessels of silver gilt, with sundry
relics of enamelled crosses, pyx, monstrance, &amp;c. The windows contain much good 
painted glass, particularly that in the eastern one, which bears a very strong resemblance
to the glass in the celebrated transept window known as the Five Sisters in York 
Cathedral. The discarded stone flag, formerly the altar, I searched in vain for among the 
flags of the floor, where it is so frequently found, with its five crosses, in old 
churches; but the piscina yet remains. There is a traditional story that the chapel was 
built over the holy well of St. Wilfred, from which water is said to have risen up inside 
the font, by what in all other fonts is the drain to carry off the water to the earth. 
This, however, if it ever did exist, has long since ceased to act. The chapel, hall, 
terrace, court-yard, &amp;c. stand upon the site of the ancient Roman station Brovacum or 
Brovoniacum, from which it is supposed by Camden and others that the name arises; and 
behind the chapel, the Roman altars, and other remains of inscriptions, now built up in 
the walls of the great court to preserve them, were found. Dr. Markham, in the MS. before 
quoted, A.D. 1680, thus writes:- "That Browham was a Roman station is evident from the 
many Roman altars which have been frequently dug up here. In the year 1602 one was 
discovered near the confluence of the rivers Lowther and Eamont, with these letters 
inscribed,-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>IMP</Line>
<Line>C. VAL</Line>
<Line>CONSTAN</Line>
<Line>TINO</Line>
<Line>PIENT</Line>
<Line>AUG</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">and of late years several of the like kind have been found in the 
fields, but so shattered and defaced by the rashness and negligence of the workmen and 
labourers, that the characters are not legible." These are now, as before stated, in the 
great court near the entrance gate tower, in a quiet snug corner, not exposed to any 
danger. Gale, in his edition of the Itinerary of Antoninus, ed. 1719, p.97,- the latter 
part of the fifth journey from London to Carlisle,- gives "Brovaco," Brougham, the 
intermediate station between Brough and Carlisle. Camden and Stukeley also mention the 
station. In Caxton's Chronicle, "The Description of Englande," &amp;c. is the following 
passage:- "Other men wolde suppose yt Alcluid was that cite that now is called 
<i>Burgham</i>, in the north cou~tre of Westmorlonde, fast by Comberland, and standeth by 
the river Eden. The cite is there wondrously seen."
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The family burial aisle is not in the chapel at the hall, but in 
the chancel of Brougham church, or as sometimes called "Nine Kirks;" and here from
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.374
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the Saxon times have the family constantly deposited their dead. A
quieter and more peacable resting place could not well be imagined. It is between three 
and four miles from the hall, lying apart from any habitation in a sequestered nook of 
land occupying the bend of the river, and altogether is one of thoses little quaint 
old-world spots consecrated by religion which are more frequently mentioned in books than 
to be found in reality.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The church itself is a very similar structure to the chapel at 
Brougham, but not near in so good repair, and has a musty, mouldy smell of decay so usual 
in such out-of-the-way churches. Beside the chancel door lie three stone coffin-lids, 
seemingly kicked out of the chancel to make room for some subsequent memorials, since 
become also antiquated, and till of late years but little either noticed or cared for. The
church has an open timbered oaken roof, arches with wind braces, &amp;c. and, in spite of 
repairs circa 1660, which have destroyed and nearly obliterated the original architecture,
it has a solemn gloom, from the smallness of its round-headed windows, filled with dim old
dingy and smudged green glass. The principal object of attraction is the disinterment made
in the year 1846, and so well described in the Archaeological Journal by Mr. Brougham, 
with attendant notes by Mr. Albert Way. Oaken trap-doors have been contrived, in the most 
judicious manner, which lift up with rings, and now disclose the remains, as discovered, 
but minus the relics of the spur, metallic end of horn, and sword, now at the hall. The 
first skeleton discovered was cross-legged, and with the spur in question upon the 
left-heel, but with none on the right, or any trace of there having been any. This curious
fact, in opposition to the well-known importance attached to a pair of spurs, has caused 
much speculation. One similar instance is mentioned by Mr. Way, but of a more remote 
period. Some of the figures amongst the anceint decorations of the Painted Chamber at 
Westminster are so portrayed in the Vestuta Monumenta. This skeleton is known to be that 
of Udard de Brougham, who flourished in the 12th century, and is surmounted by a flag or 
coffin-lid, incised with a cross flory and a cross-hilted sword, with what appears to be a
sort of circular shield. This stone tradition has always pointed out as the "Crusader's 
tomb." Upon another incised flag, with a cross and sword upon it, is a rough incision of 
the letter B, and this is supposed to cover the remains of Gilbert de Broham, who 
succeeded Udard, and died 1230. Nine of these skeletons were examined, and with one 
supposed to be Saxon, was discovered a circlet seemingly of silver gilt, and apparently 
the end of a horn. It is about three inches in diameter and three quarters of an inch 
broad, and covered with interlacing work, intermingled with a sort of cherub with the 
hands raised. As only two incised flags are remaining, it may not be improbable that those
on the outside may appertain to these remains. It would at all events be interesting to 
lift them from their present resting-place, and examine what is beneath.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the family vault, close by where these skeletons lay, are 
several coffins of lead of various ages, and one large one of stone filled with bones; 
collected into this no doubt to make room for others.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">What storms have passed over the land since the remote period when
these lifeless figures lorded it over the surrounding country in all the pomp and 
circumstance of barbarous power! How peaceful now, with not a sound to dispel their rest, 
but the gurgling of the adjacent river, or the sighing of the breeze! The stillness is so 
solemn that the opening of the rusty-hinged heavy chancel door is quite startling, and the
harsh grating of the trap-doors sounds enough to awaken the sleepers of the six and eight 
centuries below.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Markham further says, "From <i>Browham</i> or (as it was 
sometimes writ) <i>Burgham</i>, an ancient and warlike family took their surname and 
designation. They resided and flourished at this place for several ages. In or about the 
reign of Edward I. Gilbertus de Burgham was in possession of the whole, which he held in 
<i>drengagio</i>, a sort of military service, from the Danish word <i>drenge</i>, which 
signifies a servant. One moiety of the estate and manor he remits and gives up with the 
mill and advowson of the
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.375
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Church, and all his land in the forest of Whinfell and Hamels, to 
Robert de Veteripont, on condition that the other half should be free from that tenure to 
him and his posterity. Of late years Henry Browham, esq. a descendant of the said Gilbert,
sold the possession, and removed to Scailes, with the parish of Skelton, co. Cumb. where 
some account has been given of the family." In the margin is added in a later hand, "In 
this year 1716 John Browham, esq. repurchased the estate, and is now in possession of it."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The first of the names is Walter de Browham, antecedent to the 
Conquest, and the next Wilfred, whose cross-legged skeleton was discovered in the church. 
In the records of the Exchequer is a document showing that he was fined in the 22d year of
Henry II. for joining the rebels Barons, and he is there called "Udardus de Broham." He 
was governor of Appleby castle, and was beaten, together with Gospatrick, son of Orme, at 
Appleby, by William King of Scots, who had entered the northern provinces 1174, with an 
army of 80,000 men, during the absence of Henry in France. He took the castles of 
Carlisle, Penrith, and Appleby, the last being then considered the key to England, being 
the guard of the mountain pass of Stainmore. In fact Udard, his kinsman De Morville, Earl 
Gospatrick, and others were at this time rebelling against Henry, so that their opposition
to the King of Scotland was not likely to be very strenuous. These internal disturbances 
brought Henry back from France, who quickly defeated the Scotch, and brought the 
rebellious Barons under subjection, Udard and others escaping abroad, and joining the 
second Crusade. Gilbert de Broham his son gave up half his estate to Robert de Veteripont,
who was then sheriff of Westmorland, but not in the time of Edward I., as stated in the 
Markham MS., but in the reign of King John, as shown by a deed now in the Rolls Chapel. He
paid a fine for his non-attendance upon that monarch into Normandy, and his name appears 
on the "oblata roll" of the 2nd of King John, preserved in the Tower of London, amongst 
the Drenges of Westmoreland,- "Walter de Harcla," "Tailboys Baron of Kendal," "John de 
Morvill," and "Gilbert de Broham." In the deed with Veteripont he spells his name "de 
Burgham," but here "de Broham." It appears that the Norman tower forming the keep to the 
castle of Brougham (afterwards so long one of the residences of the powerful family of the
Cliffords, Earls of Westmorland, but now in ruins), together with the advowson of the 
church and a considerable estate, at this time passed from the family; but they never 
parted with the manor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To Gilbert succeeds Henry de Burgham, less celebrated than his 
modern namesake, and to him John de Burgham, sheriff of Westmoreland in 1351. Sir John de 
Burgham, knight, the next in descent, settles a disputed boundary with Sir Roger Clifford,
knight; and their instrument, dated 2nd of Richard II., is in the Rolls Chapel. In 1383 
Sir John de Burgham was knight of the shire for the county of Cumberland. His son, John de
Burgham, also sat in Parliament for Carlisle, 1394 and 1396, and was succeeded by Thomas 
de Burgham, who in 1486 also was member for Cumberland. Succeeding him, we have John 
Burgham, the prefix "de" being now laid aside, who, by <i>post mortem</i> inquisition in 
1494, is found seized of the manor of Brougham. John his son, 1504, married a daughter of 
Dudley of Yanwath Hall; succeeded by Gilbert Burgham, temp. Henry VIII. Thomas Burgham 
next follows, Lord of Brougham, A.D. 1553; married Jane, daughter of John Vaux of 
Catterlen and Tryermayne - hence the title <i>Lord Brougham and Vaux</i>. Henry Burgham, 
temp. Elizabeth. Thomas Browham demises to Agnes, his widow, "all that manor, capital, 
messuage, and demesne lands called Brougham Hall," &amp;c. He died childless, and was 
succeeded by Peter Brougham, his uncle, who married Anne, daughter and heiress of John 
Southaic, of Scailes Hall, in Cumberland, representative of the Boyvills, feudal barons of
Levington, and descended also from Ivo de Tailboyes, lord of Kendal. Henry Brougham, of 
Scailes and Blackhall, about 1622. Thomas Brougham, of Scailes Hall, sheriff of 
Cumberland, died 1645. Henry Brougham, esq. of Scailes Hall, his son, is thus mentioned in
Bishop
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<Keyword>Nicolson</Keyword> <Keyword>Scales Hall, Skelton</Keyword> <Keyword>Lamplugh 
Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham, John</Keyword> <Keyword>High Head Castle, 
Skelton</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Skelton</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brougham Castle, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Brougham</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Clifford Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Richmond Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Mayburgh, 
Yanwath etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Arthur's Round Table, Eamont Bridge</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Clifton Moor</Keyword> <Keyword>battle site,
Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Scott, Walter, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Waverley Novels</Keyword>
<Keyword>Clifton Hall, Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Yanwath Hall, Yanwath etc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Penrith Castle, Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Beacon Hill, Penrith</Keyword> <Keyword>Giant's Grave, Penith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Countess Pillar, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Pembroke, Anne, Lady</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Vesci Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Cromwell, Oliver</Keyword> <Keyword>Civil 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.376
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Nicolson's MS. collections relative to ancient neighbouring 
families, written in 1675. "Next adjoining Squire Browham, ancient heir male of all the 
Squire Browhams of Browham Hall, in Westmoreland, built him a very fine house at Scales, 
and lives there," &amp;c. He married the heiress of the Lamplughs, and was succeeded by 
his grandson, John Brougham, of Brougham, Scales Hall, and Highhead Castle, in Cumberland,
the latter property coming by his mother, the heiress of the Richmonds. John Brougham died
1756, and was succeeded by Henry Brougham, his brother, whose son Henry was father to the 
present representative of the family, Henry Lord Brougham and Vaux, ex-Chancellor, &amp;c.
His Lordship's grandmother was sister to Robertson the historian.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The panoramic views from the towers and the terrace over the 
richly wooded and picturesque neighbourhood embrace also many objects of great historic 
interest: the more ancient fortress of Brougham Castle, in ruins, forfeited in King John's
stormy reign, and subsequently a favourite residence of of the Cliffords, Earls of 
Westmorland; the druidical circle of Mayburgh, of such uncertain and remote antiquity; the
moated mound called "Kiing Arthur's Round Table:" the village of Clifton, celebrated for 
the skirmish interwoven by Sir Walter Scott into the charming romance of Waverly; Clifton 
Hall, an old border tower; Yanwath Hall, also embattled, and with two towers; Penrith, 
with its ruined castle, Beacon Hill, and Giant's Gravestones; the Countess's Pillar, where
the celebrated Anne, Countess of Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgomery, the heiress of the 
Cliffords and the Vescis, so well known for her reparation of her castles, even during 
Cromwell's lifetime, and her subsequent stern answers to the political application from 
the corrupt court of Charles II., last parted with her good and pious mother.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These are a few, hastily enumerated, amongst the many scenes and 
objects of interest which present themselves within view from the leads of this favoured 
mansion; and when we remember that the hall, as before stated, stands upon the Roman 
station from which its name is derived; that the family have been here located from the 
time of the Heptarchy; that the various buildings show remains of architecture, from the 
ponderous Norman workmanship, through successive centuries, to the renovations of the 
present day; and, in addition to this, that the domain is in the far-famed county of 
Westmorland, and within a bowshot of Cumberland, and surrounded by scenery scarcely 
equalled, certainly not excelled, whether we take the rich home views or the more distant 
serrated ridges of its mountain horizon, - it must be allowed that, either in historic or 
romantic interest of situation, scenic beauty of locality, or picturesque character of the
edifice, Brougham Hall has few rivals.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Faithfully yours,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GEO. SHAW.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>St. Chad's Uppermill, Saddleworth, Manchester.</i>
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.618
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<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WE were sorry for the sake of truth, - we grieved on account of 
the violence done to archaeological science, - as, in your number for April last, we 
silently perused a most inflated letter of fine writing descriptive of Brougham Hall, so 
called, in the county of Westmoreland, the estate of Lord Brougham. This letter purports 
to come from the pen of a Mr. George Shaw, St. Chad's Upper Mill, Saddleworth, who, it 
appears, had been on a visit to Brougham Hall, and who seems to have taken upon himself 
the office of sponsor, not only for the description of external objects which he pretends 
he <i>did see</i> there, but also for other wonderful revelations of family antiquity 
which he did <i>not see</i>, and which never had existence, save and except in the fertile
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Udolpho</Keyword> <Keyword>armour</Keyword> <Keyword>antique shops</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.618
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<Paragraph rend="quote">inventions of those interested, who furnished him with the 
spurious information. This letter first appeared in the Manchester Guardian, and was 
thence transferred, with <i>proper emendendations and additions</i>, to the pages of your 
long-established and useful periodical; and we have only to say that, if this ridiculous 
letter was thus industriously published for the purpose of conveying to the public mind 
certain high notions as regards the antiquity of Brougham Hall, the thing is a perfect 
hoax from beginning to end.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It would be tedious to follow Mr. Shaw step by step in all his 
turnings and windings through this enchanted castle. We shall therefore content ourselves 
with merely selecting a few specimens, in order to satisfy you of the imposition intended 
to be put upon the public by the epistle of Mr. George Shaw of Saddleworth.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the first place, the house in question never had a tower at all
belonging to it till the year 1832, when the "huge square tower," as Mr. Shaw calls it, 
was built;&#x002A; and therefore, when Mr. Shaw mentions the "huge square tower," or the 
great tower, which is the same thing, as evidently constructed to defend the pass in the 
approach," and the "strange sort of gallery, which appears to be over the machicolations 
of the great tower (the same again), and from whence missiles of offence had in ancient 
times been projected," - we say, when he was so describing this apology of a tower, he 
knew perfectly well such tower was entirely new in 1832, and that consequently nothing but
chamber missiles would, in all human probability, be thrown from that tower since the said
year of our Lord 1832; yea, and the more likely to be so as this strange, queer gallery, 
we are told, has since that time been turned into a bed-room "with quite a Udulphoish, 
dreamy character!"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Then as to the "low, heavy-towered gateway," with its "significant
loop-holes," which were to give the "unwelcome visitors of yore a warm reception," and the
out-offices in the yard, with which "the antiquary is delighted, of various ages, though 
none to appearance later than the time of Henry VII." - "covered with ivy and the 
weather-stains of centuries," and "stone-groined arched passage," &amp;c. - would you 
believe they were all erected in the reigns of George III. George IV. William IV. and 
Victoria, but principally in that of our most gracious queen Victoria!!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But the remarkable discovery which it was reserved for Mr. George 
Shaw to make was "some Norman work in the shape of an arched recess, in making some 
alterations in one of the towers; and this room now being repaired (mark the word!) to 
give it a character somewhat in accordance with the date of the ancient work there 
discovered." Good gracious, Sir! this small room (there is no tower), called the Norman 
room, under which is the before-named groined arch, was only newly erected in 1844. Now 
this is a discovery indeed, for which Mr. George Shaw desrves a gold medal! The 
"gathered-up masonry" upon corbelled projections of "Edwardian character," together with 
the grand staircase, were totally new erections in the years 1843-44; and the "trap-door 
in the wormed oaken-planked floor leading out amongst the brush-wood," notwithstanding Mr.
Shaw's melting soliloquy, never existed, except in his pompous letter, and if sought for 
will be found in the Greek calends, but not till then.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As to the nicknackery displayed on the inside walls of the house, 
such as suits of armour, match-lock guns, military accoutrements, spears, pennoncels, 
banners, &amp;c. "objects of interest, from their family associations," (hear'st thou, 
Mars!) they have all been brought down from the various curiosity shops in Wardour Street 
and elsewhere since 1830; and the same may be said of nearly every like article in the 
house. And as to the cow-horn lately hung up - we beg pardon, the "old Saxon horn, a very 
interesting relic, by possession of which, <i>somehow or other</i>, the lands were 
anciently held;" and the "Crusader's sword, in a quiet corner, of intense interest from 
its having been brought, with a prick-spur, from the tomb of Udard de Brougham, in the 
chancel of Brougham church," are two of the most rampant and audacious fictions ever 
attempted in modern times to be foisted on public credulity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The account of the chapel is equally
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; See Cobbett's Register, 17 Nov. 1832.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">absurd. This edifice was erected for the accommodation of the 
inhabitants of Brougham Village, which is situated near three miles from the parish 
church, and was up to 1833 quite a plain building, with a common barn-like roof. It has 
since been ceiled to the slates, and each side of the roof divided into many compartments,
and each division contains an escutcheon of stucco, not carved, but plain plaster, not one
of which coats of arms can we find has any reference to the Brougham family whatever. 
Bedecked with gold and ornaments, the whole affair is but gilt gingerbread; it is 
gingerbread still. The fiction about St. Wilfred's Well in this chapel was never before 
heard of. The "open carved benches and pulpit," the "parclose screen," the "old lace 
altar-cloth," the "ambry," and "collection of old ecclesiastical vessels, processional 
cross, and pyx," are all inventions and importations here since 1833; nor was there a 
vestige of stained glass in it prior to that date: since which time Lord Brougham has 
appropriated, or wishes to appropriate, this chapel to his own use.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Then, as to the Crusader's grave, so wonderfully discovered in the
parish church of Brougham, belonging to Udard de Broham, it is the most puerile creation 
ever set up, particularly as bones bear no inscriptions nor dates; and it was shrewdly 
observed by one of the London daily papers at the time of the <i>supposed</i> discovery, 
that from the cross-legged position in which the skeleton was found it was as likely to 
have been the timbers of an ancient knight of the thimble as a crusader. We are of the 
same opinion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lastly, the "Castle of Brougham in ruins," which has now been in 
the Earl of Thanet's family for about 644 years, was not forfeited by the Brougham family 
in the reign of King John. Neither was Udard de Broham governor of Appleby castle temp 
Hen. II. Nor have that family been located there from the time of the Heptarchy. The hall 
does not stand upon the Roman station; nor is the manor of Brougham theirs, but the estate
of the Right Honourable the Earl of Thanet.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have written thus a plain statement of facts, in order to set 
the public right, and to prevent if possible the spread of untruths, such as those 
circulated under the mask of Mr. George Shaw of Saddleworth's letter most undoubtedly are,
and which ere long will be copied into every four-and-sixpenny gazetteer in England; and 
we think it is high time such outrageous perversions of historical facts for family 
gratification should cease and determine.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We are, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OLD SUBSCRIBERS.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.31
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<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ALTHOUGH the anonymous form of the very extraordinary attack by 
your OLD SUBSCRIBERS (vol.XXIX. p.618) on my description of Brougham Hall might well 
excuse my replying to it, yet I feel it due both to my own character and to your readers 
to request the insertion of the following remarks.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The point-blank denials, - such as, "the hall does not stand upon 
the Roman station," "there was no tower," "Udard de Brougham was not governor of Appleby 
Castle," &amp;c. - it would be easy for me to answer in like manner by re-insisting upon 
those facts detailed in my letter, and with quite as much propriety; for if you must in 
common justice allow my description, although compiled in great measure from memory, and 
for the amusement of a friend, is quite as likely to be true as the ostentatious 
accusations put forth by your correspondents, without even a shadow of an attempt at 
proof.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">They say that I wish to impress upon your readers that Brougham 
Hall, as it at present exists, has done so for centuries; and yet, if they had not read my
letter with jaundiced eyes, they must have noticed that I repeatedly speak of renovations 
and alterations as having taken place, and still taking place. I knew that the house had 
been extensively re-edified, and never wished to convey a contrary impression, or for a 
moment supposed I was doing so; neither do I think iin looking over my letter that such an
impression is at all given.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is ridiculous to say, because a house has been repaired and in 
part rebuilt, that therefore the whole is a modern structure; and it is anything but just 
to accuse me of falsifying, because I have not stated the exact time when such repairs 
were made. Who, in popularly describing Warwick Castle or any other old mansion, is 
expected to name the different periods when every late alteration was made?&#x002A; I am 
not
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Since writing the above, I have received a note from a 
person to whom I applied for information to rebut your correspondents' charges, and I send
you an extract: "Bearing always in mind that some parts, particularly the upper portion of
the old tower, the old kitchen, and part of the west front, had, from decay, been 
[continued on next page] repaired, and in some parts wholly rebuilt, but with the old 
materials, between the years 1828 and 1830. The kitchen part fell down, and was replaced 
by what is now the great staircase in 1842. The timbering of the old tower was uninjured, 
as was the trap-door part, and is now in its old place. It is of very early date, as 
anybody who knows anything of old woodwork can at once see. In the same way the ceiling of
the old drawing room was saved, being suspended by ropes fixed to the rigging while the 
defective portion of the west wall was repaired."
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.32
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the only person who has written upon Brougham Hall as an ancient 
residence. In the "Baronial Halls," published by Chapman and Hall, from drawings by J. D. 
Harding, George Cattermole, and others, there is a lengthened account of the place 
accompanied by prints; also in Fisher's Northern Counties, &amp;c. and in other similar 
works.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It would occupy too much of your valuale space to follow your 
correspondents through all their assertions; though I have no doubt, if it were necessary,
that I could substantiate every material fact I have stated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If the writers re-read my letter, they will find that the fiction,
as they term it, of St. Wilfred's Well I myself disapprove of, and object to in the very 
article in which they say it is first heard of, but which more extensive reading would 
have shown them was ascribed in S. C. Hall's "Baronial Halls."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">How facetious they grow about the armour, and then boldly say it 
all came from Wardour Street; and yet in a will dated 1565, Henry Brougham leaves his 
<i>arms and armour</i>, &amp;c. ("hearst thou, Mars!") to his son and heir Thomas (with 
Brougham) as heirlooms. How do your daring correspondents know that the armour came from 
Wardour Street?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Their rampant assertion, to use their own words, about the 
Crusader's grave and the prick-spur, &amp;c. I leave in the hands of Mr. Albert Way and 
the other gentlemen connected with the Journal of the Archaeological Institute, in which 
work what they term "the most puerile creation ever set up," was first given to the 
public.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The genealogical part of the question appears also to be regarded 
as equally spurious with the hall, notwithstanding Mr. Justice Wightman's remarks at the 
trial which took place at Appleby assizes in August 1843 to the contrary. At this trial 
every feature of consequence which I have mentioned in the descent was proved before a 
special jury by the production of deeds and records, and the observation of the judge was,
"<i>that he never had in his experience seen a pedigree carried back so far, and with such
clear proof</i>." As to the manor, in the Rolls Chapel is preserved a roll headed "Le 
Bownder de Burgham," which ends thus: "And so thys ambulacyon was viewyd and merkett in 
the preserved in the Chapter House, Westminster, in the book endorsed Inquisitions post 
Mortem in 9, 10, and 11 Elizabeth, taken after the death of Henry Brougham, who died 6th 
Dec. 11th Eliz. the jurors find that he died seised of various lands, &amp;c.; and, 
amongst others, "quod predictus Henricus Brougham fuit seisitus in Domenico suo et de 
feodo de et in manerio de Brougham, et la demeyne lands de manerio predicto," &amp;c. and 
that he held this manor of the sheriff of Westmoreland (<i>i.e.</i> of the King) by 
knight's service. The father of this Henry is found to have died 18th Nov. 6th Edw. VI. 
and that he was the King's tenant by knight's service. This record is also in the Chapter 
House, Court of Wards and Liveries, 1st Mary to 1st Eliz.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In an Act of Parliament passed in the year 1776 for inclosing 
Brougham Moor, Henry Brougham is described as lord of the manor of Brougham, and in that 
character the principal allotment is made to him. If he had not been lord of the manor his
claim would have been opposed before the commissioners. This Henry was Lord Brougham's 
grandfather, and died in Dec. 1782. Burn in his History of Westmoreland, p.391, says that 
the third part of the manor was held "by cornage," and, notwithstanding the sneers at the 
"old cow-horn," I should like to hear your correspondents' disproval of the antiquity of 
this tenure.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The fact of the family having been seated at Brougham from the 
Hep-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.33
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[Hep]tarchy is pretty well borne out, independently of the 
pedigree, by the name mentioned by Horsley as a Saxon compound, - burgh and ham, - 
designating the family, the parish, the castle, the manor, and the hall, and in addition 
having an echo of the much older Roman name of Brovocum.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Stukeley, in his Itinerary, 1725, says, "I saw many fragments of 
altars and inscriptions at the <i>Hall</i> near the bridge, all exposed in the 
<i>courtyard</i> to weather and injuries of every sort." Your veracious critics deny the 
existence of both Roman station and courtyard, particularly of the latter, as only being 
an erection of the present century.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mistakes such as these ought to have been avoided by writers who 
have used the lash with an unsparing hand, because they induce a very natural suspicion 
either of indifference as to statement of carelessness in research when facts are 
concerned; neither do I think that the periodical literature of the day is improved by the
pungent acrimony of criticism, or the carping or sneers of anonymous correspondents.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">GEO. SHAW.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.136
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<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IT is strange that families cannot content themselves with 
<i>probable</i> antiquity; for by doing so, they might gain some credit for the claims 
they put forth - whereas by aiming at too much, their vaulting ambition oftentimes 
"overleaps itself and falls on the other side." However, most noble families in England 
are satisfied to trace their descent to the time of the Norman conquest; a period which 
has long been considered the satisfactory goal of a pedigree in this country; - while a 
few, more adventurous, push their pretensions somewhet further into the regions of 
romance, and the era of dragons, relying on fictions which may be classed with Jack the 
Giant-Killer, or the Arabian Nights' Entertainments: the French stock of Levi Mirepoix is 
said to claim their descent from the Virgin Mary! But enough of this; our business at 
present is ostensibly with MR. GEORGE SHAW, of St. Chad's Upper Mill, Saddleworth, 
Manchester, who has written a most elaborate letter about Brougham Hall, occupying nearly 
eight pages in your valuable Magazine, and which epistle, when the architectural, the 
historical, and genealogical subjects which it contains are considered, would give ample 
employment to a philosopher for one month properly to indite; but which Mr. George Shaw 
would fain persuade us he executed off hand, and "compiled from memeory to amuse a 
friend." - Well, this letter gravely informs us that Lord Brougham's family have been 
"located at Brougham Hall from the time of the Heptarchy," and makes many other startling 
announcements which we confess are quite new to us; and because we dared to doubt the 
truth of these statements, Mr. George Shaw accuses us of making an "extraordinary attack" 
- of "acrimony of criticism" - "carelessness of research" - and "indifference as to 
statement," - reproaches which certainly come with a bad grace from one who tells us his 
description was "compiled from memory," but does not say it was not for publication. Now, 
Sir, we assure Mr. George Shaw and all whom it may concern, that we entertain no ill 
feelings in this matter. We have no selfish vanity to gratify - no personal animosity to 
indulge - our sole object is the maintenance of historical truth: and if we have expressed
ourselves strongly here and there, it merely arose from the feeling that the cheat was 
attempted to be put upon us along with the rest of the community.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In this free country men may build and alter houses as they please
- they may erect castle composed of all the known orders of architecture, and garnish them
with every accompani-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.137
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[accompani]ment characteristic of the age they were intended to 
represent - and so long as they say nothing about them, we will venture to say that no one
will, either by word or deed, attempt to disturb their harmless amusements; but, if on the
other hand, such parties, or others for them, will needs indiscreetly volunteer 
grandiloquent letters in periodicals chiefly appropriated to antiquarian subjects, setting
known history at defiance, and recklessy throwing down right and left the established 
land-marks of antiquity, those letters henceforth become public property; and neither Mr. 
George Shaw nor any one else in the like position has just grounds of complaint, if the 
public take the liberty of making their own fair comments upon them, which we have done; 
and Mr. George Shaw need not think our remarks less worthy of attention because he does 
not know our names. We advise him not to estimate us too cheaply, for we may chance turn 
out more awkward customers than he anticipates; and instead of complaining of our 
"point-blank denials, without even a shadow of an attempt at proof," let him answer our 
objections - he is on his trial. We it was who taxed him with writing false history; 
therefore the <i>onus probandi</i> rests with him. And how does he answer? He could, or he
would, or he might reply if he chose, "by re-insisting on the facts detailed in his 
letter, which are quite as likely to be true as our ostentatious accusations." Be it so. 
But we do not intend to let him ride off in that way; we shall see anon. As to ssaying 
that he did not wish to impress upon your readers that Brougham Hall, as it at present 
exists, "had done so for centuries, because he repeatedly spoke of renovations and 
repairs," that is not the question (though it is pretty well to tell us that "missiles of 
offence had in <i>ancient times</i> been projected" from a tower, which was newly built 
from the ground in 1830), the question is, did not Mr. George Shaw intend in his letter to
convey notions of great antiquity as regards this house in general by such passages as 
these? "that the various buildings show remains of architecture from the ponderous Norman 
workmanship <i>through successive centuries.</i>" How do you construe that? It certainly 
looks to us to point at something like the Norman Conquest, as the age of the structure - 
or his description of the offices in the yard, "with which the antiquary is delighted, 
none to appearance later than the time of Henry VII. <i>gray with the weather-stain of 
ages.</i>" But Mr. G. Shaw says he did <i>not</i> intend to convey such an impression, and
that is quite enough for us. At the same time we must say, had he only made the smallest 
inquiry when at Brougham he would have discovered that the carcass of the present Brougham
Hall was built by Henry Brougham, esquire, about the year 1767; that there was no tower of
any sort then, save a small summer-house at the front of the west end, about as high as 
the first-floor windows, with an out-door entrance, as may be seen in a print in 
Hutchinson's History of Cumberland. The trap-door which was described as a thing in 
existence when Mr. G. Shaw wrote his letter, not as having been, is attempted to be 
explained by a foot note which makes matters more difficult. It was not spoken of as being
in a tower before; now it is in <i>its old place</i>, we fancy, in the <i>new tower</i>, 
but where is the flight of <i>stone steps</i>, and where the stone vault? We fear Mr. G. 
Shaw has laid a trap and fallen into it himself. The times of 1767 required no such secret
escape for personal safety.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Next comes the armour "hanging decayed upon the walls, and in some
places dropped upon the floor, struggling with accumulated dust and cobwebs, ragged 
pennoncels, dropping from their hooks, bundles of pikes" (the Chartists must have left 
these). We are surprised there are no long bows in the collection, as it appears a weapon 
in much use in this locality. Well, we said all these matters came from Wardour Street, 
London, and <i>elsewhere</i>. And how is that rebutted? Merely by saying that one Henry 
Brougham by will in 1565 (8 Eliz.) left his harness, "arms and armour," to his son and 
heir Thomas (with Brougham) as heirlooms. We should like to see a copy of that will, 
because our forefathers were particular in the disposal of their armour, and most likely 
every suit will be specified. Did he leave two full suits of armour, <i>one</i>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.138
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>bright, the other allecret, and a demi-suit of bright steel 
inlaid with gold, over the fire-place, and three full cap-a-pie suits of bright armour 
against the screen; one a very fine suit temp. Henry VI.another a fluted suit temp. Henry 
VIII. and the third of Elizabeth's reign?</i> George Clifford the renowned Earl of 
Cumberland flourished at this time, and was born in Brougham Castle at a time when 
Brougham Hall did not exist, who died possessed of no more than one suit of armour in 
Westmoreland. Henry Brougham left five full suits and a demi, certain; besides other demi 
suits which hang "twelve feet high above the paneling." Majority of iron suits over George
Earl of Cumberland seven! Hear'st thou, Mars! - We are then asked how we know these 
chattels came from Wardour Street. When our statement is contradicted we will give answer 
to that question; that is the regular way of doing business. Now we will ask Mr. Shaw a 
question. He says this Thomas Brougham, who was so well off for armour, and who was Lord 
Brougham, died childless, and was succeeded by his uncle Peter Brougham - of where?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We never denied there was a Roman station at Brougham, we only 
denied it was <i>at Brougham Hall</i>; nor did we say there was not a court-yard at 
Brougham Hall; we only said the out-offices were not as old as Henry VII. and "grey with 
the weather-stain of ages;" as to a yard, few houses are without a curtilege of some sort.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We doubted the story about the crusader's grave, the sword, the 
prick-spur, "of intense interest," and Mr. G. Shaw's absolute statement, that a skeleton 
found in Brougham church was the remains of Udard de Broham, because bones bear neither 
names nor dates. Not a word is said upon this; but we are handed over to Mr. Albert Way 
and the gentlemen of the Archaeological Institute. We can have no objection to that - but 
this is no answer; for these parties can only judge after all of what is placed before 
them. All our strictures on the chapel are un-noticed, except the well of St. Wilfred, 
which Mr. G. Shaw says he disapproved of. We cannot find he has; but he gave us a hint we 
might, if we extended our reading to Chapman and Hall's "<i>Baronial Halls</i>," find this
well mentioned: we have no doubt of it. Such recent works as specimens of pictorial art 
are many of them an honour to this country; but no one ever considered them as much 
authority in an historical point of view. We never read of it in any standard book, nor 
ever heard of it before.&#x002A; We believe we did speak disrespectfully of the horn, and 
said it was a recent visitor at Brougham. But, instead of contradicting us, Mr. Shaw backs
out of it, by asking us a question about <i>tenure by cornage</i>, and does not state 
about what time <i>this horn was exalted</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have now run over most of Mr. Shaw's answers to the minor 
points of our last letter, and leave it to your readers to judge whether they are really 
any answers at all; and we propose next to handle the main points at issue, as to which 
Mr. George Shaw, instead of answering, "re-insists on the facts detailed in his letter as 
quite as likely to be true as our ostentatious accusations."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1st. "<i>The Castle of Brougham in ruins was not forfeited," "nor 
passed from them</i>" (the Broughams, for it is differently worded in Mr. G. Shaw's first 
and second letter), in King John's reign. We learn from an uncertain bundle, temp. Hen. 
III. in the Tower of London, that an inquisition of waste was taken on the Veteripont 
estate during the minority of Robert de Veterippont. "Inq' de vastis fact' durante 
minoritate sua," in which the house of Bruhame (Bruhame domus) is mentioned as having been
suffered to go to decay. From this it is evident the King's licence had not then been 
obtained to embattle; consequently the castle of Bruhame, if not in existence temp. Hen. 
III. most assuredly was not so in the prior reign of King John, and therefore could not be
forfeited or passed from any one. Indeed this castle is with good reason supposed to have 
been built by Roger de Clifford in the latter part of the reign of Henry the Third, and 
the commencement of that of Edward the First, from the inscription formerly
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; We shall be obliged if Mr. G. Shaw will inform us where 
he picked up this Dr. Markham, prebendary of Carlisle, who says this and that so 
opportunely about this chapel, &amp;c. in a MS. written in 1680. There was no such 
prebendary at that time that we can find.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.139
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<Paragraph rend="quote">over the gateway in old English characters, "This made Roger."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2nd. "<i>Neither was Udard de Brohan or Broham Governor of Appleby
Castle</i> temp. King Henry II." but Gospatrick son of Orm, as is clearly shown by the 
following entry in the Pipe Rolls for Yorkshire, 23 Hen.II. rot.5, m.2, the year that 
Appleby Castle was taken by the King of Scots, "Gospatricius, filius Orm, reddit compotum 
de cc. et xxvj. li. et xiil. s. et iiij. d. de misericordia, quia reddit castrum Regis de 
Appelbi Regi Scottie." Jordan Fontosme says, "The King very soon had the castle of 
Appleby; there were no people in it, but it was quite unguarded. Gospatric, son of Orm, an
old grey-headed Englishman, was the constable; he soon cried mercy." But no mention of 
Udard de Brohan or Broham is to be found at that time as in any way connected with Appleby
Castle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3rd. "<i>Nor have that family been located there from the time of 
the Heptarchy</i>." Where is there a shadow of evidence that they were? Hugh de Morville, 
a "kinsman" too! (see April, p.875), who forfeited the barony of Westmorland in 18th Hen. 
II. A.D. 1171 for the murder of Becket, possessed Brougham, for in that reign he converted
tenure by drengage into free tenure at Brougham,&#x002A; and it is clear that Gilbert de 
Broham (if ever there was such a person at Brougham) had not thrown off that slavish 
service in the 2nd of King John; for Mr. G. Shaw tells us that he then appears as a 
<i>drenge</i>. After the forfeiture of Hugh de Morville, the honour of Westmorland 
remained in the crown till the 4th of King John, when it was, with the castles of Appleby 
and Brough, intrusted to the keeping of Robert de Veteripont, to whom in the next year it 
was given in perpetuity, and from him it has descended, without alienation, to the present
Earl of Thanet. Brougham Castle has always accompanied it; and, this being so, how can Mr.
G. Shaw pretend "to compile from memory" that the Broughams have been here "located since 
the time of the heptarchy!" with not even the help of a Domesday Book&#x2020; to shed its 
dim twilight on the tangled path which would lead him to the time of the Confessor, say 
A.D. 1050, much less to that of the heptarchy, say A.D. 600 or 700! Nor is the name de 
Broha, which is as often spelt Brohan as Broham, any more connected with Brougham, that we
can find, than that of Robert de Broi, which appears near the same year in the same Pipe 
Rolls for Westmorland. The reasoning in this case much resembles that of Fluellin, who 
thought the birthplace of Alexander the Great was like Monmouth, because there was a river
at Monmouth and another in Macedon - or like Mr. G. Shaw's own illogical conclusion in his
last letter - that because Horsley in his Britannia says the word Brougham is a compound 
of Burgh and Ham, <i>argal</i>, as the grave-digger has it, the family have been located 
there since the time of the heptarchy! particularly as it smacks of the much older Roman 
name <i>Brovocum</i>, - which is incorrect, for Horsley calls it <i>Brocavum</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4th. "<i>The Hall does not stand on the Roman station</i>." This 
point we need not dwell upon, for the station itself is still in existence, and <i>rises 
up</i> in evidence against Mr. G. Shaw's history. Brougham Castle stands close on its 
north vallum, and is three-quarters of a mile from Brougham Hall. Horsley says, "Brocavum 
I conclude to be Brougham Castle, in which I have the general concurrence of others." See 
Roy's Military Roads, fol. and various authors <i>passim</i>. So much for Brougham Hall 
standing on the Roman station!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">5th. "<i>Nor is the manor of Brougham theirs</i>." The first 
evidenece which is adduced in support of this assertion is a riding of the boundary of 
Brougham in the reign of Richard the Second, when it is said Sir John Burgham was present 
along with Sir John Clifforth. We have seen a copy of this boundary perambulation quite 
different from the one quoted from by Mr. G. Shaw. There is no Sir John Burgham there, but
plain John. Nor are the words alike. But supposing this to be a genuine document, of which
we have some doubt, it does not prove that John Burgham had
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Mag. Rot. 24 Hen. II. rot.5.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; The Domesday Book of William the Conqueror does not 
extend to this part of Westmoreland and the three other northern counties.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.140
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<Paragraph rend="quote">any thing more to do with the manor more than a steward or as a 
trustee; nor does it prove he lived at Brougham. It was the habit of the Cliffords, on 
going to the wars, to make over their estates in trust as a provision for their wives in 
case they fell in battle; as in the preceeding reign, for instance, Roger de Clifford 
feoffed William de Cornbrigg and others in the castle and manor of Brougham, 47 edw. 
III.&#x002A; - and what do we find in the following reign of Hen. IV. after the boundary 
riding of Rich. II? Why that by inquisition of 4 Hen. IV. No.37, Matilda, wife of Roger de
Clifford, Knight, died seized of Brougham castle and manor. Again, in 34 Hen. VI. by 
inquisition taken at Brougham, 28 Sept. before William Parr, escheator for Westmoreland, 
Sir Thomas Clifford, Knight, is found to hold of the king in capite the castle and manor 
of Brougham.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But an inquisition is found in 10 Eliz. 1567, which is to shew 
that the Broughams were lords of Brougham. And Thomas Brougham, in 1553, is termed by Mr. 
Shaw Lord of Brougham. Unfortunately again, the castle and manor were in Elizabeth's reign
included in the marriage settlement of George Earl of Cumberland with Lady Russell. We 
will only put in another inquisition and have done. By inquisition post mortem, Dec. 20, 6
James I. 1609, taken before William Hutton and Thomas Carleton, escheators to the king, on
the death of George Earl of Cumberland, it was found he died seized of the castles and 
manors of Brougham, Appleby, Brough, and Pendragon, with the church of Brougham to the 
said manor belonging.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Next, Mr. Justice Wightman is made to say at the trial at Appleby 
assizes, Brougham v. Bird, Aug. 1843, "that he had never in his experience seen a pedigree
carried back so far and with such clear proof." Mr. Justice Wightman said nothing of the 
kind. There was no pedigree put in nor any required beyond the year 1727, when the 
Broughams bought the property of the Birds. Here is, from the report of the trial, what 
Mr. Justice Wightman did say, - "It was seldom so clear <i>title</i> could be established 
(not a pedigree); possession had been proved for 117 years." This is "compiling from 
memory."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now comes the last stake. An Act of Parliament was passed in 1776 
for dividing Brougham moor, in the pre-amble of which Bill Henry Brougham is styled lord 
of the manor - admitted - and passing strange it is that it should be so, but so it was. 
But the pre-amble of a Bill does not go for much - it only proves extraordinary negligence
in drawing up that Bill - the award is the evidence at the long run. Mr George Shaw thinks
he has floored us at last by this awkward home-thrust, and certainly it looks like a 
poser; but we shall call up the surveyor who divided the common to the rescue. Mr. James 
Clarke, land surveyor, who published a useful book, called a "Survey of the Lakes," in 
1789, fol. at p.6 makes the following statement, -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The next remarkable place upon the road is Brougham Hall, called 
till lately the Bird's Nest, the seat of Henry Brougham, esq. Dr. Burn calls this estate a
manor, but very erroneously; it lies within the manor of Oglebirds, and is held of the 
Earl of Thanet as part of the forest of Whinfield. This was not well ascertained till 
after the division of the common in 1775, when the commissioners were directed to set out 
such a proportion of ground as they thought proper to Henry Brougham, esq. for the signory
of Brougham Hall. Mr. Brougham made no claim, knowing he had no manor, and the 
Commissioners upon inquiry found that the manor belonged to the Earl of Thanet, and that 
the tenants were all freeholders. Mr. Brougham therefore took his share among the other 
tenants without ever attempting to establish any claim as lord."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now Mr. George Shaw of St. Chad's Upper Mill, "take," as Hume 
says, "your change out of that;" nay moreover, there are only two customary tenants left 
within the manor of Brougham, and Lord Brougham is one of them. Need we go any further, 
Sir?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the above evidence it will be seen that the history of the 
manor of Brougham in Nicolson and Burn's History of Westmoreland has been written by some 
Mr. George Shaw of
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; See Rot. Orig. 47 Edw. III. ro.30; also Inq. Post Mortem 
same year, No.26.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.141
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">that day, and is false from beginning to end, for thay do not 
mention the Cliffords once as lords of the manor!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We could ask Mr. George Shaw how he makes John de Burgham sheriff 
of Westmoreland in 25 Edward III. when we know Thomas de Bellocampo was sheriff - that in 
Brown Willis's Notitia the member for Cumberland in Rich. II. is John de Bronham not 
Burgham - that John de Brugham (Brigham) by the same author sat for Carlisle in 1394 - 
that instead of Thomas de Burgham sitting for Cumberland in 15 Hen. VI. it is on Willis's 
list John Broughton - that Thomas Brougham of Scales, who died 1648, was not sheriff of 
Cumberland at all - his name does not appear in the list in Eliz. James, or Charles the 
First, if that list be correct. We could ask far more questions than these, but we fear we
have already trespassed too much on your valuable space, and we only give one solitary 
word of admonition to Mr. George Shaw at parting, who we think cannot accuse us this time 
of any thing but pleasantry towards him - that the next occasion in which he goes from St.
Chad's to write history in Westmoreland, he will andeavour to make huimself more master of
facts, and "compile less from memory."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">OLD SUBSCRIBERS.
</Paragraph>
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Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Dacre of Gillesland, Baron</Keyword> <Keyword>Leveson-Gower, 
Margaret Caroline</Keyword> <Keyword>Stafford, Marquess of</Keyword> <Keyword>Eton 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.537
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>George Howard</Keyword> <Keyword>Earl of 
Carlisle</Keyword>
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Obituary, Earl of Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE EARL OF CARLISLE, K.G.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 7. At Castle Howard, Yorkshire, aged 75, the Right 
Hon. George Howard, sixth Earl of Carlisle, Viscount Howard of Morpeth, co. 
Northumberland, and Baron Dacre of Gillesland, co. Cumberland, Knight of the Garter. a 
Privy Councillor, D.C.L. and F.R.S.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His Lordship was born in London on the 17th Sept. 1773, the eldest
son of Frederick the fifth Earl of Carlisle, K.G. by Lady Margaret Caroline Leveson-Gower,
second daughter of Granville first Marquess of Stafford. He received his early education 
at Eton, where he excelled in the favourite pursuit of that school, the composition of 
Latin verse; and from thence he was transferred to Christ Church, Oxford, where the degree
of M.A. was conferred on him in 1792 and that of D.C.L. in 1799. On his coming of age in 
1794, room was made for his sitting in Parliament for the family borough of Morpeth, for 
which he was rechosen in 1796 and 1802. In 1796 he moved the address at the opening of 
Parliament, and in the same year he accompanied Lord Malmesbury in his diplomatic mission 
to France.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"In the House of Commons Lord Morpeth displayed a strong and 
well-cultured uunderstanding, a full knowledge of every subject which he undertook to 
handle, a tasteful and judicious adaptation of the manner to the matter, joined to 
liberality of sentiment, and, upon the whole, a manly spirit. These were qualities to make
him an orator of no trivial note, yet such was the <i>mauvaise honle</i> which afflicted 
him, that speeches "dropt unimpressive from his tongue" which, delivered in a more 
confident tone, would have awed the house into respect and roused it into admiration. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the general election in December 1806, he was returned for the 
county of Cumberland, but when his friends quitted office he of course resigned his place 
at the India Board, and did not at the ensuing election again offer himself for 
Cumberland, which county, however, he had represented for a portion of three Parliaments. 
To the House of Commons which was elected in 1820, he was not returned, for the near 
prospect of succeeding to a seat in the Lords made it scarcely worth his while to struggle
for a place in the representative body, though for the greater part of his life previous 
to 1820 he enjoyed a seat in that assembly. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the 4th. Sept. 1825, Lord Morpeth, being then in the 52nd. year
of his age, succeeded his father as sixth Earl of Carlisle; and in 1827, when the Canning 
ministry was formed, the noble Earl just deceased received the appointment of Chief 
Commissioner of Woods and Forests. This office was held by his Lordship till the death of 
Mr. Canning led to the formation of the Goderich ministry, in which he was
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">There is more detail about parliamentary activities in the magazine
article than is quoted here.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.538
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">appointed Lord Privy Seal, which he held until Jan. 1828.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When the Whigs came into office under Lord Grey, in December 1830,
Lord Carlisle, though he accepted no place in that ministry, took a seat in the cabinet, 
but did not long continue to hold that unusual mark of royal and ministerial confidence, 
for his Lordship withdrew altogether from public life in 1834. Although at that time not 
much more than 60 years of age, yet it became evident that he was falling into the 
decrepitude of age. Thenceforward he resided principally in the country, his name ceased 
to be mentioned in poiltical circles, and at length he sank into the grave, doubtless as 
much beloved by his family and personal friends as he was respected by his political 
associates. His Lordship was elected of the Order of the Garter in the year 1837. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Earl of Carlisle married, on the 25th March 1801, Lady 
Georgina Dorothy Cavendish, eldest daughter of William 5th Duke of Devonshire; and by that
lady, who survives him, he had issue six sons and six daughters: ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Sons, daughters, spouses and children are detailed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The body of the late Earl was deposited in the mausoleum at Castle
Howard. There is an engraved portrait of him by J. Jackson, R.A.
</Paragraph>
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Ulverston</Keyword> <Keyword>Sir John Barrow's Cottage, Ulverston</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Barrow, Roger and Mary</Keyword> <Keyword>Town Bank Grammar School, 
Ulverston</Keyword> <Keyword>Walker, William Tyson</Keyword> <Keyword>surveying</Keyword> 
<Keyword>theodolite</Keyword> <Keyword>Braddyl, Colonel</Keyword> <Keyword>James, 
Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Greenwich, London</Keyword> <Keyword>Anson, Lord</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.93
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  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>Sir John Barrow</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Obituary, Sir John Barrow</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">SIR JOHN BARROW, BART.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 23. In New Street, Spring Gardens, in his 85th year, 
Sir John Barrow, Bart. LL.D. F.R.S. formerly Secretary to the Admiralty.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The name of John Barrow will occupy an honourable place in the 
list of those highly gifted individuals who, by their original genius and energetic minds,
have, in their different walks of life, rendered eminent services to their country. The 
friends of his childhood and youth did not provide him with more than the ordinary means 
of instruction, but he seized on those means with avidity and industry, and it was his 
self-education that mainly conferred on him those powers which, when the day of trial 
arrived, he turned to so good an account.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He was born on the 19th June, 1764, in a small cottage at the 
village of Dragleybeck, near Ulverstone, North Lancashire, (as he has stated in his 
Autobiography published last year,) "being the only child of Roger and Mary Barrow. The 
said cottage had been in my mother's family nearly 200 years, and had descended to her 
aunt, who lived in it to the age of 80, and in it my mother died at the advanced age of 
90. The only scholastic education I received was at the Town Bank Grammar School, under 
the Rev, William Tyson Walker, curate of the parish church, and an excellent classical 
scholar, educated at Trinity College, Dublin. I was entered when in my eighth year, and 
continued under his instruction until my thirteenth, when I had advanced to the head of 
the school; having read Homer, and Xenophon's Anabasis, Livy, Horace, Virgil, &amp;c. From
an old gentleman, who, being a sort of perambulating preceptor, used to pay his annual 
visit of about three months, I received instruction in those branches of mathematics which
are most easily obtained under a master, such as algebra, fluxions, conic sections - 
Euclid needed no master; and I very soon had an opportunity of acquiring the practical 
application of many of the theorems and problems to the common purposes of life."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At this early age he was engaged in taking a survey of Colonel 
Braddyl's estates in Yorkshire, and acquired so much knowledge of the theodolite, and the 
several mathematical instruments, then and subsequently, that, on arriving in London some 
years after, he drew up and published a small treatise to explain the practical use of 
them; this, he says, "being my first introduction to the press, for which I obtained 
20<i>l.</i> and was not a little delighted to send my first fruits to my mother."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sir John Barrow's parents had some idea of educating him for the 
clerical profession, but he persuaded his father to give up the intention. A situation was
then obtained for him at Liverpool as superintendent and clerk at an iron-foundry, in 
which he remained for two years, when he quitted it for a voyage to Greenland in a whaler,
where he had some initiation in practical navigation and the duties of a seaman. His next 
employment was as mathematical teacher at Dr. James's academy, Greenwich, where among his 
pupils were two or three belonging to, or destined for, the navy, one the son of Lord 
Anson, and another the son of Lord Leveson Gower. From this service he was, through the 
interest of Sir George Staunton, who was secretary to the embassy destined for China, 
appointed on the effective list of Lord Macartney's suite, as "comptroller of the 
household," and nominally in that capacity, proceeded with his patron to China.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He was thus enabled to put his foot on the first step of the 
ladder of ambition; but every subsequent step of his advancement in his distinguished 
career may be fairly said to have been achieved by himself. His talents and his zeal for 
the public service, when once known and placed in a fair field for action, could hardly 
fail of being appreciated and duly fostered by those distinguished statesmen under whom he
successively served.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It so happened, that the chiefs of the British mission to China in
1792, the Earl of Macartney and the late Sir George Staunton, were, in some respects, not 
so happily provided with active and talented associates as might have been wished; but in 
Mr. Alexander, the draughtsman of the embassy, they were fortunate in possessing a very 
able and diligent artist; and Mr. Barrow, from his various talents, and the zeal and 
alacrity with which he applied himself to every department of the service, although his 
own was only a subordinate one, was a host in himself. The authentic account of the 
embassy, published by the late Sir George Staunton, records many of Mr. Barrow's valuable 
contributions to literature and science connected with China. This work, therefore, 
together with his own subsequently published supplemental volume of travels, is ample 
evidence how well his time had been employed. Had no unpropitious political events occured
to prevent the views and plans of the mission being carried out, it is not too much to say
that the able and ingenious men who were employed in it would most probably have effected,
by peaceful means, all those improvements in the terms of our intercourse with China, 
which, some fifty years after,
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">have cost us such a painful expenditure of blood and treasure. It 
was not to be expected that any person of mature age could within a space of a few months 
overcome all the practical difficulties of such a language as the Chinese; but Mr. Barrow 
had already begun to converse in it, and he had acquired a complete knowledge of its 
theory. His papers on this subject in the Quarterly Review contain probably the best and 
most popular account of that singular language and character which was ever presented to 
the British public.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Although Mr. Barrow ceased to be personally connected with our 
affairs in China after the return of the embassy in 1794, he always continued to take a 
lively interest in the varying circumstances of our relationship with that empire. On the 
occasion of the second embassy under Lord Amherst, in 1816, he was of course consulted by 
the ruling powers; but, unfortunately, although his advice was asked, it was not taken; 
and in consequence of the injudicious rejection of the proposal which his prophetic 
sagacity had suggested for getting rid of the vexatious question of the Chinese ceremony, 
Lord Amherst and his colleagues were compelled to abandon the <i>personal</i> reception of
the mission for the sake of preserving the honour and real interests of the English in 
China, which would have been essentially damaged by the acceptance of the terms on which 
it was offered. Mr. Barrow was likewise consulted, and, we believe, it is to be hoped, has
secured our future peace with that country.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lord Macartney was naturally anxious to secure the aid of such a 
man as Mr. Barrow in his next public service, his important and delicate mission to settle
the government of the our newly acquired colony of the Cape of Good Hope. Mr. Barrow 
accompanied his lordship as private secretary, in Jan. 1797; and having been entrusted to 
conduct our first communication with the Caffre tribes, was occupied during the latter six
months of that year in traversing the country in all directions, during which he travelled
more than three thousand miles, usually sleeping in his own waggon. It would have been 
well for the public interests if the spirit, judgment, and humanity which he displayed in 
this service had more uniformly governed our subsequent transactions with that remarkable 
race. Lord Macartney, when he quitted the colony in Nov. 1798, left Mr. Barrow in the post
of "auditor-general of public accounts, civil and military." He returned to England on the
evacuation of the Cape in 1803, and shortly after published the fruits of his 
observations, under the title of "Travels in South Africa," printed in 4to. 1801.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the Cape Mr. Barrow had acquired the zealous friendship of 
General Frank Dundas, Lord Macartney's successor; who, after having unsuccessfully urged 
to Lord Hobart, the Secretary of State for War and Colonies, the claims of the late 
auditor for a retiring allowance, brought his merits under the consideration of his uncle 
Mr. Henry Dundas, afterwards Viscount Melville. At the house of Mr. Dundas at Wimbledon, 
Mr. Barrow was introduced to the notice of Mr. Pitt, who, though then out of office, 
encouraged him by expressing his approbation of his recent work, and suggested some 
further detail of the political, geographical, and commercial advantages of that part of 
Africa, considered as the "half-way house" to India. Mr. Barrow took the hint, and 
immediately set about the composition of the second volume of his "Travels," which was 
published in 1804.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lord Melville did not lose sight of Mr. Barrow; but, on taking 
office as First Lord of the Admiralty, in May 1804, he immediately appointed him, without 
solicitation, to the office of Second Secretary to the Admiralty, as the colleague of Mr. 
Marsden, and in the room of Mr. Tucker.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Barrow was continued in office by Lord Barham, Lord Melville's
immediate successor; but when the Whigs came into power, in Feb. 1806, he was informed by 
the Right Hon. Charles Grey, then appointed First Lord, that he must retire, and that Mr. 
Tucker was to be restored.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The recapture of the Cape of Good Hope at this time brought Mr. 
Barrow's services in that quarter of the world more prominently before the government, and
he was offered any colonial appointment that he might select for himself. Upon 
consideration, however, he determined not to leave England, and at the suggestion of Earl 
Grey, and with the expressed understanding that it would be favourably entertained by the 
premier, he was ordered to draw up a memorial of his various services, the result of which
was a grant of a pension of 1000<i>l.</i> a year, to be abated from the emoluments of any 
place he might afterwards hold under government.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the short space of eight months the dissolution of the 
Grenville government brought Mr. Barrow again into the Admiralty, on Lord Mulgrave 
succeeding Earl Grey as First Lord. "From this day, the 8th April 1807, to the 28th Jan. 
1845, I continued (he remarks) without intermission, as Second Secreatry of the Admiralty;
when I retired, having completed altogether, from my first appointment in
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1849 part 1 p.95</Title>
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<Date>1849</Date>
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  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword> <Keyword>Barrow, John, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Lord High 
Admiral</Keyword> <Keyword>Clarence, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Peel, Robert, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Quarterly Review</Keyword> <Keyword>Gifford, Mr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Encyclopaedia Britannica</Keyword> <Keyword>Napier, Professor</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Review of the Life of Admiral Lord St. Vincent</Keyword> <Keyword>St Vincent, 
Admiral Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Edinburgh Review</Keyword> <Keyword>Life of Lord 
Macartney</Keyword> <Keyword>Macartney, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Travels in South 
Africa</Keyword> <Keyword>Travels in China</Keyword> <Keyword>Voyage to Cochin 
China</Keyword> <Keyword>Life of Lord Anson</Keyword> <Keyword>Anson, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Life of Lord Howe</Keyword> <Keyword>Howe, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Family 
Library</Keyword> <Keyword>Life of Peter the Great</Keyword> <Keyword>Peter the 
Great</Keyword> <Keyword>Mutiny of the Bounty</Keyword> <Keyword>HMS Bounty</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Chronological History of Arctic Voyages</Keyword> <Keyword>Arctic</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Barrow Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Barrow, George, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Treutter,
Maria</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden Town cemetery, London</Keyword> <Keyword>Croker, John 
Wilson</Keyword> <Keyword>Staunton, George, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Brodie, Benjamin, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Ulverston Advertiser</Keyword> <Keyword>Dragley Beck, 
Ulverston</Keyword> <Keyword>Sir John Barrow's Cottage, Ulverston</Keyword> <Keyword>Cape 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.95
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">that capacity, forty years, under twelve or thirteen different 
naval administrations, Whig and Tory, including that of the Lord High Admiral, his royal 
highness the Duke of Clarence; having reason to believe that I have given satisfaction to 
all and every one of these naval administrations; and I am happy in the reflection that I 
have experienced kindness and attention from all."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He was created a Baronet during the short administration of Sir 
Robert Peel in 1835.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At length, in 1845, Sir John Barrow retired from public life, in 
consideration of his advanced years, although he was still in vigourous possession of all 
the mental and bodily powers required for the due discharge of the functions of his 
office. In the course of the succeeding three years his vital energies became gradually 
somewhat weaker, but he seemed on the whole so hearty, and so fully in the enjoyment of 
his faculties, that his friends and relatives entertained no apprehension that his end was
so near.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As an author, Sir John Barrow was exceedingly industrious and very
successful. The general aim of his writings has been to convey information, to promote and
advance the arts and sciences, and to stimulate research and inquiry; and he has the great
and rare privilege to live to see the most beneficial effects produced by his honest and 
faithful endeavours. In enumerating his works, he modestly "disclaims all pretensions to 
the literary character," and says he gave them "only as a statement of facts; at the same 
time they have been more productive of profit than he could have expected." They may thus 
be summed up:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Articles in the Quarterly Review, on almost every subject 
(excepting political), mostly asked for by Mr. Gifford, 195; in the Encyclopaedia 
Britannica, requested by Professor Napier, ten of twelve; by particular desire of the 
same, a "Review of the Life of Admiral Lord St. Vincent," in the Edinburgh Review; the 
Life of Lord Macartney, in 2 vols. 4to.; Travels in South Africa, 2 vols, 4to.; Travels in
China, 1 vol. 4to.; Voyage to Cochin China, 1 vol. 4to.; The Life of Lord Anson, 1 vol. 
8vo.; The Life of Lord Howe, 1 vol. 8vo.; in the "Family Library" the Life of Peter the 
Great, and the Mutiny of the Bounty; Chronological History of Arctic Voyages, 1 vol. 8vo.;
Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions, 1 vol. 8vo.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sir John Barrow was the constant and successful advocate at the 
Admiralty of those voyages of discovery which have enlarged the bounds of science and 
conferred so much honour to the British name and nation. Appreciating those services, the 
officers who had been employed on the various Arctic expeditions presented to him, in 
March 1845, a magnificent candelabrum, with a suitable inscription on the pedestal.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sir John Barrow married at the Cape of Good Hope in Aug. 1798, 
Maria, daughter of Peter John Treutter, esq. member of the court of justice in that 
colony, and had issue four sons and two daughters. The eldest son, now Sir George Barrow, 
is a senior clerk in the Colonial Office; the second, John Barrow, esq. is at the head of 
a very important department, the charge of the records in the Admiralty, and the author of
Travels, &amp;c. His third son, Commander Willliam Barrow, R.N. died at the Cape of Good 
Hope in Feb. 1838, after having served for three years on the East India station in 
command of H.M. sloop Rose. The youngest, Mr. Peter Barrow, is British Vice-Consul at 
Caen. His daughters are Johanna, who has recently become a widow by the death of 
Lieut.-Colonel Robert Batty, and Mary-Jane who is unmarried.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The body of Sir John Barrow was interred in the Camden-Town 
cemetery, belonging to the parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. The mourners were, the 
three sons, and Mr. Robert Barrow Batty (a scholar of the London University,) grandson of 
the deceased; the Right Hon. John Wilson Croker, Sir George Staunton, Bart. M.P. and Sir 
Benjamin Brodie, Bart.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sir George Barrow, the present Baronet, married in 1832, Rosamund,
daughter of William Pennell, esq. formerly Consul-general of the Brazils, and sister to 
the wife of the Right Hon. Wilson Croker.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We cannot close this brief memoir of Sir John Barrow more 
appropriately than by the following pleasing extract from the account of his decease in 
the Ulverston Advertiser, a provincial journal, published in his native district in 
Lancashire: "Sir John never forgot the spot that gave him birth. By his will the annual 
subscription which he had been in the habit of contributing for a long series of years to 
the support of the school in which he was educated, is to be continued, and his cottage at
Dragley-beck given over in perpetuity to trustees, that the rent may be appropriated to 
the education of the poor at the same school. His memory will long survive, and his 
example be held up for imitation by all who derive their birth or education from the same 
locality. The name of Sir John Barrow is a household word amongst us; although he who bore
it is departed, his memory still lingers lovingly about our hearths, and will con-
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<Keyword>Arctic</Keyword> <Keyword>Barrow, George, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Maclise, 
Daniel</Keyword> <Keyword>Lucas, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Payne, G T</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Pearce, Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>funeral bell</Keyword> <Keyword>Blue 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.96
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[con]tinue to be cherished by our children through many 
generations. Yesterday, being the day of his interment, it was observed at Ulverston by 
the tolling of the bells of the old church; and a blue ensign, half-pole high, waved over 
the cottage where he was born."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are three good portraits of Sir John Barrow. One by Jackson,
which is in the possession of Mr. Murray of Albemarle-street, for whose father it was 
painted to form one of a collection which that gentleman made of the officers who 
commanded the expeditions to the Arctic regions. There is an excellent copy of this 
portrait in possession of Sir George Barrow, painted by Maclise, and a smaller copy by the
same artist in in the possession of Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty. The second portrait 
alluded to was painted by Lucas, about three years ago, and it has been engraved in 
mezzotinto by G. T. Payne. The original was presented to the collection of portraits of 
Secretaries of the Admiralty in the official residence of the First Secretary. The third 
portrait was painted by Mr. Stephen Pearce, a very promising young artist, for Mr. Barrow.
They are all of the kit-kat size.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Kit-cat size is less than half length, but including the hands.
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Ninian, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Ninechurches<Note>St Ninian, Brougham</Note></Keyword>
<Keyword>Burgham, Henry and Catharine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Nevile, Ralph, Sir</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.226
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>St Ninian's Church</Keyword>  <Keyword>brass</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Brass, St Ninian's Church</Heading>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">J. C. writes thus,- "On the floor of the church of Brougham or 
Ninechurches, in Westmerland, is a brass to the memory of Henry Burgham, who it appears 
died 20th Sept. 1570, and of Catharine his wife, who is described as daughter and heiress 
of Sir Ralph Nevile, Knight. I should be obliged to any of your readers who can give me 
some information as to who this Sir Ralph Nevile was, and of what family he was a member."
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1849 part 1 p.249</Title>
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  <Keyword>poet</Keyword> <Keyword>Southey, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>St Kentigern, Great 
Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Great Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Great 
Crosthwaite, Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Vale of 
Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Ambleside</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent Water</Keyword> <Keyword>oak</Keyword> 
<Keyword>trees, felling</Keyword> <Keyword>Walker, Adam</Keyword> <Keyword>Tour from 
London to the Lakes</Keyword> <Keyword>Crow Park, Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Friar's Crag,
Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Lord's Island, Derwent Water</Keyword> <Keyword>Moore, Thomas, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Romeli, Alice de</Keyword> <Keyword>Allerdale, Lord of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Fitz Duncan, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Murray, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>David, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Kentigern</Keyword>  <Keyword>Glasgow, Bishop of</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.249
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>St Kentigern's Church</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Crosthwaite</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Robert Southey</Keyword>
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St Kentigern's Church, Great Crosthwaite</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">CROSTHWAITE CHURCH, CUMBERLAND,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE BURIAL-PLACE OF SOUTHEY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Something in this aspiring world we need</Line>
<Line>To keep our spirits lowly,</Line>
<Line>To set within our hearts sweet thoughts and holy.</Line>
<Line>'Tis for this they stand,</Line>
<Line>The old grey churches of our native land.</Line>
<Line>- MARY HOWITT.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE town of Keswick, in the parish of Crosthwaite, is situated in 
one of the largest and most beautiful vales in Cumberland, at the northern extremity of 
the lake district, on the high road, and nearly midway between the towns of Ambleside, 
Cockermouth, and Penrith. It is so well known, on account of the many scenes of 
picturesque loveliness with which its immediate neighbourhood abounds, heightened as they 
are by the romance which encircles the name of Derwentwater, and the glory reflected from 
the laurels that grace the tomb of Southey, that any further description is unnecessary. 
It will only be added, that, on the authority of one who knew the place about a century 
ago, it has been "more considerable formerly than now." The aspect of the country around 
has also undergone much change since that time, and many of the vestiges of its earlier 
years have almost wholly passed away. The translucent lakes and the majestic hills, in all
their imposing durability of feature, are still as of old; but the wide amd magnificent 
forests, which, within a century, covered the land between the town and the lake, have 
long since fallen beneath the ruthless axe, which has caused so many of the finest woods 
in this country to disappear without leaving a trace behind. "Ah!" exclaims Walker the 
philosopher, a native of this alpine district, in his Tour from London to the Lakes in 
1791, "how fallen is the scenery around the lake and vale of Keswick since I saw it in the
year 1749, when Crow Park, Friar's Crag, Lord's Island, and indeed all the shores and 
islands of this beautiful lake, were covered with tall oaks. The view must have been 
striking when a child of ten years old, as I was then, had such an impression made by it 
as not to be erased for forty years, - nay, I think I could draw it from memory at this 
hour, if I had time. The wood was so even at top, each tree being about eighteen yards 
high and very thick, that it looked like a field, and the branches so interwoven, that 
boys could have gone from tree to tree like squirrels." We must not, however, dwell with 
lengthened regret on that which in the wisdom of the present day, may we deemed an unwise 
lament for the extinction of the ancient sylvan glories of the scene, but hasten to the 
immediate subject of this sketch.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the second volume of "Sir Thomas More, or Colloquies on the 
Progress and Prospects of Society," its learned author, whose residence in this charming 
vale has so strongly connected it with every classic remembrance of his age, in a brief 
notice of the church of Crosthwaite, assigns it an antiquity as far back as Norman times; 
and, in the story of its patron saint, he exhibits one of those fanciful creations of 
monastic romance which formerly received the meed of universal credence. "Alice de 
Romeli," says Southey, "heiress of Egremont and Skipton, who, in the reign of Stephen or 
his successor, married the Lord of Allerdale, is supposed to have been the person by whom 
it was founded and endowed, and who subsequently gave it to Fountains Abbey. It was soon 
after appropriated to that monastery, the collation being reserved to the Bishops of 
Carlisle. Wiliam Fitz Duncan, the husband of this Alice, was son to the Earl of Murray, 
and brother to David, King of Scotland; and this may perhaps explain why the church was 
dedicated to the Scotch saint, Kentigern, Bishop of Glasgow, and patron saint of that 
cathedral, a personage once high among the saints of that age, though now utterly 
forgotten here, in the parish where, during so many generations, his festival used to be 
celebrated on the thirteenth of January. Here followeth his legend, which hagiologists 
have related without scruple, and which
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Kentigern</Keyword> <Keyword>St Mungo</Keyword> <Keyword>Thermetes</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Themis</Keyword> <Keyword>Pendragon, Uther</Keyword> <Keyword>Pendragon, 
Anna</Keyword> <Keyword>Arthur, King</Keyword> <Keyword>Round Table, Legends of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Romeli, Alice de</Keyword> <Keyword>Romeli, Robert de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Meschines, Alice</Keyword> <Keyword>Meschines, William de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Normans</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of Copeland</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of 
Allerdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Coupland<Note>Copeland</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Copeland</Keyword> <Keyword>Egremont</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Egre<Note>Ehen</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Ehen, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Egremont 
Castle, Egremont</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Egremont</Keyword> <Keyword>Fitz Duncan, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Duncan, Earl</Keyword> <Keyword>Murray, Earl of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>David, King of Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Romeli, William de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Octreda</Keyword> <Keyword>Waldeof</Keyword> <Keyword>Briquesard, Randolph 
de</Keyword> <Keyword>Meschines, Ranulph de</Keyword> <Keyword>proverb</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.250
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">during many ages was believed without hesitation. The saint in 
question was, as the romance says of Merlin the son of the devil, a gentleman on his 
mother's side, his mother, Thermetes or Themis, being the daughter of King Lot of Lowthean
and Okenay, a personage well known in the annals of the Round Table, by Anna, daughter to 
Uther Pendragon, and half-sister to King Arthur: a more illustrious stock could scarcely 
be found in chivalrous genealogy. The time of his birth has been fixed in 514; and, after 
living and flourishing in holiness and miracles, none of which, however, seem to have had 
any relation to, or been performed in, this parish, he died at the prodigious age of 185 
years. ... When our calendar was purged at the Reformation, directions were given that 
respect should be had to saints of the blood royal. This must have been the chief reason 
why Saint Kentigern's name was inserted, though not in red letters, in the calendar 
prefixed to that liturgy which gave occasion to the Scottish covenant. Perhaps another 
motive was, that, as his other name, Mungo, had become not uncommon in Scotland, his 
memory, owing to that circumstance, might still have been popular. Yet we may reasonably 
wonder that any motives should have prevailed for its insertion, seeing how entirely 
fabulous the legend is in all its parts." Coinciding in this opinion, it is not therefore 
necessary to attach further consideration to a "legend," which, as the author just quoted 
has truly observed, "is a better word than history for such tales."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Lady Alice before named was the only child and heiress of 
Robert de Romeli, Lord of Skipton in Craven, by Alice, daughter and sole heiress of 
William, surnamed le Meschien, or the younger, who in the various histories of the county 
is called "Des Meschines," but whose correct appelative a recent and more careful spirit 
of antiquarian research has ascertained to be as first written. He was the earliest Norman
Baron of that portion of Cumberland which before his day was called Coupland, or Allerdale
above Derwent, but which denominative, shortly after his investiture with that extensive 
fief, he changed to Egremont or Egremond, on the occasion of building a castle of that 
name upon the lofty eminence which rises above the rapid current of the Egre or Ehen.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Her husband was William Fitz Duncan, son of Duncan Earl of Murray,
and nephew to that David, King of Scotland, whom one of his impoverished successors, when 
alluding to the vast extent of lands which David had alienated from the throne to enrich 
the numerous abbeys and religious houses he had built, feelingly emphaticized as "a sair 
sainct for the crown." Fitz Duncan, who after his marriage was also called William de 
Romeli, was lord of the adjoining Cumbrian barony of Allerdale below Derwent, and of the 
honour of Cockermouth, both of which had descended to him from his mother Octreda, who 
inherited them from her grandfather Waldeof, to whom they had been granted by Randolph du 
Briquesard, also surnamed le Meschien, Comte du Bessin, elder brother of William le 
Meschien, and the first Norman paramount feudatory of Cumberland, By this alliance the 
baronies of Skipton and Egremont became united in the same family with the barony of 
Allerdale below Derwent and the honour or seignory of Cockermouth. By her marriage she had
one son, who died under age and unmarried, and three daughters, who, on their brother's 
death, fell heirs to those large estates, which, after their mother's decease, were 
accordingly parted among them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Her son, who was named William, was drowned returning home from 
hunting or hawking, as he crossed the Wharf, near Bardon Tower in Craven. His hound being 
tied to his girdle by a line struggled to get free, as they passed one of the deepest 
pools, pulled the youthful lord off his horse, and drowned him. When the report of her 
bereavement reached his mother, tradition avers her answer was couched in that memorable 
expression, "Bootless bayl brings endless sorrow," whose obsolete quaintness has passed on
to our days, not alone in the pages of the historian, but as the affecting theme of many a
poet's lay, and within recent years has again been embodied in that pathetic poem of 
Wordsworth's, entitlted "The Force of Prayer."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lady Alice seems always to have been of those pious dispositions 
whose impulses were in unison with the
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de</Keyword> <Keyword>Fountains Abbey</Keyword> <Keyword>Noble Boy of Egremond</Keyword> 
<Keyword>White Doe of Rylstone</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rickman</Keyword> <Keyword>border wars</Keyword> <Keyword>Skiddaw, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.251
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<Paragraph rend="quote">votive practices of the age, and, her devotional feelings being 
probably heightened by the overwhelming melancholy which had taken possession of her 
heart, she founded and endowed the Priory at Bolton, in Yorkshire, whose legendary 
history, by assigning to her wounded spirit the fanciful form of a milk-white doe, 
appearing at stated intervals after the Reformation, to grieve over the destruction of an 
edifice raised for the health of the soul of her son "the noble boy of Egremond," has 
furnished the leading poetic incident in that imaginativley beautiful ballad of "The White
Doe of Rylstone."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lady Alice also bestowed much of her lands and goods upon the 
abbeys of Pomfret and Fountains, and upon other religious confraternities, Thus, among 
other donations, she gave the church at Crosthwaite to the last named institution; but 
though a supposition on the subject is hazarded by the luminous writer already quoted at 
length, the county historians are silent as to her being the foundress thereof, their 
narratives being merely to the effect that "the church of Crosthwaite was anciently 
rectorial, and was given to the abbey at Fountains by Alice de Romeli, and soon after made
appropriate, the Bishop of Carlisle reserving to the see the right of collating a vicar."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Leaving, however, the unrecorded era of its primary foundation 
involved in that historic doubt, which the absence of unimpeachable authority for 
elucidation renders obligatory, and passing over the long interval of nearly four hundred 
years posterior to the days of Lady Alice, the current of time flows onward to the epoch 
when the fabric, now standing, is supposed to have been built.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dating its construction from an age, when, as Rickman says, "there
prevailed a very rough mode of executing the details of the different styles in the north 
of England, and particularly with respect to the Perpendicular examples in this county," 
the edifice of which an account is here essayed is one of those old structures erected in 
the times of the last Henries, when strength and durability were regarded as important 
considerations, especially in those churches on the exposed frontier of Cumberland, which,
until the union of the crowns, was continually re-echoing to the slogan of border warfare.
It is a spacious fabric of very late and very poor Perpendicular architecture, mixed with 
some very trifling portions of preceding styles, and on whose ornate embellishment 
architectural taste has until recently, been but sparingly bestowed; the walls, which are 
coated with roughcast and whitewash (the parapets and battlements, and dressings of the 
doorways and windows being alone uncovered,) are thick, with buttresses, and a strong 
square tower at the west end, which imparts an air of dignity to the exterior. It stands 
on a slight elevation near the centre of the vale, about midway between the lakes of 
Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite, half a mile from the town, and somewhat further from the 
foot of Skiddaw. Apart from its associations, it is an object on which the eye rests with 
pleasure, and many a sketch-book will have preserved it, as one of the conspicuous 
features in a scene, second to none for the picturesque richness of landscape adornment.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When proceeding from the town, as the eye, travelling along the 
meandering vista, takes in all the turnings of the road, till it meets with the distant 
tower of the church, the ornate porch, and ancient free-school, with Skiddaw raising his 
solemn head above the grey mists that roll along his verdant sides, it presents an aspect 
of much effective beauty; or when beheld from the corner of that beautiful footpath which 
leads by the grounds at Lairthwaite, with the soaring fells of Grisdale and Grasmire 
looking down upon it through the long green vale of Braithwaite, and its dim lone tower 
amid the intervening trees looking
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Upward fixedly,</Line>
<Line>Like stedfast hope beneath some careless wrong,</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">it is likewise a rich subject for pensive and admiring 
contemplation, and truly constitutes what a learned foreigner, when speaking of a somewhat
similar object, has designated as "one of the thought-deservingnesses of the scene."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In some distant era, but at what exact period it is not easy to 
discover, -
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<Keyword>Derwentwater Family</Keyword> <Keyword>monument</Keyword> <Keyword>stained 
glass</Keyword> <Keyword>yew, Great Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Crosthwaite's Museum, 
Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Crosthwaite, Peter</Keyword> <Keyword>museum, Keswick</Keyword>
<Keyword>Southey, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Keswick School, Great Crosthwaite</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.252
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<Paragraph rend="quote">for the materials that might disclose the desired information are 
not readily available, a chantry was founded in this church, and endowed with lands and 
tenements for the support of the priest appointed for the objects specifically named in 
the instrument of foundation. It was dedicated to Saint Mary Magdalene de Keswyke; and, 
from the circumstance of the eastern end of the south aisle, which had been taken for the 
pupose of this subsidiary institution, being also used as the place of interment of the 
old Derwentwaters, and adorned with their monuments, it is sufficiently probable that it 
was founded by that ancient race. An attentive observer of the fabric of the church may 
without difficulty detect where such chantry was established, by the piscina at the 
eastern extremity of the aisle, and by the head of the Magdalen in stained-glass, in the 
east window, in a head-dress of the fashion of the fifteenth century, still, with 
benignant aspect, looking down upon the effigies of those who, in the days of "the old 
faith," sought in their prayers her intercession with the God of all comfort.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For the last century the external form of the church has undergone
little, if indeed until recently any, change. A drawing in pencil of its appearance in 
1745, with the yew-trees that waved their sombre foliage over the low green mounds 
beneath, was taken in that year, and is to be seen in that interesting repository of the 
antiquities and natural and artificial curiosities of the country, known as Crosthwaite's 
Museum at Keswick. This drawing, made when he was a mere youth, was the work of Mr. Peter 
Crosthwaite, the founder of that institution, who died in 1808, after a useful life, 
chiefly devoted to the careful, philosophical, and antiquarian examination of a district 
whose native productions and picturesque beauties he was one of the first scientifically 
to investigate and point out for the guidance of successive generations of admiring 
tourists. It is interesting, as preserving the appearance of the edifice at a period so 
far back, with those umbrageous ornaments of its churchyard,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The warlike yew, with which, more than the lance,</Line>
<Line>The strong-arm'd English spirits conquer'd France.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Those trees," says Mr. Southey, in a foot-note to the 
"Colloquies," "were some of the oldest and finest yew-trees in the country. The vicar of 
that day cut them down, thinking the wood might serve to make a pew for the singers, for 
which purpose it was found unserviceable when too late; where-upon they were used as props
for the gallery. One of them grew beside the school-house, and was so large that an old 
man more than fifty years ago told my excellent friend, whose name I now write with regret
as the late Sir George Beaumont, he had seen all the boys, some forty in number, perched 
at one time upon its boughs."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From 1745 to 1812 no change seems to have taken place in the 
appearance of the church. In the last-mentioned year, however, the old leaden roof, which 
had become full of holes and crevices, through which the wind whistled at liberty, and the
rain found unchecked admittance, was stripped off and sold, and a covering of slate 
substituted. About the same date also much of the ancient stained glass that formerly 
adorned the windows was found to have been removed by the galzier, who, during a long 
course of years, acted under orders to keep the windows in repair. Not being looked after,
he was in the practice of taking out bits of the painted glass; so that in process of time
he contrived to carry away all except the figure of St. Anthony, the head of Magdalen, and
the Ratciffe arms; and with the pieces thus abstracted he formed or covered a clock-case, 
which is in the possession of some of his descendants, in a distant part of the county.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Previous to 1829 the church had fallen into a state of great 
dilapidation. The pews, roof, and other important portions, hade become very defective, 
and in consequence it was found necessary in that year to undertake what was deemed a 
sufficient repair, in the execution of which the wooden bar, painted red, which extended 
from the second pier on the north side of the chancel to the second pier on the south 
side, and formed a transverse division between the nave and the chancel, was removed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1841 damp and other atmospheric
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.253
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<Paragraph rend="quote">inroads had again made hurtful attacks on the stability of the 
structure, and its general state of decay was such as to afford matter for serious 
consideration. The roof of 1812 had become infirm, and in danger of falling in; and the 
exterior walls likewise proclaimed it to be in a rapidly progressive state of decrepitude.
The rude old pews and forms, which were placed in every variety of position, had become 
rickety with age. An ossuary, or charnel vault, filled to the top with the remains of 
mortality, occupied the west end of the north aisle. The mullions and glass in the windows
were broken, and otherwise defective, in many places. The Derwentwater effigies, removed 
from their original situation, lay exposed to harmful treatment near the door at the 
principal entrance. The Lord's Table was a plain massive plank of oak, set on four equally
unornamented legs; and the whole interior was deeply encrusted with the plastering and 
whitewash of centuries. The stone-seated porch was old and crazy. The door was of strong 
oaken plank, three inches thick, studded with iron nails, and braced with long strong 
hinges, both internally and externally, of the same material. Embedded in it were found 
several leaden balls; and there appeared marks in two or three places as if at some 
distant day it had been pierced with cannon shot, it being considered that nothing but a 
circular missile, projected with extreme force, could have cut holes so clean and round 
where the shot had struck and splintered on the inside, where, with exhausted impetus, 
they had torn the wood. Of the time in which such violence was committed record and 
hearsay are alike silent, leaving it to be surmised as not unlikely to have occurred 
during the disastrous epoch of the civil wars in the seventeenth century, when , it is 
known, even this retired district did not escape outrage from the conflict of parties.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such was the condition and aspect of the church, when Mr. Stanger 
of Lairthwaite, a gentleman of wealth, returned to the parish, of which his forefathers 
had been inhabitants - induced by those pious impulses which in earlier ages urged the 
great and humble alike to contribute to the erection of religious houses, proposed to 
restore and embellish it, principally at his own expense. Like as unto the Holy David, to 
whom it appeared unseemly that the Ark of God should "remain under curtains" whilst he 
"dwelt in a house of cedar," Mr. Stanger lamented to behold the fabric sanctified in the 
affections of so many generations in such a state of dilapidation and decay; with a 
munificence therefore that might vie with the most earnest feelings of those zealous ages 
when men were not niggardly of their means to make the house of God worthy of the holy 
object for which it was designed, he resolved on its perfect renovation, and from 
thenceforth until its completion the undertaking was a principal subject of his thought 
and care.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Having obtained the consent of the parishioners, as well as the 
necessary ecclesiastical authorization, the commission of restoration was entrusted to Mr.
George Gilbert Scott, an eminent architect, whose taste in church architecture is only 
equalled by his knowledge and skill; and from his designs the church has arisen to its 
present finished state of renewed beauty and adornment; the whole cost, with the exception
of 400<i>l.</i> subscribed among the parishioners for the expense of the roof of the nave,
being defrayed by Mr. Stanger.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The plans for the restoration having been decided upon, the first 
operation engaged in was to empty the charnel vault of the collection there heaped up of 
the relics of frail humanity, which were all carefully removed, and deposited in deep 
holes on the east side of the churchyard. The walls which separated this osseous 
receptacle from the nave and aisle were then taken down, and the space occupied thrown 
open to its pristine use. The singers' gallery, the pews, the altar-table and rails, the 
reading-desk and the pulpit, were taken away and sold; the last mentioned article, which 
was of oak elaborately carved, being bought for the chapel in Newlands. The flags were 
taken up, and the underlying earth, which for unnoted generations had been used as a place
of sepulture, excavate, and transferred with all its contents - except the remains in the 
vaults of the families of Stephenson
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<Keyword>Derwentwater Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Ratcliffe, John, Sir</Keyword> 
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glass</Keyword> <Keyword>monument</Keyword> <Keyword>Peachey, General</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.254
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and Jackson, which were left undisturbed - to the same side of the
cemetery where the bones from the charnel vault had been interred, and there covered 
deeply with fresh mould. In the progress of these cuttings, some old coins of silver, so 
worn as not to be deciphered, and a leaden coin of Stephen's reign, depositied in 
Crosthwaite's Museum, were discoverd near the west end of the nave. Numbers of small 
encaustic tiles about six inches square, and nearly an inch thick, of a deep red brick 
colour, inlaid with figures of yellowish white, and evidently once forming a decorative 
pavement, were also exhumed, at the east end of the north aisle of the chancel. When 
hollowing out that part of the ground at the east end of the south aisle of the chancel, 
regard was particularly bestowed upon it, under the impression that as the brasses 
commemorative of Sir John Ratcliffe and his lady rested on their tomb in that portion of 
the church, and where also the more ancient marble effigies of some of the earlier 
Derwentwaters had reposed before their removal, their burial vault, or at least some of 
their coffins might be found. However, after a careful sifting of the ground to the depth 
of four feet, nothing was brought to light beyond a quantity of bones, which were also 
consigned to the churchyard, and the small piscina of the chantry in the south wall, now 
concealed under a seat. The dilapidated porch and time-worn oaken doors were taken down, 
and the latter burned. The heads of Saint Anthony and Mary Magdalen, and the Ratcliffe 
arms in stained glass, the only remnants left of the ancient fenestral decoration, were 
likewise carefully displaced.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A correct drawing of the large east window was made, which 
threreupon, together with a considerable portion of the adjoining wall, was entirely 
broken away previous to its reconstruction. The roofs of the nave, chancel, and aisles 
were stripped off, and the piers, arches, walls, and mullions of the windows denuded of 
their plaster and whitewash.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Here it may be mentioned, that on the occasion of putting up in 
1839 on the flank wall of the north aisle of the chancel, between the first and second 
wiindows from the east end, the white marble mural tablet to the memory of Lieut.-Gen. 
Peachey, of Derwent Island, a painting on an inner coat of plaster, of a circular form, 
and aboout eighteen inches in diameter, was revealed underneath the space now occupied by 
that obituary memorial. It was composed of a series of rings or concentric circles, each 
being about an inch broad; the outer one was coloured black, the second red, and the third
yellow; the centre was white, and painted thereon in black letters and figures of the old 
character, were on different lines the words "and," "my," "thy," with, on a line below, 
the numerals "191," which were all that were legible. Investigation has not elicited 
anything satisfactory relative to the purport of this inscription, though it has been 
assumed to have reference to the era of the building of the Norman church; but a 
conjecture nearer to its true intention may be hazarded, that it had regard not to the 
foundation, but was a portion of one of those texts of scripture, which in Edward the 
Sixth's time were by the 82nd canon ordered to be painted upon the walls of churches.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A low semi-circular arched doorway, supposed to have been used in 
Roman Catholic times as an entrance through which penitents were admitted, and which was 
supposed to have been walled up at the Reformation, was under the same process of 
denudation exposed to view near the west end of the flank wall of the north aisle of the 
nave. The was also uncovered on the stone frame-work on the left-hand of each of the 
windows a carved circle about four inches in diameter; containing a cross within, and 
which figure was likewise found on the stone dressings on the left-hand side of each 
window on the exterior.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">All things being thus prepared, the renaiscence of the whole 
structure commenced, and continued in a style designed to harmonise in wall and window, 
roof and pillar, glass and carvings, as nearly as possible, consistent with arrangements 
of a reformed place of worship, to the style of the latter end of the fifteenth or 
beginning of the sixteenth century, the era when the present edifice is supposed to have 
been erected.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.255
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<Paragraph rend="quote">As it now stands, the plan of this church consists of a tower; 
nave, with north and south aisles; a sacristy or vestry taken off the west end of the 
south aisle; a south porch; a chancel with north and south aisles, that on the south being
loftier and wider than the northern aisle; and a chancel door. Viewed on the exterior it 
presents an embattled square tower, about sixty feet in height, supported by diagonal 
buttresses at the north-west and south-west angles, of three stages each, which die away 
into the walls about half-way up the tower. On the north and south side, beneath the 
battlements, are two rude stone water-spouts. At the south-west corner is the stair 
turret, which rises a few feet above the roof, and is likewise surmounted with 
battlements. In this angle a spiral stone staircase, lighted by slits, winds to the leaden
roof, from whose lofty summit start into view -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>A thousand beauties at one charming sight!</Line>
<Line>No pencil's art can such a landscape feign,</Line>
<Line>And Nature's self scarce yields the like again;</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">the whole forming a picture replete in every direction with 
attractions of unequalled beauty.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The belfry carries a set of six sweet-toned bells, hung up about 
seventy years ago, whose harmonious <i>carillons</i>, "the most exhilirating and the most 
affecting of all measured sounds" on a calm Sabbath morn, break upon the air of the 
romantic vale with a melody that was ever listened to with a holy pleasure by the late 
Laureate, to whom it spoke of an immortality brighter by far than that of Fame. On the 
western front of the tower, about midway from the ground, is a large window of four 
lights, whose four upright mullions and embattled transom assign its date to the latter 
period of the Perpendicular or Tudor style, and on each side of the story above is a small
stone-mullioned, circular-headed, belfry window of three lights.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A handsome south porch, too elaborate, indeed, for the style of 
the church, occupies the site of the old one. It is built of hammer-dressed dark grey 
stone, with dressings of reddish-coloured sandstone at the quoins and buttresses, and 
round the doorway. The gable is terminated by a handsome floriated cross, and the 
high-pitched roof is supoorted by four small buttresses of one stage each, that rise from 
plain bases at the corners on each side of the portal, and die under the eaves' courses. 
The doorway has small clustered columns, from which spring a pointed arch of many 
mouldings, surmounted by a hood moulding, resting on carved heads. The roof is open to the
framing, and the inner doorway has a plain Tudor arch devoid on any ornament. There is 
likewise a small chancel door, having a flat top and sides, supported by a quarter circle 
from each side of the jamb, and on the right-hand, outside, is a small niche and mutilated
stoup. The doors are all of oak, studded with nail-heads, and have large scroll hinges, or
ornamental character and ancient design.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The church is 47 yards long, and exteriorly consists on the south 
side of two bays, separated by three graduating buttresses, each of several unequal 
stages, which all die into the wall below the parapet, one at each end, and one near the 
centre of the flank wall. In the first bay from the west is the porch, and in the second 
is the chancel door. The windows of the aisle on this side are six in number, and are all 
of the same size and form, being of three stone-mullioned, semi-circular-headed lights, 
each under square-headed frames. At the west end of the south aisle of the nave, under an 
upright, square-headed frame, is an ogee-arched stone-mullioned, two-light, trefoiled 
window.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the west end of the north aisle, in the re-entering angle 
formed by the north wall of the tower and the west wall of that aisle, is a plain narrow 
buttress of one stage only. On the north side are three buttresses of similar form and 
dimensions to those on the south. They support the flank wall of the north aisle of the 
chancel only, and, dividing it into two nearly equal-sized bays, die into the wall below 
the eave course of the roof. On the north side of the north aisles there are eight 
stone-mullioned windows, set within square-headed frames; three, in the north aisle of the
nave, being of two lights each, with trefoiled heads under ogee arches; two, of two lights
each, with cinquefoiled heads, under lancet arches; one
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.256
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<Paragraph rend="quote">three-light trefoiled window under an ogee arch; and two 
round-headed windows of two and three lights each; the irregularity of position and 
variety of form and dimensions observable being the consequence, apparently, of 
enlargements and alterations which this side of the building has undergone at different 
periods.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the east side two plain, narrow, lofty buttresses, of unequal 
thickness, but of only one stage each, and which die into the wall under the battlements 
at the junction of the lean-to roofs of the aisles to the walls of the chancel, divide 
this end into three bays. In the centre is the large pointed east window of the chancel, 
which is an exact copy of the old one. It is divided by stone mullions into three lights, 
the head being filled by plain intersecting tracery, adorned with trefoils, and surmounted
by a weather moulding which runs down into carved flowers. The northernmost bay on this 
side has a heavy stone-mullioned window of two trefoiled lights under ogee arches. It has 
apparently been of greater size formerly. The south bay contains a square, stone-mullioned
window of three round-headed lights.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The roofs are covered with slate, and those on the nave and 
chancel on the south and east have an embattled parapet resting upon a plain, slightly 
projecting cornice. The battlements, which harmonise with those of the tower, are of equal
intervals, and the capping runs along the top alone. The finish to the roof of the south 
aisle is less imposing, there being only a slightly overhanging parapet terminated by a 
similar capping. The roofs on the north side are also finished in a plainer manner, that 
of the nave and chancel having merely a stone parapet with the same kind of capping, while
the roof of the aisles has only a dripping eave projecting a few inches beyond the wall, 
and the east end of the roof of that aisle is furnished with a parapet like that on the 
east end of the south aisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the north side, placed at nearly equal intervals, are six 
clerestory, stone-mullioned windows, of three semicircular-headed lights each, and on the 
south are seven clerestory windows, five of which, over the nave, are of three 
round-headed lights, while the two eastermost, which are more deeply recessed, are 
square-headed, and of two lights only.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The interior consists of a tower, which is open to the nave by a 
lofty, pointed arch of two chamfered orders, springing from half or engaged octagonal 
piers, on a line with those that flank the nave. Its soaring apex reaches nearly to the 
tie-beams of the roof, and its wide span, which is equal to that of the breadth of the 
nave before the gallery was put up, gave to view the interior of the tower, together with 
the large window in its eastern front.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A nave and chancel, which open into their lateral aisles by arches
of similar orders and design, rest upon six plain octagonal piers, and two engaged piers 
at each end. The two westernmost arches are filled with wooden paneling, so as partly to 
inclose the vestry taken off the south aisle, and the corresponding portion of the north 
aisle. The bases of the piers are of the plain reversed ogee form, and all have capitals 
to match.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The chancel is raised two steps above the floor of the nave, from 
which it is further distinguished by the reading pew and pulpit, and the high backs of 
such of the stalls as from their transverse position face twoards the east, and make a 
marked distinction between these two principal divisions of the church. A wainscot or 
screen of oak, open on the upper part, which forms the backs of the remainder of the 
stalls, and is adorned with plain shields in the expanded heads of the rails that support 
a heavy, embattled cornice, extends between the the first arches from the nave, and, 
flanking the chancel on the north and south, further indicates the separation of that 
division of the church from its lateral aisles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The windows have been already noticed, and their appearance when 
viewed from within offers but little that calls for remark, save upon those that are 
filled with stained glass, which will hereafter be more particularly described.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The nave, chancel, and aisles were newly flagged, leaving a vacant
space of about three feet clear between the flags and the surface of the earth beneath. 
The piers, bases, and capitals, mouldings of the arches, mullions, and jambs of the 
windows were chiseled
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.257
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<Paragraph rend="quote">anew, and the natural reddish hue of the stone brought to light 
with warm and becoming effect, to which the plaster on the walls was tinted to harmonize.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The roofs, which are of low pitch, were entirely reconstructed, 
the expense of that of the nave, which is open to the ridge, being defrayed at the general
cost of the parishioners. It is, together with the wood-work of the whole, save the 
exceptions already and afterwards mentioned, composed of the best Baltic deal, stained and
varished to look like oak. The tie-beams, which are triangular in form, with the point 
hanging down, have many convex and ogee mouldings; they rest on the walls, where their 
ends are hidden by projecting architraves or cornices of wood, of similar mouldings, that 
flank each wall and give an appearance of greater height to the roof. Short curved braces,
resting on the tie-beams, support the moulded ribs of the principal rafters, immediately 
underneath the intersections of the purlins or bars; these, lying horizontally, divide 
each bay into panels, that are subdivided into narrow longitudinal divisions by the plain 
inclined rectangular bars forming the common rafters, over which they are boarded.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The chancel roof presents a continuity of form and design, but the
architraves and tie-beams being more massive and ornately moulded, as well as embattled on
their upper edges, it offers a bolder and more enriched construction. It is divided into 
four bays, and the first and last tie-beams partly rest on curved spandrils that die away 
below into stone corbels, which rest on carved heads that spring from the walls.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The roofs of the aisles are like that of the nave, except that 
there are neither tie-beams nor braces, and that the architrave which flanks the top of 
each wall is of lighter dimensions; they are likewise formed into panels by moulded 
horizontal purlins, which, at the intersection of the principal rafters, and also at the 
joining of the rafters to the walls, are tied with ornamental bosses of carved flowers and
foliage, mingled with church emblems, and the shields of arms of gentry in the 
neighbourhood. The roof at the east end of the north aisle of the chancel, over the pew 
belonging to Ormathwaite Hall, is more elaborately adorned, the architrave on the flank 
wall of that part of the aisle being deeper and more profusely moulded, and terminated at 
each end by the graceful figure of an angel, finely carved in wood; such enrichments being
intended to replace the ruder style of decoration that formerly distinguished this pew.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the western end of the south aisle is the vestry, separated 
from the aisle by a high, close-paneled wainscot or scrren, of characteristic design, 
surmounted by a cornice, whose upper edge is likewise embattled.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The interior was newly seated; the benches in the nave, which are 
all open except two, have plain, slightly-raised frame-ends, and all but one face to the 
east.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The stalls in the chancel are twenty in number; eight of them 
likewise look towards the east, and the remaineder, together with the open benches in that
division of the church, which are further distinguished by high raised ends terminated by 
carved finials, and those in its aisles which have only slightly rasied ends, face either 
north or south. The benches in the chancel have carved panels in front, of uniform design,
and, with the other seats and fittings-up in this portion of the church and its aisles, 
are all of oak. The turn of the arms of the stalls, and of the benches in the chancel and 
its aisles, together with the poppy-heads of the chancel seats, are adorned with carvings 
of foliage, fruit, and flowers, intermingled with the heads of saints and angels, and 
mystical devices symbolic of Scriptural subjects, finely and even delicately executed, the
whole thus preserving an agreeable unity of style with the architectural and ornamental 
embellishments throughout the church.The Lord's table, chairs, and rails, are carved in a 
corresponding pattern, and the cloth and cushions on the table and around the rails are of
murrey-coloured velvet, the former being edged with gold-lace and fringe. The area within 
the rails is boarded, and covered with a carpet of the same colour; and in the south wall,
near the angle formed with the east endwall, is a plain and perfect piscina with a 
segmental head. The screen or
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.258
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<Paragraph rend="quote">wainscot behind the altar extends across the entire width of the 
chancel; it is divided into nine narrow, upright, square-headed panels, containing 
cinquefoiled arches, with trefoils in the corners, and is surmounted by an architrave 
embattled on its upper edge. The middle panel, which is of a purple diapered ground, 
bordered by a broad illuminated edging of oak and vine leaves, following the course of the
arch, contains a cross flory, highly emblazoned in gold and colours, within whose radiated
centre is displayed the sacred monogram, I.H.S. surrounded by a white and gold circle, on 
which is painted in black and rubricated letters this sentence, "Behold the Lamb of God, 
which taketh away the Sin of the World." The two next panels on each side, within similar 
enriched borders surrounding white grounds, contain the Lord's Prayer, the Creed, and the 
Commandments in black letters, with rubricated illuminated capitals and other 
illuminations. The remaining compartments are without ornament.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The pulpit and reading pew are features of the interior which add 
much to its general effect, and cannot but of themselves attract admiration.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The latter is a little elevated, and placed near the north pier, 
at the junction of nave and chancel. It is an irregular pentagon of handsome Gothic 
design. Light pillars, which rise from an appropriate base, support cinquefoil arches, 
that form small open panels; above which the book-board rests: and beneath, springing from
the west, south-west, and south sides, are the half-length figures and heads of the four 
Evangelists, each holding before it a shield, on which is carved the emblem symbolic of 
the holy man. The other sides of the pew are void of adornment.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The pulpit, which is hexagonal, is of good shape and expression. 
It stands near the south pier, at the separation of the nave and chancel, and on a line 
with the reading pew, thus keeping up architectural symmetry. It terminates in a single 
pedestal of similar form, that rests upon a plinth of the same design. The sides are 
paneled, and enriched with sunken pointed cinquefoil arches, that rise from small circular
pillars; and above them the shelf or book-board supports an eagle with expanded wiings. 
The cushions and draperies, like those in the reading pew, are of murrey-coloured velvet.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The organ, which was likewise the gift of Mr. Stanger, and the 
singers' gallery, occupy the west end of the nave, and conceal the west window and lofty 
arch, which opens from the tower into the nave, thus giving occasion for regret that the 
ancient arrangement of leaving the entire space of the tower, nave, and chancel clear to 
the view has not been adhered to. Was this beautiful arch restored and thrown open, the 
whole character of the interior would be greatly improved; and, though in this particular 
case the obstructions have been made as inoffensive as could possibly be, yet it might 
have been more desirable, with due regard to architectonic expression and effect, not to 
have closed up the arch, or admitted a gallery before it at all.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The font, displaced from its ancient symbolical position near the 
door, stands a little towards the north side of the west end of the nave, and immediately 
below the gallery. It is of stone, about four feet high, and has a pyramidal cover of 
deal, painted to look like oak. Through the efflux of time and much rough usage it is 
partially defaced, and further disfigured by continuous applications of lime and white 
paint. The head, which is octagonal, rests upon a stem, whose lower portion is of similar 
shape, though the upper part is quadrangular, and it rises from an incline placed upon a 
square base. The four sides of the incline have each had carving of some grotesque figure,
now all but obliterated; and beneath the head are four other sculptures, all likewise so 
much mutilated as not to be defined, but whose position, exactly over the sculptures at 
the base, cause them to be regarded as having been the capitals of four small columns, 
that afforded further ornamental support to the overhaninging head. Seven of the faces of 
the lower part of the stem are ornamented in high relief with carvings of windows of the 
Decorated period of architecture, of three lights each; and the remaining face is carved 
in the same bold manner, top represent a window
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of</Keyword> <Keyword>Cockermouth, Lord of</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms, 
royal</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward III</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.259
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of the like number of lights, but of Early Perpendicular style. 
Above the upper set of sculptures are inscriptions in Latin in old characters, that extend
round the bottom of the bowl. They have been deeply cut; but so few of the letters are now
legible that nothing can be learnt from them, though probably they had reference to the 
subjects rudely sculptured in raised figures on each of the compartments or faces in the 
head. On the first of these faces is a representation of the tree of life. The second, 
upon a triangular shield, displays the emblems of the crucifixion. The third face 
represnts the wod proceeding out of the mouth of the Almighty to all parts of the world. 
The fourth symbolizes the Trinity. The fifth is difficult to decypher, but some 
appearances like vine leaves may be traced. The sixth, within a triangular shield, has 
Aaron's rod, and in the corners are smaller shields of the same shape, that on the dexter 
base of the larger shield being charged with the armorial bearings of the Multons, lords 
of Egremont and Cockermouth; but the one next the sinister base is not to be deciphered 
with precision. The seventh face represents the tree of knowledge of good and evil, with 
the tempter of mankind in the form of a dragon passing through the trunk, the meaning of 
which rudely executed symbols are by the intelligent sexton of the church quaintly 
construed to be, "the effects of a good sermon cut through, and rendered to no avail, by 
the Devil." On the eighth face, within an escutcheon of triangular form, are the royal 
arms of England as borne by Edward III.; and in the corners are two smaller shields, that 
next the dexter base of the royal achievement being charged with the armorial coat of 
Gilbert Umfreville, Earl of Angus; while the other, next the sinister base, shows the arms
of the Lucys, successors to the Multons in the lordships above named. From these various 
architectural and heraldic devices it has been inferred that the font is as old as the 
reign of the chivalric sovereign above named, and that it was given to the church by the 
Earl of Angus and his wife Maud, the lineal descendant of Alice de Romeli, and sister and 
sole heiress of Anthony Lucy, feudal lord of the barony of Egremont and seignory of 
Cockermouth.
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>(To be continued.)</i>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.374
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<Paragraph rend="quote">CROSTHWAITE CHURCH, CUMBERLAND,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE BURIAL-PLACE OF SOUTHEY,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Concluded from page</i> 259.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE east end of the south aisle of the chancel, generally known as
the Derwentwater aisle, is divided from the chancel by an arch whose span is considerably 
wider than that of the opposite arch on the north aisle. Here, for unnumbered generations,
for the origin and antiquity of the family is lost in the obscurity of unrecorded times, 
the ashes of the Derwentwaters reposed until exhumed previous to the renovation of the 
church. In this sanctuary also rested two of those attractive remnants of antiquity, their
sculptured monumental figures, which erstwhile lay side by side upon enriched altar tombs 
long since destroyed; and in the same spot they are again replaced, to be, it is hoped, no
more disturbed. The marble effigies are the oldest, and to secure them from further 
injury, as well as to gain additional accommodation for new sittings, they have been laid 
next to the south end of the altar rails, upon a deep slab of red sandstone placed upon 
the floor, and within an open screen-work of the same sort of stone. On the top lies a 
heavy slab of dark grey marble, and into it the sepulchral brass hereafter described is 
inlaid. The effigies which lie extended at full length are those of a knight and his lady,
supposed to commemorate one of the Derwentwaters and his wife. Tradition however being 
altogether silent, and no relics or legend having been discovered that could throw light 
upon their history, all knowledge of the particular individuals whom such memorials were 
intended to honour would seem to be lost; though an antiquary familiar with the 
genealogical records of the northern counties, and versed in the history of the ancient 
periods of costume, might assign them as the effigies of Sir John de Derwentwater, the 
last of the name, and his wife, who lived in the reign of Henry IV. The male figure is 
habited in a long, high, loose, tunic or robe, with wide sleeves, secured round the waist 
by a belt, from which a pouch, or aulmoniere as it was called, hangs at the right side. 
The head is bare. The hair, formally parted on the forehead, is worn long behind, and an 
enriched collar is about the neck. The long, embroidered mantle of knighthood is secured 
on the shoulders by a band across the chest, and the hands are upraised upon the breast in
that expressive attitude of humility and supplication which is so peculiarly affecting in 
the monumental effigies of other times.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The lady's dress is a kirtle or close-bodied garment, low on the 
bosom, with long tight sleeves, and a long skirt. The head is surmounted by a sort of 
coronet, from underneath which a veil or hood, concealing the hair, flows down each side 
upon the shoulders. An ornamental collar and necklace are around the throat, from which a 
pendent jewel rests upon the bosom; and the waist is encircled by a girdle, attached to 
which is along cord, whose broken ends and tassels descend in front nearly to the feet. A 
long open mantle falls from the shoulders, where it is secured by a band across the bosom,
fastened on each side to the mantle by a fermail or brooch, and the hands are likewsie 
joined in attitude of prayer. The heads repose on tasseled cushions once upheld by angels,
and the knight's feet rest on the broken form of a hound, but what support the lady had 
for the feet has long since been worn away and destroyed. The countenances of both are 
defaced, and almost all the finer parts of the sculpture flattened and mutilated. the 
effigies seem originally to have been painted and gilt, the application of such 
polychromatic enrichment being still slightly perceptible, especially on the lady's 
collar.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The other spulchral momento is a brass, laid down on a slab of 
dark grey Kendal marble. It is in tolerably perfect preservation, and its value is largely
enhanced from the fact of its being one of the very few monumental
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<Paragraph rend="quote">brasses that remain in the churches of Cumberland - a county so 
singularly poor in such ancient enriched obituary memorials, that there are but four 
others to be met with. The brass therefore in this church, though not of the most 
beautiful period of the art, is nevertheless valuable not alone from its local rarity, but
as one of the very few material relics of a family whose sway through many centuries so 
widely extended around this their narrow bed. The knight is sheathed in the complete 
armour of plate worn at the period of his decease; the head, face, and hands alone being 
uncovered. The hair is parted on the forehead, and falls in tresses behind. Round the neck
and shoulders are ornamental chains, pendent from one of which a jewelled decoration rests
upon the chest. The hands are raised in prayer; and on the heels are the spurs of 
knighthood. A dagger is slung behind the right side, and behind the left is a long 
straight cross-handled sword. On the head of the lady is that peculiar head-dress worn by 
females of distinction in the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII. called a coif, which 
totally conceals the hair. The embroidered neck of an under-garment encircles the throat; 
over this is a high and close-bodied gown, falling in long ample folds from the waist, 
where it is secured by a girdle clasped in front by an ornament composed of three roses, 
from which, suspended by a long chain reaching nearly to the feet, hangs another ornament 
of a circular form. The arms of the dress are tight, and finished at the wrists with 
ruffles, and over them is drawn the wide, loose, hanging sleeves so common at the time. A 
wrought chain is on the shoulders, and around the neck is another, fastened to an ornament
on the bosom similar to that worn by the knight; and, like those of the male figure, the 
hands are also raised in a supplicatory attitude. The legend engraven on brass at the foot
of the figures runs thus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Of your charitie pray for the soule of Sir John Ratcliffe, 
knight, and for the state of Dame Alice his wife, which Sir John died the 2nd of Februere,
A.D.1527, on whose soule Jesu have mercie."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From this inscription it would appear that Lady Ratcliffe was not 
deceased at the time when the brass was laid down; and most probably not only this graven 
record, but likewise that other mark of hereditary honour - the escutcheon in stained 
glass, which formerly was seen in the great east window - were set up by her direction in 
Henry the Eighth's reign. At the knight's head is a shield bearing, Argent, a bend 
engrailed sable, the armorail coat of the Ratcliffes; and at his feet another, charged 
with, Or, two lions passant in pale gules, the arms of Dame Alice. The shield at the head 
of Dame Alice carries her paternal coat; and on the shield at her feet are the Ratcliffe 
arms repeated, with the additional charge of a rose in the sinister corner of the chief, 
for a difference of houses.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The knight to whose memory this brass was laid down, and who was 
the last person of importance of his family that was interred in this church, reckoned in 
his lineage a long line of illustrious ancestors. He was maternally descended from the 
Derwentwaters, being the great-grandson of Margaret de Derwentwater, the daughter and sole
heiress of Sir John de Derwentwater, who in Henry the Fifth's reign married Sir Nicholas 
Ratcliffe of Dilston, a Northumbrian knight; and from which union sprung the Ratcliffes of
Dilston and Derwentwater. His immediate progenitor was Sir Edward Ratcliffe, of whom he 
was the second or seventh son; and he is supposed to have held the Derwentwater estate in 
this vicinity by settlement or devise. He was a person of much consideration in his day, 
and was ofttimes selected by his successive sovereigns Henry the Seventh and Henry the 
Eighth to fill the then more actively important and warlike office of sheriff of 
Cumberland, which at that time was incessantly harassed by the predatory inroads of the 
bordering Scots, his last year of office being scarcely completed in 1527, when he died. 
He likewise several times held the King's commission to treat, on peace and other matters 
affecting the realm, with his gallant but restless neighbours. He was the last of his 
family who served any office of note in Cumberland, as from thenceforward
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The Ratcliffes were connected with this county only by their 
landed possessions and their name, afterwards ennobled as Earls of Derwentwater, to which 
title circumstances in a subsequent age gave a romantic interest.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By his wife Dame Alice he had not any issue; and, dying a 
childless man, the estates of the Derwentwaters reverted to his elder brother, Sir 
Cuthbert Ratcliffe, of Dilston; as it appears from a survey made in the thirty-fifth of 
Henry the Eighth of knight's fees in Cumberland, these estates were held by Sir Cuthbert 
of the King by the service of two knights' fees and the rendition of various other 
obligations incident to the feudal <i>r&#x00E9;gime</i>. In that family they continued 
until, for conspiring, in the words of one of the most spirited Jacobite songs of the 
period, to bring "the auld Stewarts back again," they were forfeited to the Crown, on the 
attainder and execution in 1716 of the last Earl of Derwentwater, the traditionary stories
of whose youth, gallantry, and misfortunes have thrown so magic an interest over the 
neighbourhood around.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The windows adorned with stained glass are but six in number. They
are all the production of that tasteful artist Mr. Wailes of Newcastle-upon-Tyne: and it 
will probably not be devoid of interest if an enlarged description is afforded of what has
been done by the judicious introduction of this resplendent material, harmonized by taste 
and skill in the execution, to give effect and character to the sacred building. They are 
designed in conformity with the style of the window decoration which prevailed at the end 
of the fifteenth century; and to an observer learned in the history and genius of of 
ancient fenestral embellishment, each of them in accordiance with the depths of those 
expressive times the Middle Ages, when a regular system of the mystical meanings of 
colours was in use, will be found to have been made to tell some tale of local feeling, or
convey a truth in the typical language of this beautifully revived Christian art.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The large east window, and also the windows at the east and west 
ends of the south aisle, are the gifts of the liberal individual at whose expense the 
church has been restored. The large window, from its size and happy combination of colours
and designs, is a splendid effort of gorgeous colouring. The seven scriptural subjects, 
which, among the blaze of hues that fascinate and overpower the eye, bestow its chief 
character, are incidents of the last days of the Saviour upon earth: 1, Christ washing the
Apostles' feet; 2. The Last Supper; 3. The agony in the garden; 4. Christ bearing his 
cross; 5. The Crucifixion; 6. Angels at the sepulchre. In the tracery in the head is the 
Ascent into heaven, with figures of angels holding labels and harps; and above all, an 
Agnus Dei; the whole of these stories representations being interspersed with various 
elegant devices, which, by the disposition and tones of the predominating colours, produce
a brilliant picture, full of the finest effects and devotional influences.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The east window of the south aisle, called the Derwentwater 
Chapel, or Magdalen's Chantry, contains the appropriate pictorial subjects of Mary 
Magdalem washing the Saviour's feet, the three Marys at the tomb of Christ, and Christ and
Mary Magdalen. Above the second of these pictures appears, in ancient stained glass, the 
head of the Magdalen; and at the foot is now correctly placed the armorial escutcheon of 
the Ratcliffes, impaling quarterly 2 and 3 Dame Alice's paternal coat, and 4, Argent, two 
bars gules, on a canton of the first a cinquefoil of the second, Derwentwater; through 
whose blazonry the mellowed light falls with jewelled radiancy upon the brasses and 
motionless effigies of the families whose remains were entombed beneath. It is apprehended
that in the cleansing of this escutcheon, previous to its being set up in the situation it
now occupies, the Ratcliffe arms in the first quarter of the shield have inadvertently 
been blundered, as a difference is perceivable between the blazon and the arms of the same
house engraven on the brazen shields in the slab beneath.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The vestry window, at the west end, contains the figures of St. 
Cuthbert and St. Kentigern, and attracts admiration, not only for the perfect tones of its
solemnly contrasted colouring, but for its striking position when seen
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.377
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<Paragraph rend="quote">through the doorway of the close oaken wainscot which separates 
the vestry from the south aisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The east window of the north aisle, known as the Hulton window, 
from its having been put up at the cost of a gentleman of that name resident in the 
neighbourhood, has illustrations of the Adoration and the Transfiguration. Amid the 
variegated tracery which adds to the expression of this window are also noticeable the 
heraldic bearings and name of the generous-minded donor, by whom, together with a full, 
handsome silver gilt service of plate for the altar, it was offered as a further 
enrichment to the church.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The adjoining window on the north side of the same aisle is, from 
the name of its donor, likewise a gentleman resident in the vicinage, called the Spedding 
window, and engages attention for the gracefulness of its drawing, and the chaste richness
of its colouring. It is of three lights: the first is adorned with the figure of the 
Virgin Mary, holding her emblem, the lily, in one hand, and a bible in the other, with 
this text at her feet: "Ecce ex hoc beatam me vocant omnes generationes;" the second light
has the Saviour of the world, bearing the sceptre and the globe, surmounted by a cross, 
with this sentence underneath: "Ego sum resurrectio et vita;" and in the third light is 
Saint John, with the eagle and a reed in his hands, and the words "Ecce filius tuus" at 
his feet. Beneath the figure of the Saviour is a circle, bearing on its outer rim an 
inscription, setting forth by whose generosity this handsome and impressive addition to 
the fenestral decoration of the hallowed fane was given.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The sixth or remaining stained glass window, called "The Memorial 
Window," is the second from the east end of the south aisle. It was put up at the charge 
of the parishioners, as a testimonial to perpetaute their grateful appreciation of the 
liberality and estimable qualities of the restorer of the church; and the story its 
pictorial imagery tells, is by the subscribers felt to be not less truthfully applicable 
than worthily merited. The window is of three lights, each adorned with two subjects taken
from the sacred page. Those in the first light are illustrative of the following sentences
in Matthew, chap. XXV. 35: "I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat; I was thirsty, and ye 
gave me drink." The second light displays subjects from the same Evangelist, verses 35, 36
of the same chapter: "I was a stranger, and ye took me in; I was naked, and ye clothed 
me;" - and in the third light are illustrations from the same chapter and verse: "I was 
sick, and ye visited me; I was in prison, and ye came unto me." Running underneath the 
whole, the following text from the same inspired writer, verse 40, - "Verily I say unto 
you, inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done 
it unto me," - forms a significanet and fully acknowledged enumeration of the virtues and 
benevolent disposition of the individual to whose honour this window was set up. Affixed 
on the ledge of the window beneath is a brass tablet, on which the following record is 
engraved:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"A Memorial Window by the Parishioners, gratefully to commemorate the munificent 
restoration and embellishment of this Church by James Stanger, esquire.</Line>
<Line>A.D. 1845.</Line>
<Line>The Rev. JAS. LYNN, Vicar.</Line>
<Line>HENRY WOOD, GEORGE WILLIAMSON, Churchwardens."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the second window from the east end of the north aisle is the 
half-length figure of that eremite Saint Antony, with his bell and book, in ancient 
stained glass, the colours of which have all faded except the black and bright yellow, but
leaving the outlines of the countenance and habit still clearly visible.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But, rich and pleasant to behold, and wooing to high devotional 
feeling, as the interior is, that which crowns it with transcendent interest is the 
monument of the late Robert Southey, whose mind, an Argosy laden with the treasures of 
wisdom, and whose life, all virtue, through the long years of his residence, had knelt in 
lowly-minded piety and prayer within these sacred walls, the majesty of intellect, and 
innocence chastened by the spirit of religion, humbling itself, to quote his
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.378
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<Paragraph rend="quote">own affecting expression, under the soul-touching truth "that they
who are wise unto salvation know feelingly when they have done best that their best works 
are worth nothing." With a reverence therefore for intellectual greatness, especially when
devoted, as its mighty powers ever were, to the advantage and instruction of mankind, Mr. 
Stanger was further desirous that an appropriate memorial should be placed inside the 
church, to perpetuate the resemblance of one who, as characterized in the heartfelt 
panegyric of one of his noble admirers, was so "splendid an instance of a poet, a 
philosopher, an historian, and even a statesman, chastened and yet elevated by the spirit 
of the gospel." This, it was especially felt, would be a dignified tribute of regard in 
the place where his genius, by giving to the things and objects around an interest beyond 
their own, had sanctified the locality in the associations of his sympathetic and 
admirimng fellow-countrymen. With this object a subscription was opened for the purpose of
defraying the cost at the estimated expense of 400<i>l</i>. in Caen stone of a tomb and 
effigy. Subsequently, however, it was decided upon that the figure should be sculptured in
the beautiful though more costly material of Carrara marble, at the increased charge of 
1,100<i>l</i>. A numerous list of subscribers, (whose subscriptions, however, being far 
from sufficient to cover the entire expense of the monument, have left a considerable 
deficit, which, it is understood, will fall upon the munificent restorer of the church,) 
anxious to mark their sense of the genius and virtues of the man, having been obtained, 
the execution of the memorial was confided to the celebrated sculptor Mr. Lough, whose 
liberality of feeling, under the circumstances, has entitled him to no little applause, 
and from his hand has thus proceeded the monument of one who occupies so prominent a place
in the history of the literature of his country.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The situation selected for it is in the south aisle of the 
chancel, opposite the door, and close to the oaken screen which separates the chancel from
its southern aisle. The altar tomb is of Caen stone, the sides of which are divided into 
five square compartments or panels. Four of these have their centres enriched with carved 
leaves of different kinds, surrounded by double foliated circles, and the corners of each 
panel are likewise decorated with ornaments of the same description on a smaller scale. 
The centre of the middle panel alone displays a vacant shield, intended for the armorial 
escutcheon of the deceased, and the ends of the tomb, devoid of other embellishment, are 
filled only with the inscription and lines hereafter recorded. On the top reclines upon a 
couch, the head and shoulders supported on double tasseled cushions, the full-length 
effigy, clad in academic robes, of the late laureate. The left hand rests upon the bosom, 
and the face, turned towards the spectator, wears an expression of meditation, as if 
musing on the contents of the open volume, which, in the intensity of mental abstraction, 
has, together with the hand that held it, dropped listlessly by the side. The position 
best adapted for viewing the figure is in the first seat next the wall, on the left-hand 
side after passing the chancel door. From thence, in the judgment of those relatives and 
friends by whom he was most intimately known, the features and character of expression are
beheld with the most truthful effect, and this is especially the case when the low-arched 
door that leads into the aisle is opened, and a ray from the sun, streaming in upon the 
gloom, casts a brilliancy across the chancel and its aisles, and, bringing into bold 
distinctness and relief the prominent lineaments of the face and figure, a picture is 
displayed, which for concentrated beauty and effect is eminently affecting. The west end 
of the tomb bears this inscription:
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.379
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<Line>"Sacred to the memory of Robert Southey,</Line>
<Line>whose mortal remains are interred in the adjoining churchyard.</Line>
<Line>He was born at Bristol,</Line>
<Line>August XII, M.DCC.LXXIV,</Line>
<Line>and died, after a residence of nearly XL years, at Greta Hall,</Line>
<Line>in this parish, March XXI, M.DCCC.XLIII.</Line>
<Line>This monument was erected by friends of Robert Southey."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the east end of the tomb are the following lines from the muse 
of Wordsworth, his friend in life, and successor to the crown of bays, who, with his 
son-in-law, Mr. Quillinan, stood in sorrow by the grave of their brother poet in the north
side of the cemetery.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Ye hills and vales, whose beauty hither drew</Line>
<Line>The poet's steps, and fixed him here, on you</Line>
<Line>His eyes have closed! And ye, loved books, no more</Line>
<Line>Shall Southey feed upon your precious lore,</Line>
<Line>To works that ne'er shall forfeit their renown</Line>
<Line>Adding immortal labours of his own.</Line>
<Line>Whether he traced historic truth with zeal,</Line>
<Line>For the State's guidance, or the Church's weal,</Line>
<Line>Or Fancy, disciplined by studious art,</Line>
<Line>Informed his pen, or wisdom of the heart,</Line>
<Line>Or judgments sanctioned in the patriot's mind</Line>
<Line>By reverence for the rights of all mankind,</Line>
<Line>Wide were his aims, yet in no human breast</Line>
<Line>Could private feelings find a holier nest.</Line>
<Line>His joys, his griefs, have vanished as a cloud</Line>
<Line>From Skiddaw's top, but he to heaven was vowed.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">During the celebration of that portion of the funeral service 
which is appointed to be read at the grave one of those trivial incidents occured which 
fall with such creative effect upon a feeling and poetic mind. It was wild and dreary 
weather in the early spring, before the trees had yet ventured to shew their tender 
leaflets, or the heather on the tall fells to protrude its first green tufts above their 
crests of snow. All was bleak, and chill, and desolate, as the hearts of the mourners who 
drooped in sadness above the minstrel's bier. The day, both before and after the 
obsequies, was full of gloom and tempest, yet, during that part of the solemn rites 
alluded to, the storm seemed suddenly to lull, and die away in sobs of fitful quietude. 
The rain ceased to beat, the clouds to threaten, and a deep stillness fell over the whole 
scene. A cheering ray of sunshine struggled through the the murky atmosphere, and two 
small birds perched upon a tree which then overhung the retired corner selected for the 
last house of mortality, unscared by the presence of the sorrowing train, warbled with 
tiny pipe their "wood-notes wild." The requiem of genius thus chanted by those "blossoms 
of the air," as some sweet bard has so poetically called them in his own melodious strain,
was a fact every way too graceful in sentiment for the imagination of a poet to overlook, 
and it consequently gave occasion to some verses by Mr. Quillinan, which, it is to be 
regretted, the limits assigned to this paper preclude introducing here.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When "all the work that had entered into the heart to make for the
house of the Lord was so ended," the church, displaying more than the the beauty of its 
early days, was rendered not only worthy to rank amongst the most splendid restored 
monuments of ecclesiastical antiquity in Cumberland, but a more suitable temple for the 
public worship of Him who inhabiteth eternity, than the dilapidated structure from which 
it has arisen.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Having been in all things completed, and rendered a lasting 
memorial of the zeal and piety of its restorer, a plate of brass, commemorative of the 
under-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[under]taking, was affixed into the third pier in the south aisle,
on which is engraved the following record:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"On the 22nd day of June, 1844, a faculty was granted in the
consistry court at Carlisle to the Rev. James Lynn, vicar of Crosthwaite, and James 
Stanger, of Lairthwaite, esquire, for the restoration of the chancel, the roof, and other 
portions of this church, according to certain plans thereof exhibited, and for the 
erection of a tomb and sculptured monumental figure of the late Robert Southey, poet 
laureate, in accordance with which faculty these restorations were completed under the 
direction of George Gilbert Scott, architect, and the church was re-opened for divine 
service on the 3rd day of August, 1845, and the monument erected A.D. 1846."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To a grave and recondite antiquary, this description of 
Crosthwaite church, and the objects of interest connected with it, will appear deficient 
in that fulness of information which a sedulous research through our national and diocesan
archives alone can unfold. It is briefly mentioned in some of those valuable records whose
pages illustrate the annals of our older churches. As such documentary evidences however, 
besides lying beyond the opportunities for research of the writer of these pages, are 
chiefly of a statistical and financial nature, which, though useful in themselves, would 
swell this sketch beyond reasonable limits, they are omitted without more than this 
concise allusion to their existence.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The vicarage house, seated upon an eminence between the church and
the town, commands that beautiful view of the Lake of Derwentwater, and the surrounding 
mountain scenery, with which the poet Gray, who visited this country in 1769, was so much 
enraptured. "From hence," says he in those delightful letters which were the medium of 
giving to his fellow-countrymen the first familiar account of the romantic loveliness of a
region then so little frequented, "I got to the parsonage a little before sunset. and saw 
a picture, which if I could transmit it to you, and fix it in all the softness of its 
colours, would fairly sell for one thousand pounds." The point of view from which Gray 
beheld this fascinating prospect was from the horsing stone which then and for a long time
after stood without the right hand side of the garden gate, in front of the house. It was 
removed several years ago, much to the regret of Mr. Southey, who often used playfully to 
reflect on the little sympathetic feeling shown in the destruction of a memorial so 
intimately associated with the author of "The Elegy."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As this memoir of the venerable parish church of Crosthwaite was 
in commencement graced with a quotation from one of the most instructive works of that 
eminent writer whose spirit pervades the scene, and every spot on which the eye can rest 
is vocal with the associations of his life, so it cannot be more fitly concluded than with
another extract borrowed from the same delightful book, after which, it would be sacrilege
to add one word more.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"I was walking alone in Howrah looking upon the church and 
upon Skiddaw behind it, which was then in the glory of a Midsummer sunset. The weight of 
time and eternity was on my spirit; I had been also thinking of the change in human 
institutions, a thought naturally connected with any permanent monuments of nature or art.
The shadows glide over that mountain, and the clouds collect there, and the sun glorifies 
it, as they did when the Druids performed their rites within yonder circle of stones, when
the Romans and romanised Britons erected altars to Jupiter and Belatucadrus, and when the 
Danes offered up victims to Thor and Woden. The church too has undergone its changes. The 
rood loft has disappeared; not a bell rings on Saint Kentigern's Day, and not a trace of 
the saint remains in his own parish. I was contemplating that church and yonder mountain. 
Seven centuries have gone by since the church was founded; and there Skiddaw has stood 
since the foundations of the hills were laid. My years will presently be like a tale that 
is told. These will remain; the one unchangeable, the other, I trust, never to be changed 
in its destination and uses, whatever renovations the structure may require."
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>poet</Keyword> <Keyword>Southey Family</Keyword> <Keyword>gravestone</Keyword> 
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Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Crosthwaite, Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Southey, 
Emma</Keyword> <Keyword>Southey, Herbert</Keyword> <Keyword>Fricker, George</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Southey, Isabel</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 1 p.494
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 2, 1849.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A COPY of the inscription of the gravestone of the Southey family 
in the north-west corner of the churchyard, seems almost essential to the completeness of 
the very beautiful account of Crosthwaite Church with which two of the late numbers of the
Magazine have been enriched. I send it you therefore as it was transcribed in August, 
1839.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>The Lord gave and the Lord / hath taken away, blessed / 
be the name of the Lord.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Sacred to the memory / of / EMMA SOUTHEY, / who departed in 
May, 1809, aged / 14 months.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">And of HERBERT SOUTHEY, who / departed April 17, 1826, / in 
the tenth year of his age.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Also of GEORGE FRICKER their / uncle, aged 26, 1814.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Also of ISABEL SOUTHEY their / sister, who departed on the /
16 of July, 1826, aged / 13 years.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Also EMMA SOUTHEY their / mother, who departed / in Nov. 
1837, aged 63.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Requiescat in pace.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I remember the sexton pointing out the seat which the poet 
occupied in the church, where, according to him, he sat absorbed in meditation, and 
abstracted from everything but the course of the service in which he was taking part.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. J.H.
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<Keyword>Ochiltree, Edie</Keyword> <Keyword>ivy</Keyword> <Keyword>oak</Keyword> 
<Keyword>ash</Keyword> <Keyword>trees, felling</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.137
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Calgarth Hall</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Calgarth Hall</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">CALGARTH HALL, WESTMORLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>And is not this a haunted hall?</Line>
<Line>Are not the spells of time</Line>
<Line>Still lingering round its hoary walls</Line>
<Line>With eloquence sublime?</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE tourist, or in the older fashioned phraseology of the dalesman
the laker, who in his light skiff glides o'er the azure depths of the wide clear waters of
Windermere, when at the close of day the rays of the westering Sun glorify with the 
witchery of eventide the whole of the eastern shore, cannot fail at such an hour of 
surpassing loveliness to have had his attention drawn to the remains of an old manor 
house, situate on the side I speak of, about midway between the head of the lake and the 
pretty-looking village of Bowness. Should the beholder be one of who "in thir present 
days," as Edie Ochiltree says, "when things o' the auld warld sort are na keepit in mind 
round winter fire-sides as they used to be," has a feeling for old names and events, he 
perchance may find his fondness for the spirit of by-gone ages gratified by a visit to the
mansion in question, and his inquiries after the family who once owned it not unattended 
with a portion of that interest which the examination of the fading things of a remote era
always more or less excites.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Landing in the nearest of the tiny bays that indent the margin of 
this lovely lake, the stranger may proceed along a plain until the gables and round 
buttressed chimneys of the mansion, overgrown by ivy of the richest foliage (and which, by
the way, I may observe grows in more luxuriant profusion in Westmerland than in most other
parts of England, verifying the saying in the sweet old ballad, that -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>- the oak, the ash, and the bonnie ivy tree,</Line>
<Line>That flourish best at home in the north countrie.)</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">attract observation to where the Hall of Calgarth, rearing those 
lofty remnants of its former state, amidst still more stately trees, stands in the 
glittering flood of sunshine a ruined monument of times that are no more.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The situation of the house, whose history belongs to the world of 
shadows, but whose ruins still form an object of interest, is within a short distance of 
the water, upon the narrowest part of the small and pleasant plain; and I know of but few 
spots in the neighbourhood where the lover of picturesque antiquity could so lose himself 
in dreams of the past as in contemplating this dilapidated fabric.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of old, the country around was comprised within a park belonging 
to the crown; and here and there may yet be met with, thinly scattered in hoary 
magnificence, the trunks of massive trees, whose giant forms bear testimony to the dignity
of the primaeval forest, of which they are alone the solitary remains. Centuries have gone
by since it was disparked, and, from being the lair and covert of the wild animals which 
erstwhile were almost its only tenants, its inhabitancy by man has long converted it to 
more benficial purposes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Alas! for the woodland glories of Windermere; like the forest 
shades of Rydal, where but a score or so survive of those old dwellers of the woods which 
saw its earliest lords, the Norman de Lancasters, they will soon have no existence, save 
in the recorded recollections of some enthusiast who, like me, has loved their green 
retreats, and feelingly laments their indiscriminate destruction. The changeful 
utilitarianism of the age has invaded and much altered the landscape around since the days
of the original owners of Calgarth. The Dryads of its forests have forsaken their 
desecrated abodes, and the lake country, no longer what it was, even but a quarter of a 
century ago, is fast surrendereing the remaining vestiges of its ancient picturesque 
appearance. It is true it is environed by the mountains and valleys with which past 
generations were familiar; but those indestructible features, the majestic fells, do not 
present the same alluring garb upon which our forefathers loved to look. In losing the 
wilder and more untrimmed
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<Keyword>Gowbarrow Park, Matterdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwent Water</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Keswick</Keyword> <Keyword>Whinfell Forest, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Baliol, 
King of Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Clifford Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Julian Bower, 
Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>hermit</Keyword> <Keyword>St Catherine's Chapel, Troutbeck 
Bridge<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>St Mary's Holme<Note>Lady Holme</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lady Holme, Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Montalembert</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.138
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">luxuriance of its fresher years - in the sweeping away of its 
primal woods, and in the eradication of the furze and heath which decked every height with
the gorgeous colouring of those incense-breathing shrubs - it has lost something for which
the so-called improvements afford no substitute. Few are now the old and gnarled trees, 
and fewer still the tall dense woods which for ages shaded the lonely shores and 
promontories of the lake, or, amid grey fern, plumed rocks waved o'er the mountains' 
sides.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was about 1790 that Rydal - which, within the memory of persons
yet alive, looked so grand in umbrageous honours - ceased to be considered a wondrous 
scene of woodland beauty; the grey oaks of Gowbarrow, which rendered the Cumberland shores
of Ullswater so glorious to behold, fell under the exterminating axe in 1780. The woods 
which clothed all the shores and islands of Derwentwater with the sylvan nobility of 
centuries, and which, according to the record furnished by an eye-witness, exhibited, not 
a century ago, a picture of wide-spread leafy splendour, succumbed beneath the same 
relentless fate some twenty years before. About the same period, also, the memorable 
Westmerland forest of Whinfell - the ground of so much legendary story, which had seen the
huntings of a Baliol and a Clifford, and beheld the enamoured Clifford of a later 
generation, with a faithful and life-long love, devoting himself to that peerless mistress
whose memory is preserved by the lone farmstead that occupies the site of his fair 
"Julian's Bower" - was stripped of its stately trees and consigned to its present 
unsheltered state. Where are the long green shady lanes, with their many windings and 
hawthorn-scented hedges, rich with wild roses and fragrant honeysuckle, tall hazels, and 
glistening hollies, and the creeping ivy, which, hanging from tree to tree in graceful 
wreaths, screened the passer-by from each rude blast? Where the moss-covered dwellings, 
with their picturesque porches, low mullioned windows, and buttressed chimneys of the 
stalwart and independent statesmen? And where is now the ancient hall of the manorial 
lord, whose charities, after the bountiful old fashion, were the comfort of those who once
felt that they would not be deserted while the antique manor-house stood? Most of those 
landmarks of other days have long disappeared, together with the cells of the holy 
eremites of Troutbeck, St. Katharine's, and St. Mary's Holme, without leaving more than 
some broken ruins, or here and there a solitary shattered tree to greet the eye, and tell 
that such things were. Trim hedge rows, homely kept square fields, their formal 
plantations and garish modern villas, usurp their places, while other novelties proclaim 
that the outward air of the land, as well as its age of romance and adventure, is 
altogether changed and passed away for ever. It is M. Montalembert who, in his work on the
"Historical Monuments of France," with true antiquarian conservatism, feelingly alludes to
the changes taking place in its external appearance; and, as his sentiments, with some 
allowance, are applicable to a similar conditions of things in England, the following 
eloquent passage in the book in question may not imaptly close these brief observations on
the yearly increasing impoverishment of the fairest beauties of the land:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"It is impossible not to be struck with the contrast which 
the actual world presents with the world of that period (the middle ages) in reference to 
beauty. The beautiful is one of the wants of man - one of his noblest wants - a want that 
is less satisfied from day to day in this our modern society. I imagine that one of our 
barbarous ancestors of the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries would complain bitterly, if, 
returning from the tomb, he compared France, such as he had left it, with the France that 
we have made it, a country then dotted over with innumerable monuments as marvellous for 
their beauty as for their inexhaustible variety, but whose surface is now becoming daily 
more and more flat and uniform. Those towns that were discerned from afar by their forest 
of steeples, by their majestic ramparts and gates, would, in his view, contrast strangely 
with our new quartiers erected on the same model in all the subprefectures of the kingdom 
- those chateaux on every hill, and abbeys in every valley, with our shapeless 
manufacturing masses - those churches and steeples in every village, abounding with 
sculptures and original pictures, with the hideous products of official architecture in 
our own times. Let us then at least leave things
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  <Keyword>Calgarth Hall, Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Montalembert</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Heald, Claife</Keyword> <Keyword>Burn, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of 
arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Philipson Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Phillison<Note>Philipson</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Wyvill Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carus Family</Keyword> <Keyword>fide non fraude</Keyword> <Keyword>Briggs 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.139
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">as they are; the world is sufficiently plain and homely of 
itself; let us guard at least the too rare vestiges of its ancient beauty, and hinder a 
senseless vandalism from continuing to obliterate the recollections of our history, and 
officially grub up and clear away those monuments that have been planted on the soil of 
our country by the strong hands of our forefathers."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As it is vain, however, to grieve over the annihilation of the 
former aspect of the world, let the hope arise that the alterations wrought by the fashion
of the times may have that in them which will reconcile to their introduction those who 
regret the extinction of the ancient character of a scene once so perfect of its kind. But
to my story:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To whatever point the gaze is directed the scenery is soft and 
delicious, filling the mind with sensations of delight, yet combining with its serene 
beauty so many strikingly grand features as entirely to redeem it from any approach to 
tameness. Gentle eminences, scarcely higher than its tall chimneys, one one side thickly 
tufted with thriving copses of oak and hazel, mingled with timber of larger growth, and on
the other sprinked with aged trees, legitimate relics of the times of its early lords, 
shelter the house on the north and south, whilst the bounding hills that partially 
encircle the smooth expanse on which it stands, rising in a fine and varied succession of 
wooded uplands, present a semi-circular landscape of great extent and grandeur. Looking to
the west, where the Lake spreads out its blue mirror beneath the pine-clad heights of the 
overhanging Heald, a view is unfolded in which the promontory of Low Wreay, crowned by the
dark grey masses of its feudal-looking castle, reposing on an appropriate back-ground of 
frowning mountains, likewise forms a noble picture, charming and diversified beyond 
description.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The house, whose style of building was such as prevailed in these 
parts in the reign of Elizabeth and her father Henry VIII., at one time must have been a 
fine old place to behold. Though greatly injured, it is still picturesque; but it has 
known its troubles, having been for a long period in the possession of farmers, for whose 
accommodation the useful but in-elegant offices of a modern farmery have been erected with
part of the materials, it has been despoiled of all its pride, and the integrity of its 
appearance lost in the additions and alterations of later days. So great indeed has been 
the curtailment of its original proportions, that it is impossible to make out what its 
precise form has been. It is said to have been designed somewhat after the manner of those
venerable halls at Levens and Sizergh, which yet remain to gratify the antiquarian 
enthusiasm by the architectonic display and ornamental embellishments that so 
unequivocally illustrate the conceptions of medieval art. If this be true, the reduction 
of that has reduced an edifice, which, even so late as 1774. Dr. Burn the learned 
historiographer of Westmerland states was "a fair old building," to its present condition,
has indeed been complete. What is now called the kitchen, and the room over it, are the 
only portions of the interior existing, from which a judgment may be formed of the care 
and finish applied to its internal decoration. In the former, which appears to have been 
one of the principal apartments, though now divided and associated with humble uses, the 
armorial achievements of the Philipsons, or Phillisons as the name seems sometimes to have
been formerly spelled, crested with the fine ostrich plumes of their house, and surmounted
with their motto, "FIDE NON FRAUDE," together with the bearings of Wyvill impaling Carus, 
into which families the owners of Calgarth intermarried, are represented in stucco over 
the fire-place, by the coarse skill of some provincial artificer of yore, and still serve 
to connect their names with the place itself, though the large old fire-place has made way
for the most miserable of modern ones. The window likewise retains some fragments of its 
former display of heraldic honour; for, "glowing with gem-like radiancy in the light of 
the sun's brilliancy," the arms of the early lords of the place, impaling those of Wyvill,
and the device of the Briggs, another Westmerland family, with whom the Philipsons were 
also matrimonially connected, yet appear in their proper blazon. Heretofore the windows 
were more richly dight with other armorial cognizances of the family and their alliances,
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<Keyword>chimney piece</Keyword> <Keyword>Clarke, James</Keyword> <Keyword>Survey of the 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.140
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<Paragraph rend="quote">for in Mr. Machel's time, who visited the hall about 1680, and was
curious in such matters, the following arms, described by him, were then to be found as 
fenestral enrichments, some of which, Dr. Burn says, were remaining when he wrote the 
History of the County in 1777:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"1. Philipson. Gules, a chevron between three boar's heads 
couped, ermine&#x00E9;, tusked or; impaling, Azure, a chevron between ten cinquefoils 
4,2,1,2,1, argent, charged with three mullets gules, by the name of Carus.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"2. Philipson, impaling Laburne, Azure, six lioncels rampant
argent.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"3. Barry of ten, or and sable, a canton of the second, by 
the name of Briggs.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"4. Philipson, impaling Wyvill; Gules, three chevronels 
braced vair, on a chief or, a mullet pierced of five points sable.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"5. Carus, impaling Wyvill.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"6. Philipson, single;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">and both of these, say the authorities I have named, are 
also in plaster work over the hall chimney very complete, and over Philipson's is this 
mottoo, FIDE NON FRAUDE."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">All these intelligent memorials of other days are now gone, save 
thoses of the Briggs' and of Philipson impaling Wyvill, which, as has been poetically 
observed in relation to similar adornments elsewhere, "yet remain to attest by their 
presence that the former owner had made the very light subservient to his state, and 
pressed the sun itself into his list of flatterers, bidding it, when it shone into his 
chamber, reflect the badges of his ancient family, and take new hues and colours from 
their pride."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the same window, underneath the emblazonry, is this 
inscription, likewise on painted glass:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>ROBART . PHILIPSON</Line>
<Line>AND . JENNET . LAIBOR</Line>
<Line>NE . HIS . WIFE . HE DIE</Line>
<Line>D . IN . ANNO . 1539 .</Line>
<Line>SHE . ZZ . DECE</Line>
<Line>MBAR . 1579.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The room over the kitchen has been nobly ornamented after the 
fashion of the day by cunning artists, and it still retains, in its dilapidated oak-work 
and richly adorned ceiling, choice, though rude, remnants of its ancient splendour. It has
a dark polished oak floor, and is wainscoted on three sides with the same tough wood; 
which, white and bleached with age, is elaborately carved in small and regular 
intersecting panels, inlaid with scroll work and tracery, and surmounted by an embattled 
cornice. In this wainscot two or three doors indicate the entrances to other rooms, whose 
approaches are walled up, the rooms themselves having been long since destroyed. The 
ceiling is flat, and formed into compartments by heavy intersecting moulded ribs, the 
intermediate spaces being covered with cumbrous ornamental work of the most grotesque 
figures and designs imaginable, amidst which flowers and fruits and other products of the 
earth, moulded in stucco, yet exist to tell how many times the fruitage and the leaves 
outside have come and gone, have ripened and decayed, whilst they endure unchanged.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">So late as 1789, when Clarke wrote his Survey of the Lakes, there 
was remaining over the fireplace, in what was then called the dining-room, two devices 
remarkably well carved in oak. One exhibited Samson asleep upon Delilah's lap, while the 
Philistines were cutting off his hair; the other was a representation of Jeptha, after his
rash vow, meeting his daughter. In the room then designated the parlour, there were also 
upon the ceiling several devices moulded in stucco, in which the figure of the wyverne, 
the crest of the ancient family of Wyvill, was frequently repeated. And even down to so 
recent a period as 1820 the walls of one of the rooms were covered with various paintings 
in fresco or distemper, of the Virgin and other saints.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But of all these perishing evidences that were so characteristic 
of the era of its youth and freshness, the only things indeed associated with the period 
of its former state which were left to tell of its interior decorations, how scanty are 
now the remains; most of what was existing within the last half century is gone, and the 
few abiding fragments, being liable to continued damage from the weather and want of care,
are likely soon to vanish also.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The fretted roof looks dark and cold</Line>
<Line>And tatter'd all around,</Line>
<Line>The carved work of ages old</Line>
<Line>Dropp'd wither'd on the ground.</Line>
<Line>The casement's antique tracery</Line>
<Line>Was eaten by the dew,</Line>
<Line>And the night-breeze whistling mournfully</Line>
<Line>Crept keen and coldly through.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.141
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">On musing the fate of this time-stricken memorial of a departed 
race, a peculiar melancholy takes possession of the heart, and it cannot but be regretted 
that it was not so repaired to prevent it falling into such decay. Had attention been 
bestowed on the preservation of its original figure and uniformity, it might, from the 
strength of its walls, have remained for ages to come an interesting monument of the 
domestic architecture formerly used in the construction of their mansion-houses by the 
gentry of note in Westmerland, and still be a place to attract the regard of the 
reflective antiquary, who, in beholding these vestiges of its fallen grandeur, will haply 
call to mind the following lines, as applicable to its present state:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Such were the rooms in which of yore</Line>
<Line>Our ancestors were wont to dwell,</Line>
<Line>And still of fashion known no more</Line>
<Line>These ling'ring relics tell.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The oaken wainscot richly graced</Line>
<Line>With gay festoons to mimic flowers,</Line>
<Line>The armorial bearings now defaced,</Line>
<Line>All speak of proud and long past hours.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The ceiling quaintly carved and groin'd</Line>
<Line>With pendent pediments reversed,</Line>
<Line>A bye-gone age recalls to mind</Line>
<Line>Whose glories song hath oft rehearsed.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Its hard fate, however, fell upon it in an age when the stately 
structures of our ancestors, that reminded posterity of the former importance and 
condition of things, were looked upon with ignorant contempt, and neglected as unworthy of
notice or preservation. Thus it has happened that our venerable edifices, noble relics of 
those middle ages when the picturesque architecture of England flourished in all the 
original harmony and strength of character of its most interesting phases, became 
progressively deteriorated, and eventually destroyed, through the ill-taste or want of 
care in those who ought to have taken an interest in preserving them; and thus, to use the
melodious expression of a gifted Bard,-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The house is gone,</Line>
<Line>And, through improvidence, or want of love</Line>
<Line>For ancient faith and honourable things,</Line>
<Line>The spear and shield are vanished, which the knight</Line>
<Line>Hung in his rustic hall.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It had many years ago a more desolate and drear appearance, and 
its melancholy aspect seemed heightened by the mysterious tradition of its human sculls. 
This famous legend was a tale full of the superstitious notions once so common in country 
places, and which, - everywhere strengthened by sights and sounds that confounded the 
limited intelligence of the rustics, to whom even a faint shadow frequently becomes a 
palpable ghost, and the mere pasing of a churchyard after nightfall, or the remembrance of
a nursery story, often filled the dark and lonesome void with spectral illusions, - 
probably gave rise to the report that the house was haunted.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Airy tongues that syllable men's names" were heard in every blast
that moaned along the mountain sides, or rustled through the woods. Strange shapes and 
fantasies, dim and shadowy objects which required no great effort of imagination to invest
with the outlines of form, were presented in the vapoury atmosphere of the lakes and 
vallies, affecting even the strongest minds as consequently the frightful visits and 
fearful deeds which the unquiet spirits of the place were said to have performed to 
terrify and distress the neighbourhood. Gradually have the tales of spirits and 
apparitions become less frequent and more vague, and fictions such as these have long 
since grown cold and powerless on the faith of even the simple out-dwellers in the 
country. Yet the story of the skulls, to whose reputed properties and mysterious movements
so much horrific infallibity was once attached, is a legend of the dark ages of ignorance,
too whimsical and improbable to deserve being recorded otherwise than as an instance of 
the never failing credulity of superstition.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wild as this localized tradition may appear, it was a popular tale
of immemorial standing, of which however there are other versions with a difference to be 
picked up, that the skulls belonged to an old man and his wife who, in times long ago, 
were unjustly put to death for an alleged crime. These ancient persons lived on their own 
small property adjoining the lands of the Philipsons, whose head coveted to number it 
among his extensive domains, and long endeavoured by every
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Family</Keyword> <Keyword>West, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Clarke, James</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Green, William</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.142
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">fair means to obtain the possession. The owners however not being 
willing to part with it, he determined in an evil hour to have it at any cost, and awful 
was the price he paid.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The old people, as the story runs, were in the habit of going 
every day to the hall to share in the viands that fell from the lord's table, for he was a
bountiful man to the poor, and it happened once when they went that a pie was given them 
into which had been put some articles of plate. After their return home the valuables were
missed, and their cottage being searched the things were found upon them. the result was 
as the author of the mischief had plotted, they were accused of theft, tried, and 
sentenced to be hanged, and their prosecutor got their inheritance. The story goes on to 
relate that on their way to execution, after denouncing in the words of the 109th Psalm 
the conduct of evil doers like Philipson, they pronounced a curse upon the owners of 
Calgarth, which the gossips of the neighbourhood say has ever since cast its blight upon 
the ownership of the estate, and that, notwithstanding whatever authentic records may 
prove to the contrary, the traditionary malediction has been regularly fulfilled down to 
the present time. After the death of his victims, Philipson was sadly tormented, for, as 
if to perpetuate the remembrance of such injustice, and as a momento to their innocence, 
their skulls came and took up a position in the window of one of the rooms, from whence 
they could not by any means be effectually removed; the common belief being that they were
for that end indestructible, and it was stoutly asserted that to what place soever they 
were taken, they invariably reappeared in their old station; they were buried, burnt, 
powdered, dispersed to the winds, and upon the lake several times, but all to no effect as
to their removal or destruction. In 1775, when Mr. West visited the Hall, they still 
remained in the place where they were said to have lain as long as could be remembered, 
and it was then thought an impeachment of the taste and curiosity of the inhabitants of 
the surrounding country, if they could not say they had seen the skulls of Calgarth. "Some
person, however," says Clarke, has lately carried one to London, and, as it has not found 
its way back again, I shall say nothing more on so very trivial a subject." "As far as can
be learned," adds another informant, "the story is simply this. In former times, when the 
Roman Catholic clergy were compelled to seek safety in retirement from the persecution of 
the Reformers, one of them retreated to Calgarth, where he occiupied one of the rooms as a
cell, and the skulls were brought to him thither as objects for reflective contemplation."
A different account, though still lame and unsatisfactory, has it that there formerly 
lived in the house one of those famous wise women, who, as may be collected from passing 
remarks in the early English chroniclers, were once among the lower class of our country 
people consulted as the general medical advisers, but who in too many instances professed 
to cure by the more questionable agency of those charms and spells of which the adjacent 
vale of Troutbeck yet vaunts its professors. This person had two skeletons by her for 
purposes connected with her profession, and the skulls, happening to meet with better 
preservation than the rest of the bones, they became in time accidentally invested with 
their singular reputation. Such is the essence of this goblin story, which Mr. Green in 
the "Tourist's New Guide," published in 1819, has totally dissipated by informing us that 
"time has proved more than a match for the invisible agent that sought to perpetuate these
monuments of wrong, that one of the skulls has turned to dust, and the other was fast 
mouldering away;" and now even that one has also
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>- gone with the old belief and dream</Line>
<Line>That round it hung.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The fame of these redoubtable relics is, however, as living as 
ever, for the respectable tenants of the house, who even in these days, when the spread of
knowledge had almost banished from the glens and recesses of the North the dreams of 
superstition, had not been able to shake off entirely the secret influence of the old 
credulity, maintained with a slight love of the marvellous, that though the skulls have 
disappeared they believe them, invisible indeed to mortal eyes, to
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.143
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">haunt their accustomed place in the window. While mentioning this 
fading remnant of an ancient mystery it may be added, that on conversing with a man who 
was working in the garden at the back of the house, he stated he had that morning, when 
trenching deeply into the ground, as if to verify this dismal tradition, turned up a 
quantity of human bones, and from the numbers he had dug up and reburied, he conceived 
there must have been a burial ground, or "some queer wark," on the site in former times.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A grave historian might have overlooked this bit of private family
history, but
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>When granite moulders and when records fail,</Line>
<Line>A peasant's plaint prolongs the dubious tale.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And thus the story of the skulls of Calgarth lives to this day.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It has been said by a recent critic that, "without directly 
abandoning the miraculous legends, which form so large a part of our early history, Dr. 
Lingard, in his work on the Anglo-Saxon Church, takes a low view of them, though he justly
ascribes many of these relations to the intensity of the belief of the people in 
providential interpositions." With the following quotation therefore, taken from that 
eminent historian, I will leave this part of my subject, on which it may probably be 
thought there has been already too much said.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Hence was generated a predisposition to invest every 
unexpected or wished-for event with a supernatural character - to see in it the evident 
hadiwork of the Almighty - a dream often would be taken for a vision, or a warning from 
Heaven - a conjecture afterwards verified by the event, be converted into a prophecy - an 
occurrence in conformity with the object of their prayer, be pronounced a special 
interposition of the Divine power, and narratives of distant surprising cures be admitted 
without inquiry, and on the mere testimony of the relators. It cannot be denied that this 
remark will apply to many of the facts recorded as miracles in our ancient writers - their
previous disposition of mind has led them into error. It was, however, an error of the 
head not the of the heart; one which might argue a want of science and discernment, but 
not of religion and piety."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>(to be continued.)</i>
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  <Keyword>Calgarth Hall, Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Strickland Family</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Cunswick Hall, Underbarrow and Bradleyfield</Keyword> <Keyword>Rawlinson 
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<Keyword>Furness Abbey Hotel, Barrow-in-Furness<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Continued from page</i> 143)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE history of this ancient hall is soon told. Like many other 
houses of its class throughout Westmerland, it was once the residence of a true-hearted 
race of cavaliers, who in those days of civil strife when in the hearts of the majority of
the nation "loyalty was a creed" were, like the Stricklands of Sizergh, the Laybournes of 
Cunswick, the Rawlinsons of Cark, the Prestons of the Abbey, the Kirkby's of Kirkby, the 
Flemings of Rydal, and most of the other families of ancient descent in the county, 
distinguished in all their branches for a proud faithfulness to the royal standard through
the baleful commotions of those evil times. Their cause, however, overthrown, ruin pressed
hard upon them, and the survivors suffered severely in their estates from the fines and 
sequestrations imposed by the predominant party, in revenge for their unsubdued loyalty, 
or, as the ruling powers were pleased to term it, "their former delinquencies," in 
consequence of which they had been declining ever since the period of those unhappy 
broils. their descendants in the male line are now extinct; and their cherished home, 
where their ancestors had lived, and been memorable for their hospitality, has, like them,
undergone ruinous changes also. "Its old hearths have grown cold," and passed into other 
hands; it alone remains a scathed and ivy-grown memorial of the direful ravages and harsh 
realities of intestine warfare.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The family to whom in the days of its early pride this old hall on
the sunny banks of Windermere belonged were of a race whose genealogy had been counted 
back for centuries. They owned not only it and extensive demesnes, which reached some 
miles along the shores of the lake from Low Wood to Rayrigg, consisting of beautiful woods
and rich pasture grounds, but also Crooke and Holling Halls, with much of the surrounding 
country. The local historians tell us it has a traditionary account in their almost 
forgotten story that they derived their descent from Philip a younger son of the ancient 
Northumbrian house of De Thirlwall, who settled in Westmerland in the reign of Henry the 
Fourth, and whose heir from his father took the name Philipson, it being about that period
that the termination "son," at the end of a Christian name, began to be first used, and 
hence arose their surname. More recent research through ancient archives has nenertheless 
ascertained that the family was settled in Westmerland at least so far back as the reign 
of Edward the Third; for, in an inquisition relative to the possessions of the chantry of 
St. Mary Holme, taken in 1355, the name of John Philipson is mentioned as the holder of 
certain lands belonging to that foundation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the course of time their alliances connected them with most of 
the chief families in the county; and, having become possessed of large estates, they 
fixed the principal places of their residence at Holling, and Crooke or Thwatterden Halls,
which latter abode in the time of Queen Elizabeth again became the seat of a younger 
branch of the house of Calgarth.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The learned historian whom I have before cited says:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The two branches long retained a considerable rank in the 
county of Westmerland. It was, however, long a matter of dispute which of the houses 
belonging to the Philipsons was the ancientest; some say the ancientest house was Holling 
Hall, about half-way between Kendal and Bowness, on the right of the road leading from the
latter place, near Strickland Ketel; others affirmed that Thwatterden, or Crooke Hall, not
very far from Holling Hall, but on the left-hand side of the same road nearer to Bowness, 
was the ancienter house of the two, though it was afterwards given to a younger brother."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Be this as it may, in Edward the Fourth's reign Rowland Philipson,
of Holling Hall, was the head of his race. His family consisted of two sons, Edmund and 
Robert, by his wife Katharine, the daughter of Richard Carus of Astwaite. Contiguous to 
the Philip-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[Philip]sons lay the lands of Thomas Laybourne of Cunswick Hall, a
descendant from that bold baron who for his uncompromising spirit is described with such 
raciness in the old Norman poem of the Siege of Caerlaverock as "a valiant man, without 
<i>but</i> and without <i>if</i>, sans mes et sans si."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the annals of the Philipsons it is recorded that an agreement, 
subsequently confirmed by a deed, bearing date A.D. 1480, was entered into between the 
principal men of these two families, to the effect that Edmund Philipson should marry 
Janet the daughter of the said Thomas Laybourne, and if Edmund should die before such 
event then that she should be given in marriage to his brother. As this union with Edmund 
does not appear to have taken place, he must have died before its celebration, whereupon 
Robert became her husband.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These are the persons to whom the inscription remaining in the 
hall window refers, and it is probable that on the occasion of their marriage the hall at 
Calgarth was built - though the existing enrichments of the interior may on various 
grounds be considered the productions of a later period, and the family then settled 
there, as in the early part of Henry the Eighth's reign they are styled "of Calgarth." 
Previous to the time of this last named sovereign, it was the practice of the monasteries 
and abbeys throughout England to have all considerable donations secured and confirmed to 
them, by every descent, from the first donor or benefactor; and hence it is accounted for 
that there are found in some of the chartularies and lieger books of the old religious 
houses the regular pedigrees of every family of any note or consequence up to the period 
of the dissolution of such institutions. From the records of the religious communities it 
was that the distinguished genealogist and herald, Sir William Dugdale subsequently laid 
the foundation of his great work on the Baronage of England.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When after the Reformation such monastic records were 
discontinued, it became the duty of the heralds to perambulate the several counties at 
certain intervals, when they received and examined the pedigrees of the several families, 
approved the genuine, rejected the spurious, and respited the doubtful for further 
consideration, blazoned the arms, and granted new bearings to new families, or new marks 
of distinction to different branches of the same family. The last visitation for these 
purposes, in Westmerland and Cumberland, was made in the years 1664 and 1665, by the 
accomplished herald I have named, who was the particular friend of that Mr. Machel whose 
genealogical collections towards a history of Westmerland were enriched in no small degree
by his intimacy and correspondence with Sir William.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Burn (who subsequently was extensively indebted to Mr. 
Machel's labours), for the information of individuals curious in the minute circumstances 
of the lives of those who long ago formed the important body of the ancient gentry of 
England, has in the pedigree given of the Philipsons preserved, among other particulars 
relating to them, the form by which in Queen Elizabeth's time the herald confirmed the 
arms of De Thirlwall to Rowland Philipson of Calgarth, and granted him a crest to the 
same; and in this age, when a critical study of heraldry, once stigmatised as "the science
of fools with long memories," though as has been justly said "it should rather be 
designated as a science which, if properly directed, would make fools wise," is reviving 
throughout England, it perhaps may have interest if here inserted.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"To all and singular, as well nobles, gentles, as others, to
whom these presents come, to be seen, heard, read, or understood, Robert Cooke esquire, 
Clarencieulx King of Arms of the East, West, and South parts of this realm of England, 
sendeth greetings. For as much as Rowland Philipson, alias, Therlwall, of Calgarth, in the
co. of Westmerland, and Miles Philipson, alias Therlwall, of Thwatterden Hall, in the co. 
aforesaid, brothers, sons to Christopher Therlwall of Thwatterden Hall aforesaid, which 
Rowland was descended of a younger brother forth of the house of Thirlwall, in the co. of 
Northumberland, which said Rowland, by reason of the Christian name of one of his 
ancestors was called Philip, the younger son of the said Philip was called Philipson, and 
so continueth the same surname, which Rowland their ancestor
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.251
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">was the bearer of these arms, which likewise to them by just
descent and prerogative are duly received, unto which no crest or cognizance is known 
properly to belong, as unto many ancient coats of arms there be none - have therefore 
required me, the said Clarencieulx King of Arms, to assign unto their ancient arms not 
only a crest, but such difference of the crests, as also a difference in the arms of Miles
Philipson, younger brother as aforesaid to Rowland, which mey be meet and lawful to be 
borne without prejudice or offence to any other person or persons. In consideration 
whereof, and at their instant request, I, the said Clarencieulx King of Arms, by virtue of
my office, and by the powers and authority to me committed by letters patent under the 
great seal of England, have assigned, given, and granted unto the said Rowland Philipson, 
alias Therlwall, his ancient arms, being, Gules, and a chevron between three boars' heads 
coupey, ermine, tusked d'or; and for his crest or cognizance, upon the helme five ostrich 
feathers, three argent, two gules, set in a crown mural d'or. And to Miles Philipson, 
alias Therlwall, younger brother to the said Rowland, the same coat of arms with a border 
gold, the crest to the same coat as the other crest, differing only in the feathers, - 
that is to say, three gules and two feathers argent, mantled gules, doubled or, lined 
whyte; which arms and crests or cognizances, and every part and parcel of theem, I the 
said Clarencieulx King of Arms do by these presents ratify, confirm, give, and grant unto 
the said Rowland Philipson and Miles his brother, gentlemen, and to their issue and 
posterity for ever, they and every one of them; the same to have, hold, use, bear, enjoy, 
and show forth, at all times and for ever hereafter at their liberty and pleasure, with 
the distinctions and differences due, according to the laudable custom and usage of 
bearing arms, without impediment, let, or interruption of any person or persons. In 
witness," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"18 May, 1581."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Besides their other large estates, the Philipson owned the rocky 
islet in Windermere, called Saint Mary's or the Ladyes Holme, hitherto reputed to have 
formed part of the conventual domains of the abbey at Furness, and to have had its name 
from a chantry or small chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, which was existing so late as
the reign of King Henry VIII. When at the Reformation all such minor institutions were 
swept away as superstituious, and the attendant priests driven forth, the building fell 
into so utter a state of ruin that no trace even of its foundations is left to procalim to
the stranger who meditates upon the fleeting change of times and creeds that here in 
former ages stood a hallowed fane, from whence at eventide and prime unceasingly, for more
than three centuries, "the hymn of intercession rose, and prayers were wafted through the 
dewy air," where now are only heard the festal sounds of life's more jocund hours. Lately 
renewed antiquarian investigation has however disclosed the erroneousness of the generally
received statement respecting early ownership of this tiny spot. In vol.xxxii fo. 23, of 
that celebrated collection of ancient evidences gathered by the untiring perseverance of 
the profound antiquary Roger Dodsworth, now in the Bodleian library, there is contained an
inquisition, or the copy of one, found at Kendal, so far back as the Monday after the 
Feast of the Annunciation, in the 28th year of King Edward III.; which explanatory 
document shews that this retreat amid the waters of our English Como appertained not to 
Furness Abbey, but to the house of Segden, in Scotland, which was bound always to provide 
two resident chaplains for the service of Our Ladyes Chapel in this island solitude. For 
the maintenance and support of these priests certain lands and tenements were given by the
founder, who most probably was that Ingelram de Guisnes, Lord of Coucy, in France, who, in
the thriteenth century, married Christain, the heiress of William de Lyndsey, and in her 
right became the feudal lord of that portion of the barony of Kendal called the Richmond 
Fee, within which lies Saint Mary's Holme.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Philipsons were lords also of the large island in the centre 
of the lake, opposite to Bowness; which, with its stately trees and splendid prospects, 
entrancing the eye with their exquisite loveliness, is such an earthly paradise. No fairer
scene in truth can be met with throughout the broad realm of England than this lovely and 
elegant retirement. In looking on it one feels it scarcely possible to suppose that the 
aspect of so much bright tranquillity could ever have been disturbed by the clangor of war
and sounds of deadly
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<Keyword>loyalty</Keyword> <Keyword>sundial</Keyword> <Keyword>Bellingham Chapel<Note>Holy
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.252
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<Paragraph rend="quote">strife - but so nevertheless it was; and the island is not more 
attractive by its beauty than for the memory of one of the most gallant actions performed 
by the Royalists in the troublous epoch of the civil war. The olden name of this sweet 
spot was Wynandermere Isle, afterwards changed to Lang Holme; the latter word signifying 
in the provincial dialect an island or plain by the waterside. In the middle the 
Philipsons had a plain country house of the old fashioned Westmerland kind, strongly 
secured and fortified, called Holme House; and , like the gallant Wyndhams of 
Somersetshire, whose uncompromising principle of loyalty it was "to stand by the Crown, 
though it should hang on but a bush," the owners of the island were not more distinguished
for their steady support of the King than for the resolute bravery and romantic spirit of 
heroism with which they fought and suffered in the royal cause. With them, as with a poet 
of the period -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Loyalty was still the same,</Line>
<Line>Whether it win or lose the game;</Line>
<Line>True as the dial to the sun,</Line>
<Line>Altho' it be not shone upon.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whoever has wandered into the Bellingham chapel, in the large and 
curious church at Kendal, a fabric, which from its component parts, though more so for the
plan than its details, seems almost out of the pale of ecclesiastical architecture (it 
having a nave and no less than four aisles, features in its construction so peculiar that 
there are but the churches of St. Michael's in Coventry and St. Mary Magdalen in Taunton, 
with one or two others, of similar arrangement in England, to be met with), will have seen
suspended high over an ancient altar-tomb a battered helmet, through whose crust of 
whitewash the rust of ages is plainly to be discerned. The learned in such display of 
warlike or heraldic insignia, after hearing the usual information which is there detailed,
are left pretty much after all to form their own opinions from their own observation and 
knowledge, whether this antique casque belonged to Sir Roger Bellingham, who was interred,
A.D. 157-, in the tomb beneath, and exalted as a token of the distinction he had received 
at the hand of his sovereign, in being made a knight banneret on the field of battle, - or
was obtained by the puissant burgesses of Kendal from one of the Philipsons, and elevated 
to its present position as a trophy of their valour. Nevertheless, whichever of these 
accounts may have truth for its foundation, the helmet in question is strangely enough 
called "The rebel's cap;" and its history forms the theme of the following bold and 
sacrilegious action, which, though "an old tale and often told," ought not to be refused a
place in these pages.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Philipsons, as before said, were staunch Royalists, and during
the wars between Charles I. and the Parliament there were two brothers of the family at 
Crooke Hall who had espoused the royal cause. Hudelston the elder, to whom the island 
belonged, held the rank of Colonel, and his brother Robert that of Major, in the King's 
army. The latter, who is still renowned in county tradition for many daring acts, was a 
man of high and adventurous courage; and, from his desperate exploits, had acquired among 
the Parliamentarians the significant but not very reputable cognomen of "Robin the Devil."
At that time there resided in Kendal a leading partisan of the Parliament, named Briggs, 
who was also an active officer in their army. He was a distant kinsman of the Philipsons, 
of whom notwithstanding he was a bitter enemy; and, having heard that Major Philipson was 
in his brother's house on the island, in charge of the valuable property of the family, he
invested the place, with the view of making prisoner so obnoxious a character. The Major, 
however, was too old a soldier to be caught for want of vigilance; he was on the alert, 
and, with his usual fearless hardihood, defended the isle, during a siege of ten days with
a courage worthy of his reputation, though subjected to severe privation; as Briggs, 
having seized all the boats upon the lake, had stopped the supplies. Colonel Philipson, 
who was at the siege of Carlisle, hearing of his brother's beleaguerment, hastened to the 
rescue, with a force which obliged the Parliamentarian to abandon his attempt; and since 
that time the echoes of this brightest of our English lakes, unroused by the angry sounds 
of warlike conflict, have slumbered in peace. The attack being thus repulsed, Major 
Philipson was not the
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.253
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<Paragraph rend="quote">man to remain quiet under the injury he had received. He quickly 
assumed the offensive, and having, as the song says,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>-- -- gathered a band</Line>
<Line>Of the best who would ride at his command,</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">the day after the siege was raised, rode to Kendal to make 
reprisals; passing the watch on duty at the outskirts, he was told that Colonel Briggs, it
being Sunday, was at prayers, whereupon, without a moment's hesitation, he proceeded to 
the church. Having stationed his men to guard the approaches, he rode directly forward 
into the building in search of Briggs, dashing down the principal aisle into the midst of 
the congregation. Whatever were his intentions, whather to shoot the Colonel on the spot, 
or merely to carry him off prisoner, they were defeated; his foe was not present. The 
people were at first too much surprised at the appearance of such a warlike appartition to
offer opposition, and in the confusion into which they were thrown the dauntless intruder,
discovering that his object could not be effected, was suffered to ride out of the church 
through another aisle. In making his exit his head struck violently against the arch of 
the doorway, which was much lower than that under which he had entered, when his helmet, 
unclasped by the blow, fell to the ground. Stooping to recover it, the saddle-girths gave 
way, or as some have said he was assaulted, the griths cut, and himself unhorsed. The 
congregation, recovering from their amazement, and taking advantage of his discomfiture, 
hastened to seize him; but his followers, rushing in to his assistance, drove back the 
assailants, and rescued him by their vigorous charge. In the mel&#x00E9;e the major killed
the man who had seized him, threw the saddle upon his horse, and, ungirthed as it was, 
vaulted into the seat. His men closed around, and riding full speed through the streets, 
by an early hour in the afternoon made good his retreat to the strong-hold on the lake. 
The captured helm was afterwards hung aloft as a momento of the action, and to this 
incident the world is indebted for the following poetical description in "Rokeby" of a 
similar scene:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>All eyes upon the gateway hung,</Line>
<Line>When through the gothic arch there sprung</Line>
<Line>A horseman armed, at headlong speed.</Line>
<Line>Sable his cloak, his plume, his steed;</Line>
<Line>Fire from the flinty floor was spurn'd,</Line>
<Line>The vaults unwonted clang return'd!</Line>
<Line>One instant's glance around he threw,</Line>
<Line>From saddle bow his pistol drew,</Line>
<Line>Grimly determined was his look,</Line>
<Line>His charger with his spurs he struck.</Line>
<Line>All scattered backward as he came,</Line>
<Line>For all knew Bertram Risingham.</Line>
<Line>Three bounds that noble courser gave,</Line>
<Line>The first had reach'd the central nave,</Line>
<Line>The second clear'd the chancel wide,</Line>
<Line>The third he was at Wycliffe's side.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>While yet the smoke the deed conceals,</Line>
<Line>Bertram his ready charger wheels,</Line>
<Line>But floundered on the pavement floor</Line>
<Line>The steed, and down his rider bore,</Line>
<Line>And bursting in the headlong sway,</Line>
<Line>The faithless saddle-girths gave way.</Line>
<Line>'Twas while he toil'd him to be freed,</Line>
<Line>And with the rein to raise the steed,</Line>
<Line>That from amazement's iron trance</Line>
<Line>All Wycliffe's soldiers waked at once.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This exploit of the Major's was long held in general rememberance 
by the country round, and the fame of its excessive temerity preseved in a ballad of the 
times, entitled "Dick and the Devil," which is exceedingly rare
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<Keyword>Charles II</Keyword> <Keyword>Furness</Keyword> <Keyword>Philipson, 
Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Irish Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>Cartmel Priory, 
Cartmel</Keyword> <Keyword>Vicentii Lirinensis Haeres</Keyword> <Keyword>Philipson, 
Christopher</Keyword>  <Keyword>Calgarth Hall, Windermere</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.254
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and difficult to be met with. Having in vain made inquiries after 
a copy, in order to introduce it here, I am obliged to signify my despair at finding one.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Contests such as these continued incessantly to harass the 
country, until Cromwell was declared Protector, during whose domination Briggs rules in 
the ascendancy; but on the accession of Charles II. he was obliged to fly, and for a long 
period hide in what at that time was a rugged and secluded region - the wilds of Furness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As for Robin (who has also, though unjustly, been calumniated of 
having murdered the persons to whom the skulls belonged, as before related in p.141, and 
of whom it is said many other desperate adventures are related, but of which I have not 
been able to collect any particulars,) after the final defeat at Worcester had, by 
depressing the hopes of the Royalists for the time, in some degree restored a sort of 
subdued quiet to the kingdom, finding a pacific life irksome to his restless spirit, he 
passed over into the sister country, and there fell in some nameless recontre in the Irish
wars, sealing by a warrior's fate a course of long-tried and devoted loyalty - in life and
death affording a memorable illustration of the fine sentiment embodied in this touching 
quotation,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Master lead on, and I will follow thee</Line>
<Line>To the last gasp, with truth and loyalty.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Two hundred years have rolled their course since the generation 
that saw these events has vanished from the earth, and every tangible memorial of the hero
of the island has been thought to have perished with him. Nevertheless, time has spared 
one fragile though little noticed relic, for in the library of that large and most 
interesting structure, the parish church of Cartmel, whose age-stricken walls, so rich in 
examples of all the styles of Gothic architecture, rise but a few miles from the foot of 
the lake, in the centre of a vale of much monastic character of beauty, there is retained 
upon the shelves a small volume in Latin entitled "Vicentii Lirinensis Haeres. Oxoniae, 
1631;" one of the blank leaves in the beginning of which contains this inscription in MS. 
the signature to which has been torn off:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"For Mr. Robert Philipson:</Line>
<Line>Inveniam, spero, quam vos peregrinus, amicos</Line>
<Line>Mite, peto tecum, communis hospitium."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is pleasing to reflect on this enduring testimony of regard for
one whose portrait, as painted on the canvas of history, has hitherto only been looked 
upon as that of a bold unnurtured ruffler in an age of strife. Seen under the effect of 
this touch by the hand of friendship, a gentler grace illumes the aspect of one whose 
unswerving principles and firm temper well fitted him to encounter the troubles and 
disasters of a direful epoch, and whose actions, as long as the island itself shall 
endure, will cast the enthralling interest of romantic association upon a scene so 
captivating by its natural loveliness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">That the individual to whom the inscription is addressed was our 
Robin of satanic notoriety, there cannot reasonably be a doubt, as the pedigree of the 
Crooke Hall Philipsons does not recognise any member of the family of that name living 
between the date of the publication of the book and the death of their last male heir. 
Neither is the genealogical tree of the Calgarth family enriched with the name after 1631,
so to the dashing cavalier of my story must the inscription alone have been directed; the 
evidence afforded by its affectionate style furnishing another illustration of the saying 
that "the devil is not always as black as he is painted."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Noted as all the Philipsons were for their unwavering loyalty, 
there is yet one among them who exhibits a title to estimation for the possession of 
acquirements suited to less harassing times. This was Christopher Philipson of the house 
of Calgarth, who amid the struggle of parties seems to have been devoted to the 
cultivation of letters. In the pleasures derived from study and the enlargement of his 
understanding, he would feel a continual source of calm and high-toned
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  <Keyword>Philipson, Christopher</Keyword> <Keyword>Calgarth Hall, Windermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Civil War</Keyword> <Keyword>Preston, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Holker Hall, 
Lower Holker</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles I</Keyword> <Keyword>Clerke</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Balthasaris Castilionis Comitis de Curiali sive antico</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mason</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Ambleside</Keyword> <Keyword>Ambleside</Keyword>
<Keyword>Shakespeare, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Sleidani Opuscula</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bilson</Keyword> <Keyword>True Difference between Subjection and un-Christian 
Rebellion</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Britannia</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Crackenthorpe</Keyword> <Keyword>Defensio Ecclesiae Angli</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Morton</Keyword> <Keyword>Mass, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Fox</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Actes and Monumentes</Keyword> <Keyword>Patton, Mary</Keyword> <Keyword>Crook 
Hall, Crook</Keyword> <Keyword>Philipon, Frances</Keyword> <Keyword>Pigeon, 
Major</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles II</Keyword> <Keyword>Braithwaite</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.255
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">enjoyment; and, when the turmoil of political discord then raging 
called for more energetic exertions, it may be inferred he was found strengthened by a 
religiously regulated frame of mind, and that dignity of soul which rareley deserts the 
mentally adorned in seasons of difficulty, to endure the rough and painful doings of the 
period better than lighter characters and less thoughtful intellects. Deeply read in 
classical and theological lore, a similarity of tastes rendered him the intimate friend of
Thomas Preston of Holkar Hall, a gentleman of ancient descent, and another of those ripe 
scholars of the seventeenth century whose congeniality of opinion on the momentous 
questions which then shook the land caused him also to share in the attachment and 
sufferings for the royal cause. That such were Philipson's cherished pursuits, and such 
the friendship which subsisted between these loyal men, has lately been pleasingly 
manifested by an examination of the library at Cartmel, where amid its treasury of ancient
wisdom, which were chiefly presented by Mr. Preston, the books hereafter ennumerated are 
remaining. Most of these seem to have been tokens of the interchange of literary amity, 
and all but one have the name and signature of their learned donor, with some manuscript 
notes, and dates in his handwriting, or in that of his friend. There is, however, one 
among them which demands a more than ordinary portion of regard, from its having belonged 
to Charles I. when Prince of Wales, an assumption which the royal arms as borne by that 
Sovereign and his father James I. stamped in gilt characters on the back, renders not 
improbable, though the initials letters C.P. on the sides of the royal achievement may be 
held to signify Christopher Philipson, rather than Charles "Prince."
</Paragraph>


<Term>
<Keyword>51.</Keyword>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Latin. Clerke's translation of Balthasaris Castilionis Comitis de 
Curiali sive antico. 1571. Londini. (In one of the fly-leaves of this little vol. is the 
following MS. note, apparently in Mr. Preston's hand-writing:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Mr. Mason's booke, schoolm<sup>r</sup> of Ambleside, 
w<sup>ch</sup>, w<sup>th</sup> divers other small books, I borr<sup>d</sup> of him, and 
instead of them hee had my Shakesp. comedies and y<sup>e</sup> rest of his workes in a 
large folio vol. lent him by Mr. Philips of Calgarth, of much greater value than all 
his.")
</Paragraph>
</Term>


<Term>
<Keyword>58.</Keyword>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Latin. Sleidani Opuscula. 1608. Hanoviae. - MS. "Ex dono 
Ch<sup>r</sup> Philips armiger."
</Paragraph>
</Term>


<Term>
<Keyword>70.</Keyword>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Bilson on the true Difference between Subjection and un-Christian 
Rebellion. 1586. London. - MS. "Non est mortale quod opto. Ch<sup>r</sup> Philipson 
possidet. Tho. Preston, ex dono Christo. P. Chr. Philipson Possidet."
</Paragraph>
</Term>


<Term>
<Keyword>157.</Keyword>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Latin. Camden's Britannia. 1590. Francofurti. - MS. "Ex dono 
Ch<sup>r</sup> Ph. Non est mortale quod opto. Ch<sup>r</sup> Philipson possidet."
</Paragraph>
</Term>


<Term>
<Keyword>189.</Keyword>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Latin. Crackenthorpe's Defensio Ecclesiae Angli. 1625. Londini. - 
MS. "Ex dono Christophori Philipsoni, armigeri, ad Bibliotheca Cartmeliensis, Anno Dnj. 
1648. Thomas Strickland his booke."
</Paragraph>
</Term>


<Term>
<Keyword>205.</Keyword>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Morton on the Mass. 1631. London. - MS. "Mors Christi vita mihi. 
Ch<sup>r</sup> Philipson."
</Paragraph>
</Term>


<Term>
<Keyword>292.</Keyword>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fox's Actes and Monumentes. 1610. London. Ch<sup>r</sup> 
Philipson, 1618." (On the sides and back are the royal arms, stamped and gilt, with the 
initial letters C. P.)
</Paragraph>
</Term>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the latter end of the seventeenth century John Philipson was 
lord of Calgarth. In 1688 he married Mary, youngest daughter of Sir Robert Patton, of the 
city of London, knight, by whom he had four daughters, who, as co-heiresses, sold the hall
and remnants of the estates, and they have since fallen through the hands of several 
intermediate possessors into the ownership of the present proprietor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1705 Sir Christopher Philipson, the last male-heir of the 
family of Crooke Hall, died, leaving a daughter and heiress named Frances (according to 
Dr. Burn, in page 155 of his History of Westmerland, though, in page 141, he mentions 
Elizabeth and Clara, two other daughters, as selling their joint estate to Major Pigeon, a
natural son of Charles II.), who, in 1714, sold the heritage of her ancestors to various 
purchasers, and disposed of the island to a Mr. Braithwaite. After its possession by 
several subsequent owners, it was, in 1775, sold to a progenitor of the present inheritor,
who changed its ancient name to that of Christian's Isle, afterwards altered to Belle Isle
by which it is now known. Subsequently the ground, which, from a
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.256
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">description left by a writer in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1748,
appeared "one of the loveliest and most sacred seats of simplicity, almost covered with 
noble trees, amidst which was the ancient mansion of the Philipsons," was, from the 
designs of a celebrated landscape gardener, laid out in its present style of park-like 
elegance; and the old fortified house of its early lords was made to give way to an 
edifice whose classic appearance has occasioned its being, with more harmony of 
versification than architectural descrimination, poetically noticed as -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>A Grecian temple rising from the deep,</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">erected from the designs of the late eminent architect, Sir 
William Chambers. On sinking the foundations of this handsome building, many pieces of 
armour, weapons, and cannon-balls, indubitable memorials of the days of its hero Robin, 
were found embedded in the soil; and other curiosities, reminiscences of that more distant
aera when Roman domination governed England, testifying the former existence on this 
insular paradise of a structure of that powerful people, were likewise disinterred from 
their long repose of ages.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Like most of the other neighbouring families of ancient lineage 
and local prominence, the Philipsons are gone also. Their race has died out, and been 
forgotten in the very place which they once occupied with all the authority of feudal 
lords. Their mouldered dust lies beneath the pavement in Windermere church, and their 
homes, for the most part but grey and naked ruins, know them no more. Perishing, however, 
as these fabrics are, thay have outlived the power of their early possessors; and, though 
mute and motionless in their desolation, they yet stand to proclaim the instability of all
earthly greatness. Now, save this shattered remnant of their antique hall, the monument 
which covers their last resting-place beside the altar in the neighbouring church, some 
scanty records of their genealogy gathered by the local historians, the literary relics in
Cartmel church, and the vanishing traditions floating about the vicinage or preserved in a
contemporary ballad - all vestiges have disappeared of a family who for ages exercised an 
important influence over the surrounding country.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">H.C.M.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.450
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>placename</Keyword>  <Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Placenames, Westmorland</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">M. C. requests us to mention the authority on which one of our 
northern counties is written West<i>mer</i>land. In answer, we beg to say that the county 
derives the etymology of its name decidedly from its being the "land of the western 
<i>meres</i>," - not the moors, as the modern mode of writing it seems to have suggested. 
In no old authority, either written or printed, will the name be found spelled otherwise 
than West<i>mer</i>land.
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<Keyword>weather</Keyword> <Keyword>Windermere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>Melrose 
Chronicle</Keyword> <Keyword>Eldred</Keyword> <Keyword>Elf</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Edwin</Keyword> <Keyword>Elfwald</Keyword> <Keyword>gravestone</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ullock, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>soldier</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of 
Dettingen</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Fontenay</Keyword> <Keyword>Wynandermere 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.585
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St Martin's Church, Bowness-on-Windermere</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">WINDERMERE, OR BOWNESS, CHURCH, WESTMERLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IT was one of those variable days so characteristic of the early 
spring, that, in furtherance of my object of collecting information respecting the old 
family of the Philipsons who in feudal state formerly owned the adjoining hall of 
Calgarth, I made an excursion to the parish church of Windermere, to examine the monument 
it was understood to contain, commemorative of an individual of that extinct house. The 
weather was bitingly cold, with frequent showers of snow and hail, which for moments 
totally obscured the face of the country. The gale whitened the dark waters of the lake, 
and caused their tiny billows to lash the sounding shores with the mimic fury of an ocean 
tempest; yet, immediately succeeding these violent gusts, the vernal sun shining in the 
blue heavens, would again light up the wide-spreading landscape with a brilliancy the more
remarkable by its contrast to the gloom of the hurricane, which soon had swept afar. Much 
and often as I had admired the scenery of the justly-celebrated lake, which has become 
almost a proverb for its attractions, I never beheld its glorious expanse to greater 
perfection than from the road which, branching from the highway to Kendal, leads along an 
undulating elevation to Bowness; and never did the appearance of its upper reach so 
strongly impress me with its resemblance to the luxuriant glory of those Italian lakes, 
which have been so exquisitely rendered by the pencil of that glowing transcriber of 
nature - our English Stanfield.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The church of Windermere, a venerable and spacious erection, 
dedicated to St. Martin, is in the centre of the small and somewhat foreign-looking 
village of Bowness. It is the only relic remaining of our forefathers in this pleasing 
spot, though Bowness can lay claim to a considerable antiquity, it having been known as a 
town or village in Saxon times; and in the Melrose Chronicle it is mentioned as the place 
where, in 791, Eldred, a thane of that race, slew Elf and Edwin, the sons of Elfwald. Seen
from the lake, in the brightness of summer's eventide, its sunlit tower, rising among 
trees, Gothic gables, and the campaniles of tasteful buildings,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Like one that seeketh, through the years gone by,</Line>
<Line>For some lost hope that was surpassing fair,"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">has a beautiful and picturesque effect. It stands almost on the 
margin of the water, on the edge of what was once the village green, and within a burial 
ground, whose verdant sward is nearly surrounded by the sombre foliage of a number of 
flourishing yew trees, under whose shade the sumptuous tombs, which human pride has 
erected over its kindred dust, are glaringly contrasted with the numerous grassy hillocks 
that mark the resting places of the simple forefathers of this pretty hamlet. Few of those
lowly graves are distinguished by head-stones or other sepulchral memorials, yet on one 
that is to be met with, the following inscription, calculated from the quaintness of its 
conclusion to attract attention, is perhaps worth transcribing:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>In memory of</Line>
<Line>Thomas Ullock,</Line>
<Line>who died 19 October, 1791,</Line>
<Line>aged 71 years.</Line>
<Line>Poor Tom! came here to lie</Line>
<Line>from battles of</Line>
<Line>Dettingen and Fontenay</Line>
<Line>in 1743 and 1745.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of the date when the church was founded there are not, it is 
supposed, any records in existence that speak with certainty. In ages long ago, the 
parish, like that of Grasmere, was a chapelry only, within the parish of Kendal; but 
through the length of time, and little or no communication with the mother church, by 
reason of the distance, it acquired the reputation of a distinct parochial division. It is
nevertheless stated that in token of subjection to the mother church, the rector of 
Windermere pays to this day an annual pension of 13<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> to the vicar of 
Kendal. At the appropriation of the church of Kendal to the abbey of St. Mary, in York, by
Ivo de Tailbois, first baron of Kendal after the Conquest, the patronage of Wynandermere 
chapel, as it was called, was excepted. In Edward the Third's time the patronage was in 
Ingelram de
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Joan de</Keyword> <Keyword>Herbert, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Jenkins, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Fleming, William, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, Richard, Sir</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.586
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Guisnes and his wife Christian, who were grantees of the Crown, 
but subject to a pension of 33<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> payable to the said abbey. It appears 
to have become subsequently vested in Joan de Coupland, as by an inquisition taken in 49 
Edw. II. after her death, it was found that she held by grant of the king during her life 
the advowson of Wynandermere, then valued at 100<i>s.</i> The patronage afterwards 
reverted to and continued in the Crown till the seventh year of Queen Elizabeth, when it 
was granted to William Herbert and John Jenkins, to hold of the queen in free socage by 
fealty as of the manor of East Greenwich. After several mesne conveyances it was in the 
last century purchased by Sir William Fleming, of Rydal, bart. who devised it to his four 
daughters, from who it has descended to the Rev. Sir Richard Fleming, of Grasmere, 
baronet.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The church consist of an embattled square tower, carrying a peal 
of three bells, into which a low recessed arched doorway, not now used, gives access to 
the western front. A vestry, of modern addition, at the west end of the north aisle, whose
original integrity of form it totally mars. A nave, with north and south aisles. A porch, 
at the south side, through which is the principal entrance into the church. A narrow 
arched door is near the east end of the same aisle, and a door of like design near the 
west end of the north aisle. The south aisle is lighted on the flank wall by four square 
stone-mullioned windows of four round-headed lights each, while the windows in the wall of
the north aisle are five in number with three lights only. At the west end of the south 
aisle and east end of both aisles there are larger windows of similar form of four lights 
each, in some of which a few remnants of ancient coloured glass are observable. Besides 
these windows additional light is admitted from six clerestory windows on each side of 
three lights each; but that which contributes most to illuminate the interior is the large
semicircular-headed east window, which is of great size, of the latest and most debased 
Perpendicular, and divided by plain stone mullions into seven lights.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On entering I found myself within a large structure devoid of any 
particular architectural distinction, but interesting from its antiquated and hallowed 
character. The arches dividing the nave from the aisles are pointed and square-edged, and 
spring from square multangular piers that are without imposts or mouldings. So much 
however are they enveloped with the defilement of plaster and whitewash, that their 
original form or ornamental details, if of the latter they ever had any, cannot be 
defined.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Like many of the old churches and chapels in this part of the 
country, it has once, in obedience to the directions of the eighty-second canon, been 
profusely embellished with texts of Scripture painted on the walls, and towards the west 
end of the flank wall of the north aisle sentences from Colossians, c.iii. v.5, and James,
c.iv. v.7,8, are still legible. The date of these admonitory texts, which are all that 
have escaped the hands of the whitewasher, are about Edward VI. or Elizabeth's reign. They
are rubricated, and each is enclosed within an ornamental scroll or border crowned with 
the winged heads "of rudely painted Cherubim." Formerly the spaces between the windows in 
both aisles were covered with similar chosen quotations, or, as an eminent poet has called
them,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Scrolls that teach thee to live and die,"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">but through want of care some were obiterated, while others were 
broken to make room for modern monumental tablets. Close to the door, near the east end of
the south aisle, there had been on the wall an ancient painting, either on parchment or 
leather, my informant could not recollect which. That not long since was also removed and 
carelessly thrown by in the vestry, in order to afford space for other displays of mundane
ostentation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The disfigurement of pews and seats of all shapes and sizes are 
also to be seen; and a gallery has been introduced into this part of the church. A mean 
wooden altar-piece, painted light blue, on which the Lord's Prayer, Creed, and 
Commandments are inscribed, occupies the space underneath the great window, and hides the 
lower portion of it from observation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The roof, which is open to the framing, is of oak, black through 
age, and
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.587
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<Paragraph rend="quote">covered on the outside with lead. Some years since it narrowly 
escaped being altogether concealed from view; as a wealthy individual, desirous to render 
the church snugger, and more in accordance with modern ideas of comfort, proposed to shut 
out this dark-looking roof, by putting up a smooth lathe-and-plaster ceiling at his own 
expense. The tasteless attempt however was fortunately frustrated by the zealous care of 
one of the churchwardens, to whom the antique appearance and keeping of the sacred edifice
was an object of reverential regard.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the church is kept, it cannot be said preserved, chained to a 
seat underneath the reading-pew, a copy of Erasmus's "Paraphrase on the New Testament," 
which Cranmer caused to be introduced into all the parish churches in England, and which 
book was one of the first of those successive publications by whose aid he restored and 
built up the Reformed faith of his country. There is also a copy of Jewels' "Defence of 
the Apologie of the Church of England," which in Queen Elizabeth's reign was likewise 
ordered to be similary placed. These books are in bad condition, as some of the leaves 
have been loosened, the title pages of both partly torn out, and deprived of their clasps 
and bindings; they are tossed together upon a seat, as things altogether disregarded and 
abandoned to the pleasure of every spoiler. Through similar want of care the Coverdale 
Bible, printed in 1535, a copy of which was in Henry the Eighth's reign, A.D. 1538, 
enjoined by Cromwell, the King's Vicar-general, to be deposited in the choir or chancel of
all the Reformed churches in England, for every one to read at his leisure, has been 
removed and lost.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The chest for alms, which at one time was so general an article of
church furniture, fixed on a stone or pillar in some convenient situation at the west end 
of the nave, near the entrance, is now likewise thrown by in the vestry.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Pity it is, that those to whom the church and its appendages are 
by the law yearly entrusted should so little appreciate these old and faithful 
remembrances of the pious anxiety of the Fathers of our Reformation, that -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The book of life, and the principles which guided them in 
reforming the church, should be largely and publicly distributed, for the use and 
enlightenment of the people in times of great ignorance of true religious information, in 
order that those who, by reason of their poverty or other causes, were not able to 
purchase such books themselves, should have the Word of God, made free of access to them 
in their own mother tongue."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Time was, after the first placing of such books in churches, that 
multitudes, "long thirsty for the Word, rushed to the waters of life and drank freely;" 
and what a sight, full of the deepest interest and reflection, it must have been to see 
those hallowed structures - our parish churches - which in the elder days were always kept
open, crowded with the laity, to whom the Bible had hitherto been as a sealed volume, 
flocking in - not alone at the stated hours of public prayers, but at other times, to read
or hear read, by some one of themselves more literate than his fellows, that divine word 
which maketh wise unto salvation. How sublime a subject for the utmost reach of the 
artist's creative skill.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The pride of our church is, or rather was, the gorgeous east 
window, which yet retains abundant though sorely mutilated remains of the stained glass 
with which it was superbly filled. It is said that this interesting specimen of ancient 
decoration formerly belonged to the abbey of Saint Mary in Furness, and that after the 
destruction of that celebrated institution in A.D. 1537 it was purchased by the 
parishioners of Windermere, and removed hither. In 1775, when Mr West wrote, this noble 
window was much more perfect, as the following description, taken from his "Antiquities of
Furness," will testify:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The east window of the church of Furness Abbey has been 
noble; some of the painted glass that once adorned it is preserved in a window in 
Windermere church. The window in that church consists of seven compartments, or 
partitions. In the third, fourth, and fifth are depicted in full proportion the 
Crucifixion, with the Virgin Mary on the right, and the beloved disciple St. John the 
Evangelist on the left side of the cross. Angels are expressed receiving the sacred blood 
from the five precious wounds. Below the cross are a group of monks in the proper habits, 
with the abbot in a vestment. Their names are written on labels issuing from their mouths.
The abbot's name is defaced, which would have given a date to the
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<Title>Gents Mag 1849 part 2 p.588</Title>
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<Date>1849</Date>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1840s</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>St Martin, Bowness-on-Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Bowness-on-Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>stained glass</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms, 
royal</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancaster Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Urswick Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Harrington 
Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Millum Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkley Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Preston Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Middleton Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Annales 
Furnesienses</Keyword> <Keyword>Hartley, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Housen, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>monk</Keyword> <Keyword>Carrier's Arms, The</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Undewnilbeck<Note>Undermillbeck</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Undermillbeck, 
Crook</Keyword> <Keyword>Cartmel Priory, Cartmel</Keyword> <Keyword>Troutbeck Bridge, 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Beck, Thomas Alcock</Keyword> <Keyword>St Michael, 
Hawkshead</Keyword>  <Keyword>church, Hawkshead</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.588
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">whole. In the second partition are the figures of St. George and 
the Dragon. In the sixth is represented St. Catharine with the emblems of her martyrdom, 
the sword and the wheel. In the seventh are two figues of the mitred abbots, and 
underneath them two monks dressed in vestments. In the middle compartment, above, are 
finely painted, quarterly, the arms of France and England, bound with garter and its 
motto, probably done in the reign of King Edward III. The rest of the window is filled up 
by pieces of tracery, with some figures in coats armorial, and the arms of several 
benefactors to the abbey, amongst whom are Lancaster, Urswick, Fleming, Harrington, 
Millum, Kirkley, Preston, and Middleton."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such, until very lately, has been the generally received history 
of this lauded window. Its authenticity has, however, in some measure been recently called
in question by the author of the highly erudite and interesting work on the history and 
antiquities of Furness Abbey, entitled "Annales Furnesienses,"&#x002A; wherein, after 
describing the dimensions of the east window of the abbey church to have been 23 feet 6 
inches in breadth, and 47 feet in height, proportions infinitely more imposing than those 
of the window in Windermere church, he questions the authority Mr. West may have had for 
his assertion that the stained glass was obtained from the abbey. "That part of it," says 
the author I quote, "may once have filled some of the windows is probable; but it is 
equally certain that other portions have been procured from Cartmel Priory, as the name of
a prior and sub-prior, and the arms of that house, are yet discernible therein."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When first set up in Windermere church, it must have been a 
splendid fenestral embellishment, full of the finest effects, and worthy of either of the 
noble edifices from which it was removed, as several of the figures are as large as life, 
the colours very fine, and the drawing of the hands, feet, heads, and remaining parts very
perfect. Since that time it has met with much rude treatment; the names of the monks, 
except those of William Hartley and Thomas Housen, are all effaced, and even so lately as 
the past year portiosn have been dashed in. Were it not, therefore, for the help afforded 
by the above description, but little of its former elegant composition and resplendent 
colouring could now be made out against the confused wreck of its magnificence, so 
strangely jumbled in chaotic assemblage with square and lozenge panes of plain uncoloured 
glass, and if the work of spoilation is permitted to continue without endeavour to prevent
repetitions of such desecration, in a short time the account above cited will be all that 
will be left to shew that such a characteristic record of the pious feelings of bygone 
ages ever existed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In one of the windows in the north aisle are some significant 
devices - armorial they can scarcely be called - in painted glass, usually known as "the 
Carriers' Arms." They may be described as a rope and five packing-needles or, with a 
wantey hook gules, on a pane of uncoloured glass, such being the implements and materials 
used by carriers to fasten their packing sheets together. Near these industrial emblems, 
in the same window, but upon another pane, are representations of other instruments 
likewise used in the same business; and as the tradition current in the parish respecting 
this piece of emblazonry has reference to an incident in the history of the church, I am 
tempted to record it. When the church required to be rebuilt, together with the chapels of
St. Mary Holme, Troutbeck, and Applethwaite, which had all been destroyed or rendered 
unfit fot divine worship, the parish was so extremely poor that the parishioners 
determined that one church should serve the whole. The next question was, where should it 
stand? The inhabitants of Undewnilbeck (sic) were for having it at Bowness, while others 
contended that as Troutbeck Bridge was about the centre of the parish it should be built 
there. Meetings were in consequence held, and many discussions arose; at last a carrier 
proposed that
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The author of this work was Thomas Alcock Beck, esq. He 
died in 1846, and is thus commemorated in a mural mounument in Hawkshead church, 
Lancashire:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Thomas Alcock Beck de Esthwaite Lodge in hac parochia, Arm.
juxta borealem cemterii angulum tumulitus jacet, Qui Antiquitatum Indagator si quis aliius
felicissimum Annales Furnesienses summa elegantia composuit. In ipso literarum cursu adhuc
occupatus decessit XXIV. die Aprilis, an. Dom. MDCCCXLVI. aetat LI." - EDIT.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Bellman</Keyword> <Keyword>carrier</Keyword> <Keyword>horse bell</Keyword> 
<Keyword>packhorse</Keyword> <Keyword>Philipson, Christopher</Keyword> 
<Keyword>hatchment</Keyword> <Keyword>Watson, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Llandaff, Bishop 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.589
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">whoever would make the largest donation towards the building 
should choose the site. An offer so reasonable could hardly be refused, and many gifts 
were accordingly named. The carrier, who had amassed wealth by his business, heard them 
all, and then declared he would cover the cover the church with lead. This offer, which 
the rest were either unable or unwilling to outdo, at once decided the affair. The carrier
therefore chose the old site, and his arms, or more properly some of the instruments of 
his trade, were, in accordance with the ancient custom of thus perpetuating the 
remembrance of benefactors, painted on one of the windows of the north aisle. Tradition 
adds that this man obtained the name of Bellman, from the circumstance of his having been 
the first to introduce the bells worn by the fore horse of a gang of pack horses; and the 
singularity of the church being covered with lead when all the others in the neighbourhood
are covered with slate gives probability to the story.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Font, which is of pale red sandstone, is of an octagonal form,
and on some sides of the bowl or head small and rudely sculptured faces may be traced. On 
occasion of putting up additional pews against the west end of the nave, it was found 
partly built into the wall, and encrusted with plaster. Having been cleansed and purified 
of its disguise, and placed on a new shaft of lighter coloured stone, raised on steps of a
corresponding form, it has lately been removed to the position it now occupies near the 
principal entrance.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is also to be noticed at the east end, on the soffit of the 
second arch of the south aisle, within a coloured and rudely ornamented label, the 
following inscription in black letters, which is partly effaced by the whitewash brush:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>[ ]</Line>
<Line>[ ] est ille dies renovari</Line>
<Line>celebrior anno</Line>
<Line>[ ]em facit, et proprio</Line>
<Line>[ ]gnat amore deus</Line>
<Line>[ ]boni stigiis quae</Line>
<Line>coniurata tenebris</Line>
<Line>[]unc mala divina</Line>
<Line>fabula facta manu</Line>
<Line>Anglia mole suae mox</Line>
<Line>aspicienda ruinae</Line>
<Line>[ ]ut aetherea</Line>
<Line>libera mansit ope.</Line>
<Line><i>Exultat Anglia.</i></Line>
<Line>Faucibus eripior Fauxis</Line>
<Line>quasi carcere mortis,</Line>
<Line>Gloria in excelsis</Line>
<Line>hinc mea tecta salus.</Line>
<Line>Christoferus Philipson</Line>
<Line>Junior Generosus, 1629.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The walls, especially in the chancel, are thronged with many neat 
and handsome marble tablets commemorative of individuals connected by birth or property 
with the surrounding country - over two or three of which the funeral hatchments of the 
deceased are suspended, as if to testify it were wished that even in the grave the 
distinctions of life should follow and overshadow them. Among these monuments the divine 
and man of learning will single out the elegant memorial to Dr. Watson, the eminent Bishop
of Llandaff, who died in 1816, on which the following tributes are engraven:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Quod mortale fuit</Line>
<Line>Ricardi Landavensis</Line>
<Line>juxta coemeterium habet,</Line>
<Line>quod immortale est</Line>
<Line>faxit Deus</Line>
<Line>&#x0395;&#x039D; &#x03A7;&#x03A1;&#x0399;&#x03A3;&#x03A4;&#x03A9; coelum 
habeat.</Line>
<Line>Vitam obiit IV. non. Jul. A.D. MDCCCXVI.</Line>
<Line>AEtat LXXIX.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Hoc marmor, parvulum licet, egregii in conjugem</Line>
<Line>amoris monumentum, poni curavit Dorothea Watson.</Line>
<Line>Et ipsa</Line>
<Line>aevo haud brevi sine labe perfuncta,</Line>
<Line>tumulo eodem sepulta requiescit.</Line>
<Line>Excessit III. Id. April. A.D. MDCCCXXXI.</Line>
<Line>Aetatis suae LXXXI.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The bishop's remains are entombed within an inclosed space in the 
burial ground, at the east end of the church, where, on the stone that rests upon
</Paragraph>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1849 part 2 p.590</Title>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1840s</Keyword>
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Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>HMS Recruit</Keyword> <Keyword>shipwreck</Keyword> 
<Keyword>storm, 1832</Keyword> <Keyword>Thompson, Henry C. Poulett</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Thompson, Andrew Henry Poulett</Keyword> <Keyword>Belfield, Windermere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Thompson, Sophia Poulett</Keyword> <Keyword>Thompson, Andrew John 
Poulett</Keyword> <Keyword>drowning</Keyword> <Keyword>accident</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Thompson, Andrew Henry Poulett</Keyword> <Keyword>Weguelin, Charlotte</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Raincock, Fletcher</Keyword> <Keyword>Raincock, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ouseley<Note>Ousby</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Ousby</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, 
Fletcher</Keyword> <Keyword>Fleming, Agnes</Keyword> <Keyword>Rayrigg Hall, 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Pembroke Hall, Cambridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Philipson, 
Robert</Keyword>  <Keyword>monument</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.590
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the grave, this brief and simple record:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Ricardi Watson</Line>
<Line>Episcopi Landavensis</Line>
<Line>cineribus scarum.</Line>
<Line>Obiit Julii 4, A.D. 1816,</Line>
<Line>AEtatis 79.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Hic etiam conjugem prope</Line>
<Line>depositae sunt reliquiae</Line>
<Line>Dorothea Watson,</Line>
<Line>maximae natulum</Line>
<Line>Edwardi Wilson de Dallam Tower, Arm.</Line>
<Line>Vitam obiit III id.</Line>
<Line>Aprilis A.D.</Line>
<Line>MDCCCXXXI.</Line>
<Line>aetatis suae LXXXI.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another marble tablet, surmounted by an urn and anchor, 
commemorates many melancholy events which occurred in a short space of time in one family.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"On the 7th of June 1832 was lost, with all the crew of her 
Majesty's brig Recruit, in a gale of wind, on the passage from Halifax to Bermuda, Henry 
C. Poulett Thompson, aged 14 years, youngest son of Andrew Henry Poulett Thompson, esq. 
late of Belfield.&#x002A; On the 7th Sept. 1834 Sophia Poulett Thompson, his mother, died 
at Belfield, aged 41. On the 2d June, died at Greenwich, aged 20, Andrew John Poulett 
Thompson, eldest son of the above. On the 28th April 1839 was drowned in the river Thames,
by the upsetting of a boat, Andrew Henry Poulett Thompson, esq. late of Belfield, and of 
Austin Friars, London, aged 52 years. On the 5th Sept. 1840 died at Mortlake, Surrey, 
Charlotte Weguelin, only daughter of the above, and wife of Thomas Matthias Weguelin, of 
Mortlake and Austin Friars."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the north aisle is a tablet, surmounted by a fine white marble 
bust, to the memory of
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Fletcher Raincock, esq. A.M. who died 17 Aug. 1846, in the 
72nd year of his age. He was the second son of the late Rev. W. Raincock, rector of 
Ouseley, Cumberland, by Agnes, eldest daughter of the late Fletcher Fleming, of Rayrigg, 
and formerly senior Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and F.S.A."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Passing these and other modern erections, the antiquary will pause
before the oldest monument in the church, erected on the south side of the altar, over the
place where the dust of many generations of the Philipsons has long been mingled with its 
kindred earth. It is a simple slab of black marble, let into a bed of stone, placed upon a
square high stone pedestal, and adorned with some ornamental mouldings, which are so much 
clogged with whitewash as to be almost undefinable. It is surmounted with their armorial 
cognizances, and bears the record of one of the owners of Calgarth:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The author's epitaph upon</Line>
<Line>Himselfe, made in the</Line>
<Line>Tyme of his sickness.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>A man I was, worms meate I am,</Line>
<Line>To earth return'd, from whence I came.</Line>
<Line>Many removes on earth I had,</Line>
<Line>In Earth at length my Bed is made.</Line>
<Line>A bed which Christ did not disdaine,</Line>
<Line>Altho' it could not him retaine,</Line>
<Line>His deathlie foes might plainlie see</Line>
<Line>Over sin and death his victorie.</Line>
<Line>Here must I rest till Christ shall let me see</Line>
<Line>His promised Jerusalem, and her felicitie.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Veni Domine Jesu, veni cito.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Robert Philipson, Gent. xiiiito Octo-</Line>
<Line>bris Ano Salutis 1631. Anno AEtatis suae 63tio.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are also several sepulchral memorials on brass, but none of 
any interest or far-off date; and on the floor are numerous tombstones and incised slabs, 
charged with the heraldic badges, and obituary epitaphs of those who rest beneath.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Affixed to the wall, under the window at the east end of the north
aisle, is an iron bracket, ornamented with some scroll work, and painted in several 
colours, with the date on it of 1619. I was told this is considered to have been an 
ancient candlestick, found some years ago among a pile of rubbish in the bottom of the 
Tower. With deference however for such accredited
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Belfield is a neat modern house in the village of 
Bowness. - EDIT.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>St Martin, Bowness-on-Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>church, 
Bowness-on-Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>hour glass Wray Castle, Claife</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castle, Claife</Keyword> <Keyword>Winander's Lake<Note>Windermere 
lake</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Windermere lake</Keyword> <Keyword>Calgarth Hall, 
Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>chimney piece</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke Castle, 
Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Watson, 
Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Llandaff, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>Norfolk, Duke 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Philipson Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wyvill Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Carus Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Briggs 
Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard Family</Keyword> <Keyword>Brotherton Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Warren Family</Keyword>  <Keyword>Mowbray Family</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1849 part 2 p.591
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">opinion, it seems more likely part of an hour-glass stand of the 
Puritan period, or to have been used for suspending over the tomb of some knight of old - 
probably one of the elder Philipsons - those mouldering trophies of his martial pride, the
banner of his house, and the arms used by him in war; which of yore it was the custom of 
the English chivalry to have hung "as honours o'er their graves."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>In the southern aisle his coat of mail</Line>
<Line>Hangs o'er his marble shrine;</Line>
<Line>And his tilting-spear is resting there,</Line>
<Line>His helm and gabardine.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Returning from this excursion, I was much struck with the splendid
accessary to the scenery presented by the broken outlines of the grey walls and towers of 
Wray Castle, which, placed on a commanding elevation, harmonizes magnificently with the 
background of lofty mountains, and contributes, more than any other of the recent 
architectural embellishments which adorn Windander's lake, to impress a character of 
peculiar grandeur on its upper reach.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">H. C. M.
</Paragraph>
<Heading>Calgarth Hall</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Calgarth</Keyword>
</Marginal>
MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN the August Number of the Magazine, page 140, your Correspondent
says, in speaking of Calgarth,-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"So late as 1789, when Clarke wrote his Survey of the Lakes,
there was remaining over the fireplace, in what was then called the dining-room, two 
devices remarkably well carved in oak. One exhibited Samson asleep on Dalilah's lap, while
the Philistines were cutting off his hair; the other was a representation of Jephtha, 
after his rash vow, meeting his daughter."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This must allude to the carved oak chimney-piece now in the 
library at Greystoke Castle, and which was given to Charles Duke of Norfolk by the Bishop 
(Watson) of Llandaff.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Under Jephtha's vow is the motto -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>An unlawful vow is ill made,</Line>
<Line>But wors performed.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Under Samson and Dalilah -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>He that slepes in sin must looke</Line>
<Line>To awake in losse and wariness.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There were originally four shields with following coats carved 
upon them: viz. Philipson, Wyvill, Carus, and Briggs. These have now given place to 
Howard, Brotherton, Warren, and Mowbray.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. L.
</Paragraph>
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ecc.parish</Keyword> <Keyword>St Paul, Causewayhead</Keyword> <Keyword>St Cuthbert, Holme 
St Cuthbert</Keyword>  <Keyword>St John, Newton Arlosh</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.70
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Holme Coultram Parishes</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">CUMBERLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In a Convocation holden at Oxford on the 3rd Nov. the instruments 
authorising the division of certain portions of <i>Hulme Cultram</i>, into three several 
districts, were sealed. The patronage of this widely extended parish belongs to the 
University, and by a former grant of 50<i>l.</i> per annum to each of the three churches 
of St. Paul, St. Cuthbert, and St. John, three resident clergymen will now be secured, in 
a district the greater part of which was several miles from the parish church, and so 
dispersed as to render an attendance on divine worship during the greater part of the year
utterly impossible.
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  <Keyword>Christian Monuments in England and Wales</Keyword> <Keyword>book 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.281
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>Christian Monuments in England and 
Wales</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Christian Monuments in England and Wales</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. BOUTELL is really indefatigable in his illustrations, both by 
the pen and pencil, of our interesting monumental antiquities. In our Magazine for Dec. 
1848 we had the pleasure of noticing two works by him on parts of this subject: the one 
his "Monumental Brasses and Slabs," published in 1847, and the other his beautiful series 
of "Monumental Brasses," selected with much judgement, and represented with remarkable 
fidelity and delicacy of execution. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Christian Monuments in England and Wales: an historical 
and descriptive Sketch of the various classes of Sepulchral Monuments which have been in 
use in this Country from about the era of the Norman Conquest. By the Rev. Charles 
Boutell, M.A. Rector of Downham Market, Norfolk. 8vo. Parts I. and II.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">The entry in the Magazine for December 1848, pp.597-608, has no 
direct reference to Westmorland, Cumberland, etc.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Christian Monuments in England and Wales</Keyword> <Keyword>Boutell, 
Charles</Keyword> <Keyword>cross slab</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Ninian, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Newton Reigny, 
Catterlen</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Newton Reigny</Keyword> <Keyword>St John, Newton 
Reigny</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Vaux Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brougham, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Broham, Udard de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>print</Keyword>  <Keyword>Newton Rigney<Note>Newton Reigney</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.283
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  <Keyword>cross slab</Keyword> <Keyword>Brougham</Keyword> <Keyword>Newton 
Reigny</Keyword>
</Marginal>

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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In a review of the 'Christian Monuments of England and Wales' by 
Mr Boutell, speaking of cross slabs:-
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G850E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">No accompaniment to the cross is more common than a sword, as 
might be presumed from the military character of feudal times. Mr. Boutell has placed side
by side the very similar stones at Brougham, in Westmorland, and at Newton Rigney, in 
Cumberland, the former ascribed to Udard de Broham, who, having taken the cross in the 
second crusade, died about the year 1185; and the latter bearing the arms of Vaux of 
Catterlen, whose name has been associated in the title of peerage conferred on the 
ex-chancellor. The circular figure on the Brougham stone is supposed to represent a 
target-shield. ...
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>politics</Keyword> <Keyword>religion</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.353
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>Life and Correspondence of Robert 
Southey</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF ROBERT SOUTHEY.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IT is fortunate for the world that Mr. Southey was possessed so 
strongly by what he calls the <i>disease of epistolising</i>, for it has given us a 
copious and interesting work of autobiography, which, as it proceeds, will probably afford
much curious information on the poetry and literature of the times, as well as contain an 
account of his opinions on questions connected with social condition, the political 
changes, and religious state of society during the period in which he was so careful and 
anxious an observer. People will differ in their sentiments in regard to the merit of Mr. 
Southey's poetry, and to the rank which he may be entitled to hold among his contemporary 
rivals; but no one can justly refuse praise to the general excellence of his various 
writings when separated from the temporary influence of party, and when connected with 
subjects of deeper and more permanent interest. In variety of knowledge, in earnestness of
purpose, in animation of feeling, in elegance and purity of language, and in flowing 
harmony of style, he was not easily to be surpassed. On graver subjects he wrote with a 
vigour and strength that commanded attention even when it did not win assent; and on 
lighter, with a sportive grace, a liveliness, and a spirit that were never extinguished or
impaired by the quantity of matter they were called upon to enliven and illume. The 
present work, if it proceeds with the fullness with which it has commenced, will probably 
present us with a very adequate resemblance and portraiture of the original; for already, 
and even in its commencement, it has exhibited him both in the strength and weakness of 
his character. It has shown alike the excellence of his principles, and the waywardness of
his fancy; the sterling goodness of his disposition, and the unalterable eccentricity of 
his conduct. Nothing could be more strange and imprudent than the course of his early 
life; nothing more pure and virtuous than the disposition which impelled him by honourable
exertions to win his independence and his fame.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The opening scenes of his youthful years certainly were not very 
promising, or full of much augury for future good.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He was expelled from school for a satire on the master. He left a 
university, which he hated and ridiculed, without benefit by its instruction, sharing its 
honours, or profiting by its rewards. His religious opinions spread into the barren 
regions of Unitarian and Socinian dissent. In politics he was a leveller, to the extent of
a communion of property. When just of age he made a marriage which for ever offended those
on whose bounty and care he had depended from his birth; and, to crown all, he declined 
entering any profession by which, with his industry and abilities and connexions, he might
have assured to himself an honourable maintenance and a distinguished station. To most men
such a morning of life would soon have closed in hopeless darkness and distress, but 
Southey's genius and goodness saved him from this miserable fate. He had always, it 
appears, a firm reliance on his own powers, an ambition of literary and poetical fame, and
a steady industry which could enable him to obtain them. Thus he compensated by subsequent
application, for the loss he suffered for his foolish contempt of the valuable instruction
which academical studies would have afforded him; while sounder reflection and deeper 
knowledge in time set him right in his theology and political theories. His marriage 
seemed to bring him a greater portion of happiness than could have been obtained by a 
wealthy dower, or other gifts of fortune. He acquired valuable friends, whose assistance 
was extended at the very time it was most urgently needed,&#x2020; when the bounty of his 
relatives was withdrawn, and his own
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "The Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey. Edited by
his Son, the Rev. Charles Cuthbert Southey, M.A. Curate of Plumbland, Cumberland. Vols. 
I.and II. (To be completed in six volumes.)"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Without Mr. Wynn's allowance of 160<i>l.</i> a year, it 
does not appear how Mr. Southey could have derived an existence, or from what quarter it 
could have been supplied. REV.
</Paragraph>
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>schools</Keyword> <Keyword>Siddons, Sarah, Mrs</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rousseau</Keyword> <Keyword>Emilius</Keyword> <Keyword>Shakespeare, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Titus Andronicus</Keyword> <Keyword>Beaumont</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Fletcher</Keyword> <Keyword>Knight of the Burning Pestle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scipio</Keyword> <Keyword>Cymbeline</Keyword> <Keyword>Morning Bride, 
The</Keyword> <Keyword>Justin</Keyword> <Keyword>Nepos</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Helicon</Keyword> <Keyword>Hoole</Keyword> <Keyword>Tasso</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Spenser, Edmund</Keyword> <Keyword>Pope, Alexander</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Homer</Keyword> <Keyword>Lusiads, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Virgil</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Bysshe</Keyword> <Keyword>Art of Poetry</Keyword> <Keyword>Arcadia</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.354
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<Paragraph rend="quote">exertions could hardly have afforded him a support. With him at 
this period,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The modest wants of every day</Line>
<Line>The toil of every day supplied;</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">and he soon found in the occupations of literature and the 
pleasures of poetical composition something far more congenial to his mind and more 
productive of happiness than could have been obtained by the reluctant toils and slow 
rewards of a more lucrative profession.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We now proceed to a very brief recapitulation of the early events 
of his life, which however would be better received from his own hand.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He made his appearance, he tells us, in the world as a red fat 
child in August 1774. As he grew up he slept half the night with the maid, the other half 
with his aunt. No wonder that between these females and a warming-pan in addition, he soon
lost his plumpness, and became the lean lank figure he ever afterwards continued. His 
dress was a suit of nankeen trimmed with long green fringe. In this dress he was sent 
successively to two day-schools, the first kept by a Baptist, the second by a Socinian. 
This was not a very hopeful start in life for the future laureate. But the <i>girl's</i> 
schools at the time were still worse. Mrs. Siddons sent her daughter to one of them near 
Bristol, which was thought the best, where the mistress, when asked after a former pupil, 
used to say "<i>Her</i> went to school to <i>we</i>." His aunt intended to educate him 
according to Rousseau's Emilius, but, not being able to understand it, the plan was given 
up, and so, instead, he read Shakspere, and began with "Titus Andronicus;" then, before he
was <i>eight</i>, went through Beaumont and Fletcher, being a little puzzled by the 
"Knight of the Burning Pestle;" and he saw more plays before he was <i>six</i> years old 
than he "has ever seen since." Such were his early studies; for his <i>amusement</i> he 
was required to prick playbills with a pin, so that, when held up to the light, they might
look like a fairy illumination in miniature. In his <i>eighth</i> year he wrote a play on 
the subject of the continence of Scipio; - "Cymbeline" and "The Morning Bride" being his 
archetypes. In Latin he had reached Justin and Nepos, and the waters of Helicon he first 
sipped in Hoole's Tasso. Afterwards he read Spenser, and Pope's Homer, and the Lusiad. In 
Virgil's Eclogues he was long detained because the usher could not construe the Georgics, 
so that he grew sick of them, and never looked into them afterwards, giving up all 
acquaintance with Corydon <sic>aud</sic> Thyrsis and Alexis. He was doubtless a very 
clever boy; for when he was aksed what "<i>i.e.</i>" stood for, in the pride of his 
knowledge he answered - <i>John the Evangelist</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Young Southey had a natural incapacity for that one of the fine 
arts on which Adam Smith has left us a discourse under the name of "Dancing." The 
fiddle-stick having no power over his feet was applied to his head; but dancing, like 
reading, being "a gift of God," was not to be acquired, and, as persons are apt to hate 
those things they cannot possess, Southey has shewn his rooted dislike of this 
<i>science</i> by saying that if it were in his power he would <i>hamstring</i> all those 
gentlemen whose fame and fortune are concentrated in the tendon Achilles, and who, indeed,
as Lear says, "make their toe what they should make their heart." Having, now that he had 
arrived at twelve years of age, got possession of Bysshe's Art of Poetry, he bagan 
<i>some</i> epic poems, the first called Arcadia, the hero of which was Alphonzo who had 
caught the Hippogriff; the next was the Trojan Brutus. The Death of Richard the Third was 
the last. In the intervals of these more solid dishes he introduced some lighter fare in 
the shape of heroic epistles, translations, satires, Elysian visions, and at last a poem 
on Cassibelan. It must be confessed that his youthful brain was kept in an unusual state 
of fermentation; but probably much benefit resulted from this exercise of his juvenile 
powers in an early acquired facility of invention and execution. When he was fourteen 
years of age he was placed at Westminster School, of which he has given some graphic 
recollections. His first appearance in print was in a paper called the <i>Trifler</i>, got
up by the Westminster boys in rivalry of the Eton Microcosm; a more ambitious work of the 
same kind, called "The Flagellant," awoke the wrath of <i>Dr. Vincent</i>, against whom it
was directed. The doctor commenced
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<Keyword>Madoc</Keyword> <Keyword>More, Hannah</Keyword> <Keyword>Lisbon</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.355
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<Paragraph rend="quote">an action against the publisher, and Southey was dismissed the 
school. This dismissal shut the doors of Christ Church against him, and he entered at 
Baliol, where he remained, receiving little instruction from a place whose doctrines he 
did not approve, and whose discipline he little regarded. To row and swim, he said, was 
all he learnt at university. We remember the late Bishop of Llandaff, who was his 
contemporary, telling us that Southey was distinguished for his opposition to all 
academical authorities; and indeed he says in one of his letters "never shall a child of 
mine enter a public school or a university." In one of the vacations, when he was just 
twenty years old, he resumed and completed his Joan of Arc in six weeks. He says, in 
looking over his poetical portfiolio at this time, "he burnt above 10,000 verses, 10,000 
preserved, and about 15,000 are worthless." His religious creed was "Unitarian," to which 
he soon added Pantisocracy, and Aspheteism, or communion of property in all things, except
in a Miss Fricker, the daughter of a gentleman who dealt in sugar-pans, whom he married 
and made his own; till his aunt at length heard of these projected schemes, and turning 
him out of doors in a wet night on the 17th of October, 1794, he saw himself without a 
penny - in Utopia. It may be gathered from this that he had ceased to reside in Oxford, 
but the exact time when he left is not told us.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To support himself, he now gave historical lectures at Bristol, 
looked forward to settle in Wales "living on brown bread and raspberries," began his poem 
of Madoc which was to be the pillar of his reputation, paid a visit to Hannah More at the 
time that <i>Cowslip Green had made it up with Strawberry Hill</i>,&#x002A; then visited 
his uncle, Mr. Hill, at Lisbon, where he wrote Thalaba, projected novels, romances, 
tragedies, and epic poems, of which the list may be found at p.287, determining to begin 
the study of the law, and settled at Prospect Place, Newington Butts. He says (p.383) he 
now entered on a new way of life, which would lead him to independence, and that he never 
either lightly undertakes any scheme of lightly abandons what he has undertaken. But, as 
Francis Quarles saith, there is little love between the poet and the lawyer's study, and 
so Southey earned his daily bread in reviews and magazines, as Dr. Johnson and other good 
men had done before him. He edited the Annual Anthology, went to Lisbon on a second visit,
and at length burnt his law books and settled at Greta Hall, near Keswick, where we must 
for the present leave him, working and fretting, and mending his pens; but feeling that 
"bread and cheese is the business of the first necessity," and resolving to show how 
"history should be written, and to exhibit such indefatigable honesty as the world has 
ever yet seen." We now proceed to give a few illustrations of some of the literary 
subjects mentioned in the Correspondence, which the editor, presuming on the knowledge of 
his readers, has passed over in silence; but we think he may have erred in his 
calculations, and that the race of DODOS is not yet extinct.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.31 "At one of these (watering places) she fell in with 
<i>Armstrong</i> the physician and poet - a writer deservedly respectable for his poem on 
Health, and deservedly infamous for another of his productions."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This other poem was called "The Economy of Love," which it is said
injured him essentially in his practice as a physician, but it was translated into Italian
by a churchman of that nation, - "L'Economia d'Amore tradotta dell" Abbate Luigi da 
Fiesole. 1755." A drawing by B. Rossi was intended to be prefixed to this as a 
frontispiece, but was left unexecuted on account of the expense. In Campbell's History of 
Scottish Poetry, 4to. p.222, is some account of Armstrong. He took his "Ramble through 
France and Italy," which he published in 1771, with the late Mr. Fuseli the painter, who 
always spoke highly in favour of the great benevolence of his character. Sir Joshua 
Reynolds and Armstrong were Fuseli's best friends, the latter of whom frequently noticed 
him in the news-
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; We mean when <i>Hannah More</i> visited and spoke well of
Horace Walpole, and introduced him to the table of the Bishop of London. See more of this 
in Hannah More's life by Mr. Roberts.
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<Keyword>Woodward</Keyword> <Keyword>Lovell, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Mysterious 
Mother</Keyword> <Keyword>Orford, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Tillotson</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.356
</Paragraph>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">papers. Mr. Northcote said that he recollected one of Armstrong's 
paragraphs running something like this:- "Parry may learn from Reynolds, but there is one,
now unknown and unpatronized, who will astonish, terrify, and delight all Europe" (meaning
Fuseli). There is a violent passage against Armstrong in one of Churchill's poems (The 
Journey, vol.iii. p.229); but the author of the Pursuits of Literature says, "Armstrong's 
Art of Health is a poem which can never be sufficiently praised, read, and recommended." 
We could add much more information which never has been collected respecting this clever 
and eccentric poet; but at present only remark that in Knowles's Life of Fuselei some 
account of him will be found, vol.i. pp.47-59. We possess a Latin ode written by J. 
Theobald, 1747, "Adingenuum Virum, tum Medicis tum Poeticis facultatibus 
praestantem,<i>Joannem Armstrong</i>, M.D." beginning -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Artisque Coae, O et Citharae sciens,</Line>
<Line>Utroque mire dexter Apolline</Line>
<Line>Quem Musa nascentem Deusque</Line>
<Line>Arcitenens studiosiori</Line>
<Line>Finxere cura, &amp;c.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.136. "Hayes it was who edited those sermons which Dr. 
Johnson is <i>supposed</i> to have written for his friend Dr. Taylor."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We believe that sufficient evidence exists, internal and external,
to authorise us to use a more decisive expression than <i>supposed</i>. Murphy, in his 
Biography, has recorded them as Johnson's. He says, "The best of the discourses are the 
few which Dr. Taylor from time to time carries with him to his pulpit. He had the LARGEST 
BULL in England, and some of the best sermons." See also Boswell's Life of Johnson, 
vol.vi. p.326; and Bishop Porteus's letter to Beattie, in which he says, "Taylor was no 
more capable of writing them than a horse of making an epic poem." (1788.) Besides which, 
"Concio pro Tayloro," a "Sermon for Taylor," appears in one of Johnson's Diaries. This we 
think conclusive.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Vol.ii. p.101. "I have lately read 'The Man of Feeling;' if 
you have never yet read it, do now from my recommendation. Few works have ever pleased me 
so painfully or so much."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">See on this novel, which we think inferior to Julia de 
Roubign&#x00E1;e, the remarks of Sir Walter Scott, in his Lives of the Novelists, vol.ii. 
p./149. On Mackenzie's charming story of <i>La Roche</i>, in the Mirror, being a view of 
David Hume's character, see Burton's excellent Life of Hume, vol.i. p.58. In No.30 of the 
Lounger, it is said of Mackenzie, "His writings have been long read with admiration and 
delight, and his exquisite pencil every reader of taste and discernment must distinguish,"
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.194. "Martinus Scriblerus bore too strong a resemblance to 
Woodward," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Perhaps few of our readers are aware that the chapter of "The 
Double Mistress" in this work has been translated, altered, enlarged, the humour injured 
and destroyed, and the grossest indecency introduced, by Pigault Le Brun, in his Melanges 
Litteraires et Critiques, vol.ii. p.73-144, called Causes Celebres. He has 
<i>cantharidised</i> the story to suit French tastes. The original chapter might have been
much enriched by quotations from Swan's Speculum Mundi, 4to. 1643.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.195. Mr. Lovell has very great abilities, he writes well,"
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Robert Lovell's poems were published by Mr. Park in 1808, among 
which is "Bristol, a satire." He married one of the sisters of Southey's wife.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.252. "I have made a discovery respecting the story of the 
Mysterious Mother. Lord Orford tells it of <i>Tillotson</i>. The story is printed in a 
work of Hall's 1652. He had it from Perkins the clergyman, whom Fuller calls an excellent 
chirurgeon at curing or adjusting a broken limb. He would pronounce the word 'damn' with 
such emphasis as left a doleful echo in his auditor's ears a good while afterwards. 
<i>Hall</i> adds that he afterwards discovered the story in two German authors, and that 
it really happened in Germany. If you have not had your transcription of the legend bound,
here is a curious piece of information to annex to it."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was the editor's duty to have informed his readers about the 
work of Hall, which is here referred to, but not identified. It falls therefore on us to 
perform his unfinished task. It occurs in "Cases of Conscience Practically Resolved," 3d 
edition, 1654, p.412, additional Case iii. - "Whether an incestuous marriage contracted in
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Chapelain</Keyword> <Keyword>Boileau</Keyword> <Keyword>Cowper, 
William</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.357
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<Paragraph rend="quote">simplicity of heart betwixt two persons ignorant of such a 
defilement, and so form a consummation as that children are borne without wedlock, ought 
to be made known and prosecuted to a dissolution." The story is told at too great a length
for us to give.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.316. "Neither the best friends nor the bitterest enemies 
of <i>Chapelain</i> could have felt more curiosity than I do to see his poem. <i>Good</i> 
it cannot be, for, though the habit of writing satire, as indeed the indulgence of any 
kind of wit, insensibly influences the moral character, and disposes it to sacrifice 
anything to a good point, yet Boileau must have had some reason for the extreme contempt 
in which he held this unfortunate production," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.318. "I thank you for <i>Chapelain.</i> I read his poem in
the hope of finding something good, and would gladly have reversed the sentence of 
condemnation, which I must in solemn honesty confirm. It is very bad indeed, and can 
please only by its absurdity," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This celebrated poem, which is not commonly to be met with, is in 
twelve books, and occupies no less than 400 pages, printed in 1665. The best edition is 
that we have, printed in 1655. In the opening of the poem a divinity appears to Charles 
IX. and promises him deliverance from the English, "par le main d'une fille," which 
promise is loudly applauded by the whole court, who hear it; as for the Pucelle herself, 
we are told,-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Le Ciel, pour la former, fit un rare meslange</Line>
<Line>Des vertus d'une fille, et d'un homme, et d'un ange;</Line>
<Line>D'ou vint parestre au jour cet astre des Francois,</Line>
<Line>Qui ne fut pas un d'eux, et qui fut tous les trois.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The names of the <i>English</i> warriors are formed of an 
ingenious nomenclature, as <i>ex. gr.</i> Glifford, Vindesore, Cecile, Rambert, 
Burlingham, Markerfield, Unford, and Rameston, to say nothing of Fascot, Termes, and 
Glacidas. in the twelth and last book, when the fate of the heroine is to be decided, the 
divinity - we are almost ashamed to write this nonsense - <i>reteats into a kind of 
private three-cornered study to deliberate upon the subject</i>. The lines are these,-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Plus haut que tous les cieux, une loge secrete,</Line>
<Line>Sert a l'Estre incr&#x00E1;e de profonde retraite,</Line>
<Line>Quand par ses soins veillans et ses pens&#x00E1;e couverts,</Line>
<Line>Il veut deliberer du sort de l'univers:</Line>
<Line>De trois cost&#x00E1;e egaux le loge inconcevable,</Line>
<Line>Forme un triangle unique, en tout sens admirable,</Line>
<Line>Et d'un lieu si sacr&#x00E1; le mystere inconnu</Line>
<Line>Confond le contenant avec le contenu.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Should any of our readers wish to be acquainted with the literary 
history of this poem and the opinions of the learned upon it, they may consult the 
following books in the places marked: La Harpe, Cours de Litterature, vol.v. pp.139, 151, 
195; D'Artigny, M&#x00E1;moires de Litterature, tom.vii. p.336; Melanges de V. Marville, 
tom.ii. p.8; Menagiana, vol.i. pp.15, 38, 45; vol.ii. p.44; vol.iii. pp.23, 108, 315; 
vol.iv. p.179; L'Esprit de Guy Patin ( a curious volume), p.80. Add Segresiana, pp.5, 223.
Carpentiana, pp.127, 360, 454, 469. Longueriana, p.32. Bolaeana (Boileau), pp. 135, 151. 
Ducateana, vol.ii. p.226. Huetiana, p.51. Valesiana, p.44. (Eng. trans.); and Melanges de 
Litterature par Chapelain (the author of the poem), pref. p.iii. Those better acquainted 
with French literature than ourselves will easily enlarge this list of works, in which the
critical opinions and judgments will repay perusal. We may add that there were <i>four</i>
commissioners appointed to try the Pucelle, and we believe only four reports of the trial 
were officially made. We have seen the <i>one</i> here described. "Receuil contenant 
toutes les pieces interrogatoires, &amp;c. du proces de la Pucelle d'Orleans, avec le 
sentence rendue contra elle, par M. Hector de Coquerelle, Nicolas Dubois, &amp;c. in 1456,
le tout en Latin, MS." vellum, folio. Coll. cum MS. in Biblliotheca M. F. Didot.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.325. "You will be surprised perhaps at hearing that 
Cowper's poem does not at all please me. You must have taken it up in some moment when you
mind was pre-
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Cowper, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Lines on the Yardley 
Oak</Keyword> <Keyword>Retirement</Keyword> <Keyword>Landor, Walter Savage</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gebir</Keyword> <Keyword>Critical Review</Keyword> <Keyword>Gilbert, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Bampfylde</Keyword> <Keyword>Alfred, Pye's</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Alfred the Pious</Keyword> <Keyword>Alfred, Cottle's</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bonaparte</Keyword> <Keyword>Anna Matilda</Keyword> <Keyword>Burgess, James 
Bland, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Richard I</Keyword> <Keyword>Davy, Humphry, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Conspiracy of Gowrie</Keyword> <Keyword>Rough, Serjeant</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rickman</Keyword> <Keyword>Hurricane, a Theosophical and Western Eclogue, 
The</Keyword> <Keyword>Specimens of the English Poets</Keyword> <Keyword>Censura 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.358
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">disposed to be pleased, and the first impression remained. 
Indeed I think it not above mediocrity. I cannot trace the author of the Task in one 
line." The editor has not thought it necessary to tell us the poem to which his father 
alluded; but by the date, 1797, we presume he means the "Lines on the Yardley Oak," first 
printed by Hayley. While speaking of Cowper, we may as well mention a slight mistake, 
which has remained, we believe, undiscovered and uncorrected to the present edition. In 
his "Retirement," -
</Paragraph>
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<Line>I praise the Frenchman - his remark was shrewd,</Line>
<Line>How sweet, how passing sweet, is solitude;</Line>
<Line>But grant me still a friend in my retreat,</Line>
<Line>Whom I may whisper - solitude is sweet.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The name of La Bruy&#x00E0;re is put as the name of the Frenchman,
but it ought to have been Balzac. In the Entretiens de Balzac, p.62, ed. Elzevir, "La 
solitude est certainement une belle chose, mais il y a plaisir d'avoir quelqu'un qui sache
respondre a qui on puisse dire de temps en temps, que c'est une belle chose."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Vol.ii. p.24. Of Mr. W. Savage Landor's poem Mr. Southey always 
spoke in terms of the highest eulogy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"There is a poem called <i>Gebir</i>, of which I know not 
whether my review be yet printed (in the Critical), but in that review you will find some 
of the most exquisite poetry in the language. The poem is such as <i>Gilbert</i>,&#x002A; 
if he were only half as mad as he is, could have written. I would go an hundred miles to 
see the anonymous author."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Again he says, p.56, "I like <i>Gebir</i> more and more; if you 
ever meet its author, tell him I took it with me on a voyage." P.64. "I read Gebir again; 
he grows upon me;" and in a letter published in the memoirs of Mr. Taylor of Norwich, he 
writes, p.352, "I have Gebir with me, and read it daily." P.26. Of that genuine though 
neglected poet, <i>Bampfylde</i>,&#x2020; a very interesting notice occurs, which, 
however, is too long for us to insert; it seems but a partial extract, and yet we do not 
know where so full an account of his most melancholy story is told.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.153. "Pye's Alfred, to distinguish him from Alfred the 
Pious (<i>Cottle's Alfred</i>), I have not yet inspected, nor the wilful murder of 
Bonaparte by Anna Matilda, nor the high treason committed by Sir James Bland Burgess, 
Bart. against our lion-hearted Richard. <i>Davy</i> is fallen stark mad with a play called
the 'Conspiracy of Gowrie,' which is by Rough,&#x2021; an imitation of Gebir, with some 
poetry, but miserably and hopelessly deficient in all else, every character reasoning and 
metaphorising and metaphysicing the reader most nauseously," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.172. "Last evening we talked of Davy. Rickman also fears 
for him. Sometimes he thinks he has (and excusably, surely) been hurt by the attentions of
the great; a worse fault is that vice of metaphysicians - that habit of translating right 
and wrong into a jargon which confounds them - which allows everything and justifies 
everything. I am afraid, and it makes me very melancholy when I think of it, that Davy 
will never
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; William Gilbert was author of a poem called "The 
Hurricane, a Theosophical and Western Eclogue," published in 1796. "The poem," Southey 
says, "contains passage of exquisite beauty." Soon after this time he placarded London 
with long bills announcing the Law of Fire. His madness was of the most incomprehensibe 
kind, as may be seen in the notes on the Hurricane. See concerning him Southey's Life of 
Wesley, ii. p.467; Sir Egerton Brydges' Autobiography, ii. p.293; Retrospective Review, 
vol.x. p.160.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; On Bampfylde, see Southey's Specimens of English Poets, 
vol.iii. p.414; Censura Literaria, vol.iv. p.301. We suppose the Stanzas to a Lady in 
Bampfylde's Poems were addressed to Miss Palmer, the niece of Sir Joshua Reynolds, with 
whom he was <i>madly</i> in love, and with which passion commenced his madness. He was 
twenty years in confinement, when he recovered his senses, to die then of a rapid decline.
"In hac habitavit platea, quae est in nostra urbe primaria omnium amoeissima, et quae 
nomen honorandum adhuc retinet fundatoris <i>Sir Hans Sloane.</i>"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; By the late Mr. Serjeant Rough. We read the play many 
years ago, and think Southey's criticism correct. We possess a MS. poem called "The Holy 
Land," composed by him, we believe, for the Seatonian Prize at Cambridge in 1800; in his 
writings the poetry is, in its beauties and faults, much as Southey describes the play.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.359
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">be to me the being that he has been. I have a trick of 
thinking too well of those I love, better than they generally deserve, and better than my 
cold and containing manners ever let them know; the foibles of a friend always endear him,
if they have coexisted with my knowledge of him; but the pain is - to see beauty grow 
deformed - to trace disease from the first infection. These scientific men are indeed the 
victims of science. They sacrifice to it their own feelings, and virtues, and happiness."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It would be a pleasing and by no means an unprofitable occupation 
to compare the substance of this passing sketch of Southey with the valuable and 
well-considerd biographies of Sir Humphrey Davy by Dr. Paris, and by his brother. They 
were both writers worthy of the subject, and Sir Humphrey Davy stood, for originality of 
mind, depth of thought, and acuteness of itellect, among the foremost of his age.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.203. "If they buy me any books at Gunville <i>(Mr. 
Wedgwood's seat)</i> let them buy the Engl<i>e</i>ish Metrical Romanc<i>e</i>es, published
by Ritson."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On these romances of Ritson, see Annual Review, vol.ii. p.515-522.
Sir Walter Scott says, in his Lady of the Lake, that Ritson published the "Orfee and 
Heusodius" from a <i>bad MS.</i> vide p.393. Sir Frederick Madden is in possession of a 
<i>third</i> English version of the "Gest of King Horn," not known to Ritson; vide Quart. 
Rev. No.LXVIII. p.172. On the MS. of the Earl of Thurlass, see Brit. Bibliograph. vol.vi. 
p.95. Sir Frederick Madden says, "The opinion of Tyrwhitt, repeated by Ritson, Warton, 
Ellis, Scott, that <i>no English romance existed prior to Chaucer</i> that was not a 
translation from the French, must be read with considerable caution." <i>King Horn</i> is 
decidedly English growth; vide Conybeare's Ang. Sax. Poetry, i. 46; Madden's Intr. to 
Havelok, p.xlvi. Sir Frederick Madden discovered in the Bodleian a copy of King Horn of 
the same date as MS. Harl. (about 1300), which gives in many respects preferable readings;
vide Pref. to William and the Werwolfe, p.vi.; see also Havelok, p.182. See on the 
Preliminary Dissertation by Ritson to these romances, Nichols's Illust. of Literature, 
vol.vii. p.113, 121, 122.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.203. "Cowper's Life is the most pickpocket work of its 
shape and price, and author, and publisher, that ever appeared. It relateds very little of
the man himself. This sort of delicacy seems quite groundless towards a man who has left 
no relations or connections who could be hurt by the most explicit bibliographical detail.
His letters are not what one does expect, and yet what one ought to expect, for Cowper was
not a strong-minded man even in his best moments. The very few opinions he gave on authors
are quite ludicrous. He calls <i>Mr. Park</i>,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>- that comical spark,</Line>
<Line>Who wrote to ask me for Joan of Arc,</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">'one of our best hands' in poetry! Poor wretched man" the 
Methodists among whom he lived made him ten times madder than he could else have been."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, This opinion became much modified and softened before 
Southey became himself the editor of these Letters and the bibliographer of the poet. In 
the Qtrly Review, No.LXIX. in a review of Dr. Sayers, by Southey, will be found his 
judgment of the merits of Cowper's poetry. Miss Seward had a great dislike to the poetry 
of Cowper, and perhaps to Cowper himself - her copy of Hayley's Life was crowded with 
critical remarks of the severest kind. In the Memoirs of Hayley may be seen what Lady 
Hesketh, whose intimate knowledge of the poet caused her judgment to be well formed, 
thought of Hayley's Life. See vol.i. p.465; vol.ii. pp.34, 92, 223.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But our limits are exhausted. We shall shortly resume this subject
with a notice of vol.iii. and will only add, at the present, that, with respect to the 
BUTLER mentioned at p.335, the editor seems but imperfectly informed. His portrait, and 
that of his <i>man William</i>, are now hanging on the walls of our study. His Life is on 
our table. He himself has long since returned to the "august abode" from which he came.
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF ROBERT SOUTHEY. &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WE left Mr. Southey in our last article (Gent. Mag. for April, 
1850, p.353) settled in his new habitation at Keswick. The third volume contains a history
of the six years which he passed there, from 1806 to 1812. His habitual manner of life, 
from which he seldom deviated, is thus described by him:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Three pages of history after breakfast (equivalent to five 
in small quarto printing), then to transcribe and copy for the press, or to make my 
selections and biographies, or what else suits my humour, till dinner time; from dinner 
till tea, I read, write letters, see the newspaper, and very often indulge in a siesta: 
for sleep agrees with me, and I have a good substantial theory to prove that it must. For 
as a man who walks much requires to sit down and rest himself, so does the brain, if it be
the part most worked, require its repose. Well, after tea, I go to poetry, and correct and
re-write and copy till I am tired, and then turn to anything else till supper. And this is
my life; which, if it be not a very merry one, is yet as happy as heart could wish. At 
least I should think so if I had not once been happier, and I do think so, except when 
that recollection comes upon me. And then, when I cease to be cheerful, it is only to 
become contemplative,- to feel at times a wish that I was in that state of existence which
passes not away; and this always ends in a new impulse to proceed, that I may leave some 
durable monument and some efficient good behind me."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, During the progress of this period his politics were 
becoming conservative,&#x2020; and his religious views orthodox; his visionary projects 
had floated away, and he was content to earn his daily bread "in peace and 
privacy."&#x2021; He now wrote for the Annual Review, and was one of its best 
contributors; but the proprietors (the Aitkins), who perhaps had heard of what Barretti 
mentions of a Spaniard translating at <i>five shillings a sheet</i>, were too 
<i>brazen-bowelled</i> to their scribes, and fixed their remuneration at so low a standard
that he went over to the more liberal establishment of the Qtrly. Besides <i>King 
Arthur</i> used to play many editorial tricks, and cut out what was displeasing to the 
booksellers; whereas Mr. Gifford, caring nothing about booksellers, used only to expunge 
what was displeasing to himself. In 1807 he edited the interesting remains of Henry Kirk 
White; translated the Romance of Palmerin in England; published Espriella's Letters; and 
the Chronicle of the Cid, an interesting book, the only fault of which was its not being 
printed in the octavo form.&#x00A7; But we must not forget to mention, in the hurry of 
enumerating the multiplicity of his works, that Mr. Southey, instead of weaving, as the 
ancient writers did, a wreath of myrtle or laurel round his brows to animate his 
composition, used to appear at his desk in an old green velvet bonnet of his wife's, which
covered all his face except the nose,
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "The Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey. Edited by
his Son, the Rev. Charles Cuthbert Southey, M.A. Curate of Plumbland, Cumberland. Vols.II.
and III. (To be completed in six volumes.)"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; His political opinions at the time (1811) may be found 
concentrated in the following sentence:- "Of three great points I have now convinced 
myself, that the great desideratum in our own government is a <i>Premier</i> instead of a 
Cabinet,- that regular opposition is an absurdity which could not exist anywhere but in an
island without destroying the government,- and that parliamentary reform is the shortest 
road to anarchy." - P.303. To this text we had for some years a <i>running commentary</i>,
not to be studied without advantage.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; What was his situation at the time of his marriage (which
that part of the world who are <i>not poets</i>do not think of engaging in till they have 
some means of support) may be seen from a letter to Mr. Cottle, April 1808:- "Your house 
was my house when I had no other. The very money with which I bought my wedding-ring and 
paid my marriage fees was supplied by you. It was with your sisters I left Edith during my
six months' absence, and for the six months after my return it was from you that I 
received, week by week, the little on which we lived, till I was enabled to live by other 
means," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x00A7; Mr. Southey justly says, "The translations in the 
Appendix are by <i>Frere</i>, and they without any exception the most masterly I have 
seen."
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<Keyword>Landor, Walter Savage</Keyword> <Keyword>Kehama</Keyword> <Keyword>History of 
Brazil</Keyword> <Keyword>Pelayo</Keyword> <Keyword>Life of Nelson</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and "that," he says, "is so cold, that I expect every morning to 
see the snow lie on the summit of it."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Specimens of the English Poets, intended as supplementary to 
Mr. Ellis's book, deserved its fate, for it was very negligently and hastily prepared; the
list of poets was very defective, and the critical notices of them short&#x002A; and 
superficial. Mr. Campbell's Specimens are executed in a different manner, with judgment 
and taste; but notices of the minor poets, whose writings are necessary to complete the 
<i>history</i> of our poetry, are still wanting. Southey became acquainted with Walter 
Scott and Mr. Savage Landor, the latter of whom in his love for the muses, offered to 
print Kehama at his own expense.&#x2020; The history of a man of letters is for the most 
part a history of his works, and, if this is generally true, it is emphatically so of the 
one before us. In 1809 we find him correcting the sheets of his History of Brazil, 
commencing his poem Pelayo (Roderick), getting twenty guineas a sheet for his Life of 
Nelson, and having a profitable engagement in the historical department of the Edinburgh 
Annual Register, and, as this was not enough, he brooded over a poem upon Philip's war 
with the New Englanders, which was the decisive struggle between the red and white races 
in America. One of his chief characters - his hero - was to be a Quaker, and the rest 
Puritans, and he says he was writing that and Pelayo together - being probably the only 
poet who would venture on two epic poems at the same time - a kind of poetical polygamy, 
as dangerous and difficult to manage as the social one. And now, having accompanied our 
indefatigable scribe thus far in our second journey, we must say farewell, and continue 
our notes on literary subjects mentioned by him, for which, if an apology were necessary, 
we should find it in the following passage, p.332. "One thing which I will do, whenever I 
can afford leisure for the task, will be to write and leave behind me my own memoirs: they
will contain so much of the <i>literary history of the times as to have a permanent value 
on that account.</i>" Let us then endeavour to perform the humble and dutiful task of 
shewing our gratitude to the author by making his literary history as clear and useful as 
we can.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Vol.ii. p.210. "Do you see - and if you have seen the 
Morning Post you will have seen - that a poem upon <i>Amadis</i> is advertised. This is 
curious enough. It seems by the advertisement that it only takes in the first book."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The editor should have mentioned that the poem alluded to was 
"Amadis de Gaul, a poem in three books, formerly translated from the first part of the 
French version by Nicolas de Heberay, Sieur des Essars, with Notes by William Stewart 
Rose, esq. 1803." It is a very elegant and classical publication, dedicated to Dr. 
Goodall; with two Epistles in Latin verse by Hon. and Rev. William Herbert, - Elisena 
Perioni - Guendolena Locrino. It was reviewed in the Edinburgh Review.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.211. "I have just gone through the Scottish Ballads. 
Walter Scott is himself a man of great talent and genius; but wherever he patches an old 
poem it is always with new bricks. Of the modern ballads, his own fragment is the only 
good one, and that is very good."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On what appeared for the <i>first</i> time in Scott's "Minstrelsy 
of the Scottish Border," see Motherwell's "Ancient Minstrelsy," p.lxxix. In a letter from 
Dr. Anderson to Bishop Pervy on Scott's ballads and Minstrelsy in June 1800, Anderson 
calls Scott "an ingenious friend;" he says the <i>first</i> edition of this work was 
printed at Kelso, in one volume. See Prior's Life of Goldsmith, ii. p.78.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; <i>Ex. gratia</i> - "Thomas Sprat, the Bishop of 
Rochester, aptly named <i>sprat</i>, as being without exception one of the least among the
poets." i. 168.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; We had no competent idea before of the <i>voracious</i> 
nature of the biped called bookseller and publisher, though we have suffered a little from
some <i>bites</i> we have received. Mr. Southey says, "The bookseller's share is too much 
like the lion in the fable, 20 or 33 per cent. They first deduct as <i>booksellers</i>, 
and then half the residue as <i>publishers</i>." No wonder that the <i>single sermons</i> 
we are in the habit of composing and printing produce us so little that we find it 
difficult to live on the produce. "<i>Librarius</i>, ait Plutarchus, est animal quod 
<i>dentibus</i> incedit."
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<Keyword>Cumberland, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Aristophanes</Keyword> <Keyword>Lewis, 
Matthew</Keyword> <Keyword>Socrates</Keyword> <Keyword>Amadis de Gaul</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.613
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.213. "I sall be very glad to see the <i>Sir Tristrem</i> 
which Scott is editing. The old Cornish knight has been one of my favourite heroes for 
fifteen years."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, On this very curious poem of Sir Tristram see Campbell's 
History of the Poetry of Scotland, p.52; Warton's History of English Poetry (new ed.) 
vol.i. 00.78,181-189, in which it is proved <i>not</i> to be the work of Thomas the 
Rhymer; see also Lockhart's Life of Scott, vol.i. pp.331, 413-417; also vol.ii. p.20; 
Guest's History of English Rhythm, vol.ii. p.174. Whether Ercildoun told the tale in prose
or verse, in English or Romance, we have no means of ascertaining; from him the 
Westmorland poet had the story, and this seems to be the extent of his obligations. This 
edition was reviewed by Wm. Taylor in Critical Review, vol.iii. 1804. See also Campbell's 
Specimens of the English Poets, vol.i. p.32. Mr. Wright says, "The English romance 
preserved in Auchinleck MS. was published by Sir Walter Scott, <i>not very accurately</i>;
he had formed some wrong notions as to its history." See Biog. Br. Lit. p.343. The 
poetical romance of <i>Tristrem</i> in French, in Anglo-Norman, and in Greek, composed in 
the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, was edited by M. Michel, 2 vols. 1815; while for a 
<i>German</i> poem on Sir Tristrem, see Dibdin's Bibliog. Tour, vol.iii. p.126; also 
Chalmer's edition of Sir David Lindsay, vol.iii.p.199; and the Foreign Qtrly Review, 
No.vii. p.143, may be consulted for an account of a <i>German</i> version of this poem, 
published by Professor Vander Hagen. Pinkerton, in his edition of the Maitland poems, 
mentions this poem as <i>lost</i>; see vol.i. p.lix.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.214. "If <i>Cumberland</i> must have a Greek name, there 
is but one that fits him - Aristophanes - and that for the worst part of his character. If
his plays had any honest principle in them, instead of that eternal substitution of 
<i>honour</i> for honesty, of a shadow for a substance - if his novels were not more 
profligate in their tendency than Matthew Lewis's unhappy book - if the perusal of his 
Calvary were not a cross heavy enough for any man to bear who has ever read ten lines of 
Milton - if the man were innnocent of all these thinigs, he ought never to be forgiven for
his attempt to blast the character of Socrates. Right or wrong, no matter, the name had 
been canonized, and God knows wisdom and virtue have not so many saints that they can 
spare an altar to his clumsy pick-axe. I am no blind bigot of the Greeks; but I will take 
the words of Plato and <i>greater</i> Xenophon against Richard Cumberland, Esq."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. William Mitford, the learned historian of Greece, has 
animadverted most justly on this misrepresentation of the character of Socrates by Mr. 
Cumberland, and he shows that "the <i>life and manners of Socrates remain reported with 
authority not to be found for any other character of heathen antiquity</i>, by two men of 
the best ability and best reputation who lived familiarly with him; each bears the fullest
testimony to the integrity of Socrates, to the purity of his manners, purity beyond even 
the precepts of that age, as well as to the excellence of his doctrine. On the contrary, 
the foul aspersions on his character which the author of the <i>Observer</i> has now in 
our days thought it worth his while to seek, to collect, and to exhibit in group in a 
daylight which they had not before known, are reported neither on authority to bear any 
comparison with the single evidence of Plato or Xenophon, much less with their united 
testimony, nor have they any probability to recommend them," &amp;c. The entire note, 
which is eminently conclusive on this interesting subject, is too long to give, but let 
the reader consult the History of Greece, vol.v. p.129, note.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.228. "<i>Amadis</i> is most abominably printed. Never book
had more printers' blunders. How it sells is not in my power to say."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This work was reviewed in the Critical Rev. July 1804, by Mr. Wm. 
Taylor. Southey says, in a letter to that gentleman, "My name has got into the papers as 
the translator of Amadis. I am endeavouring still to conceal the truth. John Southwell, 
esq. will claim the book, and explain the mistake." See Memoirs of William Taylor, vol.i. 
pp.440, 516-529.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.253. "It has occurred to me that I could make a good 
companion to Ellis's very excellent book, under the title of 'Specimens of the Modern 
English Poetry,' beginning exactly wher he leaves off, and following exactly his plan; 
coming down
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.614
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<Paragraph rend="quote">to the present time, and making death the time where to stop," 
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The editor should have informed his readers that this work was 
executed, (not so well as it should have been,) and published in three volumes, in 1807. 
The selections were chiefly made by Mr. Grosvenor Bedford from Mr. Heber's library, then 
in Pimlico. Ellis's work alluded to is of a very superior kind, and the result of much 
research and care. Yet Ellis's knowledge of <i>Anglo-Saxon</i> was very imperfect, and the
ode on Athelstan's Victory, p.14 of the Introduction, is imperfectly printed, and has 
numerous mistakes in the interpretation. In Lockhart's Life of Scott, vol.i. p.368, will 
be found a character of G. Ellis in verse, by Dr. Leyden. He died April 10, 1815, aged 70.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.267. "That ugly-nosed <i>Godwin</i> has led me to this. I 
dare say he deserved all you gave him. In fact, I have never forgiven him his abuse of 
William Taylor, and do now regret with some compunction that in my reviewal of his Chaucer
I struck out certain passages of well-deserved severity. ... If he had not married again I
would have still have had (sic) some bowels of compassion for him, but to take another 
wife with the picture of Mary Woolstonecraft in his house! Agh!"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. D'Israeli, in his Amenities of Literature, vol.i. p.253, says,
"After Godwin had sent to the press his Biography of Chaucer, a deposition on the poet's 
age in the Heralds' College <i>detected the whole erroneous arrangement</i>;" and see 
Hippesleys' Chapter on Early English Literature, p.85. Yet we must add that Mr. Hallam 
says, "Another modern book may be named with <i>some commendation</i> - Godwin's Life of 
Chaucer." See Middle Ages, vol.iii. p.81.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.275. "Why have you not made Lamb declare war upon Mrs. 
Barebald? He should singe her flaxen wig with squibs, and tie crackers to her petticoats, 
till she leapt about like a parched pea for very torture. There is not a man in the world 
who could so well revenge himself."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This denunciation of wrath was directed against Mrs. Narbauld for 
her review in the Annual Register of Lamb's play, some account of which the editor should 
have given. The reviewers paid her off when she published her poem "Eighteen Hundred and 
Eleven" and her editor and biographer complains that "its venerable and female author was 
exposed to contumely and insult, which could only have been anticipated by those throughly
acqainted with the intents fo the hired assassin of reputation, shooting from his coward 
ambush." - See Life, p.71, by Miss Aikin.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.292. "I dined with Sotheby, and met there <i>Henley</i>, a
man every way to my taste."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The person here mentioned, concerning whom the editor has given no
explanation whatever, was the Rev. Samuel Henley, rector of Rendlesham in Suffolk, for 
some years principal of the East India College at Hertford. He was a person of varied and 
curious learning. He translated Mr. Beckford's Vathek, and added the learned and 
interesting notes to it. We think also that he had been Mr. Beckford's tutor. He published
"Observations on the Four Eclogues of Virgil" in 1788; also a specimen of a new 
translation of <i>Tibullus</i>; and at the period of his death had engaged to print at the
University Press at Cambridge "A Dissertation on the Natural Rising of the Dog Star as 
connected with the 'Star in the East.' His learning has received its reward of praise from
the hands of Professor Heyne of Gottingen, who calls him "Vir elegantis ingenii," and 
adds, "Ingenium et acumen viri docti facile probes." See Tibulli Carmina, ed. Heynii, 
p.xx.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.294. "<i>Sharpe</i> has announced his approach."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Here again the editor leaves his readers to be their own 
commentators, - Richard Sharpe, esq. commonly called, for the fluency, elegance, and 
knowledg he possessed, "Conversation Sharpe," - of whom see the high eulogy given in a 
letter of Sir James Mackintosh (Life, vol.i. p.196): "I owe much to your society. Your 
conversation has not only pleased and instructed me, but it has most materially 
contributed to refine my taste, to multiply my innocent and independent pleasures, and to 
make my mind tranquil and reasoanble. I think you have produced more effect on my 
character than any man with whom I have lived," &amp;c. We may here mention that Mr.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.615
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Townshend, in his Lives of the Judges, vol.ii. p.195, has made a 
mistake in giving the words, - "If you should abandon your Penelope and your home for 
Calypso, remember that I told you of the advice given in my hearing at different times to 
a young lawyer by Mr. Windham and Horne Tooke, not to look out for a seat (in the House of
Commons) till he had pretensions to be made Solicitor-General," - to Mr. <i>Granville</i> 
Sharp, whereas they occur in Mr. <i>Richard</i> Sharpe's letter to a Law Student, p.47.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Vol.iii. p.36. "Beausobre's Book (History of Manicheism) is 
one of the most valuable I have ever seen; it is a complete Thesaurus of early opinions, 
philosophical and theological."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This eminently learned and curious work was published in 2 vols. 
4to. 1734 and 1739. There is a remarkable letter of the King of Prussia to Voltaire on the
death of Beausobre in 1738 (see OEuvres de Voltaire, t.lxxxiv. p.344.) The late Professor 
<i>Porson</i> had a very high opinion of the merits of this work, and it forms one of the 
books in the list of those works which he wrote out as necessary to the scholar, and 
indispensable in a well-chose library. See Beloe's Sexagenarian, vol.ii. p.297.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.42. "There are two poets who must come into our series, 
and I do not remember their names in your list: <i>Sir John Moore</i>, of whom the only 
poem which I have ever seen should be given. It is addressed to a lady, he himself being 
in a consumption. If you do not remember it, Wynn will, and I think I can help you to it, 
for it is very beautiful.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The name of this poet, notwithstanding the admiration here given, 
does <i>not</i> appear in Mr. Southey's Specimens. The third edition of Sir John Moore's 
poems was printed in 1703, with a note penned by Mr. Jerningham, saying that ONE poem was 
omitted in deference to the intention of the author. "The following lines however," he 
says, "are too beautiful not to claim an exemption:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>If in the web of life entwin'd</Line>
<Line>Some mingled threads of love we find,</Line>
<Line>O let unskilful hands forbear</Line>
<Line>Lest with rude touch the work they tear;</Line>
<Line>And wound some kindred virtue there."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The poem to which Mr. Southey alludes, as being the only one he 
had seen, is probably the following:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>L'AMOUR TIMIDE.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line><i>To -----</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>If in that breast, so good, so pure.</Line>
<Line>Compassion ever lov'd to dwell,</Line>
<Line>Pity the sorrows I endure;</Line>
<Line>The cause I must not - dare not tell.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The grief that on my quiet preys,</Line>
<Line>That rends my heart, that checks my tongue,</Line>
<Line>I fear will last me all my days;</Line>
<Line>But feel it will not last me long.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We add one more, as a specimen of the talent of one, whose name 
seldom occurs in the poetical list.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>SONG.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Cease to blame my melancholy,</Line>
<Line>Though with sighs and folded arms</Line>
<Line>I muse in silence on her charms;</Line>
<Line>Censure not - I know 'tis folly.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Yet, these mornful thoughts possessing,</Line>
<Line>Such delights I find in grief,</Line>
<Line>That could Heaven afford relief</Line>
<Line>My fond heart would scorn the blessing.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.57. "Have you seen the Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson? If 
not, by all means read it: it is the history of a right Englishman; and the sketch of 
English history which it contains from the time of the Reformation is so admirable, that 
it ought to make even Scotchmen ashamed to mention the name of Hume. I have seldom been so
deeply interested by any book as this."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This praise is well deserved. These memoirs of two person of 
extraordinary excellence of disposition, talent, and virtue, unite all the spirit of a 
romance into the fidelity of history. The early part can hardly be surpassed in the 
interest it excites; but the work, we think, falls off towards the conclusion. As regards 
what Mr. Southey says, "<i>that Scotchmen should be ashamed to mention the name of 
Hume</i>," we beg leave to say, that it is not in loose and general language like this 
that the merits and defects of that great writer should be weighed. Whoever may hereafter 
take his place, for it is still empty, whenever the great mass of original records and 
manuscript documents, which are now reposing in our museums and national libraries, and on
which alone, as on a solid basis, authentic history can be formed; we say, whenever they 
shall be unfolded and made <i>publici juris</i>, then when
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<Paragraph rend="quote">some future historian shall arise to give life and motion to the 
animated mass, who, uniting the learning of <i>Seden</i> to the eloquence of 
<i>Clarendon</i>, shall for the first time scatter the darkness and disclose the majestic 
face of truth, even then David Hume will still retain the honourable title of the 
<i>English Livy</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.90. "I might perhaps have done something by applying to 
<i>Fellowes</i>, the Ant-Calvinist, a very interesting man, - such a one, indeed, that, 
though I never met him but once, I could without scruple have written to him."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This was the Rev. Robert <i>Fellowes</i>, to whom towards the end 
of his life, we think, Baron Maseres left his large fortune. He was much distinguished by 
a note in Dr. Samuel Parr's Spital Sermon, for Parr's extreme <i>liberality</i> of opinion
led him to select for his praise those who loved to tread a little wide of the narrow path
of orthodoxy. He says, "Mr. <i>Fellowes</i> has written several books, both on political 
and theological subjects, and in my opinion the ablest of them is the 'Picture of 
Christain Philosophy,' a third edition of which was published at the beginning of this 
year. He is curate of Hanley, in Warwickshire, where I have often seen him employed among 
a well-chosen collection of books, and have been much pleased with his conversation upon 
many interesting points in ethics, literature, and divinty. Now, in consequence of some 
reproaches that have been thrown lately on his intellectual and moral character, I am 
bounden to say that I am acquainted with no clergyman in this or any neighbouring county 
who is more respectable than Mr. Fellowes for diligence in his understanding, for purity 
in his principlaes, for regularity and earnestness in the discharge of his clerical 
duties, or integrity in the whole tenour of his life. He possesses only a scanty income, 
and has no prospect, I believe, of ecclesiastical preferment; but he adminsters medicine 
to the sick, he gives alms to the needy, he offers instruction to the ignorant, he vists 
the fatherless and widow in their afflication, and keeps himself in no common degree 
unspotted from the world," &amp;c. (p.8.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.104. "I have been told by persons most capable of judging,
that the <i>old translation</i> of Don Quixote is very beautiful. The book has never 
fallen my way. If it be well translated, the language of Elizabeth's reign must needs 
accord better with the style of Cervantes than more modern English would do," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The translation to which Mr. Southey alludes is that by Thomas 
Skelton, 4to. 1620. "The venerableness of Skelton's style, the rich and easy eloquence 
with which it steals the soul, <i>are such as no modern language can equal</i>." See 
Godwin's Life of J. and E. Philips, pp.255 and 260. Skelton says, in his dedication to 
"The Lord of Walden," that he translated the whole in <i>forty days</i>, and then cast it 
aside, and published it only on <i>request of his friends</i>."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In A. Wood's Athenae Oxoniensis, under the article "James Mather,"
Wood says he does not know who was the translator of a volume we possess, - "Delight in 
several Shapes, drawn to the Life in six pleasant Histories, by the elegant pen of that 
famous Spaniard, Don Miguel de Cervantes. Saavedra, 1654, folio;" nor does he know the 
name of him who translated the second part of the History of Don Quixote, 4to. 1628. J. 
Mather translated the "extempore novels of M. de Cervantes" in six books, folio, 1640; but
Skelton is at the head of all Cervantes translators, and next to him Motteux. It is 
probable that <i>Miss Hawkins</i> was quite ignorant both of Skelton's and Motteux's 
translations; when she says Tonson put Jarvis's Don Quixote into the hands of the Rev. Mr.
Broughton, reader at the Temple church, to finish, or she could not have known the 
<i>extraordinary</i> beauty and fidelity of what is called Jarvis's translation. It is to 
be wished that it had been appreciated as it deserves, in order to rescue the English 
reader from the <i>travestie of Smollett</i>, which is disgraceful and disgusting. See 
Hawkins' Memoirs, vol.i. 0p.104. I presume our readers are well aware that <i>Smollett</i>
set up the Critical Review in opposition to the Monthly, from Mrs. Carter's review of his 
Don Quixote, pointing out his ignorance. See the allegorical frontispiece to the first 
volume. As a casual observation, we may be pardoned mentioning that the second edition of 
the Spanish Don Quixote of 1614 is <i>rarer</i> than the first of 1605.
</Paragraph>
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Arabian Nights</Keyword> <Keyword>Park, Thomas</Keyword> 
<Keyword>James, K</Keyword> <Keyword>Dunbar, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Blind 
Harry</Keyword> <Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Cintra</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.617
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.105. "It gives me very great pleasure to hear that you 
have engaged for a genuine version of the <i>Arabian Nights</i>,- which I consider one of 
the greatest desideratums in modern Oriental literature."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This desideratum has been supplied by Mr. Lane from MS. and also 
by Mr. Henry Torrens from the Arabic of an Egyptian MS. as edited by Mr. W. H. 
Macnaughten, Calcutta, 1838. This MS. was purchased from the heirs of Mr. Salt, British 
consul in Egypt. It contains the full number of one thousand and one nights, with many 
tales entirely new to European readers. It is interspersed with poetry, and it is 
considered to be one of the most perfect copies hitherto found. On Mr. Lane's translation 
the reader may consult with advantage Mr. Henry Bohn's Catalogue, 1847, vol.i. p.66, 
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.108. "<i>Mr. Park</i> could supply the poets, and, indeed,
manage the whole better than any other person."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Thomas Park, editor of a small edition of the British Poets, 
of the Heliconia, &amp;c.; his notes are also incorporated into the last edition of 
Warton's History of English Poetry, of which work he once intended continuation. His 
knowledge of curious and rare books of poetry was very considerable. He died in 1835.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.128. "K. James, who is the best (of the Scotch poets) has 
not been well edited; Blind Harry but badly; <i>Dunbar</i>, and many others, are not to be
procured," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Since this was written, 1807, the poems of <i>William Dunbar</i>, 
the greatest poet that Scotland has produced, have been edited with learning and diligence
by David Laing, esq. in 2 vols. 1834, with a memoir of the poet and copious illustrations.
"This darling of the Scottish muses (says Sir Walter Scott) has been justly raised to a 
level with Chaucer by every judge of poetry to whom his obsolete language has not rendered
him unintelligible."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.180. "He (Wordsworth) is about to write a pamphlet upon 
this precious convention (of Cintra), which he will place in a more philosophical point of
view than any body has yet done."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of this pamphlet we heard Mr. Canning say, that he considered it 
the most eloquent production of the kind since the days of Burke.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">list, P.188. "I hope <i>Malthus</i> will not be a 
contributor (to the Qtrly Review). His main principle is that God makes men and women 
faster than He can feed them, and he calls upon Government to stop the breed," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This is unlike Malthus's doctrine as the wrong side of a piece of 
tapestry is unlike the right. What he <i>really</i> says is as follows: - "I never have 
recommended, nor ever shall, any other means than those of explaining to the labouring 
classes the manner in which their interests are affected by too great an <i>increase</i> 
in their numbers, and of removing or weakening the positive laws which tend to discourage 
habits of prudence and foresight." See Principles of Political Economy, p.420. One who 
always wrote with due care and consideration of his subject says, speaking of Mr. Malthus,
"A more philosophical candour, calm love of truth, and ingenious turn for speculation in 
his important branch, I have seldom met with. It is quite delightful to find how closely 
he has taught himself to examine the circumstances of the lower classes of society, and 
what a scientific turn he gives to the subject." See Life of Horner, vol.ii. p.406. Doctor
Samuel Parr adds the weight of his testimony when he says, speaking of this work of 
Malthus, "Gladly do I bestow the tribute of my commendation on the general merits of this 
work, in soundness of matter, accuracy of reasoning, elegance of diction, and usefulness 
of effect. <i>I admit unequivocally the fundamental principles of the writer</i>, that by 
those general laws of nature which constitute all our experience, and therefore should 
regulate all our inquiries, 'Population, <i>under certain circumstances</i>, will increase
in a geometrical proportion, and the produce of the earth in an arithmetical only," 
&amp;c. Vide Spital Sermon, p.142. Had we space, and if it were necessary, we could erect 
a heavy battery of authorities on the same side of the subject; but the reader who is 
interested in it will be more gratified in his own researches into the works of Humboldt 
and Sismondi and other writers. We add one short but weighty authority.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"La population croit en raison geometrique, et n'a point de 
bornes. Les subsistances croissent en raison arith-
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Coplestone, Professor</Keyword> <Keyword>Cowper, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Monthly Magazine</Keyword> <Keyword>Distressed Travellers, or 
the Journey to Clifton</Keyword> <Keyword>Campbell</Keyword> <Keyword>Gertrude of 
Wyoming</Keyword> <Keyword>Ballantyne</Keyword> <Keyword>Duttens</Keyword> 
<Keyword>English Historiographer</Keyword> <Keyword>Brown, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bonaparte, Lucien</Keyword> <Keyword>Butler, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Hodgson, 
Francis</Keyword> <Keyword>Clarke, Stanier, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Clarke, Edward, 
Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Falconer</Keyword> <Keyword>Shipwreck</Keyword> <Keyword>Life of 
Lord Nelson</Keyword> <Keyword>King James's Memoirs</Keyword> <Keyword>Morritt</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.618
</Paragraph>
<References>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[arith]metique, et la fertilite de la terre a un terme. Cette 
reflexion de <i>M. Malthus</i>, dans son excellent <i>Essai sur la Population</i>, doit 
etre un sujet de meditation pour les hommes d'etat." See Bonald's Pensees Diverses, i. 76.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.194. "Coplestone, the Oxford Poetry Professor (<i>a great 
admirer of Madoc</i>)."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, This excellent and learned man, when at Oxford, engaged in 
his laborious duties both as tutor and professor, had little time or inclination to look 
into modern poetry, and the general sentiments of Oxford were too orthodox to regard with 
favour the new school that had arisen, when their own Lowth and Warton were no more; but, 
touching the immediate point before us, we can speak with absolute and authentic 
information. Mr. Professor Coplestone never possessed a copy of Madoc, nor ever read the 
entire poem; but soon after its appearance, when it was talked of in the common room and 
elsewhere, he asked <i>us to mark a few passages for him in our own copy</i>, and send the
volume to his room, and we believe this is all he knew of it. He smiled when he read the 
introductory lines "Come listen to a tale of times of old," &amp;c. and said, "Though Mr. 
Southey has despised the <i>classical</i> school of poetry, he has not disdained to borrow
from Virgil here;" and he praised the simile with which the eighteenth book of Madoc in 
Wales, concludes, "No nobler crew filled that heroic bark," &amp;c. and ending "And Oriana
freed from Roman thrall!" We never heard him afterwards mention the poem. In regard to Mr.
Professor Coplestone's contributions to the Qtrly Review, they were very few. We remember 
that of Dr. Whitaker "de Motu Civico" was one.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.205. "Bye-the-by, a very pretty piece of familiar verse, 
by Cowper, appeared, about two years ago, in the Monthly Magazine."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This poem we believe to be "The Distressed Travellers, or the 
Journey to Clifton," a poem in Cowper's easy, light, and best style of humour.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.234. "Campbell's poem has disappointed his friends, 
Ballantyne tells me. It is, however, beter than I expected, except in story, which is 
meagre," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This poem was Gertrude of Wyoming, - a poem, in spite of its want 
of incident and character, that must please from its poetical taste and feeling. Bad as 
the story is, it appears that it was taken from a work of fiction, Barneck and Saldorf, by
Aug. la Fontaine, 1804. We confess that we do not perceive what Campbell has borrowed from
Wordsworth's "Ruth" and "The Brothers," as Southey alleges.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.248. "Old Dutens has had the office (of English 
Historiographer) with a salary of 400<i>l.</i> a-year, for many years - upon what plea, 
they who gave it him can best tell."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The history of this and of the other preferments and pensions, 
ecclesiastical and civil, enjoyed by this person, may be read in his work, "Memoirs of a 
Traveller in Retirement." An account of him may be found in Biographie Universelle, 
vol.xii. p.395.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.266. "Your first book reminded me of an old pastoral poet 
- William Brown: he has the same fault of burying his story in Flowers." - (Letter to Eb. 
Elliott.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This is true, for all Brown's poetry seems to have been written 
before he attained his thirtieth year. Sir Egerton Brydges published a volume of his 
poetry from MS. in 4t0. Some interesting information concerning him and his works will be 
found in Drake's Shakspere, vol.i.p.604; Warton's History of English Poetry, vol.i. 
p.ccxxix; Todd's Milton, vol.v. p.395; the Retrospective Review, vol.ii. p.149; and the 
Gentleman's Magazine for March 1848; not to mention many other notices worthy of attention
when the works of Brown are re-edited; the edition by Davies, 3 vols, 12mo. being very 
imperfect.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.310. The poems of Lucien Bonaparte obtained translators in
the late Bishop Butler and the Rev. Francis Hodgson.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.333. Dr. Stanier Clarke. - He was brother of Dr. Edward 
Clarke, the traveller, Rector of Tillington, in Sussex, canon of Windsor, editor of 
Falconer's Shipwreck, Life of Lord Nelson, and other works, as King James's Memoirs, 
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.346. "Mr. Morritt's father bought the house of Sir Thomas 
Robinson, well known in his day by the names of Long Robinson and Long Sir Thomas. You may
recollect a good epigram upon this man:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Unlike to Robinson shall be my song.</Line>
<Line>It shall be witty - and it sha'nt be long."</Line>
</Paragraph>
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Coleridge, Samuel Taylor</Keyword> <Keyword>Wordsworth, 
William</Keyword>  <Keyword>Klopstock</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.619
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<Paragraph rend="quote">There were two Sir Thomas Robinsons living at the same time. One 
was a man of talent, particularly in architecture, and he added a wing to Castle Howard. 
When the one called <i>Long</i> Sir Thomas was in his last illness, someone mentioned it 
to Lord Chesterfield, and said, "<i>He is dying by inches</i>." "Then," said Lord 
Chesterfield, "it will be <i>some time</i> before he dies." In the Walpoliana, Horace 
Walpole mentions his being at dinner in Paris with a party of French people, when Sir 
Thomas came in, in leather breeches, green jacket, and jockey cap; and a French 
abb&#x00E9;, after staring for some time at this unwonted appearance, asked his neighbour,
"Peut-etre ce Monsieur est le fameux <i>Robinson</i> Crusoe."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have now only room to add one short passage, partly for itself 
and partly that we may add a comment.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Coleridge and Wordsworth," says Mr. Southey, "visited 
Klopstock in the year 1797. He wore a great wig. '<i>Klopstock in a wig</i>,' they said, 
'<i>was something like Mr. Milton</i>.'"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now, though Klopstock's fame as a poet has declined in Germany and
is almost zero in England, yet his lyrical poems are not without merit, and will please 
those who, like ourselves, confess we never could get through the Messiah. We advise those
who wish to form a <i>correct</i> opinion about him to consult the admirable work of his 
compatriot, the Isagoge of J. M. Gesner, in which he will find the merits and defects of 
Klopstock critically and impartially discussed. We point out the places: vol.i. pp.221, 
242, 308, 327; and give the following epigram, which exactly states the truth as it was:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Wer wird nicht einen <i>Klopstock</i> loben?</Line>
<Line>Doch lesen wird ein jeder? Nein.</Line>
<Line>Wir wollen weniger gelobt, und mehr gelesen seyn.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Which we may thus endeavour to represent in the mirror of our own 
language:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Who does not Klopstock praise? Not one.</Line>
<Line>Who is it studies Klopstock? None.</Line>
<Line>We think 'twould better be, before</Line>
<Line>We praise so much, to read him more.</Line>
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<Keyword>Hawkshead Grammar School, Hawkshead</Keyword> <Keyword>St John's College, 
Cambridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Stamp Distributor</Keyword> <Keyword>Beaumont, George, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.668
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>obituary</Keyword>  <Keyword>William Wordsworth</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Obituary, William Wordsworth</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, ESQ.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>April</i> 23. At his residence at Rydal Mount, near Ambleside, 
aged 80, William Wordsworth, Esq. D.C.L. Poet Laureate.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">William Wordsworth was born on the 7th of April, 1770, at 
Cockermouth, in Cumberland. His parents were of the middle class, but of ancient descent, 
in Yorkshire,&#x002A; and he was educated, together with his brother, afterwards Dr. 
Wordsworth, at the Hawkshead Grammar School. It is stated that at thirteen years of age he
first made an effort at composition, but it was not until ten years had elapsed from the 
time of his boyish efforts that he ventured to appear in print. In 1787 he entered St. 
John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1791. Shortly after he visited the 
continent.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He was designed by his parents for the Church - but poetry and new
prospects turned him into another path. His pursuit through life was poetry, and his 
profession that of Stamp Distributor for the Government in the counties of Cumberland and 
Westmerland: to which office he was appointed by the joint interest, as we have heard, of 
his friend Sir George Beaumont and his patron Lord Lonsdale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Wordsworth made his first appearance as a poet in the year 
1793, by the publication of a thin quarto volume entitles "An Evening Walk: an Epistle in 
Verse, addressed to a young Lady from the Lakes of the North of England, by W. Wordsworth,
B.A. of St. John's College, Cambridge. Printed in London, and published by Johnson in St. 
Paul's Churchyard;" from whose shop seven years before had appeared The Task of Cowper. In
the same year he published "Descriptive Sketches in Verse taken during a Pedestrian Tour 
in the Italian, Grison, Swiss, and Savoyard Alps."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">What was thought of these poems by a few youthful admirers may be 
gathered from the account given by Coleridge in his Biographia Literaria: "During the last
year of my residence at Cambridge, 1794, I became acquainted with Mr. Wordsworth's first 
publication, entitled Descriptive Sketches; and seldom, if ever, was the emergence of an 
original poetic genius above the literary horizon more evidently announced." The two 
poets, then personally unknown to each other, first became acquainted in the summer of 
1796, at Nether Stowey, in Somersetshire. Coleridge was then in his twenty-fourth year and
Wordsworth in
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "From the branch of this family of Wordsworth, which was 
planted at Falthwaite, near Stainborough, spring the two brothers whose names are so 
highly distinguished in the literature of the present times, Dr. Christopher Wordsworth, 
Master of Trinity college, Cambridge, and William Wordsworth the poet." (Hunter's South 
Yorkshire, vol.ii. p.492.) We learn from a recent Yorkshire paper that the old press or 
<i>armoire</i>, made by William Wordesworth, of Peniston, in 1525, the inscription upon 
which is given by Mr. Hunter in the same volume, p.334, was restored by the late Mr. 
Beaumont to the Wordsworth family.
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The</Keyword> <Keyword>Affliction of Margaret ...</Keyword> <Keyword>Moods of My Own 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.669
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<Paragraph rend="quote">his twenty-sixth. A congeniality of pursuit soon ripened into 
intimacy; and in September, 1798, accompanied by Miss Wordsworth, they made a tour in 
Germany.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wordsworth's next publication was the first volume of his Lyrical 
Ballads, published in the summer of 1798 by Mr. Joseph Cottle, of Bristol, who purchased 
the copyright for thirty guineas. It made no way with the public, and Cottle was a loser 
by the bargain. So little, indeed, was thought of the volume that when Cottle's copyrights
were transferred to the Messrs. Longman the Lyrical Ballads was thrown in as a valueless 
volume in the mercantile idea of the term. The copyright was afterwards returned to 
Cottle; and by him again transferred to the poet, who lived to see it of real money value 
in the market of successful publications.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Disappointed but not disheartened by the very indifferent success 
of his Lyrical Ballads, years elapsed before Mr. Wordsworth again appeared as a poet. But 
he was not idle. He was every year maturing his own principles of poetry, and making good 
the remark of Coleridge, that to admire on principle is the only way to imitate without 
loss of originality. In the very year which witnessed the failure of his Lyrical Ballads, 
he wrote his Peter Bell - the most strongly condemned of all his poems. The publication of
this when his name was better known (for he kept it by him till, he says, "it nearly 
survived its minority,") brough a shower of contemptuous criticisms on his head.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wordsworth married in the year 1803 Miss Mary Hutchinson of 
Penrith, and settled among his beloved Lakes - first at Grasmere, and afterwards at Rydal 
Mount. Southey's subsequent retirement to the same beautiful county and Coleridge's visits
to his brother poets originated the name of the Lake School of Poetry - "the school of 
whining and hypochondriacal poets that haunt the Lakes" - by which the opponents of their 
principles and the admirers of the "Edinburgh Review" distinguished the three great poets 
whose names have long been and will still continue to be connected.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wordsworth's fame increasing, slowly it is true but securely, he 
put forth in 1807 two volumes of his poems. They were reviewed by Byron, then a young man 
of nineteen, and as yet not even a poet in print, in the Monthly Literary Recreations for 
the August of that year. "The poems before us," says the reviewer, "are by the author of 
Lyrical Ballads, a collection which has not undeservedly met with a considerable share of 
public applause. The characteristics of Mr. Wordsworth's muse are, simple and flowing, 
though occasionally inharmonious verse, strong and sometimes irresistible appeals to the 
feelings, with unexceptionable sentiments. Though the present work may not equal his 
former efforts, many of the poems possess a native elegance, natural and unaffected, 
totally devoid of the tinsel embellishments and abstract hyperboles of several 
contemporary sonneteers. The Song at the Feasting of Brougham Castle. The Seven Sisters, 
The Affliction of Margaret ---, of ---, possess all the beauties and few of the defects of
this writer. The pieces least worthy of the author are those entitled Moods of My Own 
Mind. We certainly wish these moods had been less frequent." Such is a sample of Byron's 
criticism, - and of the criticising indeed till very recently of a large class of people 
misled by the caustic notices of the Edinburgh Review, the pungent satires of Byron, and 
the admirable parody of the poet's occasional style contained in the Rejected Addresses.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His next publication was The Excursion, dedicated to the Earl of 
Lonsdale. This was originally intended for the central portion of a poem to be called The 
Recluse, in which the author proposed to pursue his musings.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">On Man, on Nature, and on Human Life.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Excursion was printed in quarto in the autumn of 1814. The 
critics were hard upon it. "This will never do," was the memorable opening of the reviewer
in Edinburgh. Men who thought for themselves thought highly of the poem; but few dared to 
speak out. Jeffrey boasted wherever he went that he had crushed it in its birth. "He crush
The Excursion!" said Southey, "Tell him he might as easily crush Skiddaw." What Coleridge 
often wished, that the first two books of The Excursion had been printed separately, under
the name of The Deserted Cottage, was a happy idea, and one, if it had been carried into 
execution, that would have removed many of the trivial objections made at the time to its 
unfinished character.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">While The Excursion was still dividing the critics, Peter Bell 
appeared, to throw amongst them yet greater differences of opinion. The author was 
evidently aware that the poem, from the novelty of its construction, and the still greater
novelty of its hero, required some protection, and this protection he sought behind the 
name of Southey, with which, he tells us in the Dedication, his own hand had often 
appeared "both for good and evil." The deriders of the poet laughed still louder
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 1 p.670
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<Paragraph rend="quote">than before - his admirers too were at first somewhat amazed - and
the only consolation which the poet obtained was from a sonnet of his own, in imitation of
Milton's sonnet, beginning -
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<Line>A book was writ of late called Tetrachordon.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This sonnet runs as follows:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>A book came forth of late, called Peter Bell;</Line>
<Line>Not negligent the style; - the matter? - good</Line>
<Line>As aught that song records of Robin Hood;</Line>
<Line>Or Roy, renown'd through many a Scottish dell;</Line>
<Line>But some (who brook these hacknied themes full well</Line>
<Line>Nor heat at Tam O'Shanter's name their blood)</Line>
<Line>Waxed wrath, and with foul claws, a harpy brood,</Line>
<Line>On Bard and Hero clamorously fell.</Line>
<Line>Heed not, wild Rover once through heath and glen,</Line>
<Line>Who mad'st at length the better life thy choice,</Line>
<Line>Heed not such onset! Nay, if praise of men</Line>
<Line>To thee appear not an unmeaning voice,</Line>
<Line>Lift up that grey-hair'd forehead, and rejoice</Line>
<Line>in the just tribute of thy poet's pen.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lamb, in thanking the poet for his strange but clever poem, asked,
"Where is The Waggoner?" - of which he retained a pleasant remembrance from hearing 
Wordsworth read it in MS. when first written in 1806. Pleased with the remembrance of the 
friendly essayist, the poet determined on sending The Waggoner to press, and in 1815 the 
poem appeared with a dedication to his old friend who had thought so favourably of it. 
Another publication of this period which found still greater favour with many of his 
admirers was The White Doe of Rylstone; founded on a tradition connected with the 
beautiful scenery that surrounds Bolton Priory, and on a ballad in Percy's collection 
called The Rising of the North.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His next work of consequence is The River Duddon, described in a 
noble series of sonnets, and containing some of his very finest poetry. The volume is 
dedicated to his brother the Rev. Dr. Wordsworth, and appeared in 1820. It contained a 
"topographical description of the country of the Lakes," which had been previously 
published as an introduction to some Views of the Lakes by the Rev. Joseph Wilkinson; see 
the review of the work in Gentleman's Magazine for Oct. 1820, p.344. In his notes (edit. 
1845) Wordsworth mentions that this series of sonnets was the growth of many years; the 
one which stands the 14th was the first produced; and others were added upon occasional 
visits to the stream, or as recollections of the scenes upon its banks awakened a wish to 
describe them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Dec. 1820 he commenced his series of Ecclesiastical Sonnets, 
which he completed in Jan. 1822. They were composed at the same time that Southey was 
writing his History of the Church.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wordsworth's last publication of importance was his "Yarrow 
Revisited, and other Poems," published in 1835. The new volume, however, rather sustained 
than added to his reputation. Some of the finer poems are additions to his memorials of a 
tour of Scotland, which have always ranked among the most delightful of his works.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the same year Mr. Wordsworth received a pension of 300<i>l.</i>
a-year from Sir Robert Peel's government, and permission to resign his office of Stamp 
distributor in favour of his son. He seems henceforth to have surrendered himself wholly 
to the muse, and to contemplations suitable to his own habits of mind and to the lovely 
country in which he lived. This course of life, however, was varied by a tour to Italy in 
company with his friend Mr. Crabb Robinson.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In July 1838 he received the honorary degree of doctor in civil 
law from the university of Durham. At the commemoration in 1839 he received the same 
degree from the university of Oxford, together with the Chev. Bunsen. An occasion which 
had such double claims upon Dr. Arnold drew him back to Oxford after an absence of 
one-and-twenty years: "remembering," he remarks, "how old Coleridge inoculated a little 
knot of us with the love of Wordsworth, when his name was in general a by-word, it was 
striking to witness the thunders of applause, repeated over and over again, with which he 
was greeted in the theatre by undergraduates and masters of arts alike." (Arnold's Life, 
ii. 160.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On Southey's death in 1843, Wordsworth was appointed Poet 
Laureate. Once and only once did he sing in discharge of his office - on the occasion of 
her Majesty's Visit to the University of Cambridge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1845 he collected his poems into one large volume published by 
Moxon. They are arranged in the following divisions: those written in youth, inclcuding 
The Borderers, a tragedy, composed in 1795-6; pieces referring to the period of childhood;
poems founded upon the affections; poems on the naming of places; poems of the fancy; The 
Waggoner; poems of the imagination; Peter Bell; miscellaneous sonnets; memorials of a tour
in Scotland, 1803; of another Scottish tour, 1814; poems dedicated to national 
independence and liberty; memorials of a tour on the continent, 1820; of a tour in Italy, 
1837; the river Duddon; the White Doe of Rylstone; Ecclesiastical Sonnets; Yarrow
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Revisited, and other poems composed during a tour in Scotland and 
on the English border in the autumn of 1831; Evening Voluntaries; poems composed or 
suggested during a home tour in 1833; poems of sentiment and reflection; sonnets dedicated
to liberty and order; sonnets upon the punishment of death; miscellaneous poems; 
inscriptions; selections from Chaucer modernised; poems referring to the period of old 
age; epitaphs and elegaic pieces; and The Excursion. Altogether the volume contains some 
seven hundred distinct poems.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If Wordsworth was unfortunate - as he certainly was - in not 
finding and recognition of his merits till his hair was grey, he was luckier than other 
poets similarly situated have been in living to a good old age, and in the full enjoyment 
of the amplest fame which his youthful dreams had ever pictured. His style is simple, 
unaffected, and vigorous - his blank verse manly and idiomatic - his sentiments both noble
and pathetic, - and his images poetic and appropriate. His sonnets are among the finest in
the language: - Milton's scarcely finer. "I think," says Coleridge, "that Wordsworth 
possessed more of the genius of a great philosophic poet than any man I ever knew, or as I
believe has existed in England since Milton; but it seems to me that he ought never to 
have abandoned the contemplative position which is peculiarly - perhaps I might say 
exclusively - fitted for him. His proper title is <i>Spectator ab extra</i>."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The illustrious poet breathed his last by the side of that 
beautiful lake in Westmerland which his residence and his verse has rendered famous. We 
are not called upon in his case to mourn over the untimely fate of genius snatched away in
the first feverish struggles of development, or even in the noon-day splendour of its 
mid-career. Full of years, as of honours, the old man had time to accomplish all that he 
was capable of accomplishing ere he was called away. Removed by taste and temperament from
the busy scenes of the world, his long life was spent in the conception and elaboration of
his poetry in the midst of sylvan solitudes to which he was so fondly attached. His length
of days permitted him to act as the guardian of his own fame - he could bring his maturer 
judgment to bear upon the first bursts of his youthful inspiration, as well as upon the 
more measured flow of his maturest compositions. Whatever now stands in the full 
collection of his works has received the final <i>imprimatur</i> from the poet's hand, 
sitting in judgment upon his own works under the influence of a generation later than his 
own. It is sufficiently characteristic of the man, that little has been altered, and still
less condemned. Open at all times to the influences of external nature, he was singularly 
indifferent to the judgment of men, or rather so enamoured of his own judgment that he 
could brook no teacher. Nature was his book; he would admit no interpretation but his own.
It was this which constituted the secret of his originality and his strength, at the same 
time that the abuse of the principle laid him open at times to strictures, the justice of 
which few persons but the unreasoning fanatics of his school would now be prepared to 
deny.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"It is well when the fashion of virtue is set by men whose 
rare abilities are objects of envy and emulation even to the most dissolute and 
unprincipled. If this be true of the statesman, of the warrior, of the man of science, it 
is so in a tenfold degree of the poet and the man of letters. Their works are in the hands
of the young and inexperienced. Their habits of life become insensibly mixed up with their
compositions in the minds of their admirers. They spread the moral infection wider than 
other men, because those brought within their influence are singularly susceptible of 
contamination. The feelings, the passions of imagination, which are busy with the 
compositions of the poet, are quickly interested in the fashion of his life. From 'I would
fain write so' to 'I would fain live so' there is but a little step. Under this head the 
English nation owes a deep debt of gratitude to William Wordsworth. Neither by the 
influence of his song, nor by the example of his life, has he corrupted or enervated our 
youth; by one, as by the other, he has purified and elevated, not soiled and abased, 
humanity." - <i>Times</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Wordsworth's best likeness is a bust by Chantrey, from which an 
engraving is prefixed to his collected Poems of 1845. His other portraits are not so 
characteristic.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is announced that Wordsworth has left a poem, consisting of 
fourteen cantos, descriptive of his life, reflections, and opinions, with directions that 
it should be published after his decease, together with such biographical notices as may 
be requisite to illustrate his writings, under the editorial care of his nephew, the Rev. 
Christopher Wordsworth, D.D. Canon of Westminster, whom he has appointed his literary 
executor, so far as his biographical memoir is concerned, with the expression of a desire 
that his family, executors, and friends would furnish his biographer with such materials 
as may be useful for his assistance in the preparation of the work.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Wordsworth was very well and vigorous for his age during the 
last autumn, and was, in some degree, recovering his spirits, which had suffered a severe 
shock in the death of his only daughter, some time ago. About a month before his death he 
was attacked with serious illness, from which he never more than partially rallied. His 
remains were consigned to the earth at the little church of Grasmere. The funeral was 
intended to be as private as possible, but many persons assembled to pay honour to the 
remains of the illustrious dead. There was a long procession of carriages and horsemen, 
and the church was filled with ladies and gentlemen of the neighbourhood, attired in deep 
mourning. A meeting of persons desirous to do honour to his memory was held on Monday, the
13th of May, at the house of Mr. Justice Coleridge. It was attended by the Bishop of 
London, the Bishop of St. David's, the Dean of St. Paul's, Archdeacon Hare, Mr. Rogers, 
Mr. Cavendish, and several other gentlemen.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.43
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  <Keyword>Wordsworth Family</Keyword>  <Keyword>genealogy</Keyword>
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Wordsworth Genealogy</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE OLD GENEALOGICAL OAK PRESS IN THE POSSESSION OF THE 
POET WORDSWORTH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">(IN illustration of the following very acceptable 
communication from the historian of Hallamshire, we may remind our readers, that in our 
biography of the poet Wordsworth, contained in our last number (p.668), allusion is made 
to an old press or <i>armoire</i> made in the year 1525 at the expense of an ancestor of 
the poet, one William Wordsworth of Peniston. Carved upon that same oak press is an 
inscription which furnishes a pedigree of the family for several generations anterior to 
the William of 1525. This singular relic of family history was formerly in the possession 
of the late Mr. Beaumont, but as we stated, upon the authority of a recent Yorkshire 
newspaper, it was restored by him to the Wordsworth family about ten years ago.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>June</i> 10.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE old oak press or <i>armoire</i>, with the genealogical 
inscription of the family of Wordsworth, of which you speak at p.668, is a very singular 
and perhaps unique work of its kind. The inscription may be rendered thus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"This work was made in the year 1525, at the expense of 
William Wordesworth, son of William, son of John, son of William, son of Nicholas, husband
of Elizabeth, daughter and heir of William Proctor (or the proctor), of Peniston, on whose
soul may God have mercy."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It seems to shew what brought the Wordsworths to Peniston, in 
Yorkshire, where the family existed for several centuries in different branches, where 
this singular work was executed, and where it remained till towards the close of the 
eighteenth century. They were in all their generations, and in all their branches, leading
people in the parish affairs; and those of the family who removed from Peniston and were 
settled in neighbouring parishes, or in towns at no great distance, as at Sheffield and 
Doncaster, maintained a highly respectable social position. Their descendants attained a 
distinction far in advance of those who remained at Peniston, who seem, indeed, not to 
have been so fortunate as their ancestors and more distant relatives.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of the branches of the family which had become planted in the 
neighbourhood of the parish of Peniston, the Wordsworths of Sheffield became ultimately 
represented by the families of two ladies who married Sir Charles Kent, Bart. and Mr. 
Verelst, the governor of Bengal. The Wordsworths of Falthwaite, in the adjoining parish of
Silkston, produced the late Master of Trinity, and his brother William Wordsworth, whose 
name would give a distinction and lustre to any family however otherwise illustrious it 
might be.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The information which you have gathered from a recent Yorkshire 
paper respecting the possession of the oak press by the late Mr. Wordsworth is perfectly 
correct, and perhaps you may think a short account of the manner in which he became 
possessed of it not unworthy a place in your Miscellany. I am able to give it, having 
myself had something to do in the transaction.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the autumn of 1831, when spending week or ten days in the 
lake-country, I had an introduction to Mr. Wordsworth, which was the first opportunity I 
enjoyed of conversing with this remarkable man. In the course of one of our conversations 
I happened
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<Paragraph rend="quote">to mention the existence of this ancient memorial of people of his
name who had lived in the parish to which his family traced its origin, when he expressed 
a strong desire to know more respecting it, and particulary whether it was still in 
existence, in whose possession it then was, and whether there might not be a possibilty 
that he, a descendant of the family, might become the possessor of it. To none of these 
questions was I then able to return an answer, but I promised that I would institute the 
necessary inquiries, and report to him the result. I did so, and by the assistance of an 
old friend, the late Mr. Gamaliel Milner, of Thurlston, a hamlet of Peniston, it was 
ascertained that the oak press had remained at Peniston, in possession of persons, either 
Wordsworths or descended from the family, but in reduced circumstances, till the period 
from 1780 to 1790, when it was sold by them to Sir Thomas Blackett, Bart. of Bretton Hall,
and removed by him to that house. On further inquiry it was ascertained that it was then 
at Bretton, where it had descended to Mrs. Beaumont, and her son, the late Mr. Beaumont, 
who was then the owner of it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Some correspondence, I believe, passed between Mr. Wordsworth, or 
some one on his behalf, and Mr. Beaumont. Mr. Beaumont, I have heard indirectly, expressed
his sense of the reasonableness of Mr. Wordsworth's claim, and of the satisfaction which 
it would give him to render in any proper way homage to so distinguished a man, but 
intimated, at the same time, the high pecuniary value in the Wardour-street markets of 
works of this rare and curious class.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The affair was then laid to rest for several years; but Mr. 
Wordsworth's wishes having been made known to a friend and neighbour of Mr. Beaumont, a 
lady of whom Dr. Dibdin, in his Northern Tour, says that her eloquence was so persuasive 
that in half an hour she could turn any Whig into a Tory, she undertook to prevail with 
Mr. Beaumont, and managed the affair so successfully that in 1840 the press was removed to
Rydal Mount, and received with great satisfaction by Mr. Wordsworth.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours &amp;c. JOSEPH HUNTER.
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London</Keyword> <Keyword>Qtrly Review</Keyword> <Keyword>Edinburgh Review</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF ROBERT SOUTHEY&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, THE present volume opens with Mr. Southey's relinquishment 
of the hopes of being the historiographer royal, or even receiver of the rents of 
Greenwich Hospital; he therefore settled contentedly on the surer foundation of the Qtrly 
Review, which had lately commenced its career of rivalry with its elder brother in the 
North. He was also proceeding with his poem of Roderic and his popular Life of Nelson, 
which brought him in 300<i>l.</i> In this year, 1813, the office of poet laureate became 
vacant by Mr. Pye's death. The somewhat faded laurels were offered to Sir Walter Scott, 
who handed them over to Southey, and the Prince Regent, observing that "he had written 
some good things in favour of the Spaniards, said the office should be given him."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Coming to London for this purpose, he dined at Holland House, and 
met Lord Byron, and was introduced to Mr. Rogers and Sir James Mackintosh. He had 
90<i>l.</i> a-year in his pocket from the office, and was in high spirits; when Ben Jonson
held it there was no income tax nor land tax, and so <i>he</i> received the full hundred. 
His first official effort, his Carmen Triumphale, was much injured "by advice of friends,"
for he was not permitted to abuse Bonaparte, and was sadly afraid he might be called on to
praise Mrs. Clarke; however, he relieved himself by a stanza against Jeffrey and the 
Edinburgh Review. He also wrote three odes without rhyme, in Thalaba's verse, to the three
greatest sovereigns of Europe. In 1814, writing to Bernard Barton, he thus sketches the 
character of <i>Wordsworth</i>:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Wordsworth's residence and mine are fifteen miles assunder,
a sufficient distance to preclude any frequent interchange of visits. I have known him 
nearly twenty years, and for about half that time intimately. The strength and character 
of his mind you see in <i>The Excursion</i>, and his life does not belie his writings, for
in every relation of life, and every point of view, he is a truly exemplary and admirable 
man. In conversation he is powerful beyond any of his contemporaries, and as a poet - I 
speak not from the partiality of friendship, nor because we have been so absurdly held up 
as both writing on one concerted system of poetry, but with the
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "The Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey. Edited by
his Son, the Rev. Charles Cuthbert Southey, M.A. Curate of Plumbland, Cumberland." Vol.IV.
(To be completed in six volumes.)
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">most delicate exercise in impartial judgment whereof I am 
capable - when I declare my full conviction that posterity will rank him with Milton."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He says, in a following page, "that Wordsworth is a poet of the 
same class with Milton, and of <i>equal powers!</i>" Soon after he writes to Sir Walter 
Scott:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Jeffrey I hear has written what his admirers call a 
<i>crushing</i> review of The Excursion. He might as well seat himself on Skiddaw, and 
fancy that he crushed the mountain." I heartily wish Wordsworth may one day meet with him,
and lay him alongside, yard-arm and yard-arm, in argument, &amp;c."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1815 we find Southey has begun his Quaker's Poem, in irregular 
rhyme; the principal character being a Seeker (in the language of the day) rather than 
Quaker, a son of Goffe the King's judge, a godson of Cromwell, a friend of Milton, and a 
companion of William Penn. The plan, he says, is sufficiently made out.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"But I have no longer that ardour of execution, which I 
possessed twenty years ago. I have the disheartening conviction that my best is done, and 
that to add to the bulk of my works will not be to add to their estimation. Doubtless I 
shall go on with the poem and complete it if I live; but it will be to please others, not 
myself, and will be so long in progress, that in all likelihood I shall never begin 
another."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whatever might become of his poetical talent, his <i>prose</i> 
powers at least were in full vigour. He was writing at once a History of the Spanish War, 
a History of Brazil, and projecting a History of Portugal, which last was to be "the most 
interesting of his historical works." Indeed, he adds, "for thorough research, and a range
of materials, I do not believe that the History of Portugal will ever have been 
surpassed." He also intended writing the Age of George the Third, "the most promising 
project which occurred to him," being nothing less than "a view of the world during the 
most eventful half-century of its annals; not the <i>history</i>, but a philosophical 
summary with reference to the causes and consequences of all these mighty revolutions. 
There never was a more splendid subject, and I have full confidence in my own capacity." 
In the autumn of 1815 he made a short tour in Belgium, and then visited the field of 
Waterloo, "red with Gallic blood." His journal has not been printed, but his poetical 
pilgrimage to Waterloo is well known. In 1816 he writes to thank Sir Walter Scott for his 
Lord of the Isles, in which he says, "There are portions which are not surpassed in any of
your poems, and, in the first part especially, a mixture of originality, and animation, 
and beauty, which is seldom found." For his religious opinions we may refer to another 
passage in a letter at nearly the same period.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Christianity exists no where in so pure a form as in our 
Church; but even there it is mingled with much alloy, from which I know not how it will be
purified. I have an instinctive abhorrence of <i>bigotry</i>. When Dissenters talk of the 
Establishment, they make me feel like a high churchman; and when I get among high 
churchmen I am ready to take shelter in dissent."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, We must here pass over with a soft and light footstep the 
melancholy loss of his son, in his tenth year, "the head and flower of his earthly 
happiness, the central jewel of the ring, and the pure blossom of his bones," and rejoin 
the poet as he again enters into the business of life. By nature, he says, he was a 
<i>poet</i>, by deliberate choice an<i>historian</i>, and a <i>political</i> writer by 
accident or the course of events; and, as a political writer, his articles in the Qtrly 
Review had drawn the attention of Lord Liverpool, who entertained a wish to see him, it is
supposed, for the purppose of hearing his sentiments or securing his assistance as a 
writer on the side of authority, and order, and legal government, for it was truly said 
there was much<i>un-English</i> spirit abroad then, as there is now. Such was Hazlitt, 
whom even Mr. Justice Talfourd's kindly pen describes as "staggering under the blow of 
Waterloo," and as "hardly able to forgive the valour of the conquerors." "Such was my 
father's friend, William Taylor of Norwich, who called Waterloo a victory justly admired, 
<i>but not in its tendency and consequences satisfactory to a cosmopolitan philosophy</i>,
and says, that liberty, toleration, and art have rather reason to bewail than to rejoice 
at the presence of trophies oppressive to the interests of man-
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>religion</Keyword> <Keyword>government</Keyword> <Keyword>Tyler,
Wat</Keyword> <Keyword>Smith, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Switzerland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Italy</Keyword> <Keyword>Life of Wesley</Keyword> <Keyword>Methodism</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.258
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<Paragraph rend="quote">kind." As Mr. Southey stood in the foremost ranks of those who 
denunciated all such doctrines as totally subversive of government, and law, and order, 
and even of general security and liberty, and as he never desisted from speaking boldly 
what he strongly felt, and using terms fitted to the necessities of the occasion, he was 
marked out for peculiar enmity, and, as the hatred of party is not conducted or guided by 
any principles but such as will best effect its immediate purpose, so the means were now 
adopted of annoying his feelings, injuring his character, and if possible neutralising the
effect of his writings by evidence of his inconsistency and want of principle, by the 
republication of a youthful work called <i>Wat Tyler</i>, written in 1794. The whole 
affair was disgraceful only to those who schemed it; it gave Southey some uneasiness; it 
caused a temporary excitement; and it died away, leaving no path behind it; but no less 
than 60,000 copies were sold at the time. Such is the disposition of society to batten 
upon unwholesome food. Among whom these copies went it would be curious to enquire. Mr. 
William Smith, the member for Norwich, went out of his way to attack him in the House of 
Commons, and, with Mr. Southey's animated reply, the matter may be said to close. In the 
autumn of 1817 he took a tour on the continent, visiting Switzerland and the Italian 
lakes. On his return he writes:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The Life of <i>Wesley</i> is my favourite employment just 
now, and a very curious book it will be, looking at Methodism abroad as well as at home, 
and comprehending our religious history for the last hundred years. I am sure I shall 
treat the subject with moderation. I hope I come to it with a sober judgment, a mature 
mind, and perfect freedom from all unjust prepossessions of any kind. There is no party 
which I am desirous of pleasing, none which I am fearful of offending; nor am I aware of 
any possible circumstance which might tend to bear me one way or the other from the 
straight line of impartial truth. For the <i>bigot</i> I shall be far too philosophical, 
for the <i>libertine</i> far too serious. the ultra-Churchman will think me little better 
than a Methodist, and the Methodists will wonder what I am. 
"&#x0391;&#x03B3;&#x03B9;&#x03B1; &#x03AC;&#x03B3;&#x03AF;&#x03BF;&#x03B9;&#x03C2;" will 
be my motto."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Poor laws, police, and politics, and the libels of the press 
seemed to have occupied at this time most of Southey's attention. He declined the office 
of Librarian to the Advocates Library at Edinburgh, with a salary of 400<i>l.</i> a-year, 
because he disliked great cities, and was free, as he supposed, from pecuniary anxieties. 
His picture of Mr. Wilberforce and his family, as he met them about this time, is 
amusing:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Wilberforce has been here with all his household; and such 
a household! The principle of the family seems to be, that, provided the servants have 
<i>faith</i>, good works are not to be expected from them, and the utter discord that 
prevails in consequence is truly farcical. The old coachman would figure upon the stage. 
Upon making some complaint about the horses, he told his master and mistress that since 
they had been in this country they had been so lake, and river, and mountain, and valley 
mad, that they had thought of nothing which they ought to think of. I have seen nothing in
such pell-mell, topsy-turvy, and chaotic confusion as Wilberforce's apartments, since I 
used to see a certain breakfast table in Skeleton Corner. His wife sits in the midst of it
like Patience on a monument, and he frisks about as if every vein in his body was filled 
with quicksilver; but withal there is such constant hilarity in every look and motion, 
such a sweetness in all his tones, such a benignity in all his thoughts, words, and 
actions, that all sense of his grotesque appearance is presently overcome, and you can 
feel nothing but love and admiration for a creature of so happy and blessed a nature."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In a letter dated in 1808 to his friend Mr. May, he mentions his 
being expelled Westminster School for the fifth number of a periodical paper he wrote 
against <i>flogging</i>, "proving it to be an invention of the devil, and therefore unfit 
to be practised at schools;" and on the same account he was refused admission at 
Christchurch, where otherwise he would not have been refused a studentship. He seemed, 
however, to retain more enmity to his old master, Dr. Vincent, than the latter did to him;
or at least to believe that the pedagogue looked at the matter more as a personal offence,
than as a breach of discipline which could not be overlooked. <i>We</i> knew Dr. Vincent 
sufficiently to vouch for the amiableness of his temper, and the liberality of his 
opinions. We shall now close
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<Keyword>Missionary, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Bowles, Lisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Castle of 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.259
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<Paragraph rend="quote">this portion of our notice by extracting a short passage in which 
Southey has given a few touches of his own portrait, and that of another poet of the age:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"I am no Methodist, no sectarian, no bigot, no formalist. My
natural spirits are buoyant, beyond those of any other person, - man, woman, or child, - 
whom I ever saw or heard of.They have had enough to try them and to sink them, and it is 
by religion alone that I shall be enabled to pass the remainder of my days in cheerfulness
and hope. Without <i>hope</i> there can be no happiness, and without religion no hope but 
such as deceives us. Your heart seems to want an object, and this would satisfy it, and if
it has been needed this and only this can be the cure. ... ... <i>Scott</i> is very ill: 
he suffers dreadfully, but bears his sufferings with admirable equanimity, and looks on to
the probable termination of them with calmness and well-founded hope. God grant that he 
may recover! He is a noble and generous-hearted creature, whose like we shall not look 
upon again."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Notes. P.59. "Some unkown author has sent a me a poem called
'The Missionary,' not well arranged, but written with great feeling and beauty."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Was not this unknown author the Rev. Mr. Lisle Bowles?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.192. "Your comments upon the 'Castle of Indolence' express
the feeling of every true poet. The second part must always be felt as injuring the first.
I agree with you also as respecting the <i>Minstrel</i>. Beautiful and delightful as it 
is, it still wants that imaginative charm which Thomson has caught from Spenser, but which
no poet has ever so entirely possessed as Spenser himself."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As regards the Castle of Indolence, Professor Dugald Stuart says, 
quoting a letter of Gray's, "Thomson has lately published a poem called The Castle of 
Indolence, in which there are some good stanzas.' Who could have expected this sentence 
from the pen of Gray? In an ordinary critic, possessed of one-hundredth part of Gray's 
sensibility and taste, such total indifference to the beauties of this exquisite 
performance would be utterly impossible." See Philosophical Essays, p.513. 8vo. But had 
Gray written, <i>several</i> or <i>many</i> good stanzas, instead of <i>some</i>, we 
should be inclined to agree with his judgment against his critic. It is not generally 
known that Mr. Mathias translated this poem into Italian, under the following title;- 
"Thomson (James) Il Castello dell Ozio, poema in due canti, recento in verso Italiano 
detto ottava rima da Tommaso Jacopo Mathias. Napoli. 1826." (Privately printed.) There is 
a very interesting letter on Thomson from Dr. Murdoch in Dr. Wool's Memoir of Joseph 
Warton, p.252. The style of the "Seasons" was ridiculed in Martinus Scriblerus. Mr. 
Hazlitt says, "Berni's description of himself and his friend in the last canto of the 
Orlando Innamorato, seems to have been the origin of the general idea of Thomson's Castle 
of Indolence, and the personal introdcution of himself into poetry, as exemplified in that
delightful little work." See Round Table, i. p.184. On Gray's opinion of Beattie's 
Minstrel, see Forbes's Life of Beattie, vo.i. p.197. Let. xlv. 4to. Beattie is said to 
have taken his first idea of the poem from Dr, Percy's Ancient Ballads. See a letter from 
Mr. Forbes to Dr. Percy, in Nichols's Illustrations of Literature, vol.viii. p.376.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.412
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Furness Abbey</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Reports from the British Archaeological Association.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On <i>Wednesday, Aug.</i> 21, an excursion was made to Furness 
Abbey, when a lecture was read by Mr. Edmund Sharpe, architect, of Lancaster. He first 
developed the principles of his system, by which he divides our ancient ecclesiastical 
architecture into seven periods, two of them during the Romanesque style, the Saxon and 
Norman, and five of them during the Gothic style, the Transitional, Lancet, Geometrical, 
Curvilinear, and Rectilinear. The Norman period prevailed for seventy years, from 1066 to 
1145; the Lancet for forty-five, from 1145 to 1190; the duration of the remaining periods 
are stated in our report of Mr Sharpe's lecture at Lincoln, in our
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Magazine for Sept. 1848. He next proceeded to describe the 
features of a Cistercian abbey. The rules of this order, originally drawn up by the early 
abbots, and from time to time enlarged, related not only to disciplne and mode of life, 
but also to the choice of site, the architecture and form of their buildings, and the 
degree and nature of their ornament and internal decoration; and from these rules there 
was scarcely a single variation within the first two centuries of the existence of the 
order. First, as to site, it was ordained that abbeys should never be built in towns, or 
even in hamlets, but in secluded valleys, remote from the haunts of men. All who remember 
any of our Cistercian abbeys will notice how strictly this rule was complied with - they 
generally lie high up in the valley, often in the narrowest part; and the monks appear to 
have generally cleared out the bottom of the valley for pasturage and cultivation, leaving
the sides clothed with wood. Any one who has approached Furness Abbey from Dalton must 
have noticed how truly Cistercian this approach is. He need scarcely mention Fountains, 
Rievaulx, and Tintern in support of this rule, which is most stringently complied with in 
France and Germany; and although in England situations of this kind would be in some parts
difficult to meet with, yet he knew of no instance in which the rule had been departed 
from, or the valley deserted for the high land. Next, as regards the church, they 
prohibited everything that had a vaunting ambitious character. Thus towers, which abounded
in the abbey churches of the Benedictines, were eschewed by the Cistercians. They 
permitted, indeed, a low tower at the intersection of the arms of the cross, or over the 
crossing, as it was called, rising one stage only above the building, but nowhere else; 
and the tower we now see at the west end of Furness Abbey Church stands like that at the 
end of the north transept of Fountains, a monument of the degeneracy, so to speak, of the 
order, and an example of their departure in the sixteenth century from the rules thay had 
laid down and observed in the twelfth and thirteenth. The churches were invariably 
dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and to her alone. They were nearly all uniform in plan, 
built without exception in the form of the cross, having a nave with side aisles, north 
and south transepts, and choir, and having also three small chapels, forming a sort of 
eastern aisle to the transepts, but separated from one another commonly by a partition 
wall. They permitted no sculptures of figures or of the human form, no images, no carvings
save that of crucifix, no pictures, no gold ornaments, no stained glass - that is to say, 
of a pictorial character - and no prostration in their churches. Now, although the period 
in which these rules were strictly carried out was possibly short, yet there is not one of
their churches of early date upon which great severity of treament is not plainly stamped.
He had searched in vain for such sculptures as are here prohibited in many of the 
Cistercian churchs of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, whilst comtemporaneous 
buildings of Benedictine origin abound with such carvings. So also in the chancel of 
Furness Abbey you will find an almost complete absence of sculptured ornament, and the 
effect made, dependent upon excellent proportion and purity of design, along with great 
varieties of detail. So far as regards this church, the conventual buildings were laid out
with the same regularity and uniformity. Of these the principal were - 1. the chapter 
house, where all the business of the convent was transacted; 2. the common refectory and 
day-room of the monks; 3. the kitchen; 4. the principal refectory; 5. the hospitum, or 
guest house. These were the most important buildings of a Cistercian monastery. There were
others of less importance; but these were always disposed round the quadrangle of the 
cloister in certain fixed situations, where we always know where to look for them in a 
ruined convent. The chapter house point always adjoined the south transept of the church, 
a small apartment used as a sacristy alone intervening; it was usually the building most 
ornamented next to the church. Next to the chapter house came a passage leading from the 
cloisters and offices at the back. Next to the passage came the common refectory or day 
room of the monks, a building generally of more plain character than the rest, and which 
extended beyond the length of the cloister to some distance, according to the number of 
inmates. the general features, which exactly correspond with Furness Abbey, he had 
described from a plan of the Cistercian abbey of Brombach on the Maine, in Franconia. 
Furness was founded in 1129, and the church could not have been commenced before 1160, 
belonging to the earlier part of the transitional period, and completed according to the 
original design. In this church, in compliance with rule, the whole of the arches of 
construction are pointed, all those of decoration are circular; a capital peculiar to the 
period, and in use for a period of not more than twenty years, also marks the exact date 
of the building.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.459
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>The Prelude</Keyword>  <Keyword>William Wordsworth</Keyword>
</Marginal>
The Prelude, William Wordsworth</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">WORDSWORTH'S AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL POEM.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN noticing "The Prelude by William Wordsworth," we must become 
for a while retrospective reviewers; for this poem is not of to-day, nor even of this 
generation. Five times, since its concluding lines were written, has the period enjoined 
by Horace for the revision and retouching of the original manuscript passed away; nor, in 
the meanwhile, has the work been remodeled by its author. It is, as it were, virgin from 
his pen. It is now printed as Wordsworth conceived and transcribed it nearly half a 
century ago. It relates, objectively, to the England and Europe of 1800; and, 
subjectively, to the vernal prime of him who, but a few months ago, died full of years and
honours. Both historically and psychologically, therefore, this posthumous yet youthful 
work is of the highest interest.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Historically, it carries us back to the very threshold of the 
nineteenth century. "It was commenced in 1799, and completed in the summer of 1805." It 
speaks to us across a gulf of fifty years. Nor is the circumstance of its real date alone 
impressive; for during that interval of fifty years, while the manuscript slumbered in its
author's desk, or was partially communicated to his friends, more complete and 
comprehensive mutations were enacted in the world than vcan be recorded of any equal 
period of time, without excepting even the half-century that followed the victory at 
Plataea, or that which succeeded the burning of the Papal bull and decreatals at 
Wittnebergh. In literature as well as in history most things during that interval have 
"become new." For the Prelude is elder than the meridian products of Goethe's genius, than
the deepest thoughts of Jean Paul, than the criticism of the Schlegels, than the 
philosophical works of Coleridge, than the poetry and the prose of Byron, Shelley, 
Southey, and Carlyle. And, as regards history, the Prelude is anterior to the greatest war
and to the most appalling catastrophe the world has ever seen. It is elder, too, than all 
the mechanical strides of science, and all the political and social developments which 
have rendered the nineteenth century an epoch far more momentous and marvellous than any 
epoch of equal duration "in ancient or in modern books enrolled." We approach, therefore, 
this record of a poet's mind with a feeling of two-fold homage - in part to his genius, 
and in part to the age; and, in relation to the Prelude itself, the sources of this homage
are so intimately connected with each other, that in our abstract and survey of it we 
shall not attempt to separate them. The octogenarian bard may be fitly regarded as a 
representative of the acts and thoughts of the last half-century.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Prelude, as its title-page indicates, is a poetical 
autobiography, commencing with the author's earliest reminiscences and experiences, down 
to the year 1805. It consists of fourteen books. Two of these are devoted to the childhood
and school-time of the
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "The Prelude, or, Growth of a Poet's Mind; an 
Autobiographical Poem, William Wordsworth." London: Moxon. 1850.
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<Keyword>Robespierre</Keyword> <Keyword>language</Keyword> <Keyword>Peter Bell</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Waggoner, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Phillips, Ambrose</Keyword> <Keyword>French 
Revolution</Keyword> <Keyword>Excursion, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Shelley</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.460
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">poet; four to his university career and his first continental 
travels; two to a brief residence in London after quitting Cambridge, and to a retrospect 
of his intellectual being and progress up to that time. The next three books record his 
residence in France, partly at Paris, but principally in the Loire, during the eventful 
period of the king's flight and capture, and the deadly struggle of the Girondins with 
Robespierre. The three remaining books treat of the detrimental effects of artificial life
upon imagination and taste, and of the healing process of nature in regenerating them, by 
bracing the intellectual nerves, and restoring the inner eye and power of intuition for 
the mysteries and microcosm of external and human nature. In the fourteenth book - The 
Conclusion - the reconcilement and restoration have been effected, and the basis of the 
poetical life is at length built upon broad and perdurable foundations.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Such is the general outline of the Prelude. Its component parts - 
its tone and impasto, to borrow a painter's phrase, are at least equal to the best of 
Wordsworth's earlier published works, and, in our opinion at least, superior to all of 
them except his best lyrical ballads, his best sonnets, and his Ode to Immortality. 
Reynolds's earlier pictures possess a vigour and truth of colouring which are not always 
found in his later efforts. He went astray after a theory. Wordsworth, in like manner, by 
a perverse crochet about diction, shackled the strength and freedom of his more mature 
works. Because English poetry, since the age of Charles the Second, had been over-run by 
gaudy exotics, none but indigenous words - "the language of rustic life" - should be 
admitted, if he adhered to his theory, into his parterre. Fortunately his practice and his
maxims were generally at variance, or instead of Peter Bell, the Waggoner, and the 
sonnets, the world might have been cumbered with a repetition of Ambrose Phillips's 
pastorals. His imagination and his taste were too potent and pure for the laws he would 
have imposed upon them. They broke the new cords; they burst into green wyths; they 
triumphed by disobedience; and while professing to speak in the language of common life, 
they attained to "the large utterance of the early gods."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the Prelude, however, as well as in Wordsorth's poetry 
generally, there are peculiar and characteristic defects. There is an occasional laxity of
phrase, there is a want of precision in form, and there is an absence of deep and vital 
sympathy with men, their works, and ways. Wordsworth in many of his sonnets, as well as in
the poem now before us, represents himself as roused and enkindled in no ordinary degree 
by the dawn and earlier movements of the French revolution; and in the Excursion, under 
the character of the Solitary, he transcribes his own sensations at that momentous epoch. 
Yet in each of these cases he utters the sentiments of the philosopher rather than the 
citizen; of the Lucretian spectator more than of one himself caught and impelled by the 
heaving and boiling billows. His lyric emotion is brief; his speculative contemplation is 
infinite; he evinces awakened curiosity rather than spiritual fellowship. In Shelley's 
poetry, especially his "Prometheus" and "Revolt of Islam," we seem, as it were, to be 
confronted by that yawning and roaring furnace into which the opinions and institutions of
the past were being hurled. In Wordsworth's most excited mood we have rather the reflexion
of the flame than the authentic or derivative fire itself. Its heat and glare pass to us 
through some less pervious and colder lens. In Shelley again - we are contrasting not his 
poetry but his idiosyncrasy with that of Wordsworth - we encounter in its full vigour the 
erotic element of poetry, the absence of which in Wordsworth is so remarkable, that of all
poets of equal rank and power in other respects, he, and he alone, may be said to have 
dispensed with it all together. The sensuous element was omitted in his composition. His 
sympathies are absorbed by the magnifience and the mystery of external nature, or by the 
vigour and freshness of the human soul when under immediate contact with nature's 
elemental forms and influences. Neither was there ever any poet of his degree less 
dramatic than Wordsworth. All the life in his ballads, in his narative poems, in his 
Excursion, is the reflex of his own being. The actors in his scenes are severe, aloof, 
stately,
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Alexander</Keyword> <Keyword>Gray, John</Keyword> <Keyword>poetry</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Chaucer, Geoffrey</Keyword> <Keyword>Milton</Keyword> <Keyword>Descriptive 
Sketches in Verse ... Alps</Keyword> <Keyword>Goldsmith, Oliver</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.461
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and uniform; grand in their isolation, dignified in their sorrows.
They are not creatures of the market or the haven, of the senate or the forum. His lovers 
do not whisper under moonlit balconies; his heroes are not the heroes of war or the 
tournament. To this exemption or defect in his mind may be ascribed, in some measure, the 
tardy reception of his earlier poetry. It was not merely that its unadorned diction proved
insipid to palates long vitiated by a conventional phraseology. It was not merely that his
occasional negligence of structure seemed bald and shapeless to eyes accustomed to the 
eleborate architecture of Pope and Gray. But even the more imaginative and indulgent 
portion of his audience perceived a want in one of the prime aliments of poetic 
inspiration, at least in Christian literature. Wordsworth therefore, in consequence of 
this want, was enforced beyond any poet on record to create and discipline the sympathies 
of his readers before he could receive his merited "Plaudite." His Prelude reveals the 
secrets of his idiosyncrasy, and in the growth of his mind and his early circumstances, we
discover many of the conditions which his works require and presuppose in the readers of 
them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We will now, under the guidance of Wordsworth's own disclosures, 
proceed to trace the progress and maturity of that imagination, which having at a very 
early period banished from his verse all traditional and meretricious ornament, replaced 
English poetry upon the solid and lofty basis that it occupied under the dynasty 
commencing with Chaucer and closing with Milton. We say from a very early, but not the 
earliest period of his writings. For the "Descriptive Sketches," which were afterwards 
condemned by Wordsworth himself as vicious in their principles of composition, were in the
general character of their diction more nearly allied to the style of Goldsmith, and the 
best portions of Darwin, than to any subsequent productions of the Lake school.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"His soul," he tells us, "had a fair seed time." Fairer indeed had
none for the mission it was hereafter to fulfil. Chaucer in the centre of a spledid court 
and amid the symbols of a gorgeous ritual; Spenser lapped in chivalrous romance and 
familiar with the stately paladins and ceremonial of the "western Gloriana;" Shakespere 
"full of dealings with the world, yet shielded from its grosser contacts by the saturnian 
orb of his compact imagination; or Milton surrounded by scrolls and volumes of all time, 
and nerved by the stern zealotry of Puritanism - had none of them more befitting training 
for his vocation than the poet of Helvellyn, Glaramara, and Borrowdale. The Derwent, 
"fairest of rivers,"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Blended its murmurs with his nurse's song,</Line>
<Line>And from its alder shades and rocky falls,</Line>
<Line>And from its fords and shallows, sent a voice</Line>
<Line>That flowed along his dreams.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He was "ere he had told ten birthdays" a keen sportsman, setting 
springes to catch woodcocks on the open heights, bearing his rod and angle into the heart 
of solitary glens: bold and fearless a rider as the erl king himself, and yet he would 
beguile a long summer day as willingly as Walter Scott himself in listening to the simple 
annals of the dalesman or the legends of village schoolmasters and garrulous dames. 
Bird-nesting is a part of most boys' education. But few boys would seem to have run more 
imminent risks, and none certainly have given a more graphic description of them than is 
contained in the following lines, -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Nor less when spring had warmed the cultured vale</Line>
<Line>Moved we as plunderers where the mother-bird</Line>
<Line>Had in high places built her lodge: though mean</Line>
<Line>Our object and inglorious, yet the end</Line>
<Line>Was not ignoble. Oh! when I have hung</Line>
<Line>Above the raven's nest, by knots of grass</Line>
<Line>And half-inch fissures in the slippery rock</Line>
<Line>But ill sustained, and almost (so it seemed)</Line>
<Line>Suspended by the blast that blew amain,</Line>
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<Line>Shouldering the naked crag. Oh! at that time,</Line>
<Line>While on the perilous ridge I hung alone,</Line>
<Line>With what strange utterance did the loud dry wind</Line>
<Line>Blow through my ear! The sky seemed no a sky</Line>
<Line>Of earth - and with what motion moved the clouds!</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Nor was Wordsworth, as a school-boy, less fortunate in the scene 
or the character of his education. The first great revulsion in life is generally the 
exchange of spontaneity and gentleness of home for the restraint and roughness of school 
life. It is often a needful, not always a salutary change. It may tame and discipline the 
stubborn and the selfish; but it as frequently hardens the susceptible and discourages the
timid neophyte. But Wordsworth, according to the Prelude, seems to have led a luxurious 
schoolboy life, if we take into consideration his peculiar tastes. As regarded diet, it 
had somthing indeed of Spartan strictness. But the dsicipline which permitted so much 
robust and healthy exercise cannot, we surmise, have been very strict. Neither "longs nor 
shorts," neither Cocker nor Euclid, interfered with boating, riding, or skating; and the 
future poet, like his own Michael, was in the heart of many thousand mists, and suffered 
to disport himself at earliest dawn, and in the long summer noon when the sun bronzed the 
mountain sides, and when the stars came forth behind the black peaks and ridges of the 
mountains. he tells us of his co-mates and himself:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>We were a noisy crew; the sun in heaven</Line>
<Line>Beheld not vales more beautiful than ours;</Line>
<Line>Nor saw a band in happiness and joy</Line>
<Line>Richer, or worthier of the ground they trod.</Line>
<Line>I could record, with no reluctant voice,</Line>
<Line>The woods of autumn, and their hazel bowers</Line>
<Line>With milk-white clusters hung; the rod and line,</Line>
<Line>True symbol of hope's foolishsness, whose strong</Line>
<Line>And unreproved enchantment led us on</Line>
<Line>By rocks and pools shut out from every star,</Line>
<Line>All the green summer, to forlorn cascades,</Line>
<Line>Among the windings hid of mountain brooks.</Line>
<Line>Unfading recollections! at this hour</Line>
<Line>The heart is almost mine with which I felt,</Line>
<Line>From some hill-top on sunny afternoons,</Line>
<Line>The paper kite, high among fleecy clouds,</Line>
<Line>Pull at her rein, like an impertuous courser;</Line>
<Line>Or, from the meadows sent on gusty days,</Line>
<Line>Behold her breast the wind, then suddenly</Line>
<Line>Dashed headlong, and rejected by the storm.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But we pass from this robust and healthy boyhood - not unmindful 
that Cowper, at Westminster, "dared not look above the knee-strings of the tyrant who 
bullied and tortured him" - to the description of Wordsorth's life at Cambridge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The change of home for school is often a yearning sorrow: that of 
school for college is frequently a vague surprise. The freedom of manhood is at once 
realised, its responsibilities are remotely apprehended. There is a touch of humour as 
well as of deep melancholy in the account of Wordsworth's university career. The hardy and
uncouth lad became at once what in those days was called, we believe, "a maccaroni." But 
Wordsworth could not even be "dandified" without an allusion to nature. He describes 
himself after visiting "tutor and tailor," as
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>--- atired</Line>
<Line>In splendid garb, with hose of silk, and hair</Line>
<Line>Powdered like rimy trees, when frost is keen.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is remarkable too that for the first and only time in his life 
Wordsworth got "bouzy" at Cambridge. Nor was the occasion less strange than the fact 
itself. He sacrificed to Bacchus in honour of John Milton the water-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.463
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<Paragraph rend="quote">list, [water-]drinker. It should be added however in justice both 
to the idol and the victim, that he was in time for evening chapel, "albeit long after the
importunate bell had stopped." The reader, whether actually an alumnus or likely to be a 
visitant of Cambridge, may be glad to learn that "the evangelist <i>St. John</i>" was 
Wordsworth's patron: that his rooms were in the first of the three Gothic courts which 
composed the old red-brick college ere Mr. Rickman's stately corridors and supplement had 
crossed the Cam and rendered the New Court the cynosure of all gowns-men's eyes. Had 
Wordsworth been a severe student, and ambitious of mathematical distinction, he might have
reasonably murmured at the garret assigned to him by the Johnian tutors. Near him was the 
clock of Trinity college with its qtrly momentoes of the lapse of time: beneath him were 
the college kitchens with their shrill-tongued manciples and "humming sound less tuneable 
than bees:" and hard by was the Trinity organ rolling, at morn and even, its melodious 
thunder over lawn and court. But of what Cambridge might in those days have taught him, 
there was little that Wordsworth cared to learn. The roving pupil of Hawkshead 
grammar-school probably brought with him to the university strong indispositions to the 
study of fluxions and conic sections, although in after life at least he was a profound 
admirer of the higher geometry. After the first novelty had worn off, Wordsworth felt what
so many intellectual but non-reading men both before and after him have felt at Cambridge 
- the flatness and unprofitableness of University life to all not actually engaged in the 
strife for college prizes and fellowships. Since Wordsworth was an undergraduate, indeed, 
Cambridge has widened its stadium, and latterly has thrown down most of the barriers that 
excluded from honours all who did not combine the soul of a ready reckoner with the 
strength of a coach-horse. Still so much remains in the Uuniversity course either 
illiberal in spirit or palsying in its effects, that we trust the Royal Commission will 
inaugurate its inquiries into the studies of the university by pondering upon Wordsworth's
experiences as narrated in his Prelude. His confessions are verified by scores of youthful
and hopeful spirits in each returning year. The beginning of the race is radiant with 
hope: apathy arrives ere half the course is over: and the goal is - a blank. Professor 
Sedgwick in the last edition of his "Discourse on the Studies of the University," a work 
in which the comment overlays the text and the chaff buries the wheat - says indeed that 
Wordsworth, having declined the combat himself, was no fair judge of the system of 
training or the value of the prize. But if the general effect of Cambridge studies be, as 
we believe it to be, to deaden the imagination, to enfeeble the intellectual energies, and
to create even in active and ingenuous minds a mental, if not a moral, apathy, there must 
be something rotten in the state of Alma Mater, which if the Commission can discover and 
remove, it will deserve heartier thanks than were ever paid to "captain or colonel, or 
knight in arms" for deliverance wrought or victory achieved. We may infer what Wordsworth 
about the year 1788 thought of the then actual Cambridge by the speculations in which he 
indulges of what a university might and ought to be:-
</Paragraph>
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<Line>--- Yet I, though used</Line>
<Line>In magesterial liberty to rove,</Line>
<Line>Culling such flowers of learning as might tempt</Line>
<Line>A random choice, could shadow forth a place</Line>
<Line>(If now I yield not to a flattering dream)</Line>
<Line>Whose studious aspect should have bent me down</Line>
<Line>To instantaneous service; should at once</Line>
<Line>Have made me pay to science and to arts</Line>
<Line>And to written lore, acknowledge my liege lord,</Line>
<Line>A homage frankly offered up, like that</Line>
<Line>Which I had paid to Nature. Toils and pains</Line>
<Line>In this recess, by thoughtful fancy built,</Line>
<Line>Should spread from heart to heart; and stately groves,</Line>
<Line>Majestic edifices, should not want</Line>
<Line>A corresponding dignity within -</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The congregating temper that pervades</Line>
<Line>Our unripe years, not wasted, should be taught</Line>
<Line>To minister to works of high attempt -</Line>
<Line>Works which the enthusiast would perform with love.</Line>
<Line>Youth should be awed, religiously possessed</Line>
<Line>With a conviction of the power that waits</Line>
<Line>On knowledge, when sincerely sought and prized</Line>
<Line>For its own sake, on glory and on praise</Line>
<Line>If but by labour won, and fit to endure</Line>
<Line>The passing day; should learn to put aside</Line>
<Line>Her trappings here, should strip them off abashed</Line>
<Line>Before antiquity and stedfast truth</Line>
<Line>And strong book-minded-ness; and over all</Line>
<Line>A healthy sound simplicity should reign,</Line>
<Line>A seemly plainness, name it what you will,</Line>
<Line>Republican or pious.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The long vacation" restored Wordsworth to haunts more congenial 
to his temper that either the gaieties or solemnities of Cambrdige. But we must pass over 
the fourth chapter entirely, and merely extract from the fifth a dream of the poet's which
for its clear and sublime vision is surpassed, in our opinion, by nine of his later 
creations, and has few rivals in the entire cycle of verse, Christian or heathen. We have 
said already that Wordsworth fervently admired the sublimer mathematics. The poet and 
geometrician are in fact correlates of one another: both reign over a realm of order: both
are independent of the fleeting forms and fashions of social existence, and divide, as it 
were, between them the world of human power. The dream is this: the poet had been reading 
"Don Quixote" by the sea side, and while his brain was still impressed with the delicate 
tracery of Cervantain fancy, he wandered, as if by an unconscious antagonism of thought, 
into speculations upon pure geometry; at length "his senses yielded to the sultry air," 
and he passed into a dream.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I saw before me stretched a boundless plain</Line>
<Line>Of sandy wilderness, all black and void,</Line>
<Line>And, as I looked around, distress and fear</Line>
<Line>Came creeping over me, when at my side -</Line>
<Line>Close at my side - an uncouth shape appeared</Line>
<Line>Upon a dromedary, mounted high.</Line>
<Line>He seemed an Arab of the Bedouin tribes:</Line>
<Line>A lance he bore, and underneath one arm</Line>
<Line>A stone, and in the opposite hand a shell</Line>
<Line>Of a surpassing brightness. At the sight</Line>
<Line>Much I rejoiced, not doubting but a guide</Line>
<Line>Was present, one who with unerring skill</Line>
<Line>Would through the deseert lead me; and while yet</Line>
<Line>I looked and looked, self-questioned what this freight</Line>
<Line>Which this new comer carried through the waste</Line>
<Line>Could mean, the Arab told me that the stone</Line>
<Line>(To give it in the language of the dream)</Line>
<Line>Was "Euclid's Elements;" and "This," said he,</Line>
<Line>"Is something of more worth;" and at the word</Line>
<Line>Stretched forth the shell, so beautiful in shape,</Line>
<Line>In colour so resplendent, with command</Line>
<Line>That I should hold it to my ear. I did so,</Line>
<Line>And heard that instant in an unknown tongue,</Line>
<Line>Which yet I understood, articulate sounds,</Line>
<Line>A loud prophetic blast of harmony:</Line>
<Line>An ode, in passion uttered, which foretold</Line>
<Line>Destruction to the children of the earth</Line>
<Line>By deluge, now at hand. No sooner ceased</Line>
<Line>The song, than the Arab with calm look declared</Line>
<Line>That all would come to pass of which the voice</Line>
<Line>Had given forewarning, and that he himself</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Was going then to bury those two books:</Line>
<Line>The one that held acquaintance with the stars,</Line>
<Line>And wedded soul to soul in purest bond</Line>
<Line>Of reason, undistrubed by space or time:</Line>
<Line>The other that was a god, yea many gods,</Line>
<Line>Had voices more than all the winds, with power</Line>
<Line>To exhilarate the spirit, and to soothe</Line>
<Line>Through every clime the heart of human kind.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Arab proceeds on his mission: the dreamer attends him across 
the waste, until looking backwards he descries
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>-- O'er half the wilderness diffused,</Line>
<Line>A bed of glittering light: I asked the cause;</Line>
<Line>"It is," said he, "the waters of the deep</Line>
<Line>Gathering upon us;" quickening the pace</Line>
<Line>Of the unwieldy creature he bestrode,</Line>
<Line>He left me: I called after him aloud;</Line>
<Line>He heeded not; but, with his twofold charge</Line>
<Line>Still in his grasp, before me, full in view,</Line>
<Line>Went hurrying o'er the illimitable waste,</Line>
<Line>With the fleet waters of a drowning world</Line>
<Line>In chase of him.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Our last extract has been long; but it is an extract from 
Wordsworth, and we were unwilling to mutilate the dream-machinery by stricter compression.
We must now hurry onwards. Nine books of the autobiography remain, of which our limits 
permit only a meagre outline, although we could easily transcribe beauty or wisdom from 
every page. The society of Cambridge became less attractive to Wordsworth; he resumed in 
great measure his communings with nature, and even felt those blind motions of the spirit 
that whispered to him his future vocation as a poet. He wandered during his second summer 
vacation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Between romantic Dovedale's spiry rocks,</Line>
<Line>Pried into Yorkshire's dales, or hidden tracts</Line>
<Line>Of my own native region -</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">and when the third summer had freed him from restraint accompanied
a youthful friend, mountain-bred like himself, on an excursion through France and northern
Italy. The first aspect of the continent, even now when steamboats and railways have 
nearly banished all startling or picturesque distinctions, is an epoch in every man's 
life; and most especially so if the man should by some millionth chance be a poet. But it 
was no ordinary phase of diversity that greeted Wordsworth upon landing in France. It was 
the Jubilee of the great Federation: the whole land wore a face of joy, - joy for the 
moment as deep as being, and as universal as light - joy springing from the certainty of 
one great deliverance, and from the unconsciousness at the moment that tyranny, unlike 
destiny, is not one form under many names, but that both her names and her aspects are 
myriad and multiform. We are tempted by the narrowness of our limits to deviate for an 
instant from chronological order, and to bring into one view, and into this place, the 
general results of Wordsworth's tour and residence in France upon his character and 
poetry. We have already observed that his sympathies were not readily moved; we have seen 
that at Cambridge, after a brief interim, his bias to lonely communings with nature and 
his own heart returned upon him; and that he was rather a spectator of life than an actor 
in any of its scenes. But the French Revolution was an electric shock to his whole 
spiritual being, perversive in its immediate, and permanent in its remote effects. It led 
him, both in its transit and catastrophe, to meditate deeply on the destinies and 
capacities of man; upon the powers and duties of the poet; upon the relations of society 
and nature; upon all that keeps man little, and upon all that might render him great. The 
lyrical ballads, the critical prefaces, and the
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<Paragraph rend="quote">renown of Wordsworth, have wrought one of the greatest literary 
revolutions the world has ever seen: and the nerve and purpose to work it were braced and 
formed under the influence of a corresponding convulsion in politics. Men had already 
asked themselves the question, shall we continue to obey phantasms, or shall we search for
realities; and poets also were beginning to say, at least in Germany and England, is our 
vocation for the apparent only, or for the true? Verse was regarded no longer as an 
elegant accomplishment, or the poet merely as one who could <i>amuse</i> a vacant hour, 
but not instruct a thoughtful one. Childish things were put away; and poetry resumed the 
dignity, and almost the stature, of its first manhood. His residence in France may be as 
much regarded as the discipline, as external nature had been the nurse of Wordsworth's 
mind. France afforded what Cambridge had denied. It aroused in him, for a while at least, 
an intense sympathy with mankind. His inward eye was turned upon the practical world. He 
studied society as well as solitude. In the whole range of Wordsworth's writings, we have 
met with no individual portraiture which, to our feelings, can for an instant compete with
his sketches of the royalist and republican officers of the garrison, we presume, of 
Orleans. We have not room for both; and we therefore extract the picture of the royalists 
as comprising at least one Shaksperian touch, and as being in itself better adapted to our
narrowing limits. The reader of Tennyson will recal one of those parallels which occur, 
without derivation from each other, in the world of first-rate poets. Of these officers -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>--- One, reckoning by years,</Line>
<Line>Was in the prime of manhood, and ere while</Line>
<Line>He had sate lord in many tender hearts;</Line>
<Line>Though heedless of such honours now, and changed;</Line>
<Line>His temper was quite mastered by the times,</Line>
<Line>And they had blighted him, had eaten away</Line>
<Line>The beauty of his person, doing wrong</Line>
<Line>Alike to body and to mind; his port,</Line>
<Line>Which once had been erect and open, now</Line>
<Line>Was stooping and contracted, and a face,</Line>
<Line>Endowed by nature with her fairest gifts</Line>
<Line>Of symmetry and light and bloom, expressed,</Line>
<Line>As much as any that was ever seen,</Line>
<Line>A ravage out of season, made by thoughts</Line>
<Line>Unhealthy and vexatious. With the hour,</Line>
<Line>That from the press of Paris duly brought</Line>
<Line>Its freight of public news, the fever came</Line>
<Line>A punctual visitant, to shake this man,</Line>
<Line>Disarmed his voice, and fanned his yellow cheek</Line>
<Line>Into a thousand colours; while he read,</Line>
<Line>Or mused, <i>his sword was haunted by his touch</i></Line>
<Line><i>Continually, like an uneasy place</i></Line>
<Line><i>In his own body.</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">General Beaupuis, the republican counterpart of the royalist 
portraiture, might have been the original of Wordsworth's "Happy Warrior," although his 
end was infelicitous, since in the Vendian war
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>He perished fighting, in supreme command,</Line>
<Line>Upon the borders of the unhappy Loire.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By birth Beaupuis ranked amongst the most noble: but in his 
sympathies with mankind he resembled Clarkson, Howard, and Las Casas, rather than either 
the ordinary members of his class or the ordinary sharers of his opinions. His character, 
its depth and benignity, was one of those spiritual births which are rife in revolutionary
eras. There are social as well as spiritual regenerations, and this was one of them. As 
captain of the guards under Louis XIV. Beaupuis would have been marked as a benevolent and
enlightened man; in the stormy era of the Grand Monarque's ill-fated descendant he appears
as the apostle of general humanity. His compassion to the individual was great; but his 
sympathy with the race transcended feeling and
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William</Keyword> <Keyword>Dryden, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Lyrical Ballads</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.467
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<Paragraph rend="quote">soared into the sternest and most serene regions of duty. The 
following anecdote, which Wordsworth has perpetuated, will illustrate our meaning:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>--- And when we chanced</Line>
<Line>One day to meet a hunger-bitten girl,</Line>
<Line>Who crept along fitting her languid gait</Line>
<Line>Unto a heifer's motion by a cord</Line>
<Line>tied to her arm, and picking thus from the lane</Line>
<Line>Its sustenance, while the girl with pallid hands</Line>
<Line>Was busy knitting in a heartless mood</Line>
<Line>Of solitude, and at the sight my friend</Line>
<Line>In agitation said, "'Tis against <i>that</i></Line>
<Line>That we are fighting," I with him believed</Line>
<Line>That a benignant spirit was abroad</Line>
<Line>Which might not be withstood.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of the immediate predecessors of Wordsworth two alone can be 
regarded as original poets of any large dimensions, Churchill and Cowper. From the former,
and perhaps the most vigorous of the two, Wordsworth, both as a man and as an artist, 
would recoil, for Churchill was a coarse worldling and an offset in verse of Dryden. 
Between Cowper and Wordsworth there existed a nearer political kindred, although the 
latter in his critical prefaces has been rather too chary in his acknowledgments of the 
relationship. For Cowper, with a feebler will and less adventurous temper, was a zealous 
opponent of poetic diction and a stickler for representing rural objects in unadorned 
simplicity. But the author of the Task enjoyed few or none of the educational advantages 
possessed by the author of the Lyrical Ballads. He lived in a conventional age; his 
travels did not extend beyond a trip in Sir Thomas Hesketh's yacht to the mild scenery of 
the Isle of Wight; his literary connexions were few and trivial; and his gloomy religion 
affected his contemplation of external nature. We have been much struck, however, while 
reading the Prelude, with its numerous resemblances to the Task. The structure and cadence
of the blank verse, which differ considerably from the pauses and measure of the 
"Excursion," are very similar to the metrical peculiarities of Cowper. There is also, 
though in a very inferior degree, an irony in the Prelude in which Cowper delighted over 
much, and Wordsworth has nearly excluded from his later productions. Let the reader judge 
whether the following description of the tradesmen's signs in London might not be placed 
in the same category with "Katterfelto wandering for his bread."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>--- The string of dazzling wares,</Line>
<Line>Shop after shop, with symbols, blazoned names,</Line>
<Line>And all the tradesman's honours overhead:</Line>
<Line>Here fronts of houses, like a title-page,</Line>
<Line>With letters huge inscribed from top to toe,</Line>
<Line>Stationed above the door, like guardian saints:</Line>
<Line>There, allegoric shapes, female or male,</Line>
<Line>or Physiognomies of real men,</Line>
<Line>Land-warriors, kings or admirals of the sea,</Line>
<Line>Boyle, Shakespeare, Newton, <i>or the attractive head</i></Line>
<Line><i>Of some quack-doctor, famous in his day.</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have extracted liberally: but, if we have studied the Prelude 
rightly, not too liberally for the approval of our readers. It is seldom that we have the 
privilege of noticing so masterly a work as this poem, still less seldom do we meet with 
one so rich in both historical and psychological interest. But we must now conclude, 
partly rejoicing, and partly regretting, that the late venerable Laureate should not have 
printed, in his lifetime, this record of his mind's growth. It is after all but a 
propylaea to a much more majestic and comprehensive design. For the Prelude was intended 
to be introductory to the Recluse, and the Recluse, if completed, would have con-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1850 part 2 p.468
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[con]sisted of three parts. Of these the second part alone - The 
Excursion - was finished and given to the world by the author. The first book of the first
part of the Recluse still remains in manuscript; but the third part was only planned. The 
Prelude, therefore, complete as it is with regard to a brief period of the poet's life, is
only a fragment, and one more example of the many which the last generation could produce 
of the uncertainty of human projects and of the contrast between the promise of youth and 
the accomplishment of manhood. Such as it is, we rejoice to welcome it, while we regret 
that the greeting and applause with which it has been universally hailed, can no longer 
soothe and strengthen the soul of the great regenerator of English poetry - William 
Wordsworth.
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Southey, Charles Cuthbert</Keyword> <Keyword>religion</Keyword> 
<Keyword>politics</Keyword> <Keyword>Life of Wesley</Keyword> <Keyword>Colloquies on the 
Progress and Prospects of Society</Keyword> <Keyword>Book of the Church</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.9
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF ROBERT SOUTHEY.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THESE two volumes extend from the year 1820 to the period of Mr. 
Southey's death in 1843. As the history approaches nearer to our own times, the interest 
of the subjects increases. His opinion is given on most works of learning or talent that 
appeared; and few events of importance occurred, certainly none affecting the happiness 
and welfare of the community, in which his active mind and benevolent disposition did not 
take a commanding interest. His reading in this period of life had been very extensive, in
some branches of literature almost complete, - his taste refined and elegant, and his 
observations and reflections those of a person of sagacity, clearness of view, and much 
experience. His favourite subjects, next perhaps to poetry, were those connected with 
history, with all that related to the religious opinions and the social being of the 
community, to political theories and the various interests which bear on the state of 
civilised life; and if the result of his long observation and manifold reflections 
produced a feeling of the unsatisfactory state of the present and gloomy apprehensions of 
the future, it was, we believe, what was then and is now shared by many who are looking 
with anxiety and sorrow to the unsettled principles, to the conflicting interests, and to 
the visionary projects, which are endangering all stability, weakening all authority, and 
placing the most valuable institutions of the country at the feet of selfishness, 
violence, and worldly cunning. Great, no doubt, have been the sins of our fathers, and 
various their errors. The bad seed then sown seems now springing up into rank and profuse 
growth. The eternal and unbroken law is, that the son suffers for the father's works, and 
heavy may be the penalty that we shall pay for them and for ourselves. It is not the part 
of a good man to despair of the republic; but it is hardly the part of a wise one to feel 
confident against all the dictates of experience, when we at once distrust the power of 
the present and disregard the wisdom of the past. During this period many of Mr. Southey's
most popular works were published: his Life of Wesley, his Colloquies, his Book of the 
Church, his Life of Nelson, The Doctor, and the latest employment of his mind, the Life 
and Works of Cowper. To these are to be added many learned and valuable reviews of books; 
but his
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "the Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey. Edited by
his Son, the Rev. Charles Cuthbert Southey, M.A. Crate of Plumbland, Cumberland." Vols. V.
and VI.
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Vision of Judgment</Keyword> <Keyword>religion</Keyword> 
<Keyword>politics</Keyword> <Keyword>Book of the Church</Keyword> <Keyword>Colloquies on 
the Progress and Prospects of Society</Keyword> <Keyword>Pope, Alexander</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">but his poetry, we think, received no accession but that of the 
"Vision of Judgment." The result of this entire work is interesting and instructive, and 
we can scarcely regret its length, or the insertion of many unimportant portions. The 
career of a man of virtue and genius cannot be contemplated without benefit. In Mr. 
Southey the strictest principles and soundest views of religion were softened and rendered
amiable by a lightness and cheerfulness of temper and mind, to which certainly they are 
not <i>too often</i> united. He wrote very warmly because he felt very strongly, and the 
depth of his impression was commensurate with the weight of the subject. He hated the 
mischievous and the mean, for he felt how much their evil doings would affect the public 
happiness and private welfare; but he never "broke butterflies on a wheel," and certainly 
his later works, as his Book of the Church and his Colloquies, shew with what force the 
realities of present things pressed upon him. Without saying that his views were always 
right and his opinions always justly formed, we must allow that his approaches to the 
discovery of truth shew a sagacious, clear, and reflective mind. To his poetic creed we 
have little to object, though we think there is in it a <i>silent</i> disparagement of the
school of Pope, which we do not approve. We believe his political opinions to be in the 
main just, though perhaps if carried into practice they would have possessed, from a fond 
and just admiration of the past, too little flexibilty and accommodation for the rapidly 
advancing progress of the present. His theology was formed out of the great stores and 
treasure-houses of our best divinity in its best days, and consequently took root in the 
sound and stedfast doctrines of the Church of England.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Southey has filled a very eminent station in the literature of
his day. Two poems, more especially Kehama and Roderick, bear lasting witness to his 
poetical talent. His prose writings are distinguished for their natural, idiomatic, and 
truly English style; his literature was formed of the very nest and most solid materials. 
Even mention of the books which he recommended must have been of service; and if he too 
early and too constantly left the waters of Elyssus and the banks of the Tiber to wander 
by his own wilder and more beloved streams, it arose from the impossibility in the present
day of any one, however industrious, however indefatigable, being able to do more than 
select some partial and separate province from the boundless realms of knowledge, where 
his employment may be advantageous because commensurate with his strength - his 
discoveries, however bounded, far more useful and more praiseworthy than casual and 
uncertain glances over a wider sphere, ambitious sketches of unfinished projects, and a 
dream of intellectual conquests, magnificent indeed to the view, but requiring time, and 
leisure, and opportunities not often granted by the necessary duties, the varying 
occupations, and the uncertain tenure and general term of "our little life."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Vol.v. p.21. "A fashion for poetry has been imported which 
has had a great run, and is in a fair way of being worn out. It is of Italian growth, and 
adaptation of Pulci, Berni, and Ariosto in his sportive mood. <i>Frere</i> began it. What 
he produced was too good in itself, and too inoffensive, to become popular, for it 
attacked nothing and nobody, and it had the fault of his Italian models, that the 
transition from what was serious to what was burlesque was capricious," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, The poem alluded to, "The Monks and Giants. Prospectus and 
Specimen of an intended National Work, by William and Robert Whistlecraft, &amp;c." was 
designed with admirable skill and elegant wit, but was far too refined and delicately 
executed to excire any feeling from the public, who did not understand it. As a 
composition, its beauties have been felt and acknowledged by all whose estimation is of 
value. See for instance Rose's Introd. to "Orlando Inamorato," p.xvii.; "Retrospective 
REview," vol.xii. p.107: "The glowing contrasts of which (Don Juan), compared to the 
<i>easy shadowing of Whistlecraft</i>, seem to illustrate the difference between a natural
mode of writing and an unnatural one." See also another work, "Thoughts and Reflections, 
by One of the Last Century," pp.211-237; and "Qtrly Review," No.clxxiv. p.293: "Mr Frere, 
but for pension, indolence, and Malta, might have bequeathed a name second to few in the 
English library." Per-
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<KeywordList>
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Robert</Keyword>  <Keyword>Warton</Keyword>  <Keyword>Birthday Ode</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.11
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[Per]haps few readers of this poem are aware of a curious mistake 
on it in a German literary history, "Grosse Lehrbuch einer Algemeiner 
Litteratur-Gescichte." This poem of Mr. Frere's is inserted among the endeavours to 
<i>clear up the mystery of the Grosse Artus sage!!</i> Such are the mistakes, even in good
books, when they treat on the subject of <i>foreign literature</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.63. "Like <i>Warton</i>, I shall give the poem an 
historical character (alluding to the Birthday Ode), but shall not do this as well as 
Warton, who has done it very well. He was a happy, easy-minded, idle man, to whom 
literature in its turn was as much an amusement as rat-hunting, and who <i>never aimed at 
anything above such odes</i>."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Can it be said with justice that the author of the laborious 
"History of English Poetry," the editor of "Theocritus," with all its Scholia, &amp;c. in 
two volumes, 4to., of the "Anthologia," and of various other works, was an idle man? Or 
can it be properly observed the the author of "The Suicide" never aimed at anything higher
than a Birthday Ode? And perhaps to him also the praise is due of having been the first of
our poets who introduced into his scenery and descriptions the embellishment of 
<i>Gothic</i> architecture. In the attack which <i>Mason</i>, the Swan of Cambridge, most 
unmercifully made on him and his university, a great authority has pronounced the victory 
to be with the Oxford poet. "The general reader," says Mr. Hallam, "will remember 'The 
Isis' of Mason, and the 'Triumph of Isis,' by Warton; the one a severe invective, the 
other an indignant vindication; but, in this instance, notwithstanding the advantage which
satire is supposed to have over panegyric, we must accord the laurel to the worst cause, 
and, what is more extraordinary, to the worst poet!" See Hallam's Constitutional History, 
iii. p.335. But surely this character of the respective poets is given with too strong an 
opposition. We doubt if Mason's fame would at the present day stand at all higher than 
Warton's, did we not recollect the "Heroic Epistle." In Warton's poem there is, at verses 
109-128, an elegant character of Dr. King, the public orator of the university, whose 
Latin orations are well known to scholars:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Hark! he begins, with all a Tully's art,</Line>
<Line>To pen the dictates of a Cato's heart, &amp;c.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Dr. King's Apology for himself, subsequently published, p.14, 
he says, "I can now justly say that I have been libelled by the worst and celebrated by 
the <i>best poet in England</i>." Mr. Mant's edition of Warton is very elaborate, without 
being perfect. He ought to have given the various readings, alterations, and omissions in 
the impressions of this poem, many of which are interesting: we give two -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>See Chillingworth the depths of doubt explore,</Line>
<Line>A Selden ope the roles of ancient lore.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This couplet is wanting in the first edition. Again -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Lo! these the leaders of thy patriot line,</Line>
<Line>A Raleigh, Hampden, and a Sonners shine.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the first edition -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Hamden and Hooker, Hyde and Sydney shine.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Again -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>See sacred Hamond, as he treads the field,</Line>
<Line>With godlike arm uprears his heavenly shield.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In such an edition as Mr. Mant professed to give, almost cumbrous 
with illustrations of the text, these variations should not have been omitted; but, what 
is still more curious, he does not seem to be aware of, for he has never mentioned 
Tyrwhitt's "Epistle to Florio," printed the same year as Mason's "Lament," though Warton 
alludes to it in his "Triumph of Isis," and his character of Dr. King is directly opposed 
to that by Tyrwhitt, as the two lines we have quoted above from Warton seem formed from 
the couplet in this poem, -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Or tyrants foiled by <i>Tully's</i> peaceful tongue,</Line>
<Line>No more we glow with all the <i>Cato</i> thought.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As this poem is rare and but little known, we shall extract the 
latter part fo the character of Dr. King, whom he calls <i>Mezentius:</i> -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Go on, vain man, thy empty trophies raise,</Line>
<Line>Still in a schoolboy's labours waste thine age,</Line>
<Line>In fulsome flattery or in pointless rage.</Line>
<Line>Still talk of Virtue which you never knew;</Line>
<Line>Still slander all to her and Freedom true.</Line>
<Line>Though crowded theatres with Ioss shook,</Line>
<Line>And shouting faction hailed her hero's joke,</Line>
<Line>Who but must scorn applause which <i>King</i> receives?</Line>
<Line>Who but must laugh at praise which <i>Oxford</i> gives?</Line>
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Eikon Basilike, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Cunningham, 
Alexander</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.12
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Since this edition in 1802 a valuable addition has been made to T.
Warton's works in Chalmer's edition, by the discovery of <i>five pastoral eclogues</i>, 
the scenes of which are laid among the shepherds of Germany. They were published in 1745, 
and ascribed to T. Warton on the authority of Isaac Reed. He was only <i>eighteen</i> 
years of age when they were printed. We do not enter on the subject of T. Warton as an 
editor of Theocritus or of the Anthologia, or we could give such information on that head 
as we believe would be quite new to his admirers and editors; but we may observe, that 
there are a <i>few poems</i> by him at present not placed in his collected works, and a 
new edition would be useful both of him and his contemporary <i>Collins</i>. On Southey's 
proposed plan of <i>continuing</i> Warton's History of Poetry, see p.245 of this volume.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.82. "The evidence concerning its authenticity (The Eikon 
Basilike) is more curiously balanced than in any other case, except perhaps that of the 
two <i>Alexander Cunninghams</i>. but the internal evidence is strongly in its favour," 
&amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, The controversy concerning the authorship of this celebrated
work is in much the same state as that of Junius, only that the rival disputants on the 
former work are more dogmatic and decided than the latter. Lord Melbourne used to say of a
celebrated poetical and party writer of the present day, "M--- is always so 
<i>cock-sure</i> of every thing." That this is the case with some of the Eikon disputants,
may be seen by a few extracts from the fly-leaves of our copy of the work. We give them 
just as they occur, and as they were written down. "The arguments concerning this work, 
whether it was written by Charles or Bishop Gauden, may be seen in Hume's History of 
England, vol.vii. p.154, &amp;c. See also Zouch's edition of Walton's Lives, p.463; and 
Bishop Warburton's works, vol.vii. p.920, who says, "It is the most uncertain matter I 
ever took the pains to examine. There is strong evidence on both sides, but I think the 
strongest and most unexceptionable is on that which gives it to the King." See also the 
General Dictionary, vol.iii. p.389, and vol.x. p.76. "Clarendon is silent on the subject. 
Burnet against it. It passed through fifty editions in a twelvemonth." In Burnet's 
introduction to Milton's Prose Works, vol.i. p.xxxv. "it has been proved, <i>beyond the 
possibilty of a doubt, that it was written by Dr. Gauden</i>; as the evidence is detailed 
in Laing's History of Scotland, and Symmons's Life of Milton, it need not be repeated." 
Mr. Southey's opinion seems to be stated in an article in the Qtrly Review, No.L. October,
1821, p.298 note: "The authenticity of this book has been attacked and defended with such 
cogent arguments and strong assertions, that, as far as relates to <i>external</i> proofs,
perhaps there is scarcely any other question in bibliography so doubtful. <i>The internal 
evidence is wholly in its favour</i>. Had it been the work of Gauden, or any person 
writing to support the royal cause, a higher tone concerning episcopacy and prerogative 
would have been taken. There would have been more effort at justification, and there would
not have been that inefficient but conscientious defence of fatal concessions, that 
penitent confession of sin when weakness had been sinful, that piety without alloy, that 
character of mind and even magnanimity, and that heavenly-mindedness which render Eikon 
one of the most interesting works in our language." In this argument of Mr. Southey's it 
may be observed, that he seems to have overlooked, or rather not sufficiently remarked, 
that Gauden was writing in the assumed character of the King, and that he would of course 
carefully and studiously adopt the sentiments and even copy the expressions which would 
characterise the original with the utmost fidelity and verisimilitude. In such a work as 
this, we must give the <i>fictitious</i> writer credit for deep and careful study of his 
subject, as we do to a first-rate actor, as well as for abilities equal to his 
undertaking. If Gauden wrote in the character of Charles, he would endeavour to assume the
qualities which he well knew were conspicuous in Charles, which would be expected to 
appear in a work attributed to him, and which would establish in the mind of the reader 
its claim to authenticity. More of this subject may be read in Todd's Life of Walton, 
pp.139-147, who is said to have <i>proved</i> that the work is written
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Cunningham, Alexander</Keyword> <Keyword>Tatham, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>White, Neville</Keyword>  <Keyword>Hayley, William</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.13
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<Paragraph rend="quote">by Gauden. See on that point Edinburgh Review, lxxi. p.7. See also
ibid. lxxxvii. p.1-47. Mr. Todd also published a letter addressed to the Archbishop of 
Canterbury on this subject, p.168. See also Hallam's Consitutional History of England, 
vol.ii. p.314, and a Letter to a Friend, by Mr. Grant Broughton, pp.92. Our last extract 
shall be as follows: "<i>Todd</i> came to one conclusion, <i>Wordsworth</i> to another, on
the existing evidence. <i>Wordsworth</i>, after a painful examination of all the evidence,
<i>has decided</i>. <i>Hallam</i> summarily disposes of it as no longer a question at all.
<i>Pearson</i> never spoke without considering his reasons, and his words remain, '<i>None
could pen it but himself</i>.' See Churton's Life of Bishop Pearson, p.xliii. May we ask 
our readers
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Quae sit dubiae sententia menti?</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.81. "The two Alexander Cunninghams."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This is another story admitting much dubiety and scepticism. Every
one knows that there was an Alexander Cunningham who edited Horace in 1721, the purpose of
his edition being to attack Bentley, which he did with equal acuteness and abuse; his 
frontispiece being a figure of Truth forcing the mask off the face of Bentley and his 
followers, while she holds up a mirror to Bentley, who contemplates in it a very ugly 
visage of his own; his followers being still more hideous. Under the print is the 
following motto:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Detrahit et pellem nitidus qua quisque per ora</Line>
<Line>Ambulat, introrsum turpis.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But who was this Alexander Cunningham has been long the question, 
and perhas "adhuc subjudice lis est," for there were <i>two</i> Cunninghams, both of the 
name Alexander, both lived at the same time, both travelling tutors, both eminent for 
their skill in chess, both scholars, both lived to an advanced age, and how they are to be
distinguished no one has told. The reader may consult Chalmer's Life of Ruddiman, p.191; 
Irving's Lives of the Scottish Poets, i. p.161. Beloe, in his Anecdotes, ii. 400, says 
Alexander Cuningham (which?) died at the Hague, December, 1730. In a note on Ovid (Ep. ex 
Ponto) lib.ii. ep.iii. 2, ver.33. vol.iii. p.767, col.i. I perceive that Burman, the 
editor of Ovid, was well acquainted with <i>the</i> Cuningham who edited Horace, for he 
says, "Vetus et certissimus amicus Cuninghamius;" and again in his Val. Flaccus, ii. 7, 
77. "Doctissimus et mihi longa amicitia conjunctissimus Alexander Cuninghamius;" as these 
passages have never been noticed, they may perhaps throw some light on the controversy, if
it is not yet determined. Cuningham was much more successful, I may add, in finding fault 
with Bentley's conjectures, than in proposing his own.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.83. "The only person whose face was familiar to me was 
<i>Dr. Tatham</i>."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Master of Lincoln college, Oxford, and author of "The Chart and 
Scale of Truth by which to find the Cause of Error." Bampton Lectures, 1790, 2 vols. On 
this work see Mackintoosh's Vindicae Gallicae, p.372; Encyclopaedia Britan. vol.x. p.214, 
3rd. ed. and see a curious statement by Dr. Tatham on the disputed verse in St. John, i. 
7, on the Three Witnesses; and see Porson's Letters on the subject to Arch. Travis in a 
vindication of the literary character of Porson by Crito Cantabrigiensis (Dr. Turton), 
pp.333, 359. I do not know who was the author of the following piece if <i>badinage</i> 
against the Doctor, which appeared in 1794. "Error Detected and Fiction Rebuked, in a 
letter to E. Tatham, D.D. so called, and Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford, on his Sermon,
1st ep. of St. John, iv. 1, which for its excellence was read in four parish workhouses in
1792, and published under the title of 'A Sermon Suitable to the Times, by T. Haddock, 
12mo."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">p.95. "The Rev. Neville White."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This correspondent of Southey's had, we believe,, the living of 
Tivetshall, in Norfolk, where he unfortunately met with death by his own hand.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.179. "<i>Hayley</i> has been worried, as schoolboys worry 
a cat: I am treating him as a man deserves to be treated who was in his time by popular 
election king of the English poets, who was moreover a gentleman and a scholar, and a most
kind-hearted and generous man, in whose life there is something to blame, much to admire, 
and most of all to commiserate. My first introduction to Spanish literature
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Hayley, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Scaliger</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Epistles, Scaliger's</Keyword> <Keyword>Causabon, Isaac</Keyword> <Keyword>Law, 
Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>religion</Keyword> <Keyword>Letters, Erasmus's</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Erasmus</Keyword>  <Keyword>Jackson, Dr</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.14
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">I owe to his Notes. I owe him therefore some gratitude."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, We do not know Hayley's life intimately enough to say on 
what Southey forms his conclusion upon it. The "<i>something to blame</i> may probably 
allude to his apparent conviction, "Ne sit<i>ancillae</i> tibi amor pudori." The 
<i>something to admire</i> may be his kind disposition and his unwearied attachment to 
literature. The <i>most to commiserate,</i> the loss of his children - the separation from
his wife - and the diminution of his fortune. It was with great reluctance that Gifford 
admitted Southey's review of Hayley's Memoirs into the Qtrly, and after long dispute and 
delay. I can remember him, riding about the Sussex lanes, in a <i>green veil</i>, to 
defend his eyes from the sun. His last intimate friend was Mr. Mason, the respectable 
bookseller of Chichester. It is said that Hayley published two editions of his Life of 
Milton, one addressed to the <i>King</i>, and free from the leaven of democratical 
principles; the other for his <i>friends</i>, with notes strongly tinctured with their 
pernicious <i>infatuation</i>. See Seward's Letters, vol.iv. p.46; and see Wrangham's Life
of Zouch, vol.i. p.lxxxv. In his Bible, he had transcribed, we are informed by a friend, 
the following lines from Tasso, as expressive of his faith.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Da cui s'impara</Line>
<Line>La via di gir al ben perfetto e vero</Line>
<Line>Fuggir l'ira del tempo, e della morte,</Line>
<Line>Felice cui, che son si fide scorte</Line>
<Line>Mandano al ciel il suo gentel pensiero</Line>
<Line>Vive la sua vita soave e chiara.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.190. "I am reading Scaliger's Epistles at this time, 
treading in my uncle's steps. Not long ago I finished <i>Isaac Casaubon's</i>. Oh! what 
men were these," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Letters of Casaubon, which Southey read, were those printed in
a folio volume in 1719, and edited by Almeloveen. The answers of his learned 
correspondents to these letters have never been published, though extant in several folio 
volumes. They were in the library of the late Dr. C. Burney, and are now in the British 
Museum. His Ephemerides or Diary has been lately printed by the University of Oxford, and 
edited by Dr. Russell, of which we shall shortly give an account to our readers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.202."Bishop Law, the present Bishop's father, advances an 
opinion that the true nature of revealed religion is <i>gradually disclosed</i> as men 
become capable of receiving it. Generations, as they advance in knowledge and 
civilisation, out-growing the errors of their forefathers, so that in fulness of time 
there will remain neither doubt nor difficulties. He was a great speculator, whether, like
one of his sons, he speculated too far I do not knnow, but in this opinion I think he is 
borne out by history," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">See on this Theory of Progress or Development put forth by Bishop 
Law, Palmer's Treatise on the Doctrine of Development (called forth by Mr. Newman's book 
on the same subject), 1846, p.96. See also Grant's Bampton Lectures for 1844, p.310, On 
Law's statement, "that the improvement of the natural faculties and the cultivation and 
refinement of natural genius are necessary to the reception of Christianity." Bishop 
Watson refers to a short book of Law's on the Nature and End of Death. See his Life, ii. 
p.408. The object of Law in this treatise, if I recollect rightly, was to impugn the 
<i>physical immortality of man</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.236. "My after supper book at present is Erasmus's 
Letters, from which I know not whether I derive most pleasure or profit."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In one of Erasmus's Letters I found a notice of Sir Thomas More 
and his well-known wife, which, so far as I know, has not been drawn into the biographhies
of that celebrated man. Erasmus is writing to Quirino Talesio, a pensionary of Harlem and 
a learned man, and he says, "Quod <i>viduam</i> duxisti, non est, quod te poeniteat. Id 
malunt, qui <i>uxorem</i> ad usum rei domesticae ducunt, potius quam ad voluptatem. Et qui
equos ad usum quaerunt, malunt domitos, quam indomitos. Quod si illa genuit priori marito,
tu magni mali liberatus es, ne sterilem duxeris. MORUS, mihi saepenumero narrare solet, 
se, si centum, uxores ducturus, nullam ducturus esse virginem. <i>Nunc habet vetulam 
nimium vivacem, quae si migrasset, potuisset ille opulentissimae clarissimaeque feminae 
maritus ess</i>." This desirable <i>migration</i> of the old lady, however, like many 
other forlorn husbands, More did not live to see.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.283. "Here is a volume of <i>Jackson's</i>
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<Keyword>Hydrotaphia</Keyword> <Keyword>Shakespeare, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Chaucer, 
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">works, in my judgment the most valuable of all our English 
divines."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Southey has in another place mentioned Jackson "among the very
best of our divines." See Life of Blanco White, vol.i. p.452. See also Atterbury's Works, 
vol.i. p.27; and Bichol's Illustrations of Literature, vol. ult. p.244, in a letter from 
Sir John Hawkins to Dr. Percy, stating Mr. Merrick's high approbation of these works, 
<i>and that in consequence he had raised the price a third!</i> "They are a treasure of 
curious and valuable learning and sound theology, and, for strength of argument and the 
style of writing, which is nervous and eloquent in a high degree, are, in my judgment, 
admirable." In Jones's Life of Bishop Horne he speaks of Jackson's Works as a magazine of 
theological knowledge, everywhere penned with great eloquence and dignity, and that his 
style is a pattern of perfection. Bishop Horne was much attached tio this admirable 
writer. Above all, George Herbert in his "Remains" this alludes to him:- "I speak it in 
the presence of God, I have not read so hearty, vigorous a champion against Rome, as 
convincing and demonstrative, as <i>Dr. Jackson</i>is. I bless God for the confirmation he
has given me in the Christian religion against the Atheist, Jew, and Socinian, and in the 
Protestant against Rome." We add that he who reads the works of this writer will willingly
agree in the praise thus bestowed upon him.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.332. "You may get the whole of Sir T. Brown's works more 
easily perhaps than the Hydrotaphia in a single form. The folio is neither scarce nor 
dear, and you will find it throughout a book to your heart's content. If I were confined 
to a <i>score</i> of English books, this I think would be one of them - very probably, 
indeed, be one of them if the selection were cut down to <i>twelve</i>. My library, if 
reduced to these bounds, would consist of Shakspere, Chaucer, Spenser, and Milton, Lord 
Clarendon, Jackson, Jeremy Taylor, Smith, Isaak Walton, Sidney's Arcadia, Fuller's Church 
History, and Sir Thomas Browne; and what a wealthy and well-stored mind would that man 
have, what an inexhaustible reservoir, what a Bank of England to draw upon for profitable 
thoughts and delightful associations, who should have fed upon them!"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Among this <i>delectus</i> we lament to find absent the names of 
Bacon, and Hooker, and Donne, and Ben Jonson; and perhaps, with this addition, the select 
circle is complete. - "Exactis completur mensibus orbis."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.342. Mr. Southey here recommends the sermons of South, a divine 
whose name never comes from his pen without the high praise justly due to him. See his 
Colloquies, vol.i. p.250. "South, who had the strongest arm that ever wielded a 
sledge-hammer in this kind of warfare," &amp;c. We could fill our pages with similar 
commendations of this writer from men whose praise was worth receiving; but space is 
wanting, and his writings are the best monument of his fame. We will therefore make only 
two remarks on the subject: one is, that South, in his sermon on Worldly Wisdom, adduces 
<i>Cromwell as an instance of habitual dissimulation and imposture</i>, and South was an 
acute observer of mankind; the other is, that Mr. Todd, in his most judicious and able 
Essay on the Apocalypse, p.4, observes that, "No writer has expressed himself more 
objectionably on the Apocalypse than <i>South</i>; his language is scarcley reconcilable 
with a belief in its inspiration. See South's Sermons, Oxf. 1823, ii. p.184. If we 
recollect rightly, the opinion of Dr. S. Parr on this the Omega of scripture was not very 
different; but we do not mean to shackle the doctor's orthodoxy with the fetters of our 
fallible memory.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.351. "With regard to <i>others</i> whom his Lordship 
accuses me of calumniating, I suppose he alludes to a party of his friends whose names I 
found written in the Album de Montanvert, with an avowal of atheism annexed in Greek, and 
an indignant comment in the same language underneath it. These names, with that avowal and
the comment, I transcribed in my note-book, and spoke of the circumstance at my return. If
I had published it, the gentleman in question would not have thought himself slandered by 
having that recorded of him which he has so often recorded of himself."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This extract from the Album at Montanvert, or Chamouny (we do not 
exactly know which), is, we believe, now in England. The following is an exact copy of it 
as it stands in the book:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"1806. 23 Juillet. Percy B. Shelley,</Line>
</Paragraph>
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Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Hacket, Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Barry, James</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.16
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<Line>Sussex, England. (L'Enfr.) #x0395;&#x03B9;&#x03BC;&#x03B9; 
&#x03C6;&#x03B9;&#x03BB;&#x03B1;&#x03BD;&#x03B8;&#x03C1;&#x03C9;&#x03C0;&#x03BF;&#x03C2;, 
&#x03B4;&#x03B7;&#x03BC;&#x03C9;&#x03BA;&#x03C1;&#x03B1;&#x03C4;&#x03B9;&#x03BA;&#x03BF;&#x03C2;,
&#x03B1;&#x03B8;&#x03B5;&#x03BF;&#x03C2;. - #x039F; 
&#x03B1;&#x03C6;&#x03C1;&#x03C9;&#x03BD; &#x03B5;&#x03B9;&#x03C0;&#x03B5;&#x03BD; 
&#x03B5;&#x03BD; &#x03C4;&#x03B7; &#x03BA;&#x03B1;&#x03C1;&#x03B4;&#x03B9;&#x03B1; 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">We have given in our extract merely a copy of the name of Mr. 
Shelley, without adding those of his travelling companions. The word in brackets is of 
course by some other hand, and is placed in that column appropriated to the name of the 
place <i>to which the traveller is going</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Vol.vi. p.54. The account given of that eccentric man of genius, 
James Barry, the painter, by Mr. Southey, is interesting, and, being the result of 
personal acqaintance, authentic and valuable. There is in Prior's Life of Goldsmith an 
account of him by a lady in Pembrokeshire, see vol.ii. p.468. Mr. Payne Knight reviewed 
his works published in two vols. quarto, in the Edinb. Rev. vol.xvi. p.243, &amp;c. In a 
manuscript letter of Horace Walpole, in our possession, he says (writing to Mason), "Barry
has expounded all in a book, which does not want sense, though full of passion, and self, 
and vulgarism, and vanity. It is an essay to recommend himself to an establishment. - He 
calls <i>Mortimer</i> superior to Salvator Rosa, though his best merit is being Salvator's
imitator. But there is one thought that pleased me extremely. He says, that in his Elysium
(which I did not observe, for it is impossible to see a tenth part of it in one view), he 
has represented Titian offering his palette to Raphael." May 11, 1783.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">p.91. "Bishop Hacket - his are comical sermons, half Roman 
Catholic in their conceits, full of learning, which would be utterly unprofitable, if it 
did not sometimes call forth a shrewd remark, &amp;c."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This singular writer will richly repay the reader's time and 
attention, but more amply in his Life of Archbishop Williams than in his Sermons, though 
they also have sense and learning enough to make a library of modern divinity. Lord 
Campbell says of the Life of Williams, "One of the most curious pieces of biography in our
language, and should be studied by all who would understand the history of James I. and 
Charles I.; full of rare quotations and quaint illustrations," vol.ii. p.508. See also Mr.
Coleridge's Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit, p.49, and his Literary Remains. Doctor 
Johnson is the only writer, whom we remember, who has spoken <i>contemptuously</i> of this
writer and his work. He says in his Life of Ambrose Philips (who abridged the volume of 
Hacket), "The book is written with such depravity of genius, and such mixture of the fop 
and pedant, as has not often appeared." Hacket was also author of two Latin plays, Loyola,
Stoicus Vapulans, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.100. "He (Sadler) has trampled upon the <i>Malthusian</i> 
theory, proving its absurdity and falsehood, &amp;c."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Southey usually uses the language of indignation when alluding
to this writer, who in place he designates as a "wretched Philistine." We, on the other 
hand, hold his argument to be impregnable, but that, like other subjects of political 
economy, it is difficult to bring it out clear of the multiplicity of details and 
exceptions which spread over the large surface on which it must be contemplated. We have 
no room to enter into such discussions now; but we may refer to Sismondi Etudes de 
l'OEconomie Politique, p.131, on the population of Geneva, and we will quote the following
passage from Humboldt. "We know that, by the multiplication of <i>one family</i>, a 
continent previously desert may reckon in the space of eight centuries more than eight 
millions of inhabitants; and yet these statistics found on the hypothesis of a <i>constant
doubling</i> in twenty-five or thirty years, are contradicted by the history of every 
country already advanced in civilization." See Personal Narrative, vol.vi. P.i. p.125. The
weight of this argument lies in the last words, <i>advanced in civilization</i>, for, from
the first settlement of America to the year 1800, the periods of doubling have been but 
very little above 20 years, <i>i.e.</i> before civilization was advanced, or when it was 
scarcely begun.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.20. "I am greatluy obliged to you for your edition of 
<i>Burnet's Lives</i>, made still more valuable by your Introduction, &amp;c."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Addressed to Bishop Jebb. This little book is worthy of all 
praise, both in design and execution, and was the pleasing employment of the amiable 
Bishop's declining life. The affectionate
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.17
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<Paragraph rend="quote">picture drawn by him of his friend, Alexander Knox, in the 
Introduction, is particularly attractive. The Rev. T. C. Robertson, in his Tract, How 
shall we Conform to the Liturgy? p.69. justly says, "The late respected Bishop Jebb, whom,
notwithstanding certain connexions, and his share in certain speculations, no one would 
consider a puritan or latitudinarian."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">P.332. "If you have never read Roger North's Lives of Lord 
Keeper Guilford and his other two brothers, let me recommend them to you," &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">These two volumes of biography are so quaint and amusing in their 
manner, and so full of anecdote, observation, and instruction, that they are not surpassed
in this branch of our literature. Mr. Welsby, in his excellent volume, Lives of Eminent 
Judges, p.57, says, "That most amusing and therefore best of all biographies that we have 
any knowledge of - the Life of Lord Guilford." On Lord Guilford see Campbells' Lives of 
the Chancellors, vol.iii. p.429; on North's Examen, praised by Southey, see Retrosp. Rev. 
vol.vii. p.183-217. See also Coleridge's Literary Remains, i. p.237. Roger North's Mem. of
Music has been lately published from MS. and our learned friend Mr. Crossley of 
Manchester, possesses the original MS. of the Life of Lord Guilford, in its authentic and 
enlarged state, among his other curious treasures of literature, which he well understands
and enjoys.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.147
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword>  <Keyword>The Roman Wall</Keyword>
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The Roman Wall</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE ROMAN WALL.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">EVERY new year brings us fresh assurance that archaeology is being
studied in a proper spirit, and is gaining some little hold on the sympathies of the 
public. The researches and discoveries which have been made during tha last few yaers have
very properly been promptly published, and in a manner which has placed the acquisitions 
to antiquarian science within the reach of all. The advantages arising from the 
comparative accessibility of antiquarian publications are obvious. One of the most 
palpable is a more extended familiarity with the various branches of the study
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The Roman Wall: a Historical Topographical, and 
Descriptive Account of the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus, extending from the Tyne to the 
Solway. By the Rev. John Collingwood Bruce, M.A. London and Newcastle. 1851. 8vo.
</Paragraph>
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roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>museums</Keyword> <Keyword>Society
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of antiquities, and the consequent detection of errors by the 
accumulation of facts; unsound theories and deductions are corrected, a check is placed 
upon the wanderings of fancy, and archaeological pursuits are placed under the same 
wholesome laws which govern inquiries in other sciences. Another benefit which may be 
expected to arise is the preservation of the objects themselves, the materials upon which 
archaeologists work. If the government does not come forward speedily to stay the progress
towards total annihilation to which may of our most valuable remains are hastening, the 
labours of the antiquary in certain fields of research will soon be rendered needless and 
futile. If the popular voice, which has been won in support of archaeology, should not be 
stenuously directed towards this important end, the vantage-ground will be lost, and lost 
never to be regained.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Reflections such as these naturally arise when we contrast the 
archaeological advantages of the time present over the time past; when we survey the rapid
spread of societies, the zealous labours of individuals, and the books we have recently 
reviewed, and which now demand our attention. The work before us will afford abundant 
illustrations in support of our opinions. The chief writers on the Roman wall, one of the 
most stupendous and least known of our ancient national monuments, are Horsley and 
Hodgson. But their works are expensive and scarce, and almost as little known as the 
remains of which they treat. Let the reader picture to himself a wall of stone from 
sixteen to twenty feet high and ten wide, carried over hills and plains, along precipices 
and through valleys, for a distance somewhat equal to that from London to Southampton, and
he will form some notion of what the Roman wall was which extended from the Tyne to the 
Solway.&#x002A; Let him accompany Mr. Bruce through his lucid and animated description, 
travel with him in imagination along its varied course, pausing here and there to examine 
the more remarkable points, its castles, towers, and ruined altars, and he will be able to
judge of its present condition, and learn that down to the present day from the middle 
ages this wall has been used as a quarry for the building of farm-houses, churches, and 
villages, and by the government for the construction of a military road. By means of 
excellent illustrations he will be enabled by his own fireside to keep pace with his 
guide, to see the first fragment of the wall at East Denton, and to follow it on, stage by
stage, to its termination at Bowness, examining the watch-towers and the stations which 
are attached to it, resting at intervals to ponder over the sculptures, altars, and 
inscriptions which have been found along its course, and which in many instances are still
to be found lying about upon the ground, or worked up into the walls of houses, barns, 
cow-sheds, and pig-styes. There appears to be hardly a house along the wide range of the 
Roman wall in the walls of which may not be found inscriptions or mutilated sculptures, 
and no gentleman's garden and pleasure grounds unadorned with monuments which one cannot 
help thinking would be much safer and more useful in the museum of the Society of 
Antiquaries of Newcastle. At every step it will be felt how much of real historical value 
has been destroyed, and how much is still going fast to destruction.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Bruce modestly observes, that his book may be regarded as 
introductory to the elaborate productions of Horsley and Hodgson. But the antiquarian 
world will assign a much higher standard to its merits; for, although it does not profess 
to give all the inscriptions contained in those elaborate works, it possesses requisites 
towards a full comprehension of the wall and its auxiliary buildings which are not to be 
found in any other treatise upon the subject. Among these may be mentioned numerous well 
executed lithographic views of the surrounding country at particular points along the line
of the wall, as well as views of the details of the wall itself, and of the <i>castra</i> 
or stations. This we are enabled to show by the
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Mr. Bruce calculates that the wall and the vallum must 
have occupied ten thousand men for two years in the construction, and that the cost, 
estimated at the present day value of labour and materials, would be 1,079,446<i>l.</i>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 opp p.149
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<Paragraph rend="quote">AT THE STATION OF AMBOGLANNA
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<Paragraph rend="quote">AT THE STATION OF BORCOVICUS
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fort, Birdoswald</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Birdoswald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gordon</Keyword> <Keyword>Stukeley, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Borcovicus<Note>roman fort, Housesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.149
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<Paragraph rend="quote">intoduction of a few of the cuts. The first is a view of the 
junction of the west wall of the station Amboglanna with the great wall, to show the 
different character of the stones used in the two structures. (<i>See the Plate.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The stations," the author observes, "appear to have been 
built before the wall, and, as the necessity of the case required that they should be run 
up as quickly as possible, a smaller class of stone was allowed to pass muster here than 
was used in the wall. The workmanship is also of inferior quality. The front of the 
stones, both of the wall and stations, is roughly 'scrabbled' with the pick. In some parts
of the line this tooling takes a definite form; when this is the case, the marking called 
diamond broaching is most common. Sometimes the stone is scored with wavy lines, or with 
small
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<Filename size="large">G851E03.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">squares, or with nearly upright lines. ... It was not until 
I had become tolerably familiar with the wall, that my attention was called to this 
peculiar kind of tooling. ... Cuttings resembling mason's marks occasionally occur. 
Sometimes they consist
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G851E04.jpg
</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">of a single or double stroke, sometimes of a diagonal cross,
sometimes a rectangular. The other marks which are here represented are less frequently 
met with."
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G851E05.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We shall not attempt in this notice to follow the author <i>pari 
passu</i>, and therefore, to convey some faint notion of the architectural peculiarities 
of this vast building and its adjuncts, shall proceed to Borcovicus, the midway station, 
now called Housesteads. Gordon calls this the most remarkable and magnifient station in 
the whole island, and he speaks of "the marks of streets and temples in ruins, 
inscriptions, broken pillars, statues, and other pieces of sculpture, all scattered along 
the ground." Stukeley calls it "the Tadmor of Britain." Mr. Bruce, who examined it in 1849
and 1850, observes
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Let not the visitor, however, approach it with expectations
too greatly excited. There is very much to admire, but not a great deal to strike the eye 
at first sight. The altars and sculptured figures which lay in profusion on the ground 
when Gordon and Stukeley were there, have been removed, but the ruins of the place remain 
as complete and vast as ever. The city is, in a great measure, covered with its own 
debris, but the excavations which have recently been made show us that, when they are 
continued throughout the entire station, the ancient Borcovicus will be the Pompeii of 
Britain."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The area is about five acres, half lying on a slope, the other on 
a flat; on the north it is bounded by the wall. The west wall of the station instead of 
coming up to the great wall in a straight line as is usual, makes a curve such as is 
common in the corners of <i>castra</i> built independent of the wall, as is shown by the 
annexed woodcut (see Plate):
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fort, Birdoswald</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Birdoswald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Borcovicus<Note>roman fort, Housesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Housesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>milecastles</Keyword> <Keyword>Littus Saxonicum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Saxons</Keyword> <Keyword>Franks</Keyword> <Keyword>Picts</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.150
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"All the gateways except the north have been explored, and 
present very interesting subjects of study to the antiquary. The western part is in the 
best condition, and is specially worthy of attention. Its arrangements will readily be 
understood by an inspection of the ground plan, which is here introduced. ...
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<Filename size="small">G851E06.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">This gateway, as well as the others which have been, is, in 
every sense of the word, double. Two walls must be passed before the camp can be entered; 
each is provided with two portals, and each portal has been closed with two-leaved gates. 
The southern entrance of the outside wall has alone as yet been entirely cleared of the 
masonry that closed it. The jambs and pillars are formed of massive stones of rustic 
masonry. The doors, if we may judge from the fragments of corroded iron which have been 
lately picked up, were of wood, strengthened with iron plates and studs; they moved, as is
appaprent from the pivot-holes, upon pivots of iron. In the centre of each portal stands a
strong upright stone, against which the gates have shut. Some of the large projecting 
stones of the exterior wall are worn, as if by the sharpening of knives upon them. ... The
guard-chambers on each side are in a state of choice preservation, one of the walls 
standing fourteen courses high. Were a roof put on them, the antiquary might here stand 
guard, as the Tungrians of old, and for a while forget that the world is sixteen centuries
older than it was when these chambers were reared. At least two of the chambers in this 
part of the camp have been warmed by U-shaped flues running round three of their sides 
beneath the floor. These chambers, when recently excavated, were found to be filled with 
rubbish so highly charged with animal matter as painfully to affect the sensibilities of 
the labourers. The teeth and bones of oxen, horns resembling those of the red deer, but 
larger, and boars' tusks were very abundant; there was the usual quantity of all the kinds
of pottery used by the Romans."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Vignette subjoined to this article (in p.154) represents the 
western portal of the station Amboglanna, now called Birdoswald, as seen from the inside.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"It exhibits the pivot-holes of the gates, and the ruts worn
by the chariots or wagons of the Romans. The ruts are nearly four feet two inches apart, 
the precise gauge of the chariot-marks in the east gateway at Housesteads. The more 
perfect of the pivot-holes exhibits a sort of spiral grooving, which seems to have been 
formed with a view to rendering the gate self-closing. The aperture in the sill of the 
doorway, near the lower jamb, has been made designedly, as a similar vacuity occurs in the
eastern portal; perhaps the object of it has been to allow of the passage of surface water
from the station. The whole of the area of the camp is marked with the lines of streets 
and the ruins of buildings."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In addition to these stations the wall was provided with 
<i>castella</i>, now called Mile Castles, quadrangular in form, and measuring usually from
60 to 70 feet in each direction; and subsidiary to these were turrets or watch-towers of 
about eight to ten feet square; the latter of these have in comparatively recent times, 
been destroyed, and the <i>castella</i> have not shared a much better fate. In all these 
buildings it is remarkable that no tiles, so common in the Roman structures in the south, 
have been used; they are only to be found in the foundations and hypocausts of the 
domestic edifices within the stations. By comparison, many other points of difference will
also be noticed. The fortresses erected by the Romans on the line of the "Littus 
Saxonicum" are of more imposing appearance, of wider area, and possess higher 
architectural pretensions; but these two great chains of stone fortresses, the maritime to
repel the Saxons and Franks, the inland to defend against the Picts and Scots, were both 
admirably adapted for those purposes. In the north, the wall itself was the main 
protection, and the number of the castra was requisite to sustain intercourse and rapid 
communication. In the south, the sea was to a certain extent a defence,
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Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Pfahlgraben</Keyword>
<Keyword>Society of Antiquaries</Keyword> <Keyword>Stothard, Charles</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bayeux Tapestry</Keyword> <Keyword>Severus</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Littus Saxonicum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.151
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">so long as the chief posts were well guarded.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But the great wall must not be viewed in detached pieces, and 
compared disparagingly with finer architectural examples which may easily be found. It 
must be viewed in its entire extent, with its vallum, castra, and outposts, to do justice 
to the bold conception and admirable completion of this stupendous barrier. The 
<i>Pfahlgraben</i>, in Germany, is a very similar work, twice the extent, we believe, of 
the Picts' wall, and probably of contemporaneous origin. And here we may direct attention 
to the advantage of studying continental antiquities simultaneously with those of our own 
country. One of the greatest achievements of the Society of Antiquaries was that of 
sending its draftsman, the late Mr. Charles Stothard, to Bayeux to copy the celebrated 
tapestry preserved there, and afterwards engraving and publishing it; and we think the 
Society might, profitably, depute some one or two of its members to make a careful survey 
of the Pfahlgraben with a view to illustrate the analogous monument of our own land.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Bruce having given a very full description of the wall as it 
exists at the present day, together with the stations in rotation, and the inscriptions 
and other antiquities found in and about them, proceeds to discuss the question of who was
the builder of the wall. Popularly it is called the wall of Severus. Antiquaries have been
divided in their opinions respecting its date, some assigning it to Hadrian, others to 
Severus, while the same conflicting theories prevail with regard to the date of the vallum
or turf wall which runs parallel with the stone wall to the south. The testimony of 
ancient writers Mr. Bruce weighs with an impartial hand; but it is chiefly on the remains 
themselves, on the course of the vallum and its peculiar connexion with the wall, and, 
mainly, on inscriptions, that he forms his belief that both works are coeval, and are to 
be ascribed to the genius of Hadrian; to Severus he gives the credit of making the repairs
which time and the enemy had rendered necessary.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, While the great castra on the <i>Littus Saxonicum</i> have 
not supplied us with a single inscription, except the stamps on tiles found at 
Lymne,&#x002A; along the line of the wall a great variety have from time to time been 
discovered, and are yet occasionally brought to light. They include many of historical 
importance, identifying the ancient names of the stations, and showing what soldiers were 
qtred in them at particular periods. Among them we find numerous auxiliary bodies from 
foreign countries. Nowhere do we see mention made of the Britons; but in Germany are 
similar records, which show that Britain contributed her share of support to the Roman 
legions stationed in that province, as, for example, the two inscriptions cited in our 
last number (pp.48,49.) None of the inscriptions found on the line of the wall, it is 
remarkable, are of a very late date, and Mr. Bruce correctly notes that not one bears any 
allusion to Christianity. That represented on the annexed cut is of comparatively
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne, p.258.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Legio II 
Augusta</Keyword> <Keyword>Hunnum<Note>roman fort, Halton Chesters</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, Halton Chesters</Keyword> <Keyword>Antonine Wall, Scotland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cawfield Crags, Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Notitia Dignitatum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cohors I Asturum Equitata</Keyword> <Keyword>Aesica<Note>roman fort, 
Netherby</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Netherby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Severus</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, 
roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>Storry, J</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Jupiter</Keyword>  <Keyword>Epona</Keyword>  <Keyword>print</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.152
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">early date, and refers to the second legion, LEG. II. AUG. F. 
<i>Legio Secunda Augusta fecit</i>. It was found at the station called Hunnum, and was 
doubtless erected to commemorate the work done by the legion at that castrum. It resembles
in style those erected by the same legion on the barrier of the Upper Isthmus or Wall of 
Antoninus. The next example shows a stone lately
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">found among the fallen stones of the wall at Cawfield Crags, where
a tract of the wall is to be seen in an excellent state of preservation. It bears the mark
of the twentieth legion. Mr. Bruce observes, -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"This sculpture cannot have been derived from the Vallum, in
the construction of which, in the time of Hadrain, the twentieth legion is acknowledged to
have been employed; for the Vallum is here distant more than three hundred yards from the 
wall. The reader will of course perceive the bearing which this fact has upon the question
of the contemporaneous origin of the two structures, and the construction of the wall, as 
well as the Vallum, by Hadrian."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Romans usually retained the various divisions of their troops 
at particular stations over a long period of time. At the time of the compilation of the 
<i>Notitia Imperii</i> (the latter part of the fourth century), the first cohort of the 
Asti was in garrison at AEsica, on the wall. Here, in 1761, was dug up an inscription, 
from which it appears that during the reign of Severus Alexander (A.D. 222 to A.D. 235), 
the second cohort rebuilt the granary of this station, which had become dilapidated. We 
are enabled to introduce here a cut of the large mural tablet lately dug up near the 
eastern
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="large">G851E09.jpg

<Paragraph rend="quote">J. STOREY. DEL / [RB] UTTING. SC
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">gate way of this station. It is dedicated to Hadrian, and supplies
powerful testimony in support of Mr. Bruce's theory on the date of the wall.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another class of inscriptions, more numerous and not less 
interesting, are those relating to worship. They embrace, as may be supposed, a wide range
of divinities, the objects of adoration of the various troops stationed along the wall, 
from Jupiter, the Optimus and Maximus, down to Epona, the protectress of horses. They are 
usually inscribed on altars, which were set up not only in temples, but also in the open 
places, and even in the fields. Hodgson states that within the limits of one modern parish
four important fortified places were furnished with temples to different deities; and he 
adds that he felt it difficult to refrain from both admiring the piety and pitying the 
superstition that reared them. Sometimes the dedications are
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.153
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<Paragraph rend="quote">accompanied with sculpture, as in the case of the great Mithraic 
group found at Housesteads. We are disposed to think the fragment shown in the annexed cut
may have belonged to a
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<Paragraph rend="quote">kindred myth, especially as in the representation given by Hodgson
there appears upon the pedestal what would seem to have been a serpent entwined round the 
legs of the bull. This fragment, which was dug up on the site of Cilurnum, is in a 
fine-grained sandstone, and measures six feet two inches in length.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The mythic personages called <i>Deae Matres</i> and 
<i>Matrones</i>. whose worship was probably introduced from Germany,&#x002A; figure in the
mythology of the Wall. On an altar found at Habitancum, and engraved in Mr. Bruce's 
volume, they are addressed as <i>Matres Tramarinae</i>, and Mr. Bruce remarks that it 
appears by another inscription the person who dedicated the altar was a tribune of the 
Vangiones. We select a fragment of one of these scultures, in which the three
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<Paragraph rend="quote">figures have been apparently represented as seated in distinct 
chairs, whereas they are usually placed together on a kind of settle. It was found at 
Netherby with another example in which the three deities are placed close together, but, 
as is usual with Roman sculptures in the north of England, Mr. Bruce observes, that the 
figures have suffered decapitation. At
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; See on this subject papers in vol.i.of the Journal of the
Archaeological Association, and in vol.i. of the Collectanea Antiqua, in which is figured 
a remarkable example found in London.
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<Keyword>coin, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman coin</Keyword> <Keyword>Nero</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Thorngrafton, Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Claudius</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.154
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the same place were also discovered two other groups, one of which
is shewn on the preceeeding page, probably of a somewhat analogous character, although the
figures are obviously male, and not female. It is not improbable this peculiarity may be 
owing to the ignorance of the sculptor. If it were intentional, we have something yet to 
learn in the topical department of the heathen mythology.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The volume closes with a descriptive account (illustrated by fifty
cuts), of gold and silver consular and imperial coins found in 1837 near Thorngrafton. Of 
these one of the rarest is the aureus of Nero which bears on the reverse the head of 
Claudius. We believe the discovery of coins on the line of the Wall has in more than one 
instance led to the disastrous consequences of lawsuits,&#x002A; and thus the question of 
the <i>treasure-trove</i> law and its pernicious tendency as regards the preservation of 
antiquities naturally suggests itself for consideration. Something was done at the Oxford 
meeting of the Archaeological Institute relative to this question, and it is to be hoped 
it did not end as matters mooted by public bodies often do, in passing a resolution.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In taking leave of Mr. Bruce's work we may express a hope that our
brief notice of some of its attractions may promote its circulation. The author's style 
renders it highly readable, the facts he has collected will make it useful for reference, 
and its portability and clear arrangement of the subject-matter should introduce it as a 
companion to all who may desire to study fully one of the noblest monuments of our 
country.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">WEST PORTAL OF AMBOGLANNA (FROM THE INSIDE).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Described in p.</i>150).
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Not only coins but other objects of value have been 
repeatedly secreted from the lord of the manor, who keeps a close watch on discoveries. 
The late Mr. Brumell's silver paterae were found in this district; they constituted only a
small part of the hoard which was melted by the Newcastle silversmiths.
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</Marginal>
Hartley Coleridge</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">HARTLEY COLERIDGE.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IT is a common weakness in persons who are not so handsome as they
would be, or have been, to abhor a faithful portrait-painter; and a still commoner 
weakness in their friends to prefer what they call an "idealised" likeness of them, by 
which they mean, not one in which the true and permanent character prevails over the 
accidental peculiarities of the face, but one which. being sufficiently like to be 
recognised, approaches otherwise as nearly as may be to the academical standard of beauty.
A similar weakness prevails with regard to men's lives and characters, and a biographer 
who so portrays his subject that those who did not know the man may know what he was like,
must not expect to escape popular censure. Yet we all long to have some definitite image 
both of the features and the character of any man in whom we are interested, whether the 
interest be excited by his writings or his actions; and it is only when a faithful record 
of the face or the life destroys some cherished ideal that the minutest personal details 
are unwelcome. <i>Then</i>, indeed, when the real man falls short of the idea formed of 
him from his writings, people are apt to exclaim, "Why undeceive us? Why publish what 
might have been kept private? That part of his life and character which his works reveal 
is all the the world has interest in; why not leave it to speak for itself?" To this 
appeal the obvious and sufficient answer is, that if the works bespeak a life and 
character which does not correspond with the fact, they speak falsely, and those who so 
interpret them are living in a false belief, which to hold unconsciously is an eveil, to 
cherish deliberately is a sin. Some provinces of the intellect there are, indeed, which 
may be said to be independent of the moral character. We may inherit the full fruits of a 
life devoted to science, for instance, without caring to imagine or to ask what sort of 
man he was who bequeathed them to us. In such cases, if the life be otherwise unworthy of 
rememberance, let it by all means be forgotten. But it is not so with the poet. All poetry
which is worthy anything is a voice out of a human heart, and every human heart beats in 
some individual man. We must sympathise, and we cannot sympathise with an abstraction. If 
we do not know what he was like, we imagine him - we make a picture of him in our mind - 
and if we imagine him other than he was, we deceive ourselves, and, so far, the truth is 
not in us.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To us, therefore, when a poet dies whose works are worthy or 
likely to live, a candid account of his personal history shall always be welcome, and, 
provided it reveals the truth, it shall not be the less welcome though the truth be 
painful. Indeed we are persuaded that, even where the truth is most painful, it is for the
interest of the poet's own memory that it should be frankly told. To estimate the strength
of a man's virtue we must
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Poems by Hartley Coleridge; with a Memoir of his Life, by
his Brother. In two volumes. Lond. 1851.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Hazlitt, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Coleridge, Samuel Taylor</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.580
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<Paragraph rend="quote">know the constitutional weakness against which it had to struggle.
In them we shall find at once the explanation and the excuse of his short-comings; and far
better it is that they should be fairly expounded by a friend who understands the whole 
case, than that scattered evidences of them should be picked up one by one and exhibited 
as curiosities and fragments of "truth brought to light by time," - such fragments being 
often only scandals and errors which truth had in their own day disowned and dismissed to 
oblivion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">All this we believe to be eminently true with regard to Hartley 
Coleridge, and in the copious and candid memoir attached to these volumes we think the 
Editor has not only rendered a service to literary history, by contributing to it the 
portrait of a man in all ways interesting and in many ways remarkable, but has also 
performed an office of piety to the memory of his brother. We should have preferred, 
indeed, a tone less elaborately apologetic, a more sparing introduction of censures and 
regrets, and generally a style of narrative more concise, and simple, and straight-onward.
But when we remember the relation iin which the Editor stands to his brother and his 
family on one side, and to a jealous and not very reasonable public on the other, we feel 
that it would be rash to pronounce judgment on the execution of a task so very delicate 
and difficult. Enough that the story he has recorded is full of interest and instruction, 
and as we have good reason to believe that no material part of the case has been 
suppressed or misrepresented, those who are dissatisfied with his treatment of it may 
treat it better for themselves.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Hartley Coleridge was born at Clevedon on the 19th of September, 
1796, the eldest son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and therefore with a hereditary title 
both to gifts of the intellect and infirmities of the will. About the end of his fourth 
year his home was transferred from the banks of the Severn to the lakes of Cumberland and 
Westmerland, and fixed in the house which will long be remembered as the residence of 
Southey. He appears to have been distinguished from other children at a very early age by 
a certain oddity of manner and absence of mind, and by a constitutional inaptitude for all
games requiring attention and manual dexterity. This, rather than any premature devotion 
to books or aversion from the society of playmates, prevented him from mixing in childish 
sports, and caused him to spend the greater part of his time in an imaginary world of his 
own, strangely peopled with shadows abstracted from the real world in which he lived, and 
of the concerns of which he was at the same time no inattentive observer. How far he was 
distinguished from others of the same age by any extraordinary powers of mind it is not 
easy to gather. There is hardly any child whose mind, when subjected to the inspection of 
poets and metaphysicians is not full of wonders; and we may more confidently infer that 
Hartley was an extraordinary child from the fact that he certainly grew up to be no 
ordinary man, than from the impressions he made on Wordsworth at six years old, or from 
his father's report of the metaphysical mysteries with which his childish understanding 
perplexed itself.&#x002A; Though a clever boy, and not idle, it seems that he made no 
remarkable progress in his school-studies, and it is rather singular that the faculties by
which he was most decidedly distinguished from other boys were not those which he much 
cultivated or much excelled in afterwards. That he lived a great deal in a phantom-world 
we should not mention as anything singular - all children do so. Chairs are turned into 
carriages and
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "Hartley, when about five years old, was asked a question
about himself being called Hartley. 'Which Hartley?' asked the boy. 'Why, is there more 
than one Hartley?' 'Yes,' he replied, 'there's a deal of Hartleys.' 'How so?' 'There's 
Picture-Hartley (Hazlitt had painted a portrait of him) and Shadow-Hartley, and there's 
Echo-Hartley, and there's Catch-me-Fast-Hartley,' at the same time seizing his own arm 
with the other hand very eagerly, and action which shews that his mind must have been 
drawn to reflect on what Kant calls the great and inexplicable mystery, viz. that man 
should be both his own subject and object, and that these two should be one." - p.xxvii.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilkie, David</Keyword> <Keyword>Montagu, 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">horses, passages into turnpike roads, sofas into market-towns, 
faster than by the slap of Harlequin's sword. But in ordinary cases these brain-creations 
are abstracted from the simple events of everyday life, and pass like the day-dreams of 
maturer age in swift succession, having no coherency, and leaving no trace. The instances 
must be very rare in which this imaginative faculty is equal to the foundation, peopling, 
and government of an empire; rarer still in which it can maintain the illusion for years 
together, and carry on the history of the ideal people through all the vicissitudes of 
peace and war and social progress. Yet it seems that Hartley Coleridge not only imagined 
such a kingdom at a very early age, and made a map of it, and peopled it with "many 
nations, continental and insular, each with its separate history, civil, ecclesiastical, 
and literary, its forms of religion and government, and specific national character," but 
actually continued to <i>govern</i> it, as seriously as an ordinary child rides his stick,
for years together, till he was on the verge of manhood. This fact rests on no vague or 
doubtful tradition, but upon the distinct testimony of the Editor, who was his brother's 
companion and confidant all the time, and to whom the substance of all "letters and papers
from Ejuxria" was regularly imparted as they were supposed to arrive. Probably this 
process of imparting the news to a listener who seems to have been almost as much in 
ernest as himself, helped to feed and stimulate the fancy and preserve the outward form of
the fiction from its natural dissolution; and the brother of twelve years old may have 
fancied the brother of sixteen more in earnest than he really was. But, when all 
allowances have been made, there still remains a very singular and interesting story, well
worth recording for the consideration of psychologists. It will be found at p.xxxvi-xliii.
of the memoir. From this, and other singular amusements of his childhood, it might have 
been supposed that the creative imagination was unusually strong in Hartley; and yet the 
productions of his after-life show scarcely any traces of such a gift.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">His tenth year must have contributed largely to the history of 
Ejuxria. In the days of the terror of Napoleon and the glory of Grimaldi (not to mention 
the abolition of the slave trade, and the noises of a change of ministry, a dissolution of
Parliament, and a general election,) he passed the spring of 1807 at Sir George Beaumont's
in Leicestershire, where Wordsworth and Wilkie were; the summer in London with Mr. and 
Mrs. Montagu; the autumn at Bristol with his mother's family. He "read every word about 
the battle of Aylau, and was enraged if a doubt were hinted of the Russian victory." He 
saw the Wood Demon and Jack Bannister at Drury Lane, Mother Goose and Grimaldi at Covent 
Garden; went over the Tower in company of Wordsworth and Walter Scott; and was introduced 
to the wonders of chemistry by Sir Humphry Davy: a year of impressions never to be 
forgotten.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the summer of 1808 he was sent with his brother to a small 
school at Ambleside, kept by a gentleman of manly character and vigourous understanding, 
but no great scholar; fortunate, it seems, in the character of his schoolfellows, and in 
an ample allowance of leisure and mountain-liberty; eminently fortunate in the 
neighbourhood of some of his father's most distinguished friends; not very fortunate into 
the nicer mysteries of Greek and Latin. Here he remained for seven or eight years, 
composing themes and verses, not in any remarkable degree superior to those of his 
schoolfellows, and with visible effort; wandering at large among the hills with one 
intimate companion, or gathering desultory knowledge from the libraries and conversation 
of Wordsworth, Wilson, De Quincey, and Charles Lloyd; helping his school-mates to construe
their lesons, or entertaining them with tales; say rather with one continuous tale, having
for its moral the injustice of society, which he spun on night after night (we are told) 
for years together; admired and loved, yet suffering the penalty of his small stature and 
odd ways in being plagued and teased; joining in no school-games, and forming no 
intimacies; but "reading, walking, dreaming to himself, or talking his dreams to others."
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The immediate result was such as might have been anticipated. He 
went to Oxford in his nineteenth year with no very accurate knowledge of Greek and Latin, 
therefore no match for Eton-trained scholars in competition for distinctions awarded 
according to Etonian standards, but with a mind full of original thoughts and general 
knowledge, and a rare gift of lively and eloquent discourse. "He would hold forth by the 
hour (for no one wished to interrupt him) on whatever subject might have been started, 
either of literature, politics, or religion, with an originality of thought, a force of 
illustration, and a facility and beauty of expression, which I question (says Mr. Dyce, 
writing in the year 1849) whether any man living except his father, could have surpassed."
Whether the popularity at wine-parties which was the inevitable consequence of such a 
gift, interfered much with his reading during the first year or two of his residence, we 
are not informed. But in the summer of 1818, as we learn from Mr. C. H. Townshend (who 
then first met him, and has recorded his impressions in a long and interesting letter) he 
was certainly reading hard. At Michaelmas following he took a second class in <i>in 
literis humanioribus</i>; his deficiencies in what is exclusively, and somewhat 
arbitrarily, called "scholarship," sinking him below the place which his "talent and 
general knowledge" would have raised him. Soon after, he obtained an Oriel fellowship with
great distinction; and it seems as if he were now honorable providied for, and as if the 
kindness of the friends by whose help he had been sent to college had received its best 
reward.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Had it turned out so, it is probable that the brief outline which 
we have given of his school and college life might have been thought to contain all that 
needed to be remembered of it. It might not have been suspected that any material feature 
of his character remained unnoticed. But a fellow-elect of Oriel has to pass one year of 
probation, at the end of which, in case of misconduct, his election may be cancelled. At 
the close of this probationary year, Hartley Coleridge was judged to have forfeited his 
fellowship, "on the ground mainly of intemperance." Great efforts were made in vain at the
time to get the decision reversed; and sever comments have been made upon it since. We 
have ourselves heard it confidently asserted by a very high and grave authority, - a man 
by no means given to think indulgently of intemperance, or suspiciously fo dignities, and 
one whom the question must have deeply interested at the time, - that the charge of 
intemperance was in fact a pretext only, and that the real offence was of quite another 
kind, less venial perhaps in the eyes of college authorities, though not so easily reached
by their statutes, and, in the eyes of the world, no offence at all, - namely, an 
indiscreet freedom of speech with regard to University reforms. Upon this point we can 
only say that the narrative before us gives us no means of forming an opinion. We have no 
account either of the specific charges, or of the evidence, or of the answers. Judging, 
however, from the tenor of Hartley's subsequent life, we can hardly assume that he had 
been guilty of no irregularities which formed a fair pretext for rejecting him, and 
(remembering how just his views were, and how pungent his remarks, upon established 
institutions in general,) we can have little doubt that he had <i>said</i> many things 
extremely offensive to the ears of authority, though perhaps not on that account the less 
wholesome, had they been weighed and considered.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But what, it will be asked, <i>were</i> these irregularities? And 
how did they come upon him? For hitherto we have heard of no evil tendencies of any kind. 
To this question neither his brother's recollections nor the evidence which he has 
collected from others, enable us to give a satisfactory answer. We cannot attach much 
weight to early manifestations of "intense sensibility" not under proper control; of 
"impatience of constraint;" of a disposition to "shrink from mental pain;" of occasional 
"paroxysms of rage, during which he bit his arm or finger violently;" of a proneness "to 
yield unconsciously to slight temptations, as if swayed by a mechanical impulse apart from
his volition;" for not only are such infirmities incident more or less to the youth of all
large and sensitive natures, but it does no
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<Paragraph rend="quote">appear that they overcame him in the struggle. Where he was left 
to himself, they led him into no evil that we can hear of. Where, as in the duties of 
school, he had work to do or constraint to endure, it seems that he did the work and 
submitted to the constraint. Where his sensibility was most cruelly tried by the 
thoughtless persecutions of bigger boys - persecutions the remembrance of which became the
ever-recurring torments of his dreams in later life - he must have borne them with great 
patience and sweetness; for we are told that he retained the admiration and love of his 
school-fellows, though he did not share their amusements. In what respect then was it that
"a certain infirmity of the will, the specific evil of his life, had already manifested 
itself?" It is possible that a school or college companion of his own age, or a little 
older, could have explained this to us. His brother was too much the younger to "look into
him with inquiring eyes;" and we have no report from any other observer who was intimate 
with him during those years. Nevertheless it is undoubtedly true that "a certain infirmity
of the will" did constitute the specific evil of his later life, and it was in all 
probability connected in some mysterious way with that specific peculiarity of his 
boyhood, to which we have already alluded. "He never played. He was indeed incapable of 
the adroitness and presence of mind required in the most ordinary sports. <i>His uncle 
used to tell him that he had two left hands</i>." Could science anatomize the material 
organisation through which the mind acts upon the body - through which
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>--- the brain</Line>
<Line>Says to the foot, now move, now rest again.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">it would perhaps be found that in such cases the <i>will</i> also 
has two left hands. That such a constitutional infirmity should prevail more against the 
grown man than the growing boy, is not surprising. The full flow of hope and youth 
counteracted but did not extinguish it. Youth and hope ebbing. left the man without energy
enough to continue the struggle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">However this may be, Hartley Coleridge - whose spirits were 
subject to those vicissitudes which so often affect the <i>genus irritabile vatum</i>, 
especially where the nature is exquisitely tender and affectionate, and a strong thirst 
for sympathy is irritated by a depressing consciousness of personal disadvantages - had 
occasionally found a temporary relief from painful sensations in wine. His popularity as a
guest exposed him to the temptation; and his constitution was such that a small quantity 
excited him. Hence a fair prretext, if not a just ground, for taking away his fellowship; 
and he left Oxford (with 300<i>l.</i> given him by the college by way of mitigation) for 
London, meaning to support himself by his pen. This he could easily have done; for there 
were few departments of popular literature in which he was not eminently qualified to 
shine. But infirmities which are not eradicated in youth commonly increase with age. The 
very habit of introspection, though it be with the purpose of understanding and ejecting 
them, makes a man familiar with their company, and agravates the evil. The direction which
Hartley's infirmity took was not one of the worst either for body or mind, - certainy not 
so bad as opium-eating, - but it had a worse name. And though his health was little if at 
all injured, and his mind not at all corrupted by it, his self-respect (with which 
self-command is closely allied) was shaken. Then came (to use his own significant words) 
"that helpless consciousness of faults which conduces to anything rather than amendment." 
A habit of procrastination followed - part of the same disease. After two year's trial, 
during which he resided chiefly with Mr. and Mrs. Montagu, it appeared plainly that London
was not the best place for him. He returned to Westmerland; and (yielding against his own 
judgment at the urgency of friends) endeavoured to establish himself as a schoolmaster at 
Ambleside. But, after four or five years' trial, he was obliged to abandon the scheme as a
failure.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This was his last attempt to achieve a position in the world. 
After this he submitted to his destiny, as "a waif of nature:" and, though perhaps no man 
ever felt a stronger yearning for the blessings from which his "fault or fate" excluded 
him, it was probably the best condition which his very peculiar case admitted. Here he 
lived
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<Paragraph rend="quote">(with one or two short intervals which we need not stay to 
describe) the life of a solitary student by the banks of Grasmere and Rydal; dependent 
indeed upon the help of his relations for what small provision he needed, but requiring no
more than they could cheerfully supply; condemned indeed to hopeless poverty and (which to
him was a sadder thought) to hopeless celibacy - but everywhere a welcome guest to the 
high and the low, the learned and the ignorant; producing little indeed which brought him 
money, but much which will be found to be of more real worth than the most marketable 
produce which he could have raised. For it was part of his singular case that the 
conditions which steady the character and stimulate the powers of other men had the 
contrary effect upon him. By some strange misdirection of the moral sensibility, which 
seems indeed to have been hereditary, a formal engagement to do a thing frightened him 
from his purpose, and paralysed his power of perfomance. It is Cowper, we think, who 
somewhere says he could sit in his room all day without desiring to go out, until the door
were locked upon him; but the moment he felt that he could not let himself out when he 
pleased, it became a misery to him to stay in. So Hartley Coleridge could read and write 
assiduously and copiously, so long as he did not feel himself under an obligation to go 
on; but a promise to finish took away his power to proceed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The lot therefore upon which he had at last fallen, with all its 
privations and disadvantages, gave probably the freest scope to his peculiar faculties of 
which they were capable. Here his defects could do least injury to himself or others; here
his genius could bear its best fruit. His wanderings were but transient eclipses. The 
shadow past, he came forth as pure and bright as before. Never, perhaps, was a man who was
so unlike other men more justly appreciated by those among whom he lived. We doubt whether
they could have understood him half so well at Oriel. The breeze which is so healthful and
so refreshing in its native mountains would spread consternation through the Combination 
Room; and Hartley's mind flowed where it listed, obedient to the inner impulses, with 
little respect for persons or places. What the tutors might have thought of it we do not 
know; but the "untutored dales" were charmed with the various stream of his talk, so 
singular yet so unaffected, so familiar yet so unvulgar, so full of drollery yet so full 
of wisdom, so keen and pungent and yet so truly genial, liberal, and humane. Those who 
never heard him talk will get the best notion of his manner from the letters of Mrs. 
Thomas Blackburn (pp.cxv. cxxxii.), who has the art of picturesque narration, and from 
whom we should be glad to have a fuller reminiscence and a more complete delineation. But 
no report of what he said can convey the effect, or even the true meaning of his words, 
unless a notion could at the same time be given of the rapid transitions of his eye and 
voice from boisterous mirth to thoughfulness, tenderness, or sadness, as one idea called 
up another. Therefore the peculiar charm of his conversation will probably live only in 
tradition. It was not in his conversation however, only or chiefly, that the real spell 
lay. It was his affectionate and large-hearted sympathy with man, woman, and child, of 
whatever degree - his true delicacy and generosity of nature - that endeared him to all 
hearts. Several years ago, when some of his friends thought of asking him to visit them in
the south of England, the project being mentioned to Wordsworth, he strongly disapproved 
of it: "It is far better for him," said he (we heard the words ourselves), "to remain 
where he is, - where <i>everbody knows him, and everybody loves and takes care of 
him</i>." What can we add to such testimony from such a witness?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The literary produce of these later years, when all is gathered 
together, will amount to something very considerable, both in quantity and quality. The 
excitement of conversation did not exhaust, but rather stimulated him, and he would often 
on returning from a party fall to his desk and continue writing far into the night.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The quantity, (says his brother, p.cxliv.) the variety, and I 
venture to add the quality, of the thought which passed through his mind during these 
latter years,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">judging only from his note-books and miscellaneous papers, and 
taking no account of that which persihed with him, would surely have ranked him among the 
most copious and most instructive, as well as the most delightful, writers of his age, had
he exerted the resolution or possessed the faculty of combining his materials on any 
considerable scale or on any given plan. The hope and intention of turning his literary 
talent to account in this way he never ceased to cherish, and he was not wanting in 
exertion. He mastered several modern languages, French, Italian, and German, which it had 
not fallen in his way to acquire in youth. He had commenced the study of Hebrew, expressly
with a view to theological investigation, and had begun to apply his knowledge, rudimental
as it was, to good purposes. He read and wrote incessantly; he made copious collections; 
the margins of his books are filled with carefully-written annotations, evidently intended
for future use, to which in some few cases thay had been actually applied; but by far the 
largest portion is unpublished. His note-books, which are very numerous, and bear quaint 
names, are full of original matter, little cycles of speculation, sometimes profound, 
often acute and sagacious, almost always original and characteristic, but thrown together 
without an attempt at method. There (sic) are always written in the first person, somewhat
after the manner of Montaigne, Even extracts from books, lexicography, facts in natural 
history, &amp;c. are interveined with something of his own, and not unfrequently of 
himself."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From these note-books, &amp;c. it is intended to publish a 
selection. We hope it will be a copious one; for we expect to find in such dispersed 
observations some of the very best fruits of his mind. We do not anticipate the less from 
them, because they are desultory and without method. Thick books are imposing things, and 
treatises which comprehend and exhaust the subject they treat of have a value of their 
own; but in most cases the reader has to pay for the completeness of the whole in an 
inferior treatment of many parts. The thought which rises to the surface without pressing,
generally contains all the cream. And, after all, what worse name do such scattered 
contemplations deserve that that of essays? Essays they are, according to the true meaning
of the word and truest use of the thing: not prize essays, in which the writer labours to 
say all that can be said, but natural essays, in which, without binding himself to any 
formal method, he sets down whatever occurs to him as worthy of saying. From these 
promised selections, therefore, we hope to derive new and important evidence as to the 
scope and character of Hartley Coleridge's mind, and it would be premature to attempt an 
estimate of it until they appear.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have expressed a hope that the selection will be copious. Let 
us hope also that it will not be timid. He was a devout Christian, but a great foe to 
sectarianism within the Church as well as without, and if he has spoken his mind freely on
the religious questions of the day, he must have said much that neither Oriel nor Exeter 
Hall will willingly sanction. We trust the editor will remember that he is <i>not</i> 
responsible for his brother's opinions, but that he <i>is</i> responsible for giving a 
faithful representation of them. The views of a devout layman, who has bound himself by no
articles, are very valuable just now; and the editor should consider what his views were, 
not what will be thought of them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As a poet, his character must be judged by the volumes before us, 
which contain all he left which has been thought worth publishing. The peoms in the first 
volume have been familiar to us for the last sixteen years; and, as we find that our 
interest in them has not abated, we cannot doubt that their worth is genuine and their
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Since this was written, the "Essays and Marginalia" have 
appeared, in two volumes; the first consisting of papers formerly contributed to magazines
and annuals, with a few others found among the author's MSS.; the seond, chiefly of notes 
written in margins of books; but some extracts from the note-books are interspersed. These
quicken our appetite for a second selection, which is to follow "if the reception of the 
present volumes justify the undertaking." Of this we trust there can be no doubt. The 
Essays, though printed before, have lost none of their interest, and to nine readers in 
ten are new. The Marginalia are all well worth preserving. And the Note-books promise to 
be better still; for Hartley Coleridge, naturally concise and pithy, writes best when he 
has most room.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.586
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">charm will last. We have left ourselves but little room to speak 
of them; but they stand in no need of a lecturer to show them off. If we should attempt 
indeed to fix their exact place in the scale of poetical merit we should have to begin a 
long discussion. But why trouble ourselves to fix their place? They advance no 
pretensions; they demand of no man to admire them beyond their worth; but they have a 
beauty of their own, which those who have a sense for it will feel at once, without being 
told why or how. Only we will say, by way of warning, that Hartley Coleridge's excellence 
lies, not in the creative, but in the reflective department of the imagination. He reveals
no new worlds; but he can set the profounder emotions suggested by his own epxerience to a
peculiar and delicate music; and when a <i>thought</i> strikes him - an intellectual 
perception, which if drily told in prose would be accepted as a fine and striking 
observation - he can deck it out with a profusion of illustrative imagery, so apt, so 
fanciful, and so graceful, that it becomes doubtful where the charm most lies - in the 
sense, the sentiment, or the setting forth. We must content ourselves with two or three 
specimens, taken almost at random, for the variety of choice perplexes us.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">First, however, let us hear his own estimate of his pretensions as
a poet - an estimate we have reason to believe contains his real and deliberate judgment -
before we form an opinion of our own:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>POIETES APOIETES.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>No hope have I to live a deathless name,</Line>
<Line>A power immortal in the world of mind,</Line>
<Line>A sun to light with intellectual flame</Line>
<Line>The universal soul of human kind.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Not mine the skill in memorable phrase</Line>
<Line>The hidden truths of passion to reveal,</Line>
<Line>To bring to light the intermingling ways</Line>
<Line>By which unconscious motives darkling steal.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>To show how forms the sentient heart affect,</Line>
<Line>How thoughts and feelings mutually combine,</Line>
<Line>How oft the pure impassive intellect</Line>
<Line>Shares the mischances of its mortal shrine.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Nor can I summon from the dark abyss</Line>
<Line>Of time the spirit of forgotten things,</Line>
<Line>Bestow unfading life on transient bliss -</Line>
<Line>Bid memory live "with healing on its wings."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Or give a substance to the haunting shades</Line>
<Line>Whose visitation shames our vulgar earth,</Line>
<Line>Before whose light the ray of morning fades,</Line>
<Line>And hollow yearning chills the soul of mirth.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I have no charm to renovate the youth</Line>
<Line>Of old authentic dictates of the heart -</Line>
<Line>To wash the wrinkles from the face of truth,</Line>
<Line>And out of nature form creative art.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Divinest poesy! 'tis thine to make</Line>
<Line>Age young - youth old - to baffle tyrant time;</Line>
<Line>From antique strains the hoary dust to shake,</Line>
<Line>And with familiar grace to crown new rhyme.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Long have I loved thee - long have I loved in vain,</Line>
<Line>Yet large the debt my spirit owes to thee.</Line>
<Line>Thou wreath'dst my first hours in a rosy chain,</Line>
<Line>Rocking the cradle of my infancy.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The lovely images of earth and sky</Line>
<Line>From thee I learnt within my soul to treasure,</Line>
<Line>And the strong magic of thy minstrelsy</Line>
<Line>Charms the world's tempest to a sweet sad measure,</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Not fortune's spite, &amp;c.</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 1 p.587
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Take next a sonnet, as an example of his moral vein:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Pains have I known that cannot be again,</Line>
<Line>And pleasures to that never can be more.</Line>
<Line>For loss of pleasure I was never sore,</Line>
<Line>But worse, far worse it is, to feel no pain.</Line>
<Line>The throes and agonies of a heart explain</Line>
<Line>Its very depth of want at inmost core;</Line>
<Line>Prove that it does believe, and would adore,</Line>
<Line>And doth with ill for ever strive and strain.</Line>
<Line>I not lament for happy childish years,</Line>
<Line>For loves departed that have had their day,</Line>
<Line>Or hopes that faded when my head was grey;</Line>
<Line>For death hath left me last of my compeers;</Line>
<Line>But for the pain I felt, the gushing tears</Line>
<Line>I used to shed, when I had gone astray.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Vol.ii. p.7.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As an example of thought playing with fancy perhaps we cannot 
choose a better than the lines on "Fairy Land:"-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>My fairy land was never upon earth,</Line>
<Line>Nor in Heaven to which I hoped to go;</Line>
<Line>For it was always by the glimmering hearth,</Line>
<Line>When the last faggot gave its reddest glow,</Line>
<Line>And voice of eld waxed tremulous and low,</Line>
<Line>And the slow taper's intermittent light</Line>
<Line>Like a slow-tolling bell declared good night.</Line>
<Line>Then could I think of Peri and of Fay,</Line>
<Line>As if their deeds were things of yesterday.</Line>
<Line>I felt the wee maid in her scarlet hood,</Line>
<Line>Real as the babes that wandered in the wood.</Line>
<Line>And could as well believe a wolf could talk,</Line>
<Line>As that a man besides the babes could walk</Line>
<Line>With gloomy thoughts of murder in his brain;</Line>
<Line>And then I thought how long the lovely twain</Line>
<Line>Threaded the paths that wound among the trees,</Line>
<Line>And how at last they sank upon their knees,</Line>
<Line>And said their little prayers, as prettily</Line>
<Line>As e'er they said them at their mother's knee,</Line>
<Line>And went to sleep. I deemed them still asleep,</Line>
<Line>Clasped in each other's arms, beside a heap</Line>
<Line>Of fragrant leaves; so little then knew I</Line>
<Line>Of bare-bone famine's ghastley misery.</Line>
<Line>Yet could I weep and cry and sob amain</Line>
<Line>Because they never were to wake again.</Line>
<Line>But if 'twas said "they'll wake at the last day,"</Line>
<Line>Then all the vision melted quite away;</Line>
<Line>As from the steel the passing stain of breath,</Line>
<Line>So quickly parts the fancy from the faith.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>And I thought the dear babes in the wood no more true</Line>
<Line>Than Red Ridinghood - aye, or the grim loup-garou</Line>
<Line>That the poor little maid for her granny mistook.</Line>
<Line>I knew they were both only tales in a book.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Vol.ii. p.173.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We cannot attempt to give samples of each variety of excellence 
which the book exhibits, but we must make room for one specimen of the playful-pathetic, 
which might be mistaken for Cowper:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>TO A CAT.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Nelly, methinks, 'twixt thee and me</Line>
<Line>There is a kind of sympathy;</Line>
<Line>And could we interchange our nature -</Line>
<Line>If I were cat, thou human creature -</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I should like thee, be no great mouser,</Line>
<Line>And thou, like me, no great composer;</Line>
<Line>For, like thy plaintive mews, my muse</Line>
<Line>With villanous whine doth fate abuse,</Line>
<Line>Because it hath not made me sleek</Line>
<Line>As golden down on Cupid's cheek;</Line>
<Line>And yet thou canst upon the rug lie,</Line>
<Line>Stretched out like snail, or curled up snugly,</Line>
<Line>As if thou wert not lean or ugly;</Line>
<Line>And I, who in poetic flights</Line>
<Line>Sometimes complain of sleepless nights,</Line>
<Line>Regardless of the sun in Heaven,</Line>
<Line>Am apt to dose till past eleven.</Line>
<Line>The world would just the same go round,</Line>
<Line>If I were hanged and thou wert drowned;</Line>
<Line>There is one difference, 'tis true,-</Line>
<Line>Thou dost not know it, and I do.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Vol.ii p.252.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Beautiful and touching as these poems are, we are by no means sure
that the editor is right in supposing that it as a poet that his brother will be best 
remembered. He was a clear, earnest, and original thinker; and he delivered his thoughts 
in a manner so perspicuous and lively, with a peculiar humour of his own character so 
shining through, that his essays, which would be worth studying for the sense they 
contain, though the style were dull, are among the pleasantest things to read in the 
language. When all are gathered together they will fill, we suppose, several 
moderate-sized volumes. If so, and if we are not greatly mistaken as to the quality of the
volumes which are to come, we may surely (without raising vain questions as to what he 
might have done if he had not been what he was,) say that the last half of his life, 
though spent in cloud and shadow, has not been spent in vain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He died on the 6th of January, 1849, after a short illness, the 
consequence of an attack of bronchitis. Wordsworth marked out a space for his grave, next 
to the spot destined for his own, and they now lie side by side in the quiet churchyard of
Grasmere - all that was mortal of them. But
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The sage, the poet, lives for all mankind,</Line>
<Line>So long as truth is true and beauty fair;</Line>
<Line>The soul that ever sought its God to find,</Line>
<Line>Has found him now - no matter how or where.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Vol.ii p.58.</Line>
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William</Keyword> <Keyword>Wordsworth, Christopher</Keyword> <Keyword>Letter to a Friend 
of Burns</Keyword> <Keyword>Boswellism</Keyword> <Keyword>Horace</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lyrical Ballads</Keyword> <Keyword>Milton, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Byron, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Gray, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Seasons, The</Keyword> 
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword>  <Keyword>Memoirs of William Wordsworth</Keyword>
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Memoirs of William Wordsworth</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">WILLIAM WORDSWORTH.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Memoirs of William Wordsworth, Poet-laureate, D.C.L. By 
Christopher Wordsworth, D.D. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1851.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE structure of these two volumes would alone exempt them from 
any very rigid censorship, even if the biographer had played his part less efficiently. 
For, as respects their substance, they may be regarded as a testamentary annotation upon 
Wordsworth's poetry, and, as respects their spirit, they are, in some measure, the 
swan-song of the revered bard whose life and conversation they record. In his "Letter to a
Friend of Burns," published many years ago, Mr. Wordsworth, among other profound 
observations upon the duties of literary biography, maintained that "our sole business in 
relation to authors is with their books - to understand and enjoy them." He deprecated 
"Boswellism" in all its degrees; and were some chance to bring to upper air "Memoirs of 
Horace and his contemporaries by a Grammarian of the Augustan age," he, for his part, 
would regret rather than welcome the waif from classical shores, as one likely "to 
disfigure with incongruous features the beautiful ideal of those illustrious personages." 
In the autumn of 1847, Mr. Wordsworth seems to have repeated these sentiments to his 
present biographer, accompanying them with the desire that he would prepare any personal 
notices requisite for the illustration of his poems. Upon this request, as his guiding 
principle, Dr. Wordsworth has acted in the composition of his uncle's memoirs, which are 
accordingly to be viewed as a record of the poetic rather than of the personal history of 
the deceased.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A biographical commentary upon Wordsworth's poems differs indeed 
but little from an abstract and brief chronicle of his life. The author of the Lyrical 
Ballads did not present to the world, as so many poets have done, a twofold aspect - one 
in their books another in their actions and temperament. To comprehend Milton thoroughly, 
his prose writings and the times in which he lived must be studied. Byron and Gray are 
known better by their letters than by their verse. From the Seasons we should not guess 
Thomson to be profoundly indolent: or from the Task, Cowper to have been profoundly 
humorous. But in Wordsworth there is little or none of this Janus aspect. "He wrote," says
his biographer, "as he lived, and he lived as he wrote. His poetry had its heart in his 
life, and his life found a voice in his poetry."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We must therefore presume, in the following notice of these 
Memoirs, upon our readers having some acquaintance with Wordsworth's poems, as well as 
some interest in their production and progress. The Memoirs and the Poetical Works should,
in fact, be open at the same time: for then, and then only, will become completely 
apparent the consonance of the man and the poet. Sophocles indeed did not more entirely 
reflect in his character and genius the severity of the ethnic artist, dwelling apart from
all
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<Paragraph rend="quote">disturbing forces in order that he might fully embody the 
statuesque pomp of the Hellenic legend, than Wordsworth abstracted himself from the 
rougher contacts of society in order that he might plenarily discharge his functions as 
the interpreter and priest of external nature.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The principal documents employed in these memoirs are the poet's 
own autobiographical dictations to an intimate female friend; brief sketches of dates and 
facts for Dr. Wordsworth's instruction; a few of his uncle's letters - strangely few 
indeed they would seem for a veteran in literature, did we not learn from more than one of
them that Wordsworth regarded his pen and desk as scarcely preferable to an oar and bench 
in the galleys; letters and memoranda contributed by his family and friends, among which 
those of Mr. Justice Coleridge are particularly graphic; and, finally, extracts from Miss 
Wordsworth's Journal, which for grace, expression, and veracity, are the prominent gem, as
well as the principal nucleus, of these volumes. The poet's sister was indeed, in all 
respects, a most gifted and admirable lady - worthy of the affectionate mention of her in 
her brother's letters and conversation, worthy of the more permanent tribute of his verse,
and worthy of being held by all to whom his verse is precious in reverent and grateful 
memory - a "clarum et venerabile nomen," wherever the English language ministers to the 
instruction, the consolation, or the imagination of mankind. She was the sister of his 
intellect, whose native fervour and occasional ruggedness were tempered and refined by her
superior sensibility; she catered for his eye and ear at all seasons of travel or 
seclusion; she was a consellor well fitted to advise in either fortune; she was assured of
his coming renown when the name of Wordsworth was almost bandied about by the public as a 
bye-word; and her earnest faith was at length rewarded by the increasing homage of his 
admirers and by the certainty of his present and posthumous triumph.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have so recently, in our notice of the "Prelude," surveyed the 
earlier portions of Wordsworth's life, that, on this occasion, we shall merely refer 
briefly to the favourable character of his education among mountains and a people of 
simple yet picturesque manners, to the slight restraints of his school-days, to his own 
active and hardy habits in boyhood, to the unfavourable aspect which Cambridge presented 
to him, to his residence in France, and to the absorbing interest he felt in the first 
French Revolution. All these circumstances, indeed, are so fully and graphically 
delineated in the "Prelude," that the reader, with that aurobiographical poem and the 
Memoirs before him, would scarcely thank us for anticipating or abridging so interesting a
narrative of the life poetic. For emphatically "<i>poetic</i>," as regards its plan and 
details, Wordsworth's life deserves to be called. We doubt, if the ends and aims which he 
set before himself be kept in view, whether a more consistent life was ever led, or a 
happier or more honourable lot ever assigned to man. Chequered it doubtless was by the 
ordinary accidents of mortality, by narrow means, by hope deferreed, and by the 
visitations of death. But "against the ills which the flesh is heir to," Wordsworth 
opposed a sterne heroism of content which enabled him to mate and master poverty, 
disapppointment and bereavement. And in his devotion to poetry as his vocation, there was 
nothing emasculate; no merely selfish exaltation; no petty claims for exemption from 
ordinary duties and courtesies. Even a propensity to speak of himself and his writings was
not in Wordsworth an appetite for praise or a habit of self-complacency, so much as an 
unconscious betrayal of his efforts to realise his superb ideal of the life-poetic.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the moment when his poetic vocation became clear to himself, 
Wordsworth's days were as uniform in their features as it is possible for periods of time 
to be when environed by the accidents of mortality. His naturally robust constitution was 
invigorated by rigid temperance: "strength from wine," he says in one of his letters, "is 
good, but strength from water is better." He lived much in the open air; and his daily 
feats as a pedestrian would probably surpass the endurance of most men in these days, when
wheels would seem to have nearly supplanted the exercise of legs. For a complete
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<Paragraph rend="quote">understanding of all the mysteries and all the majesty of the 
beautiful land in which he dwelt, daily contemplation of nature under every aspect of 
turbulence and repose was essential to the poet. His habits of composition more nearly 
resembled those of an ancient Scald than of an English bard of the nineteenth century. He 
went "booing" his verses, as his Cumbrian neighbours phrased it, under solstice and 
equinox indifferently, and through each intermediate change of the rolling seasons, over 
the mountain-lawns and beside the mountain-torrents, in the heart of mists and under the 
clear mirror of brumal frost, at earliest dawn when the sheep-fold was opening, and when 
"Hesper issued forth from the fulgent west." One day a stranger, having walked round the 
garden and grounds of Rydal Mount, asked one of the female servants, who happened to be at
the door, permission to see her master's study. "This," said she, leading him forward, "is
my master's <i>library</i>, where he keeps his books; but his <i>study</i> is out of 
doors." After long absences from home, his cottage-neighbours would say, "Well, there he 
is; we are glad to hear him 'booing' about again." Long before the pen of the female 
inmates of his household was called in requisition to transcribe, his murmured verse had 
been poured forth, formed and polished; and could it, like Retif de la Bretorme's novels, 
have been transferred at once to type, Wordsworth would probably have left as few 
manuscripts as "blind Melesigenes" himself. Yet, in despite of his method of composition, 
he was anything rather than an improviser. At times, indeed, when forcibly impressed by 
new objects, or by a familiar scene under unusual irradiation, the "divine afflatus" would
seize him, and he would pour forth streams of unpremeditated verse. But these occasions 
were rare: and still more rarely were such impromptus exposed to the public eye. As 
regarded harmony of sound, Wordsworth describes himself as "an Epicurean." We should not 
have accorded him this especial attribute, since his blank verse we think on the whole 
inferior to Cowper's, and his lyrical poems occasionally display both laxity and roughness
of cadence. In one so devoted to his art, however, such inequalities may have been as much
the result of a theory as of haste or negligence; and that they were not undesigned, but 
purposed breaks of smoothness, is the more probable from their recurring most frequently 
in the poems which he composed according to the doctrine of his critical prefaces. In 
English poetry, Wordsworth was very deeply read. It was, perhaps, his only very profound 
learning; and his "booing" was as often bestowed upon repetition of favourite passages as 
upon original composition. He had, however, studied critically the most artistic of the 
Latin poets, and his poems entitles "Dion," and "Laodamia," and "Lycoris," afford abundant
proofs that whatever his scholarship may have been, he entered profoundly into the spirit 
of antiquity. But no verse had he so deeply explored or would so willingly analyse in 
conversation as his own. Vanity, we believe, had little or no share in this introspection 
of his own productions. He had consciously aimed at, he had partially achieved, a great 
revolution in poetic diction, and the purity of his own idiom, or the truth and beauty of 
his own images, were the documents and title-deeds of his claim to be a reformer of poesy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of comtemporary poets, indeed, Wordsworth seems to have spoken 
with but cold approval, - always, indeed, with the exception of Coleridge, whom he appears
to us to overrate. Coleridge was endowed with the metrical faculty in a very unusual 
measure, and, to speak in tripos-phrase, might be bracketted with Fletcher for the 
sweetness and variety of his modulations. In this respect Wordsworth was by no means equal
to the author of "Christabel," and accordingly by no unnatural inference ascribed to him 
other poetic functions in proportion. Wordsworth thought that metaphysical speculations 
had kept Coleridge from verse; but no poet was ever long turned aside from his vocation, 
if the "mens divinior" were really part of his being. The whole phalanx of school-men, 
banded with all the iterminable squadrons of French and German metaphysics, would not 
drive Tennyson from a single outpost. Scott, Southey, and Crabbe, receive very slender 
praise from the oracle of Rydal Mount.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">list, Southey he accuses justly enough of a want of sympathy with 
the dealings and the passions of men; yet, considering the qtr from which it comes, the 
accusation is somewhat strange. Scott he describes as unveracious in his representations 
of nature, and terms him a poet only to the ear. Byron he could scarcely be expected to 
like, - for Wordsworth's canons of composition had been fashioned in a very different 
school, and were fixed ere Childe Harold, like a strong fever-fit, seized upon the general
mind. Of Keats we find nothing recorded; but we can imagine that the liberties he took in 
"Endymion" with idiom, metre, and even words, would offend so zealous a purist in style, 
as Mr. Wordsworth was, quite as much as, by his own confession, Mr. Carlyle's prose 
aggrieved him. We were agreeably surprised to find that Wordsworth thought Shelley "one of
the bests artists of us all; I mean in workmanship of style;" and were equally amazed when
we read his depreciation of Goethe. But, on this point, the late Laureate was so 
pertinaciously heretical, that we must leave the reader to wonder at his verdict, since we
should speedily exhaust our remaining columns by any attempt to move for a new trial.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">To reviewers, and especially those who clothe their thoughts in 
blue and yellow, Mr. Wordsworth bore no good will. He certainly had received some shrewd 
thrusts from the craft, and the late Lord Jeffrey did not hold his sword like a dancer. 
Nevertheless we cannot but think the poet "paulo iniquior" when he speaks of the Edinburgh
Aristarchus as having taken "a perpetual retainer from his own incapacity to plead against
my claims to public approbation." In 1816 this little bravura was confined to the poet's 
"Own Correspondent;" but by printing it in 1851 the editor has very unnecessarily exposed 
it to public gaze. We presume that the "incapacity" spoken of is confined to a supposed 
insensibilty in the critic to poetic sensations. In any other sense the imputation is 
incredible even from a victim under the scourge. But in his protest against critical 
asperities Wordsworth overlooked more than one cause of the "retainer." He did not 
sufficiently take into account that if he were not exactly a hardy experimentalist he was 
at least commencing a very sweeping reform in poetry. Since the lasts chords of Milton's 
harp had sounded, poetry had been too much the creature of books and artificial life. 
Among Wordsworth's own contemporaries it had assumed new vigour and alacrity, but it was a
dramatic energy with which for the most part he had little sympathy. In the applause which
he bestows upon his successor in the laureateship, he discloses unconsciously the secret 
of his own early unpopularity. "Tennyson," he writes in 1845, "is decidedly the first of 
our living poets. You will be pleased to hear that he expressed in the strongest terms his
gratitude to my writings. To this I was far from indifferent, though persuaded that he is 
not much in sympathy with what I should myself most value in my attempts, viz. the 
spirituality with which I have endeavoured to invest the material universe, and the moral 
relations under which I have wished to exhibit its most ordinary appearances." Now at once
to "call upon the age to quit its clogs," to withold its admiration from Scott and 
Campbell and Byron - for such, virtually, was Wordsworth's demand - was a kind of poetical
"stand and deliver," for which the said public was by no means prepared. And when this 
summons was followed by a request to see with Wordsworth's eyes and to hear with his ears,
if people aspired to any skill in the moral intimations of nature, it is not surprising 
that both critics and readers turned refractory and demanded their preremptory monitor's 
credentials. Dr. Wordsworth makes heavy complaints of the wrongs inflicted upon his uncle 
by men who had never studied his art with any earnestness, and who therefore had no rights
to dictate to him. And on the heel of his complaints he preaches a sermon to future 
critics, warning them, on the one hand, against rash judgments, and the "pensive public," 
on the other, against following such false shepherds. This may be good counsel: but it is 
of the kind which will never be acted upon. For to the end of poetic time the genuine poet
will not be welcomed with instantaneous acclaim, but must discipline his
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<Paragraph rend="quote">age to his teaching. His triumph over adverse days and tongues is 
the very truth that his mission is authentic: as, on the contrary, the facility of his 
early progress is generally a token that he is fashioned for the hour and not for the 
ages. For has not the reverend author of "Satan" passed through more editions than the 
"Lyrical Ballads," and in one fourth of the time? And does not "The Christian Year," from 
causes independent of poetry, number impressions by ten, where "The Excursion" counts them
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Like so many of his distinguished friends and contemporaries, 
Wordsworth's political opinions underwent in the course of years a considerable change. He
entered manhood a republican, and in his senescence was a strenuous advocate of Church and
State doctrines, greatly to the satisfaction of his nepotal biographer. We are however far
from convinced that this revolution in sentiment was as complete as the latter represents 
it. Wordsworth, indeed, was opposed to the concession of the Catholic claims to the Reform
Bill, to any large amount of popular education, and to the release of manufacturing 
interests from their peculiar burdens. But in what portions of his uncle's writings can 
Dr. Wordsworth discover any abstract reverence for mere antiquity in institutions, or any 
particular sympathy with the higher classes of society? The attempt indeed to prove the 
total conversion of the poet to the faith of Oxford and the Carlton Club is singularly 
lame and impotent, although to substantiate it the Doctor has burdened his volumes with 
long extracts from obsolete pamphlets by his uncle about Cintra, and the Westmoreland 
elections, and the Catholic claims. Neither these citations, however, nor all the 
biographer's sermonising, will persuade the public that Wordsworth's changes of opinion on
politics, education, and Church discipline, were uniformly improvements; that, for 
example, his letter to Mr. Rose (in his second volume, p.190) is conceived in a healthier 
and nobler vein than his letter to Mr. Fox (in his first volume, p.166); or that his 
pamphelts will extract the sting of lofty and liberal hopes for mankind out of the 
"Prelude" and "Sonnets to Liberty." Such changes of sentiment are intelligible enough. 
Ardent minds begin "in joy and gladness" to speculate upon the improvement and elevation 
of their fellow-men. But when they set themselves earnestly to remove the "time's abuse," 
they are met, on the one hand, by apathy, or, on the other, by direct opposition. Some 
ruder plan of reform finds favour with the multitude, and the effect upon spirits of 
nobler mould is too often despondency, and enforced acquiescence in unamended 
institutions, or a growing distaste for remedies proposed. Political reformers too are 
mostly cut out of sterner stuff than that which goes to the composition of poets and 
philosophers. Even Mackintosh faltered before, while Burke recoiled from, the "rushing 
mighty wind" that winnowed the institutions of the last and the present century. In 
Wordswoth's circumstances there were other causes for indifference to progress and for 
acquiescence "in the things that be." He was drinking deeply of the calm with which 
external nature and contemplation brood upon the spirit of the student. Systematically, 
and in quest of high and holy thought, he had almost secluded himself from the world. Its 
ruder sounds alone pierced the loop-holes of his retreat: the compensations which 
political change brings with it were not presented to his eyes; and at the distance from 
which he surveyed the conflict between the past and the present, he may well have mistaken
the steady breeze for a howling tempest. In matters appertaining to religion, again, Dr. 
Wordsworth is too much of the ritualist and the schoolman to enter very cordially into the
poet's faith in the power of the human will and intellect - nay, he once goes very near to
tax his relative with Pelagianism! In short, could their respective positions have been 
reversed, and the biographer have trained the poet in the way <i>he</i> would have had him
go, we might have rejoiced in the "Ecclesiastical Sonnets," but we must have lacked the 
"Lyrical Ballads," and in place of the large and lofty "Excursion" have been favoured with
a Church and State poem, which Oxford would have commended, and the rest of the world 
would have shelved with
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 2 p.112
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<Paragraph rend="quote">"Tracts for the Times" and "Commentaries upon the Apocalypse."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have now arrived at the pleasanter part of our task. Most 
reluctantly we have differed from many of the opinions which Dr. Wordsworth has thought 
fit it express in these Memoirs of his illustrious relative. In despite of that difference
however we thank him for the volumes now before us. He has piously, if not always 
discreetly, acted upon the poet's wish to be known by his works alone, and has furnished 
the public with a very useful commentary upon those works. Of Wordsworth himself it is 
scarcely possible to speak with too much reverence. His integrity as a man, his sincerity 
as an artist, his exemption from the passions which so often deform, and from the follies 
which so often degrade, men of genius, his honourable poverty, his studious energy, his 
almost scriptural simplicity of life, and demeanour, invest, perhaps beyond any poet of 
the present century, with claims to the homage of his countrymen. We have already remarked
that the proper employment of these Memoirs is to serve as a running commentary upon 
Wordsworth's poems. We shall now accordingly avail ourselves of their contents to 
illustrate, so far as our remaining space permits, the character of the poet by extracts 
relating to his habits of life, of thought, and composition.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following passages from Wordsworth's memoranda exemplify the 
structure of his poems.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Speaking of the poem "<i>We are Seven</i>," he says:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"This was written at Alfoxden, in Somersetshire, in the 
spring of 1798, under circumstances somewhat remarkable. The little girl, who is the 
heroine, I met with in the area of Goderich Castle, in the year 1793.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"I composed it while walking in the grove at Alfoxden. I 
composed the last stanza first, having begun with the last line. When it was all but 
finished I came in and recited it to Mr. Coleridge and my sister, and said, 'A prefatory 
stanza must be added, and I should sit down to our little tea-meal with greater pleasure 
if my task was finished.' I mentioned in substance what I wished to be expressed, and 
Coleridge immediately threw off the stanza thus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">A little child, dear brother Jem.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">I objected to the rhyme 'dear brother Jem,' as being 
ludicrous; but we all enjoyed the joke of hitching in our friend James Tobin's name, who 
was familiarly called Jem. He was the brother of the dramatist. The said Jem got a sight 
of the 'Lyrical Ballads,' as it was going to press at Bristol, during which time I was 
residing in that city. One evening he came to me with a grave face, and said, 'Wordsworth,
I have seen the volume that Coleridge and you are about to publish. There is one poem in 
it which I earnestly entreat you will cancel, for, if published, it will make you 
everlastingly ridiculous.' I answered that I felt much obliged by the interest he took in 
my good name as a writer, and begged to know what was the unfortunate piece he alluded to.
He said 'It is called, <i>We are Seven</i>,' 'Nay,' said I, 'that shall takes its chance, 
however;' and he left me in despair."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Idiot Boy</i>. - Alfoxden, 1798.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The last stanza, 'The cocks did crow, and the moon did 
shine so cold,' was the foundation of the whole. The words were reported to me by my dear 
friend Thomas Poole; but I since heard the same reported of other idiots. Let me add, that
this long poem was composed in the groves of Alfoxden, almost extempore; not a word, I 
believe, being corrected, though one stanza was omitted. I mention this in gratitude to 
those happy moments, for, in truth, I never wrote anything with so much glee."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"<i>Peter Bell</i> was founded upon an anecdote which I had 
read in a newspaper of an ass being found hanging his head over a canal, in a wretched 
posture. Upon examination a dead body was found in the water, and proved to be the body of
its master. In the woods of Alfoxden I used to take great delight in noticing the habits, 
tricks, and physiognomy of asses; and I have no doubt that I was put upon writing the poem
of 'Peter Bell' out of liking for the creature that is so often dreadfully abused. The 
countenance, gait, and figure of Peter were taken from a wild rover with whom I walked 
from Builth, on the river Wye, downwards, nearly as far as the town of Hay. He told me 
strange stories. It has always been a pleasure to me, through life, to catch at every 
opportunity that has occured in my rambles of becoming acquainted with this class of 
people. The number of Peter's wives was taken from the trespasses, in this way, of a 
lawless creature who lived in the county of Durham, and used to be attended by many women,
sometimes not less than half-a-dozen as disorderly as himself;
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 2 p.113
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and a story went in the country, that he had been heard to say 
while they were quarelling, 'Why can't you be quiet, there's none so many of you?' Benoni,
or the child of sorrow, I knew when I was a school-boy. His mother had been deserted by a 
gentleman in the neighbourhood, she herself being a gentlewoman by birth. The crescent 
moon, which makes such a figure in the prologue, assumed this figure one evening while I 
was watching its beauty in front of Alfoxden House. The worship of the Methodists or 
Ranters is often heard during the stillness of the summer evening, in the country, with 
affecting accompaniments of rural beauty. In both the psalmody and voice of the preacher 
there is, not infrequently, much solemnity likely to impress the feelings of the rudest 
characters under favourable circumstances."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have mentioned already the salutary influence which Miss 
Wordsworth's genius exercised upon her brother's mind. He was scarcely less fortunate in 
the character and sympathy of his brother John, a captain in the East India Company's 
service. John Wordsworth had been sent early to sea, and his education had been the common
training of nautical men fifty years ago. But he was a man of earnest aspirations for 
knowledge and of the most active and tender sensibilities. Like their sister, he felt no 
misgivings as to his brother's future fame, and contributed, as far as lay in his power, 
to secure for him the exemeptions from professional labour which his devotion to the one 
object poetry required, or was supposed to require.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"It had been," says his nephew, "Captain Wordsworth's intention," 
after one more voyage to the East, "to settle at Grasmere, and to devote the surplus of 
his fortune (for he was not married) to his brother's use; so as to set his mind entirely 
at rest, that he might be able to pursue his poetical labours with undivided attention." 
But in February 1805 this fair prosepct was at once destroyed by the wreck of his ship, 
the Abergavenny East-Indiaman, on the shambles of the Bill of Portland. "A few minutes 
before the ship went down Captain Wordsworth was seen talking with the first mate, with 
apparent cheerfulnss; and he was standing on the hen-coop, which is the point from which 
he could overlook the whole ship, the moment she went down, dying, as he had lived, in the
very place and point where his duty stationed him." The elements of the character of 
"Wordsworth's Happy Warrior" were many of them taken from this excellent brother. In 1801 
Captain Wordsworth thus wrote to a friend respecting his brother's Lyrical Ballads.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"I do not think that William's poetry will become popular 
for some time to come; it does not suit the present taste. I was in company the other 
evening with a gentleman who had read the 'Cumberland Beggar.' 'Why,' says he, 'this is 
very pretty; but you may call it anything but poetry.' The truth is, few people read 
poetry; they buy it for the name, read about twenty lines, the langauge is very fine, and 
they are content with praising the whole. Most of William's poetry improves upon the 
second, third, or fourth reading. Now, people, in general are not sufficiently interested 
to try a second reading."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In another letter, from which our limits will not permit us to 
extract, the same prediction is repeated in even stronger terms. Captain Wordsworth's love
of nature, and his study, during his long voyages, of the elder English bards, has 
imparted to him a prescience in which, at the time, he had few copartners.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From the following passage in Miss Wordsworth's Journal we learn 
the origin of her brother's exquisite poem,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Sweet highland girl, a very shower</Line>
<Line>Of beauty is thy earthly dower! &amp;c.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"When we were beginning to descend the hill towards Loch 
Lomond we overtook two girls, who told us we could not cross the ferry till evening, for 
the boat was gone with a number of people to church. One of the girls was exceedingly 
beautiful; and the figures of both of them, in grey plaids falling to their feet, their 
faces only being uncovered, excited our attention before we spoke to them; but they 
answered us so sweetly that we were quite delighted, at the same time they stared at us 
with an innocent look of wonder. I think I never heard the English language sounds more 
sweetly than from the mouth of the elder of these two girls, while she stood at the gate 
answering our inquiries, her face flushed with the rain; her pronunciation was clear and 
distinct, with difficulty, yet slow, as if like a
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William</Keyword> <Keyword>ferry</Keyword> <Keyword>Dove Cottage, Grasmere</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Town End, Grasmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Milton, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>sonnet</Keyword> <Keyword>Shakespeare, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Italy</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 2 p.114
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">foreign speech. They told us that we might sit in the 
ferry-house till the return of the boat, went in with us, and made a good fire as fast as 
possible to dry our wet clothes. We were glad to be housed with our feet upon a warm 
hearth-stone, and our attendants were so active and good humoured that it was pleasant to 
have to desire them to do anything. The elder made me think of Peter Bell's Highland 
girl:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">As light and beauteous as a squirrel, As beauteous and as 
wild."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the next extract we find the <i>genesis</i> of a very important
portion of Wordsworth's poetry:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"In the cottage of Town End, one afternoon in 1801, my 
sister read to me the Sonnets of Milton. I had long been well acquainted with them, but I 
was particularly struck on that occasion with the dignified simplicity and majestic 
harmony that runs through most of them - in character so totally different from the 
Italian, and still more so from Shakspeare's fine sonnets. I took fire, if I may be 
allowed to say so, and produced three sonnets the same afternoon, the first I ever wrote, 
except an irregular one at school. Of these three the only one I distinctly remember is 'I
grieved for Bonaparte,' &amp;c. one of the others was never written down; the third, which
was I believe preserved, I cannot particularise."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And in a sentence or two from a letter of recollections of a Tour 
in Italy in 1837, addressed to the editor by Wordsworth's accomplished friend Mr. H. C. 
Robinson, we have a glimpse of the manner in which objects of universal interest brought 
to his mind absent objects dear to him:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"When we were on that noble spot, the amphitheatre at 
Nismes, I observed his eyes were fixed in a direction where there was least to be seen; 
and, looking that way, I beheld two very young children at play with flowers; and I 
overheard him say to himself, 'Oh! you darlings, I wish I could put you in my pocket and 
carry you to Rydal Mount."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">With one more specimen of Mr. Wordsworth's <i>studies</i> we must 
bring this portion of our extracts to a close -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"I have been often asked," writes Mr. Robinson, in the 
letter from which we have just cited, "whether Mr. W. wrote anything on the journey, and 
my answer has always been 'Little or nothing.' Seeds were cast into the earth, and they 
took root slowly. This reminds me that I once was privy to the conception of a sonnet, 
with a distinctness which did not once occur on the longer Italian journey. This was when 
I accompanied him into the Isle of Man. We had been drinking tea with Mr. and Mrs. 
Cookson, and left them when the weather was dull. Very soon after leaving them we passed 
the church tower of Bala Sala. The upper part of the tower had a sort of frieze of yellow 
lichens. Mr. W. pointed it out to me and said 'It's a perpetual sunshine.' I thought no 
more of it till I read the beautiful sonnet,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Broken in fortune, but in mind entire;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">and then I exclaimed, I was present at the conception of 
this sonnet, at least of the combination of thought out of which it arose."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have already observed Wordsworth's willingness to make his own 
writings the subject of discourse and even piercing disquisition. He was, however, a 
generous and even profound critic of the works of others; and the following remarks are at
once valuable in themselves and characteristic of their author. They are selected from 
many more of equal worth which the reader will find in the sixty-third chapter of the 
second volume. His observations upon Homer anticipate briefly some of the most genial 
paragraphs in Colonel Mure's recent history of Greek literature.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The first book of Homer appears to be independent of the 
rest. The character of Achilles seems to me one of the grandest ever conceived. There is 
something awful in it, particularly in the circumstance of his acting under an abiding 
foresight of his own death. One day, conversing with Payne Knight and Uvedale Price 
concerning Homer, I expressed my admiration of Nestor's speech, as eminently natural, 
where he tells the Greek leaders that <i>they</i> are mere children in comparison with the
heroes of <i>old</i> whom <i>he</i> had known. 'But,' said Knight and Price, 'that passage
is spurious!' However, I will not part with it, it is interesting to compare the same 
characters (Ajax, for instance) as treated by Homer, and then afterwards by the Greek 
dramatists, and to mark the difference of handling. In the plays of Euripedes, politics 
come in as a disturbing force; Homer's characters act on physical impulse. I admire 
Virgil's high moral tone; for instance, that sublime 'Aude, hospes, contemnere opes,' 
&amp;c. and 'His dantem jura Catonem!' What courage and independence of spirit is there! 
There is
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">nothing more imaginative and awful than the passage
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Arcades ipsum</Line>
<Line>Credunt se vidisse Jovem," &amp;c.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"In describing the weight of sorrow and fear on Dido's mind,
Virgil shews great knowledge of human nature, especially in that exquisite touch of 
feeling,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Hoc visum nulli, non ipsi effata sorori."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The ministry of confession is provided to satisfy the 
natural desire for some relief from the load of grief. Here, as in so many other respects,
the Church of Rome adapts herself with consummate skill to our nature, and is strong by 
our weakness."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"I cannot account for Shakspeare's low estimate of his own 
writings, except from the sublimity, the super-humanity, of his genius. They were 
infinitely below his conception of what they might have been and ought to have been."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The mind often does not think when it thinks that it is 
thinking. If we were to give our whole soul to anything, as the bee does to the flower, I 
conceive there would be little difficulty in any intellectual enjoyment. Hence there is no
excuse for obscurity in writing."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"One of the noblest things in Milton is the description of 
that sweet quiet morning in the 'Paradise Regained,' after that terrible night of howling 
wind and storm. The contrast is divine."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The works of the old English dramatists are the gardens of 
our language."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The influence of Locke's Essay was not due to its own 
merits, which are considerable; but to external circumstances. It came forth at a happy 
opportunity, and coincided with the prevalent opinions of the time. The Jesuit doctrines 
concerning the Papal power in deposing kings, and absolving subjects from their allegiance
, had driven some Protestant theologians to take refuge in the theory of the divine right 
of kings. This theory was unpalatable to the world at large, and others invented the more 
popular doctrine of a social contract in its place; a doctrine which history refutes. But 
Locke did what he could to accomodate this principle to his own system."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The Tragedy of Othello, Plato's records of the last scenes 
of the career of Socrates, and Isaac Walton's Life of George Herbert, are the most 
pathetic of human compositions."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The biographical details of these volumes are so few in number and
so little varied in character that we have not attempted to abridge them, and in the 
foregoing remarks have nearly confined ourselves to the consideration of the memoir as a 
commentary on the words of Wordsworth. A few changes of abode, frequent wanderings in 
Great Britain, occasional tours on the continent, a ceaseless round of study in the open 
air, and reading the best books at home, family duties and pleasures, the cultivation and 
improvement of his plot of ground at Rydal Mount, and the society of wise and good men, 
compose the simple yet noble annals of the self-sustained and art-devoted poet. His 
honours accumulated with increase of age; and it was no ordinary addition to the claims of
the late Sir Robert Peel to his country's gratitude that he was mainly instrumental in 
procuring for Southey his second and larger pension, and for Wordsworth the laureate 
wreath as the visible crown and consummation of the "unfading bays" he had already earned 
for himself. Dr. Wordsworth's memoirs of his relative are sufficient for immediate 
purposes; with some defects, which we have freely exposed, they present us with a faithful
outline of their original. But the lives of both Southey and Wordsworth remain to be 
written, and, perhaps,cannot be written satisfactorily until a generation or two have 
passed away. We will conclude our account of the volumes before us with Wordsworth's 
touching reflections, in a letter to an American correspondent, upon his own survivorship 
among the poets of his generation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"My absence from home was not of more than three weeks. I 
took the journey to London solely to pay my respects to the Queen upon my appointment to 
the laureateship upon the decease of my friend Mr. Southey. The weather was very cold, and
I caught an inflammation in one of my eyes, which rendered my stay in the south very 
uncomfortable. I nevertheless did, in respect to the object of my journey, all that was 
required. The reception given me by the Queen at her ball was most gracious. Mrs. Everett,
the wife of your minister, among many others, was a witness to it, without knowing who I 
was. It moved her to the shedding of tears. This effect was on part produced, I suppose, 
by American habits of feeling, as pertaining to a republican government. To see a 
gray-haired man of seventy-five years kneeling down in a large assembly to kiss the hand 
of a young woman is a
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William</Keyword> <Keyword>Everett, Mrs</Keyword> <Keyword>Rogers</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Moxon</Keyword> <Keyword>Bowles, W</Keyword> <Keyword>Burns, Robert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cowper, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Mason</Keyword> <Keyword>Caractacus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gray, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Warton, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Byron, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Shelley</Keyword> <Keyword>Keats</Keyword> <Keyword>Scott, Walter,
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Coleridge, Samuel Taylor</Keyword> <Keyword>Crabbe, 
George</Keyword> <Keyword>Southey, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Lamb, Charles</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ettrick Shepherd</Keyword> <Keyword>Cary</Keyword> <Keyword>Dante</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Crowe</Keyword> <Keyword>Lewesdon Hill</Keyword> <Keyword>Montgomery, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 2 p.116
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">sight for which institutions essentially democratic do nor 
prepare a spectator of either sex, and must naturally place the opinions on which the 
republic is founded, and the sentiments which support it, in strong contrast with a 
government based and upheld as ours is. I am not, therefore, suprised that Mrs. Everett 
was moved, as she herself described to persons of my acquaintance, among others to Mr. 
Rogers the poet. By the by, of this gentleman, now, I believe, in his eighty-third year, I
saw more than any other person except my host, Mr. Moxon, while I was in London. He is 
singularly fresh and strong for his years, and his mental faculties (with the exception of
his memory a little), not at all impaired. It is remarkable that he and the Rev. W. Bowles
were both distinguished as poets when I was a school-boy, and they have survived almost 
all their eminent contemporaries, several of whom came into notice long after them. Since 
they became known Burns, Cowper, Mason, the author of 'Caractacus' and friend of Gray, 
have died. Thomas Warton, laureate, then Byron, Shelley, Keats, and, a good deal later, 
Scott, Coleridge, Crabbe, Southey, Lamb, the Ettrick shepherd, Cary, the translator of 
Dante, Crowe, the author of Lewesdon Hill, and others of more or less distinction, have 
disappeared. And now, of English poets advanced in life, I cannot recall any but James 
Montgomery, Thomas Moore, and myself who are living, except the octogenarian with whom I 
began."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The list of eminent departed contemporary poets would have been 
complete if the name of Felicia Hemans had not escaped for the moment the recollection of 
the venerable survivor.
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  <Keyword>Notes of a Tour along the Roman Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's 
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B</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Stukeley, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Hodgson, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 2 p.383
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword>  <Keyword>Charles Roach Smith</Keyword>
</Marginal>
A Tour along The Wall</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">NOTES OF A TOUR ALONG THE ROMAN WALL.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">BY CHARLES ROACH SMITH, F.S.A.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AS the Roman Wall has been lately brought before your readers in a
review of the Rev. J. C. Bruce's volume on that remarkable work, and as the subject is one
of real national importance, invested with novel interest by the popular manner in which 
it has been treated by the author of the book referred to, I venture to offer you the 
result of a tour I have recently made along the line of the remains, in company of the 
Rev. Mr. Bruce and Mr. E. B. Price.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Although the brief space of one week was all the time I could 
afford to an investigation which would well have repaid a much more extended survey, I was
enabled practically to test the accuracy of Mr. Bruce's examination, to derive the 
greatest assistance from his labours (taking his book as my guide), and to concur with him
in the conclusions to which his researches have led, as to the period at which this 
gigantic fortification was constructed. Much is due to Mr. Bruce for the honest and 
earnest manner in which he has collated the testimony of preceding writers, and compared 
it with existing remains, following the wall step by step, and only diverging when it was 
necessary to seek in private collections inscriptions and monuments which had in past 
times been discovered in the district, and which so materially serve in support of his 
main argument, which is that the wall and the great earthworks, running parallel on the 
north and south, were not constructed, as has generally been supposed, at different times,
but that they were conceived and executed at one and the same period, namely, during the 
reign of the Emperor Hadrian.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Camden, Stukeley, Horsley, Hodgson, and others who have preceded 
Mr. Bruce, have zealously laboured on this classic ground. To the last mentioned historian
belongs the credit of smoothing the path of the present generation of antiquaries, and of 
guiding them along the entire line of the wall, by easy stages, from Wallsend to Bowness. 
Such an index as his book was wanted; for, although the student by his fireside could read
and study the inscriptions collected by Horsley and others, the tourist must necessarily 
have passed by many interesting localities, and many portions of the wall itself, and have
been ignorant of the whereabouts of numerous remains, which have luckily been preserved in
private mansions, had he not been furnished with the details given by Mr. Bruce. Now, with
this book in his pocket, with time at his command, and a moderate share of strength of 
constitution, he may study, as it can only properly be studied, the grandest and most 
valuable in the entire range of our ancient national monuments.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is quite impossible to convey by the most elaborate description
a correct notion of this stupendous undertaking. The mere wall itself, extending from 
sixty to seventy miles, of the width of from ten to twelve feet, and of the probable 
height of from fifteen to twenty feet, forms only a portion of the picture which the mind 
has to frame of the work in its original state.
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Firth</Keyword> <Keyword>tessellated pavements</Keyword> <Keyword>Cilurnum<Note>roman 
fort, Chesters</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Chesters</Keyword> <Keyword>Clayton, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 2 p.384
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<Paragraph rend="quote">list, The ground chosen by the Romans to separate Britain from the
barbarian tribes of the north is a tract of high land, often mountainous and precipitous, 
intercepted by ravines or <i>gaps</i>, as they are now called, rivers, and marshes. With 
consummate engineering skill the vast natural difficulties of the rugged district have 
been conquered; no crag or hill turns aside the progress of the great mural defence; upon 
the steepest heights the stones are as nicely squared and cemented as upon the lower level
ground, and the labour of the workmen has in no instance been spared by the use of 
materials close at hand, for the stones were quarried at a considerable distance from the 
wall, and brought up hills and precipices by manual force to preserve a unity of 
construction. The vallum, a deep ditch, runs alongside, and is only interrupted where 
steep cliffs render it needless. In one place this vallum is formed out of a solid rock, 
and the huge masses of stone lie upon its banks as if some superhuman agency had ploughed 
through the rock and shivered it into pieces, as the plough in the hands of the ploughman 
turns up a furrow in a field. We are as yet only upon the threshold of contemplation. 
Military stations (<i>castra</i>), mile-castles (<i>castella</i>), and watch-towers, flank
the wall throughout its course. They are the <i>stationes linei valli</i>, the stations of
the line of the wall, of the <i>Notitia</i>. in them were qtred bodies of auxiliary 
troops, chiefly foreigners, who in numerous inscriptions have left traces of their abode 
over a long period of time. In the <i>castella</i> were placed smaller bodies of troops; 
while the watch-towers, of more circumscribed dimensions, were guarded as outposts by 
detachments renewed daily from the adjoining stations. A scheme so grand and extensive was
the conception of a master mind; its accomplishment and maintenance through two centuries,
in the face of hostile and warlike people, and in a climate which must have proved even 
more destructive to soldiers from the south than the weapons of the enemy, impress us with
admiration of the discipline, the fortitude, and the enthusiasm which held together for so
long a period so extensive an empire. The scenes of blood and violence which are suggested
by conquest are softened by the reflection that in the wake of the sword followed the 
benign influence of order, laws, arts, and civilization.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A survey of the great wall and its military appendages is 
absolutely necessary before we can obtain a clear insight into the state of Britain during
the Roman occupation. Everything which remains, throughout this northern tract, is more or
less of a military character. From the Tyne to the Solway the constructions bespeak the 
purposes for which they were erected, and the inscriptions are usually more or less 
relating to soldiers and military matters. The <i>castra</i> and the subsidiary forts are 
guarded by strong walls void of decoration or ornament. The domestic villas, spacious and 
well constructed for counteracting the rigours of long winters, present none of the 
refinements of luxury to be noticed in those of the middle and southern parts of Britain. 
The beautiful tessellated pavements which adorned the towns and villas of the peaceful and
undisturbed parts of Britain are no where to be met with; but in their stead the floors 
are composed of large slabs of smoothed stone laid in cement upon square columns of stone 
masonry of the most substantial kind. Cilurnum, now Walwick Chesters, the seat of the 
Messrs. Clayton,&#x002A; offers the first example of the internal arrangements of one of 
the stations upon the line of the wall. A suite of at least ten rooms has been here laid 
open. The
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; I cannot name these gentlemen without acknowledging the 
very courteous and kind attentions we received from them during our tour of the Wall. By 
their friendly services we were enabled to inspect comfortably and leisurely some of the 
most important localities and monuments. The antiquarian intelligence, classical learning,
and liberality of Mr. John Clayton is gracefully recorded by Mr. Bruce in the dedication 
of his book. Mr. Nathaniel Clayton, the elder brother, will not, I hope, be offended by my
introducing here a reminiscence of his schoolfellow, Lord Byron, which [continued on 
p.385] my fellow-traveller, Mr. Price, has identified as applied to him: "Clayton was 
another school-monster of learning, and talent, and hope; but what has become of him I do 
not know. He was certainly a genius." - Life, Letters, and Journals of Lord Byron, page 
21. Murray, 1838.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">floor of one of the largest of these is supported by no less than 
forty-eight columns of masonry of about two feet square; another room has twenty-four; in 
a third the floor is laid upon pillars of tiles interspersed with some of stone, a few of 
which had apparently previously joined the capitals of columns in some decayed or 
destroyed building; the floors are composed of large slabs of stone. These apartments were
heated by hypocausts, and many of them have been provided with double doors.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The houses both here and at Borcovicus are pretty clearly 
indicated in the pasturage, and it would be raising expectation too high or promising too 
much were I to say that, as at both these great stations the foundations of the buildings 
appear to have been undisturbed, it is probable pretty correct plans of the entire 
distribution of the areas might be obtained by excavations. On the outside of these 
<i>castra</i>, chiefly on the south, were villas and houses, indications of which are so 
numerous as to warrant our using the terms villages and towns. Beyond these are the 
burial-places, where the greater part of the inscriptions are found. It is in these 
memorials we read much of the history of the places. To cite, for example, one found at 
Chesters many years ago. It commemorates the restoration of a temple, which had become 
decayed through age, by soldiers of the second wing of the Astures, a people of Spain, in 
the time of Elagabalus, under the consulate of Gratus and Seleucus, answering to our A.D. 
221. Now upwards of one hundred years after this date we find the same wing of the the 
Astures located here, a coincidence between the Notitia and inscriptions which occurs 
frequently along the line of the wall. The great importance of monuments such as these 
must beget a desire that the stations on the line of the wall should be thoroughly 
excavated, as it is more than probable there are numerous inscribed stones still remaining
buried, especially when it is considered that those hitherto discovered were brought to 
light through accidental circumstances, and not from intentional research. At Chesters Mr.
Clayton has preserved numerous interesting remains discovered there and at Housesteads. 
The following mutilated inscription is worthy of notice, as recording a soldier of 
Pannonia (Dagvaldus) and a female, Pusinna, probably a near relative:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>D. M.</Line>
<Line>.. DAGVALD . MI ..</Line>
<Line>.. PAN . VIXIT . A ..</Line>
<Line>.. PUSINNA ..</Line>
<Line>.. XXIT . VI .</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Few travellers will be induced to seek the eastern terminus of the
wall in the busy scene of Wallsend, the site of Segdunum, where but little either of the 
Roman wall or the station is to be seen above ground. The site of the latter is, however, 
with some difficulty to be traced upon the brow of a rising ground overlooking the Tyne, 
like that of Lymne in Kent, in relation to the Romney marshes. From Wallsend to Newcastle 
every stone has been removed for cottages and houses; but the foundation of the wall still
obstructs the plough, and by means of its accompanying vallum its course can still be 
traced almost up to Newcastle. Westward, therefore, from this great and populous town the 
antiquary will probably commence his tour of the wall. He must first be apprised that for 
nineteen miles the wall has been levelled by order of the Government to form a high road, 
and that, for this extent, with some few exceptions caused by the obstructions of 
farm-houses, hills, and other impediments, the modern road is constructed upon the 
foundations of the wall. Walking in the centre of the road he may detect the facing stones
of the Roman structure on his right and left. This great legalised piece of vandalism 
throws into the shade a century of petty pilferings and almost makes venial a thousand 
acts of destruction perpetuated by ignorant individuals. It is in this district where
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the wall has been so effectually pulled down that Mr. Bruce's 
volume is particularly useful, enabling the traveller to recognize the sites of stations 
which he must else necessarily pass by without noticing, for they are now either covered 
with the greensward or with the annual produce of the husbandman. Condercum, the third 
station of the line, adjoins the village of Benwell, about two miles from Newcastle. Here 
was found among others a dedicatory inscription to the Matres Campestres and the genius of
the first wing of the Astures, on the restoration of a temple. The inscription also 
confirms the Notitia, in which valuable muster-roll we find this body of troops stationed 
at Condercum. At East Denton, a little beyond Benwell, the first glimpse of a fragment of 
the wall is to be seen on the left of the road. This and a few more similar vestiges have 
been preserved, owing to some insurmountable obstructions having caused the engineers of 
the Government road to swerve a little from the straight line. All along the course of the
wall the traveller may recognize the facing stones worked into walls of modern houses. 
Indeed it is not exaggeration to say that most of the farm-houses and villages are almost 
wholly constructed of Roman materials taken either from the wall itself or from the 
stations and their buildings. A close examination of every house, stable, cow-shed, and 
hut on the line would doubtless repay the search for inscribed stones, as some of the most
important we now possess have been recovered from such "vile uses;" others still 
continually detected, while it is known from experience that altars and votive tablets are
often built up in the houses with the inscribed sides concealed. At West Denton, Mr. G. 
Clayton Atkinson pointed out to us in his garden wall an inscription which he had 
discovered a short time previous to our visit, recording the termination of an allotment 
of work in the construction of the great wall by a body of soldiers under the command of 
one Julius Primus. Similar commemorations are to be noticed at intervals throughout the 
entire line. At Rutchester, a little beyond the eighth mile-stone, we observed in a wall 
part of a sepulchral inscription and a stone inscribed COH. VI. APRILIS, in two lines, 
with the usual centurial mark prefixed to the word Aprilis. Rutchester is supposed to be 
the Vindobala of the Notitia, where a chort of the Frisians&#x002A; was located. Here were
found a few years since by the tenant of the property while searching for building 
materials, the four altars published by Mr. Bell and the late Mr. Hodgson, in the 
Archaeologia AEliana, vol.iv. They are exceedingly interesting as referring to the 
prevalence in Britain of the worship of Mithras, to whom a temple was also erected at 
Vindabala. The dedications commence severally "Deo Soli Invicto," "Deo Invicto Mythrae," 
"Soli Apollini," and "Deo," simply; the last having been dedicated by a soldier of the 
sixth legion.&#x2020; Mr. Bell considers that if further search were made other 
inscriptions would probably be found.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Rutchester is the scene of one of the amusing incidents in 
Hutton's pedestrian Tour of the Wall, made at the commencement of the present century, in 
a spirit of enthusiasm, and with a physical energy, seldom united in a man of eighty 
years. His personal appearance often subjected him to suspicion in the inmates of the few 
and scattered houses of this wild district, but good humour and a little philosophy soon 
dispelled distrust, and the veteran, if he had some difficulty in making his object 
understood, usually succeeded in leaving friends behind him. Our friend and companion, 
who, in his more laborious researches tested the hospitality of the inhabitants of the 
farmhouses and cottages, observes, "there is scarcely a latch in the wilder regions of the
country that I would not freely lift, in the assurannce of a smiling welcome."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Beyond Rutchester we noticed in the walls of an inn, called the 
Iron Sign, some inscribed stones, two of which I read V OS.LVPI, and CON.VIII. BRIT, the 
century of Hostilius Luus,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Frixagi.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; These altars are now in the possession of Mr.James of 
Otterburn. A hope is entertained that he will present them to the valuable collection of 
the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, for as Otterburn is upwards of forty miles 
distant the relics are almost inaccessible.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">list, and the eighth cohort of the Britons. Hunnum is the next 
station, under the modern name of Halton-Chesters. It has suffered perhaps more than any. 
The walls have been entirely destroyed, and, a few years since, a systematic search was 
made for the stones of which the temples and villas which covered the area now occupied by
a lonely hut, built, as the farmhouses of the neighbourhood are, with stones cut by the 
hands of Roman masons. Pottery strews the surface of the ground; but the general aspect of
the site is uninviting, so completely have the modern rural Vandals ransacked the ground. 
Here the <i>Notitia</i> places the <i>Ala Savinia</i> or <i>Sabiniana</i>, a body of 
troops to whom this appellation had probably been given by Hadrian in compliment to his 
empress, Sabina. Camden found here an inscription to a soldier of this <i>ala</i>, and a 
slab recording the operations of the second legion, also dug up on the same spot, is now 
preserved at Alnwick Castle. Mr. Bruce speaks of busts of Emperors and Empresses from 
Hunnum in the house and grounds at Matfen, a place we did not see, and of some interesting
discoveries made a few years ago to the north of the turnpike road, in a section of the 
station now known by the significant name of "Brunt-Ha'penny Field." He also mentions an 
aqueduct, traced for three-qtrs of a mile. Our tour has added to these and other records a
new feature of much interest in a very perfect aqueduct, which carried the water of a 
rivulet under the great wall which passed through the station, and which, as before 
observed, has been converted into the present high road. It still serves its original 
purpose, and is in excellent preservation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is after leaving this station for some distance, that the 
traveller for the first time forms a clear notion of all the parts of the great 
fortification. The land now opens on each side, and he perceives before him all the world 
stretching out and converging towards the horizon in bold and clear outline. Straight 
before him is the road with the two rows of facing-stones of the wall; on the northern 
side is the deep ditch, and the vallum or mound with its wide trench. As he advances he 
will descry the mile-castles, and at longer intervals the great stations. "I climbed over 
a stone wall," says Hutton, "to examine the wonder; measured the whole in every direction;
surveyed them with surprise, with delight; was fascinated and unable to proceed; forgot I 
was upon a wild common, a stranger, and the evening approaching. Even hunger and fatigue 
were lost in the grandeur before me. If a man writes a book upon a turnpike road, he 
cannot be expected to move quick; but, lost in astonishment, I was not able to move at 
all." Advancing, we find at Plane-tree field a fragment of the wall nearly forty yards in 
length, with five courses of the facing stones, and a little below, at Brunton, is another
fragment seven feet high, with nine courses of facing stones; against it rests an altar, 
the sides of which have been sculptured with foliage and other ornaments, but the 
inscription has perished, and no wonder, for the altar in former times served for a gate 
post. The turn-pike road here leaves the wall and crosses the North Tyne at Chollerford, a
little above Chesters (Cilurnum), which in the time of the Romans was reached by a bridge 
in the strait course of the wall. It is here the antiquary commences the most delightful 
part of his journey. Interested more and more as he has gradually seen the great 
fortification developing itself in all its parts and accessories, he has hitherto drawn on
his imagination for the fillings-in of the picture. At Chesters he approaches the walls of
Cilurnum; he enters, and is in the midst of dwelling-houses, roofless and dilapidated, but
still sufficiently perfect for him to form a good notion of their arrangement, the 
distribution and peculiarities of the apartments, and indeed the general plan of the 
castrum, although it is but partially excavated. He crosses thresholds worn by the tread 
of Roman feet, and as he walks through room after room upon the strong flagged pavements, 
built as if to last for ever, he revolves in his mind the revolutions of empires and the 
courses and vicissitudes of human affairs. A city lies buried before him. During a brief 
period in the world's age the scene around him was full of life, enterprise, and hope; a 
dense population has spread along the hills from the Tyne to the Solway; camps, villas, 
and towns marked its growth; some few centuries later nature
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<Paragraph rend="quote">entombed their remains, and solitude again resumed her dominion. A
river god, the genius probably of the North Tyne, which rolls among rocks and woods by the
side of the station, is now enshrined in the mansion at Chesters with numberless other 
vestiges of ancient Cilurnum and of Borcovicus, the great station next but on towards the 
west. "The Astures," says Hodgson, "in exchanging the sunny valleys of Spain for the banks
of the tawny Tyne, might find the climate in their new situation worse, but a lovelier 
spot than Cilurnum all the Asturias could not give them."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, Procolita, now Carraburgh, is the next halting place of the 
traveller. When the Notitia was compiled the first cohort of the Batavians was in garrison
here. In 1838 an inscribed slab was found which shews that this cohort occupied the same 
qtrs in the time of the Emperor Maximinus, A.D. 237. The outline of the station can be 
traced, but the walls and the foundations of the buildings both within and without remain 
to be excavated. The irregularities in the ground indicate the ruins to be very extensive.
The scenery now increases in breadth and wildness, and the pedestrian, if the weather 
should should be stormy, and he be not throughly imbued with the true sentiment of 
antiquarianism, may at times feel lonely and apprehensive of his destiny at night. But the
difficulties of the tour, and some there will be under the most favourable circumstances, 
contribute towards a proper and complete conception of the Roman wall in all its stages, 
such as can only be attained by walking. The most timid adventurer, however, need not fear
such dangers as in times past made this district almost impassable, and deterred Camden 
and Sir Robert Cotton from advancing eastward beyond Carvoran. Camden only speaks of the 
castra from hearsay; he durst not venture to inspect them for fear of "the rank robbers 
thereabouts." Busy-gap, near Sewing-shields, was a noted place of resort for thieves and 
marauders. Mr. Bruce tells us that "the offence of calling a fellow-freeman 'a Busy-gap 
rogue,' was sufficiently serious to attract the attention of a guild; a case of this kind 
being recorded in the books of the Bakers and brewers Company of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
1645." The Newcastle Merchants' Company, in 1564, enacted that no apprentice should be 
taken from these parts, on pain of a fine of 20<i>l.</i> becaue "the parties there brought
up are known, either by education or nature, not to be of honest conversation; they commit
frequent thefts and other felonies, proceeding from such lewde and wicked progenitors."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I must now suspend my rambling notes on an inxhausted subject, 
fearing I have exceeded all reasonable bounds; but convinced of the importance of our 
national monuments and feeling how little they are regarded in comparison with those of 
remote countries, I could not refrain from seeking, through the medium of your pages, to 
draw public attention to the researches of Mr. Bruce and simultaneously to the Great Wall 
itself, certainly the most stupendous and interesting of our historical antiquities.
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">NOTES OF A TOUR ALONG THE ROMAN WALL.
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">BY CHARLES ROACH SMITH, F.S.A.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(<i>Concluded from p.</i>388.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HOUSESTEADS, the Roman Borcovicus, is one of the most interesting 
of the wall stations, and has deservedly been eulogised by Gordon and Stukeley, and 
described in its present state at considerable length by Mr. Bruce. Stukeley calls it "the
Tadmoor of Britain." Its last historian, with more sober judgment, cautions the visitor 
against approaching it with expectations too greatly excited; but he admits that the 
buried ruins remain as vast and complete as ever, and that when they are fully excavated 
Borcovicus will be the Pompeii of Britain. It is fortunate for the lovers of anti-
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<Keyword>roman fort, Housesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>Chesters, Northumberland</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>roman fort, Chesterholm</Keyword> <Keyword>roman milestone</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 2 p.504
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[anti]quity, it is fortunate for the honour of our country, that 
Housesteads is now the property of the enlightened owner of Chesters, who fully 
appreciates its historical worth. The area of the station contains about five acres. It is
situated upon elevated ground, bounded on the north by the great wall; on the east by a 
ravine, through which runs a stream; and on the south by a valley and a ridge, where was 
found an altar dedicated to Jupiter by the first cohort of the Tungrians, and the 
celebrated Mithraic cave. The walls are in a good state of preservation, from nine to 
sixteen courses of the facing-stones yet remaining. Like most, if not all, of the wall 
stations, they shew no traces of having been flanked with towers, and they are constructed
wholly of stone without the bonding courses of tiles so common in the castra in the south 
of England. The gateways have double entrances, and are built of massives stones and 
flanked with guard-rooms. That on the western side, at the period of our visit, was being 
further and carefully excavated. It presented the appearance of having been hastily walled
up or barricaded for the purppose of defence. As the entrances were defended with double 
doors of great strength, this inner wall was probably added after their destruction, but 
when and under what circumstances it is impossible to determine. Its speaks forcibly, 
however, of invasion, and of battles lost and won, such as the lower barrier must often 
have witnessesed in the days of Rome's decline and fall. The guard-chambers are well 
preserved; on the side wall of one of them is a phallus cut in the stone; the effluvium 
from animal matter with which those rooms were filled is still oppressively strong. It is 
probable that the station was occupied after the departure of the Romans, and the 
guard-rooms used as receptacles for refuse of all kinds. It is very easy to trace the 
course of the streets running from east to west and from north to south, and the remains 
of buildings cover the entire area. What these may be, and what they may contain, it is 
useless to speculate on; the pickaxe and spade are the only keys that can unlock the 
buried treasures. One Roman house has however survived the general overthrow; the external
walls remain probably almost to their original altitude, and the foundations of the 
internal ones are distinct. The preservation of this rare extant example of a Roman house 
may be attributed to its having been found useful as a sheepfold - a purpose it has 
apparently been applied to for centuries.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Leaving Housesteads we turned towards the south to visit 
Chester-Holme, the site of Vindolanda, situated on the ancient military road, at a 
considerable distance from the wall. A Roman mile-stone is yet standing by the side of the
road, and numerous inscriptions and sculptured stones are preserved in the house belonging
to the late Rev. A. Hedley, who made considerable researches in the station, and collected
numerous objects of antiquity, all of which, except the inscribed stones, are now 
dispersed and probably lost. The cottage inhabited by Mr. Hedley, its offices and 
out-houses, are all built of stones taken from the station. Many of them have belonged to 
edifices of importance, and these are carefully walled up, and saved at least from any 
immediate danger. Inscriptions found here mention the fourth cohort of the Gauls, 
corresponding as in other instances with the order of the Notitia.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As inns are but seldom to be met with in the wall district, it is 
important for the traveller to know that one called the "Twice Brewed," about two miles 
from Chester-Holme, on the roadside, affords good though homely accommodation. He will 
derive additional gratification in knowing that here Hutton took shelter in company with 
fifteen carriers, and gathered some laughable incidents for his amusing if not very 
antiquarian History of the Roman Wall. "A more dreary country," writes the octogenarian 
pedestrian as he approached the "Twice Brewed," "than this in which I now am, can scarcely
be conceived. I do not wonder it shocked Camden. The country itself would frighten him, 
without the troopers." Dreary the country doubtless is, but it is not the dreariness of 
monotony, or of richer tracts of land without historical associations. The wall now 
exhibits a succession of
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<Paragraph rend="quote">changing and interesting views, and we returned eastward from the 
"Twice Brewed," a considerable distance, in order to secure an examination of the portion 
we had divaricated from in visiting Vindolanda. Crag after crag, rough and precipitous, 
acclivities steep and apparently insurmountable, are all traversed equally. In no stage of
difficulty or danger did the Roman soldiers turn aside from their task, and up steep 
hills, which we had some difficulty to climb, the wall is as carefully and firmly built as
upon level ground; the materials nowhere differ; the whin rock, or stone of the hills, is 
used only for the body of the work, the facing stones are as neatly cut as usual, and 
brought as usual from distant quarries. Passing Milking-gap, a mile-castle called 
Castle-nick, Peel-crag, Winshields-crag (the highest spot between the two seas), and 
Bloody-gap, we rested at a small farm-house at Shield-on-the-wall. On the south, near the 
modern military road, are two large stones, probably the remains of a circle, called "the 
mare and foal." At Bogle-hole, the vallum is seen inclining towards the wall to assist in 
defending the pass. This is one of the many similar adaptations noticed by Mr. Bruce, in 
support of his opinion as to the unity and contemporaneous origin of the fortifications. 
The wall has its traditions, and spirits are still supposed to haunt the neighbourhood of 
Bogle-hole. In our walk we were told of the hunter's dogs turning back from the pursuit of
animals which were something more than what they seemed to be, and of a man who attempted 
to fly from a high crag and was killed. Our informant did not attribute his fall to any 
defect in the provision he had made for his flight, but solely from his having neglected 
to make an offering of barley-cake to the rocks. Surely there lingers in this story a 
vestige of the old belief which assigned to every mountain its guardian divinity, and to 
rivers, woods, and fields, their gods and goddesses.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The mile-castle (<i>castellum</i>) near Caw-fields is the best 
preserved along the line of the wall, and has been cleared of the accumulated earth by 
order of its owner, Mr. Clayton. It is situated on a gentle slope, the great wall forming 
its northern boundary. It has two entrances, of great strength, and with double doors, 
opposite to each other on the north and south, without any postern gate. The walls are 
from nine to upwards of ten feet thick, and are rounded off on the south. Previous to the 
excavation of this mile-castle it was doubtful whether there were openings from them 
through the wall. On this point much has yet to be determined. In this castellum was found
a fragmentary inscription referring to Hadrian and the second legion, and, I believe, the 
sepulchral stone of the Pannonian soldier, of a much later date, previously mentioned as 
preserved at Chesters. Near it an altar dedicated to Apollo was discovered in the summer 
of last year.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AEsica, the tenth great station, now called Great Chesters, may 
justly be said to be buried in its own ruins, and, like many of the others, has never been
investigated. Accident has brought to light, very recently, a large slab, bearing a 
dedication to Hadrian, and, many years since, an inscription mentioning the rebuilding of 
a granary by a cohort of the Astures, in the reign of Alexander Severus. It affords one of
many similar proofs of the permanent residence of particular bodies of troops at fixed 
stations, the Astures being located at AEsica, according to the Notitia, nearly 200 years 
after the date of this monument. The description of the watercourse which supplies AEsica 
with water, and its long circuitous route, forms one of the many striking features in Mr, 
Bruce's volume. It is six miles in length.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Beyond AEsica a second mountain ridge is entered upon. The 
defiles, gaps, and crags, are as remarkable as those before alluded to, and the Nine Nicks
of Thirlwall are perhaps even more precipitous, broken, and wildly picturesque. The wall 
too is here seen in larger and more continuous masses, and the external facing stones are 
preserved in many places to the extent of ten and twelve courses.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Magna, now Carvoran, lies about 250 yards to the south of the wall
and vallum near the village of Greenhead. The site is elevated ground, evidently chosen to
avoid a swampy flat near the wall. The area, about four acres and a half, is entirely 
cultivated. In the garden of the farm-
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<Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>Belatucadro</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Veteres</Keyword> <Keyword>Vithris</Keyword> <Keyword>Jupiter</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Helius</Keyword> <Keyword>Glenwilt, Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Newcastle 
and Carlisle Railway</Keyword> <Keyword>Amboglanna<Note>roman fort, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1851 part 2 p.506
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[farm-]house are numerous fragments of architecture, altars, and 
mutilated inscribed stones, which have as yet escaped complete destruction. One of the 
altars is inscribed DeO . BELATUCADRO . VOTU. S.; another, in a wall, is dedicated to the 
god Veteres, probably the Vithris of the north; a third, much weather-worn, seems 
addressed to Jupiter, Helius and Rome.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, list, The traveller on leaving Carvoran will, from 
necessity, rest at Glenwhilt, a village at no great distance on the line of the Newcastle 
and Carlisle railway. He will then be prepared to encounter the somewhat difficult access 
to Birdoswald, (<i>Amboglanna</i>,) one of the noblest of the stations of the wall. To 
avoid a very circuitous route the river Irthing must be forded, and the steep banks of a 
ravine covered with thickets and underwood must be surmounted. Under the most favourable 
circumstances this is a serious task. With us it was rendered more formidable by the rain,
and, had not our fearless guide animated us by example, we should possibly have remembered
the warning precept of Hodgson, that "the attempt is very dangerous, and should never be 
tried by those whose life and existence are in any way useful." The site of the station is
one of great natural strength, as on every side except the west it is protected by deep 
scars and inland cliffs, and by a <i>detour</i> of the Irthing. Amboglanna was the head 
qtrs of the first cohort of the Dacians, styled <i>AElia</i>, probably in compliment to 
Hadrian, and subsequently termed in addition, <i>Gordiana</i>, from the Emperor Gordian, 
and <i>Tetriciana</i> from Tetricus the successful usurper in Britain and Gaul in the time
of Claudius Gothicus and Aurelian. Numerous inscriptions have been dug up in and about the
station. One is built up in a wall of the farm-house within the area, and fragments of 
others are lying about the garden. Most of these are dedications to Jupiter. Others record
the second and sixth legions. We were gratified with the sight of a fine piece of 
sculpture three feet high, in the farm-house, representing one of the <i>Deae Matres</i>. 
The goddess is repesented seated in a chair and covered with drapery, the folds of which 
are very elaborately worked; the hands, which probably held a basket of fruit, and the 
head, have been broken off. But since our return Mr. Bruce has found the head in the 
possession of a person at Newcastle, and a hope may now be entertained that head and body 
will be united in the museum of the antiquaries of <i>Pons AElii</i>. It is not creditable
to private individuals to abstract solely for their own gratification that which by right 
and reason belongs to the public. But unfortunately there are hundreds of Roman monuments 
found along the line of the wall which have been carried away from the places where they 
were discovered and rendered totally inaccessible to the artsit and to the antiquary. It 
is also to be noticed that that persons who for a mere selfish object carry off 
antiquities are the last to communicate notices to the proper qtrs where records would be 
made of the discoveries for the use of those whose tastes and acquirements qualify them to
appreciate the true value of works of antient art. The remains at Birdoswald are, 
comparatively, well preserved, and the arrangement of the camp, together with the position
of the streets and buildings, can yet be well understood, encumbered as they are with 
earth and their own ruins. For some distance westward of Birdoswald the wall is in 
excellent condition, but as Carlisle and the western extremity are approached it becomes 
more and more indistinct, and is in many places entirely destroyed. The antiquary, 
however, will never find a dearth of materials. The great barrier itself has been pillaged
by everybody, from the Government down to the humble tenant of a few acres, and its 
substance is now in high roads, churches, farm-houses, and cottages. But an extraordinary 
number of valuable monuments have escaped the hands of the plunderers, and are to be found
in private collections along the site of the wall and its appendages. Some I have 
mentioned. The chief of those which belong to the western extremity of the wall are at 
Lanercost Priory and at Mr. Senhouse's near Maryport. Besides the great stations, to 
which, in this brief notice, I have referred, there are others both north and south of the
wall not less interesting, and abounding in sculptures and inscriptions. We were only able
to visit
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<Keyword>roman fort, Old Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Wigton</Keyword> <Keyword>Matthews, 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">one of these, called Old Carlisle, about two miles from Wigton. It
is supposed to be the Roman <i>Olenacum</i>, but the confirmation of inscriptions is 
wanted to support this appropriation. Among the remains from this station which are 
preserved by Miss Matthews of Wigton, we noticed an altar dedicated to Jupiter and Vulcan,
for the health of the emperor Gordian, which appears to me to be unpublished; and the 
following curious specimen of orthography:- TANCORIX MULLIER VIGSIT ANNOS SEGSAGINAT:- 
"Tancorix, a woman; she lived sixty yers (sic)." The memorial is also remarkable for the 
mode adopted to express the sex of Tancorix, a British or Gaulish name, which from its 
termination would have been considered masculine.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I have in this slight sketch only been able to allude to the 
inscriptions which have strewed the ground from Bowness to Wallsend. They form a chapter 
in the history of our country which has been but little consulted by the historical 
antiquary, and is altogether unknown to the public in general. Referring for the present 
to the most limited range of these records, I may observe that they very clearly explain 
the origin of the wall itself, and settle the questions which have so long been raised as 
to its date. They prove that to Hadrian this honour is due, and that Severus, who has 
shared the credit with Hadrian, did nothing more than repair the fortresses and the public
buildings which had become dilapidated; that Hadrain brought together for this work the 
entire military force of the province, and that the British states or communities also 
contributed workmen. The mythology of the wall, as shewn by inscriptions, is another 
highly interesting subject of inquiry. We find a considerable number of deities, 
apparently both of Celtic and Teutonic parentage, incorporated with the well-known gods 
and goddesses of Greece and Rome; and topical divinities, whose influence was restricted 
to particular localities, are also very numerous. The latter seem to have held an 
intermediate place, and to have exercised a mediatorial or connecting relation between the
higher gods and their worshippers, and every where we trace marks of the popularity in 
which they were held.&#x002A; But it is rather singular that in no instance do we 
recognise any monument or inscription bearing reference to Christianity; a fact which, 
coupled with a similar void in the early monuments of the south of Britain, tends to 
iinduce us to place the general diffusion of the gospel in Britain at a much later date 
than is commonly assigned.
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; A monument of this class, found on the line of the wall 
near Burgh by Sands, has been communicated to me by my friend Mr. Rooke, of Wigton, since 
my return. It reads:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>MATRI .</Line>
<Line>D . O . M .</Line>
<Line>V . E . X .</Line>
<Line>VI .</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Matribus Domesticus, Vexillatio. <i>leg.</i> vi.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It has been noticed, I see, by Mr. Hodgson.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Dewsberry, William, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Quakers</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sedbury<Note>Sedbergh</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>preaching, Sedbergh</Keyword> 
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Market Cross, Sedbergh</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">OLD MARKET CROSS, AT SEDBERGH, IN YORKSHIRE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - AS our national and local antiquities are fast 
disappearing, would it not be well to bring before the antiquarian world every instance of
their destruction; and, where this has taken place long ago, to collect such accounts as 
may serve as some index of the past? With this object, I venture to send for insertion in 
the Gentleman's Magazine an instance of the destruction of a market cross two centuries 
since; which at the same time may afford some idea of the rancorous spirit which actuated 
all ranks during the middle of the 17th century, and hold up a vivid contrast to the much 
happier state of things in the present day. It is extracted from an old work without date,
entitled, "The Faithful Testimony of that antient Servant of the Lord, and minister of the
everlasting Gospel, William Dewsberry; in his Books, Epistles, and Writings, collected and
printed for future Service." He was one of the most eminent of the ministers of the early 
Quakers, and the above volume I apprehend to have been published shortly after his death, 
which took place at Warwick, 17 April, 1688, O.S. It commences with "A Testimony 
concerning that faithful servant of the Lord William Dewsberry, from us who have long 
known him, and his faithful Travels and Labours and sufferings, in and for the Gospel of 
Christ," dated London, nineteenth, twelfth month 1689, and signed George Whitehead, Steven
Crisp, Francis Camfeild, Richard Richardson, Richard Pinder, James Parkes. Subjoined to 
this, is the following memorandum:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"One remarkable passage I often remember: about the year, 
1653, upon a market-day, at Sedbury (Sedbergh) in Yorkshire, as W.D. was publishing the 
Truth at the Market Cross, and warning the People to turn from the evil of their ways to 
the Grace of God, and to the Light in their Consciences, &amp;c. some rude persons 
endeavouring with violence to push him down, and setting their Backs against a high stone 
Cross, with their hands against him, the pusht down the cross, which with the fall broke 
in pieces, many being about it; yet it missed the People, and little or no hurt was done 
thereby, whereas, if it had fallen upon them, divers might have been killed. This 
preservation I and divers more observed then as a special Providence of God attedning him 
in his Labour, though I was then but a youth of sixteen years old, or thereabouts, being 
convinced of Truth above a year before." - G.W.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Whitaker, in his elaborate History of Richmondshire, has 
surveyed the parish of Sedbergh, with its Saxon fortifications, church, and well-endowed 
Grammar school, but makes no mention of this ruined cross, so we may fairly conclude that 
all trace of it has disappeared, or that it was afterwards supplanted by another,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">C. J. ARMISTEAD.
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Finds at Hartley Castle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Sir George Musgrave exhibited, by the hands of the Director, two 
small slabs of hone-stone, found in the ruins of Hartley Castle, an old seat of the 
Musgrave family, down to the year 1700. They are engraved with the characters of the 
alphabet, and contrived for casting abecedaries, or miniature horn-books, in lead.
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Finds in Westmorland</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Report of a meeting of the Archaeological Institute, 5 December 
1851:-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The Rev. G. Weston sent drawings of a fine ring-fibula and torc, 
both of silver, found in Westmerland.
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The Skirmish at Clifton</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">SKIRMISH AT PENRITH IN 1745.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Springfield Mount, Leeds</i>, 12 <i>Jan.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR URBAN, - AS the accounts of eye-witnesses of memorable 
transactions are always the most valuable, especially so when, as in the present instance,
they were not immediately concerned in the affairs related, and, as much as may be, 
unswayed by prejudices of party, the following letter from Clifton, near Penrith, 
detailing the last struggles of the House of Stuart in the year 1745 to regain a lost 
throne, is both interesting and valuable, not only as showing the position and anxieties 
of a private individual at that fearful crisis, but also in a national and historical 
point of view. As the document has never before been published, to the best of my 
knowledge and belief, you will probably not deem it unworthy a place in your Magazine.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The writer, it will be perceived, was a member of the Society of 
Friends, a circumstance which will amply secure the credibilty of all he relates, - the 
peaceable principles of the denomination to which he belonged (without diminishing in the 
least from their feelings of loyalty) not allowing him to take part in sanguinary 
conflicts. I need only add that the original letter is in the possession of his 
grand-daughter, now resident near London; and the son-in-law he alludes to was the 
great-grandfather of a lady of Penrith who kindly transcribed it for me.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. C. J. ARMISTEAD.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Letter from a Friend at Clifton, written in 1745, 
relating to a skirmish with the Rebels near Penrith.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Clifton, 29th of 11th mo. 1745.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Esteemed friend, Richd. Partridge, -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">By this know thine I received, and shall hereby give thee 
hints of the affair here, as it was from the beginning to the end; I being both eye and 
ear-witness to the truth thereof. But in the first place I cannot easily omit 
acknowledging the great favour and protecting hand of power to us manifested in so great a
danger, as thou by the following account may understand.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">First, as to the rebels: when they came south we did not 
suffer much, but they seemed to have great assurance that they would proclaim their king 
in London on the 24th of last month, and crown him on New Year's Day, and then they would 
send Geordey, as they called him, over to Hanover, and would tread down his turnip-field 
dikes, highly dis-esteeming the Duke, calling him Geordey's lad and Geordey's Wolly, with 
many more opprobrious speeches. But on their return north they were cruelly barbarous and 
inhuman when here; for their leaders gave them liberty to plunder for four hours, and then
to burn Lowther, Clifton, Bridge, and Penrith, and some say for six miles around; but, 
thanks to the Most High, whose power is above the power of man, often preventing the 
wicked from prosecuting their wicked designs, it certainly was the Lord's doing in 
bringing forward the noble Duke and his men in the very hour of great distress; as for my 
part, I must ever love and esteem him as a man of worth.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Now I shall give thee to understand the beginning and the 
end of the engagement:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">First the rebel Hussars, being gone part way to Penrith, 
came riding back by my door in haste, between one and two in the afternoon; then in an 
hour came back again, driving up the rear of their army with whips to my door, and then 
others took their place, and they wheeled off, and set themselves to ambush against my 
barn side, being so enclosed with cross houses that our King's men could not see them 
until close to them, we not knowiing their designs, but I firmly believing them to be 
evil, and so went into my house, yet could not long be easy there, and ventured forth 
again, and looking about me I espied the commanders of the King's men appearing on the 
hill, about 400 yards south of my house, for whom my very heart was in pain; for believing
that a great number might be cut off before they were aware, so our care was to give the 
King's men notice, for which my son ventured his life, and gave them notice about 300 
yards before they came to a place where in the meantime a second ambush was laid, about 
100 yards nearer
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">to our King's men; and the King's Hussars, with some of the 
Yorkshire Hunters, came down, and so soon as they came opposite to the first ambush the 
rebels fired upon them, but did no execution, and then issued out of the ambush at my 
doors, and a furious firing they had, the King's men acting the nimblest and quickest that
ever my eyes beheld, not one of them receiving any harm. Some horse followed the former, 
so that in a few minutes the rebels ran away like mad-men; and just by my doors one of the
rebels was brought down and taken, and a Captain Hamilton was also taken at the same time 
(afterwards executed at York); they were both had up to the Duke. Then it was still about 
an hour, in which time I abode in the house; the King's troops still standing up on the 
common, in which time my son went over a little green to see if we could get the cattle 
brought into their houses, but seeing that in vain, came homewards again, when four rebels
on horseback seized him, calling him a spy, and had him down under their horses feet, 
swearing desperately many times they would shoot him, and three of them commanded the 
fourth to shoot him, which he attempted with his gun, and then pistol, but neither would 
fire, so he escaped, and came in; a little after I was again grown uneasy to go out, which
I ventured to do, and looking about me I saw the King's men as before, standing on the 
common; turning me about I saw the rebels filling the town-street north of my house, as 
also running down and lining the hedges and walls, even down to my house on both sides; 
then I was in great pain for the duke and his men, who could not see them, it beginning to
grow darkish; but I ventured my life, and stood a little off, and waved my hat in my hand,
which some of them discovering, one came riding down towards me, and I called to him, 
bidding him cast his eye about him and see how the town was filled, and hedges lined; 
after which he returned, and then a party was dismounted and sent down to meet the rebels;
and in the time of quietness as above, the rebels had sent off a party of their horse to 
plunder and burn Lowther Hall and town, and they were also plundering our town, leaving 
nothing they could lay their hands on, breaking locks, and making ruinous work, even to 
all our victuals, and little children's clothes of all sorts. Now it beginning to grow 
dark, and the rebels so thick about my house, we had no hopes of saving ourselves, but 
concluded to leave the house and go into the fields, if we could but get there. In the 
middle of the orchard we were parted by the rebels, one part of us driven into the fields,
the other back into the house, severely threatening our lives, never expecting to see one 
another alive again. A son-in-law and his family were in like circumstances, for they 
seemed more severe upon us then upon others. Now come to the matter above again: we were 
not all got to the fireside again before the firing on all hands was dreadful, which 
continued half an hour, in which time were killed ten of the King's men, and twenty-one 
wounded, and the Duke's footman taken prisoner, who was recovered, and of the rebels, five
were killed, and many wounded that night. Early next morning were seventy prisoners under 
custody; and after the heat of firing was over all seemed still a little space, after 
which some came, and broke in at my court door, calling sharply to open; but we believing 
it to be the rebels, I would not open, when they began to be sharp, and orders were given 
to fire, they supposing the house to be full of rebels, but I called and said I would open
as fast as I could, and the first words said to me were, could the Duke lodge here 
tonight, to which with pleasure I answered yes; and a pleasant and agreeable company he 
was, a man of good parts, very friendly, and no pride in him. Much on this I could say if 
it would not be tedious to thee, yet shall mention one thing very remarkable, which was, 
our cattle were all standing among the slain men, and not one of them hurt, as also them 
that were banished from our house came in again next morning; the Duke's men said it was a
wonder they were not killed, our next neighbour being shot at that same time. Thou mayst 
also know I had the Duke of Kingston and the Duke of Richmond to lodge, with about a 
hundred more, and as many horses. I have not yet mentioned a scaffold erected by the 
rebels behind a wall, at a corner of my house, as we believe to cut off any that might 
come into my court, which if it had not been that they had fled, the noble Duke had stood 
a bad chance there.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">I am afraid thou can scarcely read this; but if thou think 
proper to shew it to any, I would have thee copy it fair over, and shew it to whom thou 
wilt, even if it be to the King. I conclude with my true love,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">THOMAS SAVAGE.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1852 part 1 p.175
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Find at Birdoswald</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Report of a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, 8 January 1852:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. C. R. Smith also exhibited a drawing of the head of a female 
seated figure, excavated by Mr. H. G. Potter at Birdoswald. The head is draped and crowned
with a wreath, and the body enveloped in ample vestments. Mr. C. R. Smith considers the 
figure to represent one of the <i>Deae Matres</i>, or possibly the <i>Magna Mater</i>.
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Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Kell, William</Keyword> <Keyword>watchtower, Bewcastle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Maiden Way</Keyword>  <Keyword>Kirk Beck</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1852 part 1 p.481
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Observations on the Roman Wall</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">FRESH OBSERVATIONS ON THE ROMAN WALL,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">BY THE REV. JOHN COLLINGWOOD BRUCE, M.A. AUTHOR OF THE 
ACCOUNT OF "THE ROMAN WALL, 1851."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Newcastle-upon-Tyne, April</i> 15.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - I have just returned from a re-investigation of the 
great Roman Barrier in this neighbourhood, accompanied (as often previously) by a friend 
well acquainted with the peculiarities of Roman masonry, William Kell, esq. town-clerk of 
Gateshead. In the course of my ramble, I have picked up some scraps of information, which 
may be acceptable to your antiquarian readers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ROMAN WAY-SIDE WATCH-TOWER AT BEWCASTLE. - The station at 
Bewcastle is placed upon a slightly elevated platform at the bottom of a valley through 
which the small river Kirkbeck flows. There can be little doubt that it was planted here 
to guard the Maiden Way, which crosses the valley on its path to the Scottish border. As 
the station is situated in the low ground, the prospect is very limited towards both north
and south. The hill to the north of the station
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Askerton</Keyword> <Keyword>Gillalees Beacon, Askerton</Keyword> <Keyword>roman signal 
station, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Watling Street</Keyword> <Keyword>Sewingshields, 
Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Solway Firth</Keyword> <Keyword>Borcovicus<Note>roman 
fort, Housesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Housesteads</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>roman fort, Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Knarsdale, Northumberland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bewcastle, gravestones</Keyword> <Keyword>hanging</Keyword> <Keyword>border 
wars</Keyword> <Keyword>border reivers</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Nixon, George</Keyword> <Keyword>Nixon, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Forester, 
Francis</Keyword> <Keyword>Armstrong, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Routledge, Adam</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1852 part 1 p.482
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">is called Pelaw Hill. Here stands a farm-house, which was formerly
a border fortress or peel. We may readily suppose that in Roman times it was the site of a
look-out or beacon-tower connected with the station.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, The Maiden Way is but doubtfully traceable in the northern 
vicinage of the camp; but southwards the remains of it are distinctly visible for a 
considerable distance, as it crosses the high grounds of Side Fell and Gillilee's Beacon. 
Under the guidance of the incumbent of the parish, we tracked the interesting work. When 
first met with, it is only to be distinguished by the "trail" of the stones that have 
composed it, most of the neighbouring fences having been made at its expence. For nearly a
qtr of a mile it is in a perfect state, which is the more remarkable as all the 
neighbouring ground is a peaty bog.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After crossing the crown of the hill we came to what is 
undoubtedly the foundation of a Roman watch-tower. It stands close by the edge of the road
on its western side. It is eighteen feet square, and has walls four feet thick. The 
doorway seems to have been on its north side. Its wall are formed of regular masonry; the 
stones possessing the characteristics of those uniformly employed in constructing the 
stations on the line of the Roman wall. If the rubbish were removed the building would 
probably stand five feet high. No one who is familiar with the masonry of the 
wall-district can for a moment doubt that it is of Roman construction. On the 
Watling-street - the Roman road which twenty miles to the east of this intersects the 
mural region from north to south - some traces of wayside towers have been noticed; but 
none, I believe, to be at all compared with this in distinctness. The Romans have had a 
more thorough grasp of the Lower Isthmus than we are apt to imagine. Besides the wall, 
which merely forms the base line of their operations, and the stations to the north and 
south of it, to intercept the progress of an enemy in either direction, there seems reason
to believe that picket camps were planted on advanced points and beacon-towers stationed 
on the most elevated summits. The watch-tower which I have now described has a very 
extensive prospect in every direction except the north. The line of the wall is distinctly
in view all the way from Sewingshields to the Solway. Signals could therefore be 
communicated with the stations of Borcovicus, AEsica, Amboglanna, and others to the west. 
The Maiden Way, in its progress south, is in view for miles. Even now its track can be 
clearly made out, as after having crossed the wall it boldly ascends the heathy heights of
Knaresdale.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the western slope of the hill on which this Roman turret stands
are some earthworks which we took to be temporary camps. They are of limited size, and may
have been occupied by the troops whilst superintending the construction of the road.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BEWCASTLE MEN. - Traditional stories often outlive the manners 
they depict. The following anecdote is still told in the north country. A stranger 
visiting Bewcastle noticed that the tombstones in the churchyard commemorated the decease 
of females only, and expressing his astonishment to a woman who accompanied him as his 
guide, received the response, most feelingly uttered, "Oh, Sir! they're a' buried at that 
weary Caerl (Carlisle)!" The fit of grief being over, the vistor elicited from her the 
startling information that every "mother's son" of the district was sooner or later hanged
at the border city. At the union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland the hardy 
warriors of the "debateable land" could not at once betake themselves to the occupations 
of quiet industry; and, as the best substitute for the practices of war, addicted 
themselves to sheep and horse stealing, crimes at that time punishable with death. The 
little intercourse which we had with the rustics whom we met upon the road convinced us 
that a vast moral change had been effected upon the district since the days of border 
warfare. To every question which we put we received a distinct and satisfactory answer, 
expressed in language which even a southern might understand. Still we felt curious to 
know what the testimony of the churchyard was as to the character of past generations. It 
was most satisfactory, and proved that the anecdote in question, if not altogether 
calumny, refers to a very remote period. Many of the tombstones commemorate the departure 
(no doubt in a natural way, for when you say of a man that he died you do not mean that he
was hanged) of persons whose youth was spent in the latter part of the seventeenth 
century. For example there is one to George Nixon, who died 1732-3, aged 83 years; another
to Thomas Nixon, who died in 1719, aged 26; one to Francis Forester, who died in 1760 at 
the age of 72; one to Thomas Armstrong, who died in 1728, aged 77; and another to Adam 
Routledge, who in 1728 died at the age of 54 years. Let no one henceforward say that the 
men of Bewcastle do not some to an honest death. Besides observing that the names of these
parties are regular border designations, the reader will perhaps note the age to which 
most
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<Keyword>Amboglanna<Note>roman fort, Birdoswald</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Maughan, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Potter, H G</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1852 part 1 p.483
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">of them attained. Notwithstanding the severity of the climate the 
Waste of Bewcastle is not inimical to health. The incumbent, the Rev. John Maughan, told 
us that he had occasion three or four years ago to send to the Registrar General of Health
a return of the deaths in his parish during the preceding ten years, when it appeared that
three-fourths of the people contained in the roll had attained the age of upwards of sixty
years.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A SECOND LATERAL GATEWAY IN THE STATION OF AMBOGLANNA, BIRDOSWALD.
- The stationary camps on the line of the Roman wall are constructed very much upon one 
uniform plan. Amongst other things, they seem to have been provided with a gateway in the 
centre, or near it, of each side. The gateways are usually double; a pillar of strong 
masonry separating the entrance into two parts. Each part has been closed by folding 
doors, as is proved by the pivot-holes which remain.&#x002A; When the eastern and western 
gateways of Birdoswald were recently exposed by Mr. Potter, some surprise was expressed 
that they should consist of only a single portal. The reason of this is now made apparent.
There are two distinct gateways in the eastern side, and also probably in the western. The
farm-tenant, requiring stones to build a fence (so we were informed on the spot) began to 
remove the loose materials which incumbered the eastern wall of the station. The result of
his operation has been to display a gateway in a most satisfacctory state of preservation.
It is situated as far from the north wall of the station as that formerly discovered is 
from the south (68 yards) while there is a space of about 60 yards between them. This 
gateway, as well as that already exposed on the western side, as also each of the portals 
of the south gateway, which is double, is about 11 feet wide. The masonry of this gateway 
stands nearly six feet high; the pillars which form the jambs of the gate are, as usual, 
composed of stones of cyclopean character: several voussoirs and a springer lie upon the 
ground, thereby proving that the gateway has been spanned by an arch. It would seem also 
as if a separate opening had been provided for foot passengers, for a large stone with a 
semicircular cutting in it, two feet wide, has been found, which may have been used as the
arched heading of such a passage.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is most satisfactory to know that the farmer has procured a 
sufficiency of stones for his purpose without disturbing one <i>in situ</i>. For the first
time probably since the Romans abandoned Britain the wants of the rural population have 
contributed to the advancement of our knowledge. The party deserves all praise for the 
intelligence which he has exhibited in his operations. - Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">JOHN COLLINGWOOD BRUCE.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; In our review of the Account of the Roman Wall published 
by our Correspondent, we extracted his view of the West Portal of Amboglanna. See our 
Magazine for Feb. 1851, p.154. - <i>Edit.</i>
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>le Grice, C V</PersonName>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1852 part 2 p.52
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>sonnet</Keyword>  <Keyword>Samuel Taylor Coleridge</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Sonnet on Coleridge</Heading>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">SONNET
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">IN REMINISCENCE OF THE POET COLERIDGE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>COLERIDGE, of Boyhood in the early dawn</Line>
<Line>Oppress'd I felt not, nor of hope forlorn,</Line>
<Line>Grasping your hand. You spake, as though our School</Line>
<Line>Were of a sep'rate world the vestibule;</Line>
<Line>And we its inhabitants. - In cloister'd walk,</Line>
<Line>While such of opening scenes your cherish'd talk,</Line>
<Line>I listen'd breathless; - and I saw you prove</Line>
<Line>Your boded triumphs in the College grove. -</Line>
<Line>Thence, by a sudden plunge, amid their strife</Line>
<Line>You sprang into the waves of this world's life;</Line>
<Line>Nor paused. - Far, far away 'twas mine to hear</Line>
<Line>Fame of your struggles, and th' applauding cheer. -</Line>
<Line>At last of wound'rous Boy, of Bard, of Sage</Line>
<Line>Sank beneath Friendship's roof the shelter'd Age.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">C. V. LE GRICE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Trereise, Cornwall, June</i> 16<i>th</i>, 1852.
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Co</Keyword> <Keyword>Crake, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Leven, River</Keyword> 
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Reclamation in Morecambe Bay</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The reclaiming of <i>Morecambe Bay</i> in Lancashire is at length 
about to be carried into effect. The right has been purchased from the Admiralty by 
Messrs. Brogden and Co. and the undertaking will be carried out conjointly with the 
formation of the Ulverstone and the Lancaster Railway (sic). The rivers Crake and Leven 
will be confined to a fixed channel, and the bay will no doubt be left in a great measure 
to silt up. This vast tract, which extends from Tridlea-point (near to the Ulversone Canal
foot) to Greenodd, comprises an area of about 145,000 acres.
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Castle</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitley, Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Julius 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1852 part 2 p.396
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>lead mine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Alston Moor</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Lead Mines, Alston Moor</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">antiquarian meeting:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Thomas Sopwith, of Newcastle, read a paper on the Lead Mines 
of the North of England, arranging his notices under the separate heads of a description 
of the districts in which the principal mines are situated, of notices of the various 
charters under which lead mines were worked in the early periods of English history, and 
the gradual stages by which successive improvements were introduced. The Romans occupied 
the lead mines at Alston Moor, and one of the most perfect of their stations now remaining
is at Whitley, three miles north of Alston. There could be no doubt that they exercised, 
during their occupation of our mining districts for three or four centuries, the knowledge
which they possessed of the metallurgic arts. Caesar, indeed, expressly mentioned as one 
of his reasons for invading Britain, the assistance which the inhabitants rendered to the 
Gauls from their treasures. The terms upon which mining operations were permitted by the 
lords of the soil at various periods form a curious class of records. In 1426 Henry VI. 
granted to John Duke of Bedford "all mines of gold and silver within his kingdom of 
England for ten years, paying the tenth part to the holy church, to the king the 
fifteenth, and to the lord of the soil the twentieth part." One of the prominent features 
illustrated by Mr. Sopwith was the former abundance of wood in the mountainous districts, 
which are now almost treeless, and the rapid removal of which was owing to the vast 
quantities of fuel required by the miners. The several rates of duty under which the mines
were held, and other conditions, were noticed, and a general view was taken of the 
introduction of successive improvements connected with the lead mines of Northumberland 
and the adjacent counties. The paper was illustrated by diagrams, showing the produce of 
the mines at different periods, and by tables of detailed statements relating to mining 
statistics. Mr. Sopwith adverted, in conclusion, to the paucity of mining records of past 
times, and the value of them in connexion with mining interests.
</Paragraph>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>excavation</Keyword> <Keyword>Potter, H G</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Birdoswald, Waterhead</Keyword> <Keyword>Boustead</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Romans</Keyword> <Keyword>Picts</Keyword> <Keyword>Scots</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Britons</Keyword> <Keyword>Gildas</Keyword> <Keyword>Bede</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Amboglanna<Note>roman fort, Birdoswald</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Gap, 
Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Maiden Way</Keyword> <Keyword>Oswald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Burgh of Oswald<Note>Birdoswald</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bridussel<Note>Birdoswald</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Danes</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Harrow's Castle, Waterhead</Keyword> <Keyword>Harold's Castle<Note>Harrow's 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.73
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman fort, Birdoswald</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Excavations at Birdoswald</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. H. G. Potter read a paper on his recent excavations at 
Burdoswald, which have brought to light a fourth gateway, far surpassing the others in 
style of architecture and finish. The first trace of it was discovered during the last 
winter, by Mr. Boustead, the farmer on the spot, who cane upon one of the piers while 
digging the foundation of a bull-shed. Mr. Potter, with his brother, subsequently assumed 
the work of excavation; and the result of their labours may now be seen by visitors. A 
noble double gateway has been laid bare. One of the gates has been walled-up, not by the 
Roman themselves, as is proved by the difference of level between the floor of the Romand 
gate and that on which the barrier now stands. Many circumstances, which presented 
themselves during the researches at Burdoswald, have led Mr. Potter to believe that this 
camp was occupied as a town long after the departure of the Romans. The floors, for 
example, of some of the houses are about four feet above the flagged Roman footpath inside
the walls; and the ruins of (apparently) Roman structures form the foundation of later 
edifices - which, in their turn, have been destroyed, or suffered to go to ruin, and earth
and herbage cover their remains. Gildas and Bede tell us in what manner the Picts and 
Scots conquered the Britons after the last Roman legion had left the island, and how they 
ravaged the country, drove the inhabitants before them, and made their habitations like 
the abodes of wild beasts; and tradition adds, that near Burdoswald (<i>Amboglanna</i>), 
at a place called "The Gap," the Picts broke through the Wall. The station, it is 
probable, was reduced to ruins, and so remained until the country became more settled; 
when, tempted by its commanding position, and the fact of its being traversed by the 
Maiden Way, some Saxon chief of the name of Oswald may have repaired its walls and gates, 
and built a town within - the Burgh of Oswald - easily corruptible into Burdoswald, 
Birdoswald, or (as it is now often called) Bridussel. Here also, there is reason to 
suppose, the Danes more recently dwelt. The wreck of Harrows (or Harold's) Castle still 
survives. Its stones were removed
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Potter, H G</Keyword> <Keyword>Harrow's Castle, Waterhead</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Amboglanna<Note>roman fort, Birdoswald</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Decuman Gate</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> 
<Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Julius Severus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors I Aelia Dacorum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Menander</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.74
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G853A074.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">some years ago to build the Hill Head House, now occupied by Mr. 
Ramshay.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Mr. Potter's quarto tract on Aboglanna, printed in 1851, is a 
restoration of the "Decuman Gate," in which he has thrown arches over the gateway; and the
truth of the vision which, with learned and sagacious eye, he then imagined, has been 
vindicated by his late discoveries. To one of the piers of the gateway, 8 1/2 feet high, 
the projecting impost is still attached, and the first stone of the arch rests thereon. 
The voussoir is two feet long, and 15 inches thick at the broad, and 11 1/2 at the narrow 
end. At the outside of the southern tower of the gate, on the ground, was found a broken 
slab. It appears to have fallen from its place, and to have been fractured by a stone 
which had afterwards fallen upon it - and which, indeed, was found lying upon it still. 
This slab bears an inscription which may be thus given (two or three of the letters being 
conjectural):-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>SVBMO DIO IV</Line>
<Line>LIO LEG AVG PR</Line>
<Line>PR COH I AEL DC</Line>
<Line>CVI PRAEEST M</Line>
<Line>CL MENANDER</Line>
<Line>TRIB</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Potter extends the inscription as follows:- "Sublimo Dio Julio
Legato Augusti Propraetori Cohors Prima AElia Dacorum cui praeest Marcus Claudius Menender
Tribunus." Julius Severus, the noble Roman who he supposes to be here named, was 
propraetor of Britain in the time of Hadrian, and was recalled, as "the most courageous of
his generals," to go against the Jews. This was in 132 or 134 A.D.; and it may safely be 
concluded that about that time was the gate erected by Julius Severus, and the slab 
inserted in the wall by the first AElian cohort of the Dacians, over whom Menander was 
tribuune. Mr. Potter, however, does not ascribe the formation of the camp to Hadrian. The 
gate now laid bare is of a later and superior style of architecture to the camp generally 
- more highly finished, the work of a more refined age. The camp is of the time, Mr. 
Potter inclines to think, of Agricola. The <i>suburbium</i> lay without the present gate, 
and its ruins may still be traced with ease, although covered with vegetation. Mr. Potter 
expects to find the foundation of a similar gate on the opposite side of the camp; and if 
so, the number of the gates would be six. Four have been already described; one remains to
be excavated; the sixth or Praetorian gate was destroyed some time ago, to form a barn. Of
the four gates that have been exposed, only one gateway has not been walled-up. Stones, it
is conjectured, were subsituted for soldiers. Mr. Potter's interesting paper concludes 
with a few remarks on the rude representations of a palm branch and sword, emblems of 
Peace and War, which are engraven on the inscribed stone.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
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</Period>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>Roman Wall, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, John 
Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Roach Smith, 
Charles</Keyword> <Keyword>Price</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Severus</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, 
roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Stukeley, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Morbium<Note>roman fort, Moresby</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Moresby</Keyword> <Keyword>Aquites Cataphractarii</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.123
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword>  <Keyword>The Roman Wall</Keyword>
</Marginal>
The Roman Wall</Heading>
<References>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE ROMAN WALL.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The Roman Wall; an Historical and Topographical Description 
of the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus, extending from the Tyne to the Solway. Deduced from 
numerous personal surveys. By the Rev. John Collingwood Bruce, M.A. one of the Council of 
the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Second and enlarged edition. London, J. 
R. Smith. 1852. 8vo.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IT is rare to find a work of an exclusively antiquarian character 
reaching a second edition after the lapse of so brief a space of time as two years. Our 
volume for 1851 contains a review of Mr. Bruce's first edition of his Roman Wall, and our 
Magazine of the same year also contains some notes on the same subject by Mr. Roach Smith,
who, in company with the late Mr. Price, passed a week in examining the remains of this 
remarkable structure, and the castra connected with it, from Walls-End to Carlisle.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the present occasion we shall restrict our notices to some of 
the recent discoveries, and to the more remarkable portions of the novel matter introduced
into this new and revised edition, premising that, although it appears a champion on the 
side of Severus has entered the lists against our author, who supports the claim of 
Hadrian as builder of the wall,&#x002A; we seen no reason, from any new fact or from any 
new view of historical evidence, to change our opinion on this question, which is in 
favour of Mr. Bruce's theory. There are certain discrepancies in the statements made by 
ancient writers; but, when they are carefully weighed with conclusions drawn from the 
remains themselves, coupled with the powerful arguments drawn from inscriptions, we cannot
resist believing that Hadrian constructed the wall and its attendant lines of earthworks, 
and that Severus made many reparations, and added, probably, some of the walled castra 
along the line of the great fortification.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To inscriptions we cannot attach too much importance, and the 
careful manner in which Mr. Bruce has collected them, and authenticated their discovery, 
adds much to their value. The following, for instance, an unpublished one copied by 
Stukeley, seems to fix the heretofore undecided situation of Morbium at Moreseby. Its 
preservation is fortunate, and its history is the more curious as Stukeley does not seem 
to have been aware of its peculiar value. Mr. Bruce, speaking of Moresby, remarks:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">list, Considerable uncertainty exists as to the ancient name
of this place. Camden says, "There has been no inscription yet found to encourage us to 
believe that this was the MORBIUM where the <i>Aquites Cataphractarii</i> qtred; though 
the present name seems to imply it." This difficulty no longer exists. Horsley saw an 
inscription (LXXV Cumb.) in a field, a little east
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; See our Review department, hereafter.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Roach Smith, Charles</Keyword> <Keyword>Aquites Cataphractarii</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Morbium<Note>roman fort, 
Moresby</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Moresby</Keyword> <Keyword>Arbeia<Note>roman
fort, Moresby</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Notitia Dignitatum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bremenium<Note>roman fort, High Rochester</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
High Rochester</Keyword> <Keyword>Antonine Itineraries</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors I Fida 
Vardullorum</Keyword> <Keyword>Numerus Exploratorum Bremeniensium</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Egnatius Lucilianus</Keyword> <Keyword>Sydenham rescript</Keyword> 
<Keyword>military diploma</Keyword> <Keyword>Antoninus Pius</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors I 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.124
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of Moresby Hall, "but pretty much effaced and broken." He says, 
"'Tis sepulchral, and has contained the name of the person deceased, with his age, and the
years he has served in the army." His copy of it, however, differs from one which Stukeley
made upon the spot, and whose original note is in the possession of Mr. C. Roach Smith. 
The two readings are these:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Horsley's</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>D M</Line>
<Line>SMERT</Line>
<Line>[O]MAC</Line>
<Line>MCoHI</Line>
<Line>HRAC</Line>
<Line>Q STII</Line>
<Line>XVICSIT</Line>
<Line>XXX QV</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Stukeley's</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>D M</Line>
<Line>S.MERT</Line>
<Line>O.MACS</Line>
<Line>M.CATAP</Line>
<Line>HRACTAR</Line>
<Line>Q STI</Line>
<Line>X.VICSIT</Line>
<Line>XXX D.V.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I cannot but think, with Mr Roach Smith, that Stukeley's reading 
is the correct one, and that a <i>prima facie</i> case is made out for Moresby to be the 
MORBIUM of the Notitia. Horsley, for reasons which have not been generally acquiesced in 
by antiquaries, places ARBEIA, which follows MORBIUM in the Notitia, at Moresby.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">An inscription very recently discovered at High Rochester confirms
that place to have been the Bremenium of the Itinerary of Antoninus. It is represent in 
the cut below.
</Paragraph>
<References>
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</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">It may be read -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>G[ENIO] D[OMINI] N[OSTRI] ET</Line>
<Line>SIGNORVM</Line>
<Line>COH[ORTIS] PRIMAE VARDVL[ORVM]</Line>
<Line>ET N[VMERI] EXPLORA</Line>
<Line>TOR[VM] BREM[ENII] COR[NELIVS]</Line>
<Line>EGNATIVS LVCILI</Line>
<Line>ANVS LEG[ATVS] AVG[VSTALIS] PR[O]PR[AETOR]</Line>
<Line>CVRANTE CASSIO</Line>
<Line>SABINIANO TRIB[VNO]</Line>
<Line><i>aram posuit.</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>To the genius of our Emperor and</Line>
<Line>of the Standards</Line>
<Line>of the first cohort of the Varduli</Line>
<Line>and of a Numerus of the Explora-</Line>
<Line>tores of Bremenium, Cornelius</Line>
<Line>Egnatius Lucili-</Line>
<Line>anus, the imperial Legate, propraetor,</Line>
<Line>under the superintendance of Cassius</Line>
<Line>Sabinianus, the Tribune,</Line>
<Line><i>erected this altar.</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, Two inscriptions had been found at this station many years 
since. In one the first cohort of the Varduli is mentioned; in the other the 
<i>duplares</i> of a detachment of the <i>Exploratores</i>, and the fact of their being 
stationed at Bremenium. The former is of the time of Elagabalus (not of Caracalla as 
inferred by Horsley). From that recently found we learn that these two bodies of soldiers 
were qtred together at this station in the time of Gordian, for it is elsewhere shewn that
Egnatius Lucilianus was legate of this emperor. The Varduli, as appears by the Sydenham 
rescript, were in Britain in the time of Trajan; the second cohort of them is mentioned in
it as surnamed <i>Fida</i>, a title which is also shared by the first cohort, as is proved
by another inscription also very recently excavated at Bremenium, and a copy of which we 
here introduce from Mr. Bruce's second edition of his volume. (<i>See the next page</i>.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We think with Mr. Bruce that the erased name is most probably that
of Elagabalus. The word <i>ballis</i> we may read <i>balneis</i>, signifying that the 
public baths were restored from their foundations by the first cohort of the Varduli. 
Another inscription has been lately afforded by excavations. It is a votive tablet to 
Antoninus Pius, erected by the first cohort of the Lingones, under Lollius Urbicus, on the
occasion apparently of the completion of some building. This is the Lollius Urbicus who,
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Fida Vardullorum</Keyword> <Keyword>Watling Street</Keyword> <Keyword>Chew Green, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.125
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<Line>IMP[ERATORI] CAE[SARI]</Line>
<Line>P[IO F[ELICI]</Line>
<Line>C[O]H[ORS] I F[IDA] VARD[VLORVM]</Line>
<Line>BALLIS A SOLO REST[ITVIT]</Line>
<Line>SVB C[AIO] CL[AVDIO] APELLINI[O] LEG[ATO] AVG[VSTALI]</Line>
<Line>INSTANTE AVR[ELIO] QVINTO TR[IBVNO].</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>In honour of the Emperor Caesar,</Line>
<Line>Pious, happy,</Line>
<Line>The first Cohort of the Varduli, <i>styled</i> the Faithful,</Line>
<Line>--- from the ground restored,</Line>
<Line>under Claudius Apellinus, imperial legate;</Line>
<Line>Aurelius Quintus, the Tribune, superintending the work.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Capitolinus says, built the upper barrier or Antonine Wall.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The station Bremenium, now High Rochester, where the precited 
inscriptions have been found, lies about twenty-two miles north of the wall, upon Watling 
Street. As it is now being excavated a fuller account of the discoveries cannot be 
unacceptable to our readers, especially as many of them, on a late occasion, visited the 
site. Mr. Bruce thus describes it:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">It (the station) has evidently been placed here for the 
protection of the road. When viewed in relation to the ground in its immediate vicinity, 
the station seems to stand high, and to be very much exposed to the weather; but, if it be
looked upon from the hills to the east of it, it will be seen to occupy a defile in the 
mountain chain, through which the Military Way is very skilfully taken in its progress to 
the north. Watling Street passes the station on its eastern side, and shoots boldly 
forward towards Chew Green. The pavement of the road may be traced in a very complete 
state for miles together, though there are portions of it which seem never to have been 
paved at all. South of the station the road may in most places be distinguished, until, on
the southern rim of the basin of the Rede Water, the modern turnpike coalesces with it. 
Several pieces of black oak, perfectly sound, have been got out of the river near to the 
place where the road crossed it, and some portions are imbedded in the bank in such a way 
as to encourage the belief that the road was here supported on timbers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">In a military point of view the site of the station is very 
strong. On all sides, excepting near the south-east corner, the ground slopes from it; and
on the north side, it sinks so rapidly as to give the camp the protection of a bold 
breast-work. The walls of the station are stronger than those of the forts on the line of 
the Wall; they are not only thicker, but are composed of larger stones. In one place the 
station wall measures seventeen feet in thickness; the interior of it seems to have been 
filled with clay. The wall, at the north-west corner, has been laid bare; seven courses of
stones are standing in position. Here some repairs have evidently been effected after the 
original erection of the station, the newer part being composed of stones of a larger size
than the rest of the wall. Between the walls of the station and the moat a space of 
ground, of twelve or fifteen feet in width, has been levelled and bedded over with clay 
and gravel, as if to form a platform for military operations. The position of the gateways
in the north and south ramparts may easily be discerned; some portions of their masonry 
remain. There have probably been two gateways on the eastern and western sides of the 
station. One gate, on the western side, has recently been cleared. It stands upwards of 
six feet high. The entrance is a single one; it is wider on the outer than the inner 
margin,
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.126
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">but exhibits an average width of about eleven feet. The 
north jamb of this gateway is crowned with a rudely-moulded capital, above which is the 
springer of an arch. Underneath the threshold is a regularly-built drain, which has 
brought the waste water from the station; several other sewers have been observed between 
the south-west and north-east angles of the station, the inclination of the ground being 
towards the north. A succession of grooved stones, covered with flags, lie in the 
threshold of the south gateway; by this channel clean water has probably been brought into
the station from the mossy ground, on the south-east of it. This ground is above the level
of the station, and, before being drained, yielded water in abundance. In those parts 
where the station is naturally strongest a single fosse has environed the walls; in those 
which are less strong the moat has been double; but at the south-east angle, which is the 
weakest point, it has been quadruple. A portion of this four-fold entrenchment has been 
levelled, for the purposes of cultivation. Last year (1851) the field was in wheat; after 
the crop had been cut it was pleasing to observe, in the comparative rankness and strength
of the stubble on the "made ground," the precise lines of the ditches.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The stations on the line of the Wall were for the most part 
abandoned after the Romans quitted Britain. Some of them, especially those to the north, 
were probably given up anterior to that event. In the course of time they fell into ruins,
over which earth and herbage gradually accumulated, and up to the present day many of them
have remained unmolested, with the exception of parts of the outer walls and more exposed 
portions of the buildings within, which have served for building materials through many 
centuries. Still the foundations were untouched. In the south of England, on the contrary,
where the population was denser, and the land of greater value for agricultural purposes, 
the interior of the Roman stations and castles have been almost denuded of the remains of 
buildings. It is therefore in those of the north that we may expect the more interesting 
results from well-directed excavations, such as those now being made at Bremenium and one 
or two other places. It is to be hoped that what has been brought to light will induce the
Duke of Northumberland to proceed with the researches which form so interesting a part of 
the new edition of Mr. Bruce's volume, as an abstract will demonstrate.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On entering the station the spectator is struck with the mass of 
buildings it contains. They are not, Mr. Bruce decides, of the same character or age. 
Some, from their superior masonry, indicate that they belong to the original plan; others 
are referable to later periods. Two distinct layers of flag-stones, both much worn, with a
mass of rubbish between them, are to be noticed in some of the houses and streets. The 
chief street, twenty feet wide, runs through the station from east to west. Another 
street, to the south, runs in the direction of those points of the rampart where the 
second lateral gateways are supposed to be; this is eight feet wide.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Precisely in the centre of the camp is a square plot of building 
(A, in the following plan), which subsequent investigation may prove to be the 
<i>praetorium</i>. The portal (E) leading into it from the <i>via principalis</i> has been
crowned by an arch; many of the wedge shaped stones which composed it were found upon the 
ground. Advancing a few feet inwards, we meet with what appears to be a second portal, the
basement course of two strong pillars of masonry (P.P.) remaining in position; these too 
may have been spanned by an arch, or they may have been surmounted by statues of Victory. 
The latter supposition is suggested by the discovery, already referred to, of a nearly 
complete figure of the favourite goddess of the Romans, and a small fragment of a second, 
within the eastern gateway of BORCOVICUS. In the chamber which is entered after passing 
these pediments the most striking object is an underground tank (F) about eight feet 
square, and six feet deep. The masonry of its walls bears the character of the second, 
rather than of the first period. Two narrow apertures on its south side near the top seem 
intended for the admission of water, and a shallow trough and gutter on the edge of one of
the opposite corners, having apparently been intended to carry off the superfluous liquid.
There is now lying at the bottom of it the stone lintel of a doorway, upwards of six feet 
long; before being precipitated into the tank, it would seem to have long lain upon the 
ground of the station, for it is much worn, as if by the sharpening of knives upon it. 
Proceeding in a straight line onwards, and at the southern extremity of this range of 
buildings, another underground receptacle (G) is seen. It
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.127
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<Paragraph rend="quote">is nearly of the same size as the former, but its masonry is 
evidently that of the earliest period. The woodcut represents it as it appears to one 
standing on its southern edge. Three of its sides consist of strong masonry, the fourth 
has been formed by three flags of large dimensions, backed up with clay; two of the flags 
remain in their position; but the third (the middle one) has been laid prostrate by the 
pressure from behind. A flight of steps leads to the bottom of the vault, and the entrance
is closed by a stone slab moving in a groove upon two pairs of small iron wheels. A slit 
in the neighbouring wall allows of this door being pushed back into it. In many modern 
railway stations we see doors of similar construction.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.128
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<Paragraph rend="quote">There is an opening at the bottom, in one corner of the building, 
having much the appearance of a conduit: it is arched by a single stone, roughly marked 
with diamond tooling. The course of this channel has not been examined. The whole vault 
has evidently been provided with a covering. In its western wall is a projecting ledge, 
which is shewn in the woodcut; on this one or two courses of stones have probably rested, 
stretching inwards. The top by this means would be soon contracted that it might be 
covered over by long flat stones; one suitable for the purpose, though broken in two, lies
on the spot.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the western side of the central block of buildings is a double 
range of barracks (B, C); each compartment is sixty feet long and fifteen broad. The 
masonry is exceedingly good, and evidently belongs to the first period. In the centre of 
the range between the apartments a deep passage runs (K), flagged at the bottom, and 
apparently communicating with flues (N) beneath the rooms. This passage shows five courses
of masonry <i>in situ</i>. The outer walls of these buildings have erections resembling 
buttresses placed against them (I, I), and the same number, eight, is appended to each. It
is probable, however, that they were not intended to strengthen the walls, but were 
connected with the heating of the apartments, for a flue goes under the floor from the 
centre of each bay. The floors of the rooms consist of a doubleset of flagstones with an 
intervening layer of clay between them. The floors are not supported on pillars as is 
usually the case in hypocausts, but upon dwarf walls; by this means the heated air would 
be carried along the passages with some of the precision we see manifested in the 
galleries of a coal mine. In one of the bays formed by the projecting buttresses of this 
building the cranium and several other bones of a man were found. The remains of an 
archway (M) leading into one of the dwellings (C) were discovered; it is probable that the
other was similarly provided.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are indications that a range of houses (D), of the same 
character as that which has now been described, stood upon the eastern side of the central
square.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the <i>via principalis</i>, is another vault (H in the plan), 
incroaching on
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the line of the street. It is thirty feet long, eight broad, and 
six deep. At the bottom of it was discovered a piece of sculpture representing three 
nymphs bathing. Mr. Bruce asks what can have been the object of so many pit-like chambers,
and pauses in deciding them to have been baths. But it is difficult to conceive them 
constructed for any other purpose, and this piece of sculpture, as well as the inscription
containing the word <i>ballis</i> (p.125), seem to support this opinion.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Considerable discoveries have also been made at Housesteads 
(Borcovicus) by Mr. Clayton, and at Burdoswald (Amboglanna), by Mr. Potter,&#x002A; both 
of which are described by Mr. Bruce with new illustrations. One of the most interesting 
features of the excavations at the latter place is the doorway leading from the northern 
gate-
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; See p.73 of our January number. We take this opportunity 
to suggest that the first two words of the inscription found by Mr. Potter (p.74) would be
better read as <i>Sub Modio</i>.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.129
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>clay pipes</Keyword>
</Marginal>
way to the guard chamber shewn in the annexed cut. The circular door-head is formed of a 
single block of stone, which had been broken and thrown from its original situation. 
Similar stones have often been found near the gateways of stations, and their use is now 
fully determined. In the department alloted to minor antiquities will be found many 
objects of interest. With respect to the little tobacco-pipe bowls, we may observe that 
their comparative diminutive size may well be explained by the fact that in the time of 
Queen Elizabeth tobacco was sold at five guineas the ounce, and that in after-times those 
who indulged in the expensive luxury of smoking were accustomed in buying it to throw five
shilling pieces into the opposite scale.
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>sonnet</Keyword>  <Keyword>William Wordsworth</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Sonnet for William Wordworth</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">SONNET.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On my first and only visit to the Poet Wordsworth, shortly 
previous to his death, when he regardfully presented me with a walking-stick, which had 
been an old and much-used favourite.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>WORDSWORTH, bard of the heart! my pulse beat high</Line>
<Line>To meet the tearful welcome in thine eye.</Line>
<Line>We ne'er before, and ne'er again could meet;</Line>
<Line>The meeting tender, and the greeting sweet.</Line>
<Line>Each had the other known, but as a dream:</Line>
<Line>Our sympathy soon kindled with our theme -</Line>
<Line>COLERIDGE:- the wonders of whose bygone days</Line>
<Line>Each had in ample share the power to praise.</Line>
<Line>Thine were his later years: mine, when as boys</Line>
<Line>We tasted first of life, it's cares, and joys.</Line>
<Line>We parted: and at parting paused to bless.</Line>
<Line>Ere the deep farewell of our last caress</Line>
<Line>A staff thy gift, as with a friend to roam. -</Line>
<Line>Ah! No. It bides, for aye, the glory of my home.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">C. V. LE GRICE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Trereise, Cornwall.</i>
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hadrian, Builder of the Roman Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Society of Antiquaries of 
Newcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Severus</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword> <Keyword>Roman 
Wall: an attempt to substantiate the claims of Severus</Keyword> <Keyword>Bell, 
Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, 
roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Gelt, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Written Rock of Gelt, 
Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>Legio II Augusta</Keyword> <Keyword>Legio VI Victrix</Keyword>
<Keyword>Legio XX Valeria Victrix</Keyword> <Keyword>Aper</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Maximus</Keyword> <Keyword>Itinerarium Septentrionale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gordon</Keyword> <Keyword>Xiphiline</Keyword> <Keyword>Herodian</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Spartian</Keyword> <Keyword>Aurelius Victor</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Eutropius</Keyword> <Keyword>Cassiodorus</Keyword> <Keyword>Paulous 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.179
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword>  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Hadrian, Builder of the Roman Wall</Heading>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="text">book review
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Hadrian the Builder of the Roman Wall: a Paper read at the 
Monthly Meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne</i>, 4 <i>Aug.</i> 
1852, <i>in reply to "The Roman Wall: an attempt to substantiate the claims of Severus to 
the authorship of the Roman Wall. By Robert Bell." By the Rev.</i> John Collingwood Bruce,
<i>M.A., F.S.A. London and Newcastle. Pp.</i> 38. 1852. - The pamphlet published by Mr. R.
Bell, to which this is a reply, has not reached us; but we gather from Mr. Bruce's tract 
what may be considered as the substance of his arguments. The first, and on which he 
appears to lay the greatest stress, is founded on the well-known inscription on the upper 
part of an ancient quarry on the banks of the river Gelt, which mentions a vexillation of 
the Second legion, with the date of the consulship of Aper and Maximus, A.D. 207, about 
four years previous to the death of Severus, and shortly before his coming to Britain. 
From this inscription he maintains that the building of the wall was contemporaneous, and 
adds that "the <i>Hadrianites</i> endeavour to evade this powerful proof that the wall was
built by Severus by the supposition that the inscription was made when the wall was only 
repaired by Severus, in the year 207. But it must be observed that the inscription is 
nearly at the top of a rock, and the quarry has been worked to an enormous extent down to 
the bed of the river, a depth of at least fifty feet."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Bruce meets this objection to his own conclusions in favour of
Hadrian by observing tha, "because a vexillation of the Second legion carved some lines 
upon the face of a quarry on the Gelt, we are not necessarily to infer that they were 
engaged in <i>extensive</i> operations there, - that it is admitted on all hands that the 
Second legion was extensively employed upon the Wall, and so was the Sixth, and so was the
Twentieth. The inscriptions on the Wall itself do, indeed, prove that the second legion 
was engaged in the erection of that structure, and in three instances the name of Hadrian 
is coupled with that of the Second legion on those inscriptions, whilst the inscription at
Gelt merely establishes the fact that a part of that legion was in Cumberland in the reign
of Severus."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Bell ridicules Mr. Bruce's notion that most of the 
inscriptions recording the Second legion (as well as others) may, from their peculiar 
character, be supposed to have been executed prior to the reign of Severus. In this he 
will hardly be supported by any one who has closely studied the general shape of the 
letters and their ligatures, and has compared the earlier inscriptions with those of a 
later date. The matter also is essential to be observed, and the form varies as much as 
the letters. Had Mr. Bell attended to this important key, he would probably have paused 
before he had cited on his side of the question the suppostitious inscription in Gordon's 
Itinerarium Septentrionale, SEPT. SEVERO. IMP. QVIMVRVM HVNC CONDIDIT.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The evidence of ancient writers in reference to the building of 
the Wall is rather obscure and conflicting; but we are inclined, upon taking a careful 
review of it, to strike a balance in favour of Mr. Bruce. Neither Xiphiline nor Herodian, 
the latter of whom gives a pretty minute account of the campaign of Severus in Britain, 
make any mention of Severus as builder of the Wall, which probably they would have done 
had he really been its constructor. Xiphiline speaks of the Maeatae as dwelling near the 
barrier wall, a mode of expression which implies its existence at the time of the coming 
of Severus. Spartian, a writer of inferior merit, who is quoted by Mr. Bell in favour of 
the claims of Severus, says that this emperor fortified Britain with a wall drawn across 
the island, ending on each side at the sea, which was the chief glory of his reign, and 
for which he received the name of Britannicus. But the same author, in a passage 
overlooked by Mr. Bell, states that Hadrian went to Britain, where he corrected many 
things, and first drew a wall eighty miles long to sepearate the Romans from the 
barbarians. Aurelius Victor uses precisely the same words as Spartian in attributing the 
wall to Severus. Eutropius is on the same side, but he makes the wall one hundred and 
thirty-two miles in length. Cassiodorus and Paulous Diaconus are late writers, and equally
unsatisfactory on this point. Paulus lived five hundred years after Severus, and borrowed 
the very words of Eutropius, substituting XXXV for CXXXII, M.P. as the length of the wall.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But whatever credit may be attached to the evidence of ancient 
writers, their testi-
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  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hadrian, Builder of the Roman Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Hodgson, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword>  <Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.180
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[testi]mony cannot be allowed to weigh against the remains as they
now exist, and the conclusions deduced from a careful examination of them. Hodgson, the 
illustrious historian of Northumberland, gave more time and attention to the subject than 
any one since the days of Horsley, and he came slowly, and in spite of prejudices, to the 
belief that Hadrian constructed at one and the same time the stone wall, with its ditch on
the north and the earthern vallum to the south. In any other point of view they were to 
him unsatisfactory makeshifts, and misapplied and incomplete fortifications. Considered as
one grand work they could be understood and admired as a consummate effort of engineering 
skill. The circumstances under which Hadrian visited Britain, and the inscriptions 
discovered along the line of the works, support this view. On the contrary, the 
insurrection of the Caledonians cost Severus 50,000 men, and it is probable he was hardly 
in a condition to have projected and completed a work requiring so much labour. But he 
evdiently did what many of his inscriptions prove; he repaired the fortifications, and 
probably strengthened them with additional castra. Mr. Bruce has surveyed and re-surveyed 
the Wall from end to end, conjoining with it a study of the inscriptions, and he arrives, 
in consequence, at the same conclusion as Hodgson. Mr. Bell does not, it appears to us, 
attempt to follow him in so extended a view of the question; and, with regard to 
inscriptions, confines himself to those of his own neighbourhood. In no respect are his 
objections to Mr. Bruce's theory conclusive, while most of his arguments are forcibly 
refuted in the reply. But truth is served by discussion, and, as Mr. Bell is evidently an 
ardent antiquary, we trust he will continue and extend his searches in co-operation with 
Mr. Bruce, who candidly acknowledges services rendered, and who evidently does not allow 
difference of opinion to lessen friendship.
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<Title>Gents Mag 1853 part 1 p.414</Title>
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<Date>1853</Date>
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</Period>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>seal, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Ellis, Henry, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle, seal</Keyword>  <Keyword>coat of arms, civic</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.414
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>seal</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Seal of Carlisle</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G853A414.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sir Henry Ellis exhibited impressions of the ancient Seal of the 
city of Carlisle, still in use, of the work of the latter end of the 13th or beginning of 
the 14th century. The obverse presents the Virgin and Child, and the counterseal a cross 
flory between four roses. On each side is the same ungrammatical legend: S. COMUNIS CIVIUM
KARLIOLENSIS: with an inner legend on the obverse, AVE MARIA GRACIA PLENA.
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>trade</Keyword> <Keyword>weaver</Keyword> <Keyword>Drunken Barnaby's Four 
Journeys to the North of England</Keyword> <Keyword>woollens</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby 
Kendal<Note>Kendal</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Leland, 
John</Keyword>  <Keyword>print</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.488
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>trade</Keyword>  <Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Ancient Commerce in Westmorland</Heading>
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<Filename size="medium+">G853E07.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Nunc as Kendal, propter pannum,</Line>
<Line>Coetum, situm, aldermannum,</Line>
<Line>Virgines pulchras, pias matres,</Line>
<Line>Et viginti quatuor fratres,</Line>
<Line>Vere clarum et beatum,</Line>
<Line>Mihi nactum, notum, natum.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Now to Kendal, for clothmaking,</Line>
<Line>Sight, site, alderman awaking;</Line>
<Line>Beauteous damsels, modest mothers,</Line>
<Line>And her four-and-twenty brothers;</Line>
<Line>Ever in her honour spreading,</Line>
<Line>Where I had my native breeding.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line><i>Drunken Barnaby's Journal.</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE ANCIENT COMMERCE OF WESTMERLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AT the first view it appears strange and surprising that one of 
the chief woollen manfactures of England in ancient times should have been seated in the 
remote county of Westmerland. Yet such we are assured was the case. The cloths made at 
Kendal were famous as early as the 13th Ric. II.&#x002A; if not before, and are the 
subject of continual legislative regulations during the reign of Henry IV.&#x2020; 
Leland&#x2021; speaks of Kendal as <i>emporium laneis pannis cele-</i>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002a; See the Rotuli Parliament. iii. p.271.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Ibid. pp.437, 498, 541, 614, 693.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; "In Westmerland is but one good market towne caullid 
Kendale, otherwise as I wene Kirkby Kendal. Yt hath the name of the ryver caullid Kent, 
<i>unde et</i> Kentdale, <i>sed emporium laneis pannis celeberrimum." - Itinerary.</i>
</Paragraph>
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Cambridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Cambridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Duddery, Cambridge</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Fuller</Keyword> <Keyword>History of Cambridge University</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kendal green</Keyword> <Keyword>Knight, C</Keyword> <Keyword>Pictorial History of
England</Keyword> <Keyword>Smith</Keyword> <Keyword>Memoirs of Wool</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dickens, Charles</Keyword> <Keyword>Household Words</Keyword> <Keyword>Kemp, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Flodden Field</Keyword> <Keyword>Flodden Field, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.489
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[<i>cele</i>]<i>berrimum</i>. Speed and Camden repeat the same 
eulogium; and Drayton re-echoes it in the lines,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>--- where Kendal town doth stand,</Line>
<Line>For making of our cloth scarce match in all the land.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Camden adds further that the townsmen of Kendal exercised an 
extensive merchandise of woollen cloths throughout all England.&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It would, perhaps, be as little expected that the principal market
of these Westmerland clothiers should have been at Cambridge; yet so it was. A fair 
annually held in the outskirts of that town, called Sturbridge Fair, proved so convenient 
as a central point of concourse for the manufacturers and retailers throughout the 
kingdom, that for some centuries it was the greatest fair in England, and especially for 
cloth.&#x2020; So much was the mart indebted to this branch of trade that Fuller, in his 
History of Cambridge University, relates a story that Sturbridge Fair originated with the 
clothiers of Kendal, who first exposed there for sale some cloths which had been 
accidentally wetted on their journey to the South. This anecdote is scouted by a 
subsequent historian of Sturbridge Fair as having been invented only for the ears of silly
rustics: still, if the fair itself was not originated in this way, its great repute for 
cloth may possibly have arisen from some such circumstance.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The staple produce of the Kendal looms was evidently of that 
coarse quality which was required in large quantities for the lower classes of the 
community. We know from various passages of old authors that it was consumed especially by
foresters and countrymen, being so commonly dyed of a green colour, that the name of the 
place was ordinarily used to express that colour.&#x2021; Skelton, in his poem
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; We find, however, no recognition of the above facts in 
Mr. C. Knight's "Pictorial History of England, being a History of the People, as well as a
History of the Kingdom." In a chapter on the "national industry," Vol.ii. p.192. 
edit.1839, it is stated that "When the woollen manfacture first began to assume importance
as the great staple of the nation, it was chiefly carried on in London and the immediate 
neighbourhood, but it soon spread itself into the adjacent counties of Surrey, Kent, 
Essex, Berks, Oxford, and subsequently into Dorset, Wilts, Somerset, Gloucester, and 
Worcester. These were the counties which produced the best wool, and in the imperfect 
state of the means of communication, the manufacture naturally became located within reach
of the raw material. The woollen manufacture <i>had not yet found its way into 
Yorkshire</i>, though in Devonshire, the wool of which was of an inferior description, it 
had existed long before the present period." The "period" intended we understand to be 
that of the kings of the house of Lancaster, commencing in 1399: some time before which, 
in 1336, the weavers of Brabant who had settled in York are mentioned (Rymer's Foedera, 
iv. 723). We may conclude that Anderson and Macpherson, the authorities relied upon for 
commercial matters by the compilers of the Pictorial History, are not very accurate in 
their details of the early annals of the woollen manufacture. Nor do we find on consulting
Mr. Bischoff's History of Wool and the Woollen Manufactures, 1842, 8vo. that either he, or
Smith in his "Memoirs of Wool," has admitted the manufactures of Kendal to their due place
in the subject. There is, however, an agreeable article on Kendal and its Manufactures in 
No.86 of Dickens's Household Words, Nov. 15, 1851: but we apprehend not fully 
authenticated in the early historical details. What is the authority for setting forth 
John Kemp as the founder of the Kendal woollen manufacture?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; A spacious square, formed by some of the largest booths, 
was occupied by woollen-drapers, tailors, and others concerned in the cloth trade; and 
always retained its ancient appellation of the Duddery, which is mentioned in connection 
with a house of lepers called the "Fratres de Sterebridge, ubi nunc domus vetus eo loco 
ubi nunc pars fori lanarii, Angl. <i>the Duddery</i>." (Leland's Collectanea, i. 444, from
the Liber Bernwelensis coenobii.) Carter, who published his short account of 
Cambridgeshire just a hundred years ago (in 1753), after the trade of Sturbridge fair had 
begun to decline, says that 100,000<i>l.</i> worth of wool had been known to be sold in 
less than a week's time in the Duddery.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; In an old poem on the battle of Flodden Field are these 
lines:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>With him the bows of Kendal stout,</Line>
<Line>With milke-white coats and crosses red;</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">upon which Mr. Cornelius Nicholson, in his Annals of Kendal, 8vo. 
1832, p.26, makes
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Nicholson, Cornelius</Keyword> <Keyword>Annals of Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Skelton</Keyword> <Keyword>Bouge of Court</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkeby 
Kendall<Note>Kendal</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal 
green</Keyword> <Keyword>Hall's Chronicle</Keyword> <Keyword>Chronicle, Hall's</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Henry VIII</Keyword> <Keyword>Hood, Robin</Keyword> <Keyword>Huntington, Earl 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Munday, Anthony</Keyword> <Keyword>Robin Hood</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Gad's Hill</Keyword> <Keyword>Falstaff</Keyword> <Keyword>Shakespeare, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Jonson, Ben</Keyword> <Keyword>Underwoods</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hall's Satires</Keyword> <Keyword>Satires, Hall's</Keyword> <Keyword>Saxon 
green</Keyword> <Keyword>woodas</Keyword> <Keyword>sarrat</Keyword> <Keyword>Genista 
tinctora</Keyword> <Keyword>woad</Keyword> <Keyword>Booke of Recorde</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Chapmen, Marchants, and Salters</Keyword> <Keyword>Mercers and Drapers, Linen and
Woollen</Keyword> <Keyword>Shearmen, Fullers, Dyers, and Websters</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Taylors, Imbrodyrers, and Whilters</Keyword> <Keyword>Cordyners, Coblers, and 
Curryers</Keyword> <Keyword>Tanners, Sadlers, and Bridlers</Keyword> <Keyword>Innholders 
and Alehousekeepers and Typlers</Keyword> <Keyword>Butchers and Fishers</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cardmakers and Wyerdrawers</Keyword> <Keyword>Surgeons, Scryvyners, Barners, 
Glovers, Skynners, ... , and Poyntmakers</Keyword> <Keyword>Smyths, Iron and Hardwaremen, 
Armerers, Cutlers, Bowyers, Fletchers, Spuryers, Potters, Panners, Plumbers, Tynkers, 
Pewterers, and Metallers</Keyword> <Keyword>White Hall<Note>Town Hall, 
Kendal</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>White Cloth Hall<Note>Town Hall, Kendal</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Town Hall, Kendal</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.490
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">called the Bouge of Court, when describing the costume of Riot, 
tells us that-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>His cote was checkt with patches rede and blewe,</Line>
<Line>of Kirkeby Kendall was his short demye,</Line>
<Line>And ay he sange, "In fayth, decon thou crewe,"</Line>
<Line>His elbow bare, he ware his gere so nye.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It seems to be doubrful, from the commentators Warton and Dyce, 
what article of dress was designated by the term "demye;" but both agree that by "Kirkeby 
Kendall" in this passage was intended the colour green.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">So too in Hall's Chronicle, where we are told that king Henry 
VIII. with a party of noblemen, "came sodainly in a mornyng into the queen's chamnre, all 
appareled in shorte cotes of Kentish Kendal (<i>a misprint probably for Kirkby Kendal</i>)
... like outlawes, or Robin Hodes men," the allusion is evidently to the same colour.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In later writers it is uaually termed "Kendal green," and it is 
frequently mentioned by our dramatists and poets, being the recognised dress of foresters.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Anthony Munday's play of "Robin Hood, or Robert Earl of 
Huntington," 1601, occurs this passage,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>--- all the woods</Line>
<Line>Are full of outlaws that, in Kendall green,</Line>
<Line>Follow'd the utlaw'd Earl of Huntington.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Falstaff was attacked at Gad's Hill by "three mis-begotten knaves 
in Kendal green," (1st Part of Henry IV. ii. 4); and Ben Jonson in his "Underwoods" 
attires Greenhood
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>--- in Kendal green</Line>
<Line>As in the forest colour seen.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From some lines in Hall's Satires it appears also that this was 
the colour worn by agricultural labourers, as blue was usually that of serving-men:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The sturdy plowman doth the soldier see</Line>
<Line>All scarf'd with pyed colours to the knee</Line>
<Line>Whom Indian pillage hath made fortunate;</Line>
<Line>And now he 'gins to loathe his former state,</Line>
<Line>Now doth he inly scorne <i>his Kendall greene</i></Line>
<Line></Line>
<Line>Hall's Satires, iv. 6, p.76.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The most recent account of the Kendal manufactures is as follows:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This town, nearly as late as the beginning of the last century, 
exported largely of <i>coarse woollens</i> to America, but the machinery in Yorkshire and 
Lancashire (inter alia) have nearly destroyed it (the trade). The <i>Kendal green</i>, 
superseded by the Saxon green,&#x002A; was produced from a plant with a small yellow flour
(sic), and producing, when boled, a beautiful yellow extract provincially known as 
<i>woodas</i> or <i>sarrat</i> (the <i>genista tinctora</i> of Linneaus), and from a blue 
liquor extracted from <i>woad</i>. These <i>cottons</i> (as such coarse woollen were 
called) have yielded to coarser things: floor-cloths, horse-cloths, linseys, and the like.
The manufacture of carpets has recently become popular and flourishing. Hosiery, wool-card
making, and horn-comb making, as trades, still exist to some extent. - Atkinson's Worthies
of Westmoreland, 1851, vol.i. p.32.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The traders of Kendal were formerly associated in twelve free 
companies, which are this enumerated in an ancient "boke of recorde" belonging to the 
corporation of the borough:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. Chapmen, Marchants, and Salters; 2. Mercers and Drapers, Linen 
and Woollen; 3. Shearmen, Fullers, Dyers, and Websters; 4. Taylors, Imbrodyrers, and 
Whilters; 5. Cordyners, Coblers, and Curryers; 6. Tanners, Sadlers, and Bridlers; 7. 
Innholders and Alehousekeepers and Typlers; 8. Butchers and Fishers; 9. Cardmakers and 
Wyerdrawers; 10. Surgeons, Scryvyners, Barners, Glovers, Skynners, ... 
(<i>obliterated</i>), and Poyntmakers; 11. Smyths, Iron and Hardwaremen, Armerers, 
Cutlers, Bowyers, Fletchers, Spuryers, Potters, Panners,
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">this note, with reference to the public room in Kendal, called the
White Hall: "It seems not improbable that White Hall (originally perhaps White Cloth Hall)
has taken its name from the manufacture of milk-white cloth." But this remark is founded 
upon a misapprehension. The old poet was not here describing a colour peculiar to the 
manufacture, or to the archers of Kendale. White coats with St. George's cross were worn 
by all the infantry of our English armies; and the White Coats of London - that is, the 
trained bands of the city - are as often mentioned as any others. Mr. Nicholson repeats 
this misconception in p.203, where he imagines that "spots might be easily, by poetic 
fancy, magnified into crosses red." In correction of this idea it is to be remarked that 
the white coats were not <i>besprinkled with crosses</i>, but every bowman, or soldier, 
exhibited only one cross back and front, displayed upon the whole of his body, as may be 
seen in the illuminations to the manuscripts of Froissart and other old historians.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; This change took place about the year 1770. - Nicholson's
Annals of Kendal.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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  <Keyword>trade</Keyword> <Keyword>Carpenters, Joyners, Masons, Wallers, Slaters, 
Thatchers, Glassers, Paynters, Pleysterers, Dawbers, Pavers, Myllers, and 
Cowpers</Keyword> <Keyword>Moser, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>packhorse</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kendal green</Keyword> <Keyword>trade token</Keyword> <Keyword>Sandes, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal, mayor</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal cottons</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Elephant Yard, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal: Elephant Yard</Keyword> 
<Keyword>mint, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>coining press</Keyword> <Keyword>Sandes Hospital,
Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>school, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Mercer's Company, 
Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Tradesmen's Tokens of Cumberland and Westmoreland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Brockett, William Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>teasel</Keyword> <Keyword>wool 
hook</Keyword>  <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword>  <Keyword>print</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.491
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Plumbers, Tynkers, Pewterers, and Metallers; 12. Carpenters, 
Joyners, Masons, Wallers, Slaters, Thatchers, Glassers, Paynters, Pleysterers, Dawbers, 
Pavers, Myllers, and Cowpers. These incorporated companies gradually became extinct, the 
last of them (the cordyners or Cordwainers) being "broken up" - <i>i.e.</i> dissolved - in
1800, in consequence of one Robert Moser refusing to recognise any legal power in the 
company to impose a fine upon persons, not being freemen, commencing business within the 
borough.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is, in our estimation, something more than an ordinary local
interest in such notices as we have now put together. Not only do the packhorses of Kendal
clothiers again, in our mind's eye, tramp along the highways of Old England, but the 
knaves in Kendal-green again start forth from the wood-side, and the tattered hood of the 
same dye again barely shades the head of the labouring swain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In Kendal itself the townsmen were prosperous in their industry, 
and bountiful in their charity; sometimes laying the foundation of families of landed 
gentry, and sometimes the more lasting structure of an almshouse or hospital. In the 
seventeenth century, like other traders, they felt the want of a currency of small value; 
and it was supplied, partly by the trading companies and partly by individuals, in the 
form of various tokens, of which some eight or ten varieties are known. It is by these 
tokens that our attention has been directed to the ancient manfactures of Kendal,&#x002A; 
to the illustration of which they will be found to lend some further assistance.
</Paragraph>
<References>
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</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. The earliest in point of date is that of "Thomas Sandes of 
Kendal," 1656. The obverse presents the figures of a teasel and a wool-hook; and the 
reverse a wool-comb.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Thomas Sandes, who was mayor of Kendal in 1647-8, made a fortune 
as a manufacturer of "Kendal Cottons." He resided in the front house of the Elephant yard,
(now the Elephant inn, which was rebuilt about thirty years ago,) using the back premises 
as his warehouses. His mint, consisting of two coining presses and other instruments, was 
a few years ago found in making alterations to these premises. He founded, in 1670, Sandes
Hospital in Kendal, endowing it with considerable property for the maintenance and relief 
of eight poor widows, and for the support of a school for poor children until they should 
be fitted for the free school of Kendal or elsewhere. The hospital premises consist of the
master's house, school-house, library, and eight dwellings for the widows, with gardens 
and crofts. He also bequeathed a collection of books, including a valuable series of the 
ancient Fathers of the Church. He died, aged 75, on the 22nd Aug. 1681; and there is a 
handsome monument to his memory in Kendal church. It was originally erected against a 
pillar at the west end of the "aldermen's pew," but was moved last year (1852) in 
consequence of a renovation of the church, to an appropriate position immediately over the
south-west entrance door, in the interior of the edifice.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, 2. in 1657 a farthing token was issued under the name of the
Mercer's Company. On one side it bears their arms, the Virgin's head, - the arms of 
trading companies being the same throughout the country as they were in London. On the 
reverse are the arms displayed by the town (as shown more at large in the woodcut at the 
head of this article), qtrly of teasles and wool-hooks. Above the shield are the letters K
K, for Kirkby Kendal,
</Paragraph>
<References>
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</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">which are placed in like manner on the
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; "The Trademen's Tokens (of the 17th century) of 
Cumberland and Westmoreland. By William Henry Brockett. Gateshead-upon-Tyne, 1853." 8vo. 
pp.14. We are indebted to Mr. Brockett for the loan of the woodcuts which illustrate this 
pamphlet. He had previously published, "The Tokens of Durham and Northumberland. 1851."
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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  <Keyword>trade token</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal, seal</Keyword> <Keyword>charter, 
Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>New Biggin, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Cordwainers 
Company</Keyword> <Keyword>museum, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Natural History Society, 
Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Plat, Oliver</Keyword> <Keyword>Adlington, Edmond</Keyword> 
<Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Dyers Company</Keyword> 
<Keyword>shearman</Keyword> <Keyword>dyer</Keyword> <Keyword>Quakers</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Yealand, Lancashire</Keyword> <Keyword>Higginson, Francis</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>preaching, naked</Keyword> <Keyword>Shearmen 
Company</Keyword> <Keyword>shears</Keyword> <Keyword>Luddites</Keyword> <Keyword>teasel 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.492
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">seal of the town. The seal is of silver, circular, and one inch 
and a half in diameter; it has the date 1576, being the year following that of a charter 
granted to the town by Queen Elizabeth, and its device is a view of the town - the same as
is shown on the annexed shield.
</Paragraph>
<References>
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</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The dies of this token, much worn, were found in 1803, among the 
ruins of the New Biggin, where the company of Cordwainers had their hall, and they are now
in the museum of the Natural History Society in Kendal.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In 1659 two other farthing tokens were issued in Kendal by Oliver 
Plat and Edmond Adlington.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G853E11.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. Oliver Plat was a gentleman of considerable property, both in 
Kendal and its neighbourhood, and lived on his estate at Summer How in Skelsmergh. The 
Rainbow inn in Kendal belonged to him; and an oak table and an oak panel, bearing the 
inscription (boldly carved), "O.P. x E.P. 1638," were discovered when the house was 
rebuilt about twenty-five years ago. Some other articles, bearing the same initials are 
preserved by Mr. John Fisher, jun. of Kendal. Mr. Plat was a Roman Catholic, and hence, 
probably, the use of the Maltese crosses.
</Paragraph>
<References>
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</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. Edmond Adlington displays the arms of the Dyers (as in London 
and elsewhere), Sable, a chevron between three bags of madder argent, corded or. Edmond 
Adlington was sworn as a shearman-dyer in the year 1649, and followed that business in 
1655 and 1657, as evidenced in the corporation books. The family originally from Yealand 
in Lancashire, and carried on business there and at Kendal simultaneously. They were 
Quakers, and tradition says that Edmond was a man of immense bulk, weighing upwards of 24 
stone, and that his wife was of little inferior weight, being upwards of 22 stone. He 
retired, and died, probably at his native place, at a great age. Francis Higginson, vicar 
of Kirkby Stephen, a pamphleteer against the early Quakers in the time of Cromwell, says 
that some of them stood naked upon the market cross on the market days, preaching from 
thence to the people; and particularly mentions the wife of one Edmond Adlington, of 
Kendal, who went naked through the streets there. The initial of the name of this 
over-zealous lady, "in virtue bold," accompanies that of her husband on the token, as we 
often find the case on these coins.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">5. In 1666 the token here figured was issued by the company of 
Shearmen.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename>G853E13.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The two implements it represents are now almost entirely disused, 
having been superseded by machinery, which does the work better and cheaper. The large 
shears were used by the croppers to cut all the long hairs off the cloth; and, unless 
great care and precision were applied, there was danger of cutting the cloth, so that none
but experienced workmen were employed, and they earned great wages. During the Luddite 
riots in the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1812, many of these artisans were implicated, 
some of them having been thrown out of employment by the improvements in manufacture, and 
many by their intemperate habits. The long hairs are now removed by a spiral thread fixed 
on a revolving cylinder, which gives a fine even nap to the cloth. The hand <i>teasel 
brush</i>, which appears on the reverse of the token,
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>trade token</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>teasel brush</Keyword>
<Keyword>teasel</Keyword> <Keyword>Dipsacus fullonum</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilson, 
Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Warde, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkland, Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Nicolson and Burn</Keyword> <Keyword>Blind Beck<Note>3</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Holy Trinity, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>church, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Cocke, 
James</Keyword> <Keyword>Mercer's Company, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal, 
mayor</Keyword> <Keyword>Hudson</Keyword> <Keyword>Butcher's Row, Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kendal: Butcher's Row</Keyword> <Keyword>stained glass</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rowlandson, Richard</Keyword> <Keyword>Grayrigg</Keyword> <Keyword>Lambert Ash, 
Grayrigg</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Lonsdale</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.493
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">was used for brushing the cloth - a brush being held in each hand.
This operation is now also performed by machinery, the teasels being placed in a long, 
narrow iron frame, which is worked by steam-power. The vegetable teasel (<i>Dipsacus 
fullonum</i>) continues still to be used - no artificial brush having yet been found 
better than the natural one.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">6. In the same year a token was issued conjointly by Thomas Wilson
and Thomas Warde of Kirkland. Though
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">there are other Kirklands elsewhere, the arms of the town show 
that the token is rightly assigned to Kirkland in Kendal, which is thus described by 
Nicolson and Burn:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Adjoining to the town of Kendal on the south is <i>Kirkland</i>, 
which is commonly reckoned part of Kendal (it now forms part of both the parliamentary and
municipal borough), but it is a distinct township, separated from the town of Kendal by a 
little brook, which having but a small current, and as it were seeking a passage, is 
called <i>Blindbeck</i>. This place, being out of the mayor's liberty, is much resorted to
by tradesmen that are not free of the corporation. Kendal church stands in Kirkland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Whether Messrs. Wilson and Warde were partners in trade, or merely
joint-issuers of the token, has not been ascertained; but instances of joint-issue by 
neighbours in trade are not unfrequent.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">7. In 1667 James Cocke junior of Kendal issued a halfpenny token, 
ex-
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">hibiting a rebus upon his name.&#x002A; This Mr. Cocke was sworn a
member of the Mercer's Company in 1655, and became mayor of Kendal in 1681. His residence 
was in the Park; and a house which stood on the site of that now occupied by Mr. Hudson, 
druggist, in Butcher's Row, belonged to the family, and before it was rebuilt in 1812, had
the figure of a cock in stained glass in one of its windows.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">8. Richard Rowlandson of Grayrig in Kendal parish issued a 
Halfpenny in 1669. The device is described by Mr. Brockett as "a pair of scales on a 
pedestal," but the pedestal looks exceedingly like a shovel.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Richard Rowlandson was a fellmonger and woolstapler, and lived on
</Paragraph>
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</Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">his own estate at Lambert Ash, Grayrig, where he carried on his 
business. Grayrig is at a few miles distance from Kirkby Kendal; but Rowlandson had a 
branch establishment in the town, and others at Kirkby Stephen and Kirkby Lonsdale. It is 
related that he walked to London and back on business three times, and that he was there 
in the time of the Great Plague of 1665.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This was probably the last Token coined for Kendal, as the tokens 
struck by towns, trading companies, and individual tradesmen, at the period in question, 
"for necessary change," range for about 24 years, that is, from 1648 to 1672, and were 
checked as early as 1669. In that year the citizens of Norwich had a pardon granted them 
for all transgressions, and in particular for their coinage of halfpence and farthings, by
which they had forfeited their charter, all coinage being declared to be the king's 
prerogative.&#x2020; In 1672 all such currency was "cried down" by royal proclamation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The remaining Westmerland tokens described by Mr. Brockett are -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Two for Appleby, 1. the halfpenny
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The obverse is nearly identical with that of the token of
John Cocke of Leeds, the reverse of which is inscribed "William Balley, 1666, a half 
peny." Snelling, fig.12.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Blomefield's History of Norfolk, vol.ii. p.290.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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Apleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Guy, Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby 
Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Merchant Adventurers</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Followfield, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Sanderson, Margre</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.494
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of Christopher Birkbecke (the King's head); and 2. the farthing of
Edward Guy, rev. "I SERVE FOR CHANGE." Both these are dated 1666.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Six for Kirkby Stephen:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. Heart-shaped, with the arms of the Merchant Adventurers. The 
initials are probably W.R.R. not W.H.R. as here engraved.
</Paragraph>
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</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. That of "John Fallowfield and R.P. mercers."
</Paragraph>
<References>
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</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. H.R. 1659. Device, a pair of scales.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. The halfpenny shown above (but KIRBY is spelt in the original 
without the K.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">5. The farthing of "Margre Sanderson;" device, a crown.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">6. Jeoffrey Thompson. Obv. a crown; Rev. a heart pierced with two 
arrows, with an eye above.
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<Keyword>Annals of Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal cottons</Keyword> <Keyword>Kemp, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Flodden Field</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal bowmen</Keyword>
<Keyword>letter of protection</Keyword> <Keyword>Rymer</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Foedera</Keyword>  <Keyword>Flanders</Keyword>  <Keyword>Edward III</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.613
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>weaving</Keyword>  <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Cloth Manufacture, Kendal</Heading>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - You are entitled to many thanks for the interesting 
paper in your last Magazine on the"Ancient Commerce of Westmerland," including the history
of the woollen manufactures of Kendal, yclept Kendal cottons; and, as the whole subject is
capable of much further illustration, I now offer to your notice a few observations. I 
engage with the greater alacrity in an endeavour to elucidate the early history of Kendal 
cottons becauseI am just now gleaning fresh materials for a new edition of my "Annals of 
Kendal."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The two points of interest more immediatley called in question 
are, first, Whether the woollen manufactures were introduced into Kendal so early as 
Edward III.? and how John Kemp is idenitifed therewith? 2ndly. As to the "milk-white 
cloth" worn by the Kendal bow-men at Flodden Field, and the derivation thence of "White 
Hall."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Firstly, You ask on what authority John Kemp is declared to be one
of the founders of the woollen manufactures; and by implication you inquire how I claim 
John Kemp for Kendal when the Pictorial History of England, and some other authorities, 
omit the mention of Kendal altogether?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In regard of John Kemp nothing more can be required than the 
proofs I here forward you in the copy of the "Letter of Protection" granted by King Edward
III. to Johnn Kemp, as translated from Rymer's Foedera, vol.ii. p.823.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">A.D. 1331, 5 Edw. III.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>On behalf of John Kempe, of Flanders, cloth weaver, 
concerning the exercise of his craft.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The king to all bailiffs, &amp;c. whom it may concern, 
greeting. Know ye that whereas John Kempe of Flanders, weaver of woollen cloths, hath come
to dwell within our kingdom of England for the purpose
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  <Keyword>weaver</Keyword> <Keyword>Kemp, John</Keyword> <Keyword>letter of 
protection</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward III</Keyword> <Keyword>dyer</Keyword> 
<Keyword>fuller</Keyword> <Keyword>White Hall<Note>Town Hall, Kendal</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>White Cloth Hall<Note>Town Hall, Kendal</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Town Hall, 
Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Encyclopaedia Londinensis</Keyword> <Keyword>Kemp 
Family</Keyword> <Keyword>woollens</Keyword> <Keyword>Dacre, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Battle of Flodden Field</Keyword> <Keyword>Annals of Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kendal bowmen</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>spotted 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.614
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of practising his craft therein, and of instructing and informing 
such as might desire to learn it of him, and hath brought with him certain men and 
servants, and apprentices to the said trade, we have taken the same John, and his 
aforesaid men, servants, and apprentices, and all his goods and chattels whatsoever, under
our protection, &amp;c. (<i>according to the tenor of similar letters as far as these 
words;</i> viz.) for we promise to cause similar letters of protection to be issued to 
other men of the same craft, and to dyers and fullers, who wish to come from parts beyond 
the seas to dwell within the same our kingdom for the aforesaid object. In witness 
whereof, &amp;c. these letters are to hold good during the King's pleasure. Witness the 
King at Lincoln, the 28th day of July.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Next, as respect John Kemps' <i>locus in quo</i>. I have the 
authority of the Encyclopaedia Londinensis for stating the John Kemp was established in 
Kendal. "where (says the Cyclopaedia, p.725) his descendants still remain, and the woollen
trade is at present carried on." Kemp was a family name in Kendal down to the present 
generation. Then it is to be observed that tradition has always spoken, with the most 
confident tone, of John Kemp's connection with Kendal, and even in cases where history is 
wholly silent tradition is an acknowledged authority. For these reasons I have not 
hesitated to assert that the woollen manufactures were established in Kendal by John Kemp 
temp. Edward III. I have not said that there were not woollen manufactures in the same 
reign (I believe at a later date though) in York,&#x002A; Halifax, &amp;c., but I 
challenge the annalists of these and other towns to set up a better claim to John Kemp 
than I have put forth in favour of Kendal. The art of weaving might be known and 
practised, in a small and rude way, before the 13th century, in some of the towns in 
England; but there could be nothing worthy to be dignified as a manufacture till this 
period; for Fuller, alluding to the time of Edward III. says "Englishmen were then so 
little instructed in the art of cloth-making, they knew no more what to do with their wool
than the sheep that wear it." (Church History, book iii. p.111.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Secondly. With regard to the white coats worn by the Kendal men at
the battle of Flodden Field:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"The left-hand wing, with all his route,</Line>
<Line>The lusty Lord Dacre did lead;</Line>
<Line>With him the bows of Kendale stoute,</Line>
<Line>With <i>milk-white coats</i> and <i>crosses</i> red."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Upon this stanza I had observed, in the "Annals of Kendal," that 
it seemed to me not improbable that the public building called White Hall, in the town of 
Kendal, might have been designated "White Cloth Hall" originally, from the manufacture of 
this white cloth, and so the name afterwards changed to "White Hall." This, you object, is
founded "upon a misapprehension, because the old poet (you say) was not describing a 
colour peculiar to the manufacture or archers of Kendal." My derivation is in no wise 
grounded or dependent upon the white cloth being "peculiar to Kendal." You observe that 
there were also "the white coats of London." So, I answer, there is the White Hall of 
London! And why may not the original of this have been White Cloth Hall, where the white 
cloths for the "trained bands of the City" were made, or more likely only exposed for 
sale? In the town of Leeds there are at this day two Cloth Halls, - a "White Cloth Hall" 
and a "Coloured Cloth Hall," which helps materially, in my humble opinion, to strengthen, 
if not to confirm my case.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Again, I observed, that these white cloths, the Kendal cottons, 
were spotted by hand with colours red, blue, green, &amp;c. and that such spots might 
easily, by poetic fancy, be magnified into "crosses red." This you incline to regard as a 
misconception, "because white coats with St. George's crosses were worn by all the 
infantry of our English army," and "every bowman or soldier exhibited only one cross back 
and front, displayed upon the whole of his body." In reply, I have to observe that it is 
not a matter of controversy but a fact that the early Kendal cottons, made for home 
consumption, were mostly white, and some were spotted red, blue, green, &amp;c. by the 
hand.&#x2020; This species of manufacture was called ermines, or "spotted cottons." I have
an idea (which, however, needs confirmation) that these "spots" might be designed as the 
rude armorial bearings of the different barons, for the purpose of distinguishing their 
respective retainers, and hence, perhaps, a reason for some being spotted red, some blue, 
some green. Well, then, if
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; In respect to York, we append to this communication an 
extract from an Essay by Mr. Davies, the late Town Clerk of that city, giving the most 
authentic information that could be discovered by his well-directed researches. - 
<i>Edit.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Annals of Kendal, p.203.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.615
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">my supposition is correct, these "milk-white cloths" were spotted 
with the local baronial mark. On the other hand your statement may be correct too, the 
white cloths in your case being spotted&#x002A; with the national mark. However this may 
be, you will hardly doubt that the Kendal men were the wearers of the "spotted cottons" 
and the manufacturers of their own wear at the battle of Flodden Field, and that is the 
main point of my history.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CORNELIUS NICHOLSON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Hill, Hornsey, May</i> 23, 1853.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The "crosses of Saint George" were clearly not "spotted" 
or printed on the coats of the soldiery, but formed of red cloth sewn over the white. - 
<i>Edit.</i>
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  <Keyword>19th century, early</Keyword>  <Keyword>1850s</Keyword>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword> <Keyword>Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner</Keyword> 
<Keyword>poet</Keyword> <Keyword>Coleridge, Samuel Taylor</Keyword> <Keyword>Original 
Ancient Mariner, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Paulinus</Keyword> <Keyword>Nola, Bishop 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Ambrose</Keyword> <Keyword>Milan, Archbishop of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Macarius</Keyword> <Keyword>Secundinianus</Keyword> <Keyword>Lucania</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Postumianus</Keyword>  <Keyword>shipwreck</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 2 p.371
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>poem</Keyword>  <Keyword>The Ancient Mariner</Keyword>
</Marginal>
The Ancient Mariner</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">THE ORIGINAL ANCIENT MARINER.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">HOW many readers have been delighted, and we trust improved, by 
the Lay of the Ancient Mariner, we pause not to enquire; but we will venture to say that 
few indeed of those many are aware they are indebted not exclusively for their enjoyment 
to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, but in part also to Paulinus, Bishop of Nola, the secretary of
that great Ambrose, who, in the latter half of the fourth century wore, so proudly and 
manfully, the archepiscopal mitre of Milan. In an epistle of the said Paulinus, addressed 
to Macarius the vice-president of Rome, will be found the origin of that immortal song. 
The epistle takes its origin in the following circumstances. A vessel laden with corn, the
property of one Secundinianus, was driven by stress of weather into harbour on the coast 
of Lucania: the land adjoining to which belonged to Postumianus - a Christian senator. The
factor of Postumianus, looking on the vessel as a wreck, had seized upon the cargo, and 
being summoned before the provincial judge had repelled by force the summoning officers 
and fled to Rome. The letter of Paulinus entreats the vice-prefect to represent the matter
in such a light to Postumianus as would induce him to surrender the cargo without further 
litigation: the ground for claiming this indulgence being the miraculous preservation of 
the vessel from the perils of the ocean - a story probably trumped up by Secundinianus and
the survivor of the crew.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is a story good enough indeed for Secundinianus to relate to 
Paulinus, Paulinus to Macarius, and Macarius to
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Postumianus</Keyword> <Keyword>shipwreck</Keyword> <Keyword>storm</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Paulinus</Keyword>  <Keyword>Valgius</Keyword>  <Keyword>Victor</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 2 p.372
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Postumianus, and for Postumianus on the strength of it to give up 
the wheat which his factor had seized; but though good for these purposes; it will not, we
conceive, gain much belief at the present day. Such as it is, however, it was manifestly 
the origin of Coleridge's Poem, and as such we lay it before the reader without more 
apology.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Last winter the scarcity of corn in Rome was so great that out 
merchants attempted the voyage from Sardinia before the usual season for navigation had 
set in, hoping to supply the wants of the famishing city. A numerous fleet sailed, but 
scarcely had they left harbour, so Secundinianus told me the story, when a violent storm 
arose, that drove the ships back and dashed them on the rocky coast of the island. 
Secundinianus's vessel would have shared their fate, had not the crew thrown out anchors 
that kept it steady for a time, but the storm no what abating, they soon parted their 
cables, and the men, now panic-stricken, let down the life-boat, intending either to carry
out anchors or to excape from the wreck which seemed near impending. The hurricane, 
however, in a moment split their frail bark upon the rocks, and the men lost their lives 
in the waves. One only, an old man who was working at the pump, was left behind, being 
either altogether forgotten or looked on as one whose life or death was of little 
importance. Meanwhile the ship, thus bereft of crew and anchors, drifted out into the open
sea. The old man, who knew nothing of what had happened, felt the vessel pitching and 
rolling, and coming up from the hold found there was no object within view but the sea and
the sky. The feeling of loneliness increased the terror which the perils that surrounded 
him naturally inspired, Six whole days and nights he passed without breaking bread, 
making, as the Psalmist saith, his tears his meat, and longing only for death to close the
dreary scene.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Here we pause to compare the following stanzas from Coleridge:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>But now the North wind came more fierce,</Line>
<Line>There came a tempest strong;</Line>
<Line>And Southward still for days and nights</Line>
<Line>Like chaff we drove along.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Alone, alone - all, all alone,</Line>
<Line>Alone on the wide wide sea:</Line>
<Line>And Christ would take no pity on</Line>
<Line>My soul in agony.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I clos'd my lids, and kept them close,</Line>
<Line>Till the balls like pulses beat;</Line>
<Line>For the sky and the sea, and the sea and the sky,</Line>
<Line>Lay like a load on my weary eye,</Line>
<Line>And the dead were at my feet.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We now resume the narrative of Paulinus.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At length our dear Lord, ever kind and compassionate, not only 
deigned to visit the old man in his misery, but gave him new life with the food of His 
Word. His sufferings were now ended, and blessed was their end; he shed tears as he told 
me how the Lord called him by name, and comforted him; how he bade him lighten the vessel 
by cutting away the mast. This indeed was a task which many strong men could not execute 
without danger to themselves and the vessel, but which he, lonely and weak as he was, and 
strong ony in the Word of God, feared not to undertake. He struck only two blows with his 
axe - blows that were weak enough, as an old man's would be - and the mast fell at once 
quite clear of the vessel, and at some distance off into the sea. After this, whatever 
service was needed, whether to hoist the sails or to work at the pump, the Lord, calling 
him by the name of Victor, would bid him put his hand to the work. And with reference to 
this name of Victor, I must not omit to state that among the ineffable mercies which the 
Lord heaped upon him, it was not the least, that He gave him a name to be sealed with in 
his New Birth - a name by which he is now known not only amongst men but amongst men but 
amongst angels - for his heathen appelation being Valgius, he has now the name of Victor 
from the Lord, being a Victor in the Lord, who made him by His Grace victorious by sea 
over shipwreck and tempest, and by land over Sin and the Devil. Wonderful indeed were the 
steadfastness and loving mercy of Jesus. If at any time the old man was sluggish in rising
to his duties, he would first tap him gently with his hand, (molli manu ante praepalpans) 
then softly pluck his ear,&#x002A; fearing lest He should alarm him by waking him on the 
sudden.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; This was a not unusual way of calling a person's 
attention among the Romans. Thus Virgil, in the Bucolics,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Cynthius aurem</Line>
<Line>Vellit et admonuit.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And Milton, imitating him, in Lycidas,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Phoebus replied, and touched our trembling ears.</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Keyword>lighthouse</Keyword> <Keyword>Campania</Keyword> <Keyword>Luciana</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sicily</Keyword> <Keyword>Africa</Keyword> <Keyword>Nola</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 2 p.373
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Thus tenderly summoned, the mariner would rouse himself, but 
scarce could he leap forward when he saw that angelic hands were about his task. No sooner
did he touch a rope than the sail ran along the yard, and stood swelling out, the mizzen 
was set and the ship made way. If at any time again the vessel took in water, the old man 
needed only once or twice to raise the handle of the pump and no longer did any trace of 
moisture remain on the planks, and nothing was left for the mariner to do but sit admiring
while his labour was forestalled by invisible hands. Perhaps though I am wrong in calling 
those hands invisible whose works were so manifestly visible. Sometimes indeed it was 
vouchsafed him to behold an armed band - one may suppose of heavenly soldiers - who kept 
their watches on the deck and acted in all points as seamen. What crew indeed but a crew 
of angels was worthy to work that vessel which was streered by the Pilot of the world? At 
the helm sat our dear Lord, one while, as described in the Apocalypse, with his hair white
as snow and his eyes as a flame of fire, and another while wearing the venerable aspect of
His friend and Confessor Felix,&#x002A; our patron saint. What wonderful good fortune was 
that old man's ill fortune! in the place of his mates he had for a companion the Martyr of
the Lord, or the Lord of the Martyr. Tears of joy ran down his cheeks while he told me 
how, reclining at his feet, he dared to lay his head on those divine knees, and felt his 
hair scented by that divine breath.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Here Paulinus at some length points out how the goodness of God 
was displayed in each incident of this transaction; fortifying and illustrating his 
argument, as he proceeds, with numerous passages from the Scriptures. We take the 
opposrtunity to bring forward other passages from Coleridge:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The helmsman steer'd: the ship mov'd on:</Line>
<Line>Yet never a breeze upblew:</Line>
<Line>The mariners all 'gan work the ropes</Line>
<Line>When they were wont to do.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Twas not these souls that fled in pain</Line>
<Line>Which to their corses came again,</Line>
<Line>But a troop of spirits blest.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Till noon we silently sail'd on,</Line>
<Line>Yet never a breeze did breathe;</Line>
<Line>Slowly and smoothly went the ship,</Line>
<Line>Mov'd onward from beneath.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To return once more to the narrative of Paulinus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Devious was the course of that vessel, driven by tempests from sea
to sea. First it drew near the Imperial City, where the lighthouse at the harbour caught 
the wanderer's eye; next, ran along the coast of Campania; then, seized by a whirlwind, 
was carried across to the African shore. There another whirlwind caught it and bore it 
back to the Sicilian coast, where the sea is made rough and boisterous by the numerous 
islands. Those waters indeed are dangerous even for ships steered by the most able pilots;
yet this vessel, undirected save by the Holy Spirit, avoided every shoal and quicksand, 
and kept to the deep water, skilfully choosing each needful turn and winding. At length, 
after twenty-three days, by God's good grace, it made an end of its perilous course on the
Lucanian shore. When now near to land the Eternal Lord did not again neglect to display 
His enduring mercies. Inspired by Him, some fishermen put forth from land; they were in 
two small boats, and seeing the ship in the offing, were in the utmost terror and 
attempted to fly, for it looked, as they afterwards said, just like a ship of war. With 
loud and repeated shouts the old man called them back; they took counsel with each other, 
and, the Lord inspiring them, they understood they might approach the vessel without fear.
When they came alongside, though the old man assured them there were no soldiers on board,
they would not believe him, and at last hardly credited the evidence of their own eyes. He
set before them a breakfast which, at the Lord's bidding, he had prepared long before; 
besides which he presented them with a great many loaves, the provision of the men who 
were drowned. The fishermen took these gifts very kindly, and in requital of the favour 
towed it in triumph into the harbour, as if it were returning from a conflict with wind 
and wave, and had its prow wreathed with the garlands of victory.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We here bring forward the parallel stanzas:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>O dream of joy! is this indeed</Line>
<Line>The light-house top I see?</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I turned my eyes upon the deck,</Line>
<Line>O, Christ! what saw I there?</Line>
<Line>Each corse lay flat, lifeless and flat;</Line>
<Line>And, by the holy rood!</Line>
<Line>A man all light, a seraph-man,</Line>
<Line>On every corse there stood.</Line>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Not far from Nola was the tomb of the Confessor and 
Martyr Felix, over which a church had been built, with a few cells attached; one of these 
cells formed the abode of Paulinus, and here he afterwards joined by Macarius, to whom 
this Epistle was addressed.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 2 p.374
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>This seraph-band, each waved his hand,</Line>
<Line>It was a heavenly sight;</Line>
<Line>They stood as signals to the land,</Line>
<Line>Each one a lovely light.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>But soon I heard the dash of oars,</Line>
<Line>I heard the pilot's cheer;</Line>
<Line>My head was turn'd perforce away,</Line>
<Line>And I saw a boat appear.</Line>
<Line>The pilot and the pilot's boy,</Line>
<Line>I heard them coming fast.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A; &#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>The skiff-boat near'd, I heard them talk:</Line>
<Line>"Why, this is strange, I trow!</Line>
<Line>Where are those lights, so many and fair,</Line>
<Line>That signal made but now?"</Line>
<Line>"Strange, by my faith!" the Hermit said,</Line>
<Line>"And they answered not our cheer."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We think we have sufficiantly made out our assertion that the 
secretary of Ambrose has afforded no small assistance to the English bard. The leading 
idea - that the duty of treating animals with humanity - Coleridge has indeed drawn from 
some other source, but for the circumstances he seems to have been almost entirely 
indebted to the Bishop of Nola. With respect to the epistle itself, what influence it had 
upon the person to whom it was addressed, whether it induced him to intercede with 
Postumianus, and, if so, what were the results of his intercession, we have now no means 
of knowing; but, whatever its success, regarding it merely as containing the germ of a 
poem elevated in sentiment and forcible in expression, we have no reason to regret that 
the wanderings and adventures of the aged Valgius gave an hour's occupation to the learned
pen of the devout Paulinus.
</Paragraph>
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<Date>1853</Date>
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and</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Roman Wall<Note>Hadrian's Wall</Note></Keyword>
<Keyword>Clayton, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Borcovicus<Note>roman fort, 
Housesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Housesteads</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Amboglanne<Note>roman fort, Birdoswald</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Bremneium<Note>roman fort, High Rochester</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, High Rochester</Keyword> <Keyword>Glaford-Potter</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cohors I Aelia Dacorum</Keyword> <Keyword>Milecastle 37, Northumberland</Keyword>

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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 2 p.391
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Carlisle Cathedral, Restoration</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Tenders for the restoration of <i>Carlisle Cathedral</i> have been
received from four competitors. Messrs. Dove and Vasey, for 11,631<i>l.</i> 7<i>s.</i> 
7<i>d.</i> were the successful parties, their offer being 5,000<i>l.</i> below the 
highest. The alterations contemplated are extensive. The groined ceiling of the choir is 
to be removed, and the ancient circular ceiling restored. This alteration alone will cost 
about 1,000<i>l.</i> The window in the north transept is to be replaced by one in harmony 
with the style of the building. The present entrance from Castle-street will be closed, 
and a main doorway made in the south transept, facing the abbey. The removal of houses in 
front of the large east window will afford space for an ornamental entrance; but this is 
not included in the specifications. The eastern window is to be taken down and restored, 
and the flat roof of the transept will be removed. The ground surrounding the cathedral is
to be lowered. these alterations are to be completed in three years, the service going on 
without interruption. <i>Builder.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Excavations on The Wall</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">New discoveries are continually being made along the line of 
<i>the Roman Wall</i>. Housesteads (Borcovicus) is being gradually laid open by the 
workmen of its proprietor, Mr. John Clayton, to whose good taste and liberality the 
remains of this and other stations owe their preservation. The gate-ways and 
guard-chambers are remarkably well preserved, and the whole of the interior is a mass of 
ruins which only require very slight excavation, for the foundations are solid, and reach 
almost to the present surface of the soil. A castellum (or mile-castle as they are called)
to the west of Borcovicus is also under process of excavation. It presents some very 
interesting features. On the north it is bounded by the great Wall itself, and through it 
was a wide entrace opening upon a narrow platform of the precipitous crag over which the 
wall runs. In after-times this opening was narrowed by inserted walls, and the level of 
the floor was raised. A similar continuance is noticed at Housesteads and at Birdoswald. 
Birdoswald (Amboglanna), under the auspices of Mr. Glasford-Potter, is also disclosing its
long-concealed treasures, among the last of which was a valuable inscription recording the
cohort of Dacians, surnamed, from Hadrian, the AElian. The excavations at High Rochester 
(Bremenium) are at present suspended.
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<Title>Gents Mag 1854 part 1 p.512</Title>
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Antiquaries</Keyword> <Keyword>Bede</Keyword> <Keyword>Guest, Augustus, Dr</Keyword> 
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Cathedral</Keyword>
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Fresco of St Cuthbert, Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>March</i> 30. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Augustus Guest, F.S.A. communicated an account which he had 
recieved from Mr. C. H. Purday, accompanying a drawing of a fresco recently discovered on 
the north-east pier of the central tower of Carlisle cathedral. Dr. Guest suggested that 
this painting was intended to represent an incident in the life of St. Cuthbert as related
by Beda, where the death of St. Aidan was revealed to the holy man while tending his 
flocks. This explanation, however, was not considered satisfactory, inasmuch as there is 
no flock represented in the picture. At the head of the sleeper are two horned animals, 
seated in something like heraldic postures. The Almighty is appearing to him, and an 
angle, now partially obliterated, is making some direct communication to his ears.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">...
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1855 part 1 p.51
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</Marginal>
Statue, William Wordsworth</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">A pleasing statue of <i>Wordsworth</i>, by Thrupp, has been 
erected in the Baptistry of Westminster Abbey. The poet is represented in a loose 
classical robe, sitting on a mossy bank, and has a very characteristic aspect. The 
monument is next to that of Secretary Craggs, the friend of Pope and Addison.
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  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>M'Lachlan</Keyword> <Keyword>Celts</Keyword> <Keyword>Britons</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1855 part 1 p.65
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Hadrian's Wall, Carlisle</Heading>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF NEWCASTLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 4. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Bruce stated the substance of a further communication from Mr.
M'Lachlan as to the recent discoveries at Carlisle in connection with the Roman Wall, 
giving rise to a surmise that possibly the traces had been detected of works constructed 
by the Celtic predecessors of the Britons. ...
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Sir John Barrow Monument</Heading>
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<Keyword>Staunton, George, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Dragley Beck, Ulverston</Keyword> 
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  <Keyword>Sir John Barrow Monument</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE BARROW MONUMENT,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">ON THE HILL OF HOAD, ULVERSTON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">(<i>With a Plate.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, THE name of the late Sir John Barrow will ever occupy an 
honourable place in the list of those highly gifted men of whom England is justly proud, 
and who, by their original genius and energetic minds, have, in their different walks of 
life, rendered eminent services to their country.As a public officer, as an author, and as
a Qtrly Reviewer, he is equally memorable among the foremost of his contemporaries.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the time of his death, which occurred on the 23d Nov. 1848, a 
memoir appeared in The Times from the pen of his friend Sir George Staunton, which was 
transferred to the pages of our Obituary, and will be found in our magazine for January 
1849. As there stated, Sir John Barrow was born in 1764 in a small cottage at the village 
of Dragleybeck, near Ulverston, in the extreme north of Lancashire, which cottage had been
in his mother's family for nearly 200 years. He received his early education in the Town 
Bank Grammar School at Ulverston, and ever cherished an affectionate regard for the town: 
not have the townsmen forgotten the honour which his name reflects upon it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Shortly after his death, his friends determined to raise a public 
monument to his memory, and the Hill of Hoad, near Ulverston, was fixed upon for its 
erection. The site was selected by Captain Washington, R.N., and approved by Sir Francis 
Beaufort, the Hydrographer of the Admiralty, as also by Trinity House; and the
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<Keyword>lime mortar</Keyword> <Keyword>lighthouse</Keyword> <Keyword>Eddystone 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1855 part 1 p.144
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Trustees of the Town Lands, and Mr. Postlethwaite, (the Lessee,) 
gave their willing consent, - the latter gentelman allowing free access to the Tower at 
all times, and obligingly taking it under his own charge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The first stone was laid, in the presence of 8000 people, on the 
15th May, 1850, and the Tower completed at the close of the same year. The following 
description of the structure was written by Mr. Andrew Trimen, its architect:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The plan of the tower is circular, with a spreading base, the 
general form being similar to that of the Eddystone; the lantern however in this case is 
of the same material as the general structure, and forms a consistent architectural 
feature.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The structure is based on the solid limestone rock, of which the 
Hoad Hill is composed, and which was found immediately under the turf at the summit. The 
ring immediately above the surface is 150 feet in circuit, being wrought in stone, and 
forming a set-off or base, two feet in width, from which the surrounding panorama, one of 
the most beautiful in England, may be contemplated in all directions. The thickness of the
wall, at the surface, is twelve feet six inches, intersected with a dry chamber five feet 
at the base. The wall diminishes in thickness from twelve feet six inches to two feet at 
the cornice, which is wrought of massive limestone. The whole of the lantern and the dome 
is formed of the same material, being wrought within and without. The steps of the door, 
and window jambs, the several rings of set-offs, are all in the durable wrought limestone 
of the neighbourhood. The general walling is in the same stone, and hammered to a 
sufficiently correct form. The lime of the mortar is from the same material, and set so 
hard, that, as the whole is compactly built (every stone being completely bedded in the 
mortar, and every joint completely flushed or filled,) in a short time the walls, it is 
expected, will form one thickness, of a most strong and lasting character.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Probably no stone and mortar with which we are acquainted is 
better calculated to resist all influences of weather than that of Furness, and this 
monument, we trust, bids fair to stand as lasting a record as any in the island of an 
event of the age.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The interior is approached from due south by a wide flight of 
steps, on the right of which will be observed the "First Stone," with its inscription:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>ON THE 15TH MAY, A.D. 1850,</Line>
<Line>IN THE 13TH YEAR OF THE REIGN OF</Line>
<Line>HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY, QUEEN VICTORIA, SIR GEORGE BARROW, BART.</Line>
<Line>AND JOHN BARROW, ESQ. F.R.S.</Line>
<Line>DEPOSITED THIS STONE TO RECORD THE</Line>
<Line>COMMENCEMENT OF THE</Line>
<Line>TESTIMONIAL TO THE LATE SIR JOHN BARROW, BART.</Line>
<Line>ANDREW TRIMEN, ARCHITECT.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Over the entrance door are cut in bold relief the words:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>IN HONOUR OF</Line>
<Line>SIR JOHN BARROW, BART.</Line>
<Line>ERECTED A.D. 1850.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The saloon, or principal floor, is elevated about seven feet from 
the hill, thus furnishing a basement beneath. This apartment is eighteen feet nine inches 
in diameter, having deeply recessed windows to the cardinal points, the view from each of 
which can be scarcely equalled, either for sublimity or variety of beauty. A stove and 
range are formed in the recess of the west window.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Iron girders form the skeletons of the several floors, so that the
whole may be fireproof. The lantern is gained by a solid flight of stone stairs, protected
by an ornamental iron balustrade, cast on the spot from the valuable ore procured from the
base of Hoad. The pattern is of the fifteenth century, each exhibiting the initials J. B. 
The visitor, while winding the surface of the interior of the cone, is cheered by an 
occasional peep from the several windows with which the sides are pierced, and reminded of
the reward of the beautiful prospect that awaits him at the summit.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The interior of the lantern is nine feet four inches in diameter, 
and perforated with eight circular openings: the same number of pilasters support the 
entablature and dome; around the interior are graven the words <i>Soli Deo Gloria</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A flag-staff of due proportions is fixed from the lantern, from 
which the flag of the nation, (a line-of-battle ship's Union Jack, presented by the Lords 
of the Admiralty, as a mark of their respect to the memory of Sir John Barrow,) wafted by 
his native mountain breezes, will announce to generations yet unborn that the day of birth
of true greatness excites a na-
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Family</Keyword> <Keyword>motto</Keyword> <Keyword>parum sufficit</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Young</Keyword> <Keyword>station, Hoad Hill</Keyword> 
<Keyword>lightning</Keyword> <Keyword>lightning conductor</Keyword> <Keyword>Harris, 
William Snow, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Royal Navy</Keyword> <Keyword>Trinity House</Keyword>
<Keyword>Peel, Robert, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Melville, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Minto, 
Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Graham, James, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Cockburn, George, 
Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Parker, William, Admiral Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Gage, William Hall,
Admiral Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Beaufort, Francis, Admiral Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Croker, J
W</Keyword> <Keyword>Howe, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Haddington, Earl of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Northampton, Marquis of</Keyword> <Keyword>Burlington, Earl of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Franklin, John, Captain Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Beechey, Captain</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Barrow, Lady</Keyword> <Keyword>Barrow, George, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Barrow, 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[na]tion's joy, while that of his death is felt with a nation's 
regret; and the tower beneath will, it is to be hoped, stand as a monument of the events 
of a life passed in the service of his country, and extending over every hemisphere, 
honoured and appreciated by all classes of his fellows.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To this we may add that the armorial bearings of the family have 
lately been placed above the doorway, beatifully sculpted in bold relief by Mr. Young of 
Ulverston; who has also executed a handsome centre stone in the ceiling of the lower 
apartment, of a rich rose pattern, with this motto round the outer circle -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>VIVAT POST FUNERA VIRTUS.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Over the arched windows of the same apartment the family crest - a
squirrel cracking a nut - with the appropriate motto PARUM SUFFICIT, richly sculpted by 
the same clever hand, will not escape the notice of visitors.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The tower stands at the very entrance of the mountain range of 
Westmerland and Cumberland. To the north, the large form of Coniston Old Man appears, 
lifting his pointed peak into the sky; while around him on either hand, but at a greater 
distance, the mountains of Westmerland and Cumberland - a banded brotherhood - stretch 
their vast proportions over many miles of the distant landscape. Nearer at hand are hills 
of inferior altitude, between which, like opening vistas into fairy land, the eye runs up 
long defiles, catching in its course the smile of many white-washed cottages, standing in 
the midst of pleasant meadows and verdant valleys. To the east, appear the waters of the 
Bay of Morecambe, confined between the shores at Greenodd on the one hand, and the Cartmel
chain of hills on the other, the opposite shore fringed with trees - a glorious mirror 
with a foliated frame; while on the south, the waters of the same bay gleam over an ampler
area, between indented shores, and bordered by luxuriant meadows, like the queen of beauty
with a zone of emeralds, its shining surface reflecting a lustre as unspotted and 
untarnished as the silver shield of Oberon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The cost of building the Tower by the original contract was 
800<i>l.</i>; but including the expenses incurred on the day of its foundation, and other 
incidental charges, the total outlay hasexceeded 1200<i>l.</i>&#x002A; The injury it 
sustained from lightning before a month had elapsed from the removal of the scaffolding, 
occasioned an expense of 136<i>l.</i> for repairs. Directions had been given by the 
Committee two months before for fitting one of Sir Wm. Snow Harris's Lightning Conductors;
but the order had not been carried out. At that season of the year (January) no risk was 
suspected: but the event proved otherwise, and may serve as a caution in similar 
undertakings, to provide temporary conductors during the progress of buildings so much 
exposed to injury. Since the lightning conductor has been fixed no damage has happened, 
although the lightning has been frequently seen to play around the Tower, and little fear 
need now be felt for its security, whilst protected with one of those simple contrivances,
the general introduction of which into the Royal Navy Sir John Barrow at all times most 
strongly advocated.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; The sum of 100<i>l.</i> was contributed towards the cost 
of the Monument by the Corporation of Trinty House. Among the subscribers were, The Queen 
Dowager 25<i>l.</i>; Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Peel 10<i>l.</i>; Lrd Viscount Melville 
20<i>l.</i>; the Earl of Minto 10<i>l.</i>; Rt. Hon. Sir James Graham 10<i>l.</i> 
10<i>s.</i>; Rt. Hon. Sir George Cockburn 10<i>l.</i>; Adm. Sir Wm. Parker 20<i>l.</i>; 
Adm. Sir W. H. Gage 10<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i>; Adm. Sir Francis Beaufort 10<i>l.</i>; Rt. 
Hon. J. W. Croker 10<i>l.</i>; the Earl of Howe 25<i>l.</i>; the Earl of Haddington 
20<i>l.</i>; the Marquis of Northampton 10<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i>; the Earl of Burlington 
20<i>l.</i>; Capt. Sir John Franklin (through Lady Franklin) 25<i>l.</i>; Capt. Beechey 
5<i>l.</i>; Lady Barrow, 50<i>l.</i>; Sir George Barrow 50<i>l.</i>; John Barrow, esq. 
F.R.S. 82<i>l.</i>; Miss Barrow 35<i>l.</i> &amp;c. &amp;c.
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Historical Sketch of Carlisle Cathedral</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>An Historical Sketch of Carlisle Cathedral. A Lecture delivered
at the Carlisle Mechanics' institution, Jan.</i> 9, 1855. <i>By the Very Rev. A. C. Tait, 
D.C.L. Dean of Carlisle.</i> - In the present day the devoted student of archaeology meets
with many encouragements which were denied his less favoured predecessors of former 
generations. His pusuits are no longer despised by the supercilious scholar and 
consequently no longer ridiculed by the
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Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Somerset House, London</Keyword> <Keyword>Arnold, Thomas, 
Dr</Keyword>  <Keyword>Christian</Keyword>  <Keyword>stained glass</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1855 part 1 p.282
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<Paragraph rend="quote">frivolous multitude. The antiquary, having taken courage, and 
ventured forth from his cell in Somerset House, finds himself courteously received in all 
the provinces, where well-educated men of every class co-operate with him to the best of 
their power, expressing their sense of the merits and utility of his pursuits, and only 
lamenting their own comparative inexperience of his peculiar lines of study. This honour 
has he received a hundred times during the last few years, from men of talent and 
judgment, as well as rank and education; and the result has been to the mutual advantage 
and pleasure of those who have thus overcome unreasonable distastes and antipathies. In 
some cases men of accomplished scholarship, though not hitherto versed in archaeological 
enquiries, have been tempted themselves to embark on the illustration of our national 
antiquities, and have at once discovered in their pursuit a greater interest than they 
have previously suspected. In the present instance, we have the late learned Master of 
Rugby coming forward to instruct the townsmen of Carlisle upon the historical antiquities 
of their ancient church and town, disclaiming at the outset any pretensions to adequate 
architectural knowledge of his subject, or sufficient antiquarian research, and yet 
producing a composition which will diffuse instructive information, and cherish a just 
appreciation of the treasures of antiquity, more efficiently than many a strictly 
professional dissertation, because offered in an attractive form, and from an authority to
which all would be predisposed to listen and pay respect. Important repairs are now in 
progress in the cathedral church of Carlisle, under the superintendence of Mr. Christian; 
and any proceeds that may arise from the sale of the present Lecture will be appropriated 
to stained glass for the windows. It presents an interesting review of the early history 
of the North, particularly in the time of our Norman kings, connecting the progress and 
influence of public events with the rise and increase of the city and church of Carlisle.
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<Keyword>Egfrid, King of Northumberland</Keyword>  <Keyword>roman finds</Keyword>
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Cross, Carlisle Cathedral</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The Dean of Carlisle communicated the recent discovery of part of 
an ancient cross, or head-stone, built into the wall and brought to light during the works
now in progress at Carlisle Cathedral. A representation of this interesting relique was 
sent by Mr. Purday, the clerk of the works, and he stated that it had been found in the 
walls of the south transept, and had probably been placed there about the year 1300. It 
has been supposed that this cross, which is rudely formed and of singular fashion, may be 
assigned to the period when the Cathedral was rebuilt by Egfrid king of Northumberland, in
the seventh century. Several objects of the Roman age have been discovered during the 
restoration now in progress at Carlisle Cathedral. An historical sketch of that ancient 
fabric has been lately published by the Dean.
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  <Keyword>Maughan, John</Keyword> <Keyword>runes</Keyword> <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross, 
Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>lichen</Keyword> 
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Runes, Bewcastle Cross</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Rev. J. Maugham, of Bewcastle, sent careful drawings of the 
richly sculptured cross at that place, with a memoir on the Runes inscribed upon it, 
hitherto wholly unexplained, and now in great part legible through the results of an 
ingenious process long carried on under his care, in order to detach the lichens with 
which the stone is encrusted.
</Paragraph>
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Saxon Coins, Scotby</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">In draining some fields at Scotby, near Carlisle, a number of 
<i>Saxon coins</i> and some bars of silver have recently been found, together with an iron
instrument of the shape of a small billhook. The coins are in an excellent state of 
preservation, and their examination will probably afford some information to numismatists.
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classification</Keyword>  <Keyword>author</Keyword>  <Keyword>press mark</Keyword>
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</Marginal>
British Library Documentation</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">There is a previous note 1855 part 2, pp.157-159 to which this is 
an answer; which is not transcribed.
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G855B158.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G855B159.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">REMARKS ON THE MUSEUM CATALOGUES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - As to the proposal of a General Catalogue of Printed 
Books in the British Museum, arranged according to subject, it is confessedly a most 
desirable addition to the New Reading Room. But there appear to me to be several serious 
difficulties attending its accomplishment.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I. The Catalogues are various:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">1. <i>The General Printed Catalogue, with MS. Additions.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This is arranged, like all the others, under the names both of 
authors and subjects. Thus many subjects will be found without the name of the author, as 
is the case of hundreds of pamphlets during the 17th and 18th centuries, when it was 
inexpedient and even dangerous to give a name. They are chiefly political and theological.
Here also will be found the immense collection of pamphlets, sermons, broadsides, &amp;c. 
written and collected during the Civil Wars, from 1640 to 1660, and commonly known, though
erroneously, under the title of "The King's Pamphlets." These are arranged in this 
catalogue under both author and subject. Thus a battle or event at Bath will be found 
under <i>Bath</i>, and again perhaps under the name of the General who commanded at it. 
Again, the biographical particulars relative to Burton and his works will be found under 
<i>Burton</i>. Some others perhaps under <i>Anglia, Ecclesia, Parliament</i>, or 
<i>Carolus I</i>. This Catalogue has a distinct set of press-marks,, (sic) by which alone 
the books can be found.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">2. <i>The New General MS. Catalogue.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Bound in blue, with general divisions of subject, - as <i>Biblia, 
Great Britain, Periodical Publications</i>, &amp;c. With indexes to the several general 
divisions. This has only been commenced within the last few years, and is a decided 
improvement on the former Catalogue. It is continually increasing. This is also 
distinguished by a distinct set of press-marks.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">3. <i>The King's Library Catalogue.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This has a distinct set of press-marks. Tickets should be headed 
"King's Library."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">4. <i>The Grenville Library Catalogue.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This is in two parts, and has numerous manuscript additions. Both 
parts are required for reference. This has a distinct set of press-marks. Tickets should 
be headed "Grenville Library."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">5. <i>The King's Pamphlets Catalogue.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This is in manuscript, and recently made. The collection consists 
of the pamphlets which belonged to the library of George III. and came into the Museum 
with the "King's Library," but were kept separate, and never catalogued till recently. 
They have a separate set of press-marks. Tickets should be headed "King's Pamphlets."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now here several difficulties present themselves:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By what means could a Catalogue ac-
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Bell, E G, Dr</PersonName>
<PersonName>EGB</PersonName>
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>catalogue</Keyword> <Keyword>documentation</Keyword> <Keyword>British 
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classification</Keyword> <Keyword>author</Keyword> <Keyword>press mark</Keyword> 
<Keyword>title</Keyword> <Keyword>collection name</Keyword> <Keyword>subject 
termlist</Keyword> <Keyword>Watt</Keyword> <Keyword>Bibliotheca Britannica</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Encyclopedia Metropolitana</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1855 part 2 p.277
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[ac]cording to <i>subject</i> be constructed; which should 
distinguish:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>1. Subject and title, without author's name.</Line>
<Line>2. Subject and title, with author's name.</Line>
<Line>3. The collection, library, and catalogue in which the book is to be found. If more 
than one, which they are.</Line>
<Line>4. The various press-marks of the several catalogues where the book is to be 
found.</Line>
<Line>5. The heading required for the ticket.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Watt, in the construction of his Bibliotheca Britannica, found the
first and second of these difficulties, and it led him to the expedient of his two volumes
of Subjects, and his page-numbers and letters of reference to his two volumes of Authors.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This was the only plan which could be pursued; but he had to deal 
with a General Catalogue. Here, however, we have to deal with five distinct and separate 
Catalogues of as many separate and distinct libraries or collections, kept thus distinct 
by the wills of the donors; and which, therefore, cannot be combined into one collection, 
of which a general catalogue, either of subjects or authors, or both, might be made. Hence
the necessity of a separate set of press-marks for each catalogue, and the advantage to 
the reader in heading the ticket with the name of the library where the book is to be 
found, in saving of time in the search for it; since the ticket will immediately go to the
library to which it belongs. This especially concerns particular editions; since that 
required may exist in only one out of five libraries.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I have purposely omitted to notice the Folio Catalogue, Letter A, 
printed in 1841, as it was a confessed failure, and is never used.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It appears to me that there is no way out of this difficulty, 
except it be one too complicated for popular use. For example, take the subject of 
<i>Agriculture</i>. Suppose a reader to require the same book by the same author, with or 
without a name, but of various editions. He would have to make out tickets with different 
press-marks, from a general catalogue of subjects, each of which must be distinguished by 
some mark, initials, or name, for the several libraries in which they are to be found. Now
this would only add to his embarrassment; and yet, as the Museum Library is arranged, it 
would be unavoidable.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As to the general arrangement of subjects in such a Catalogue, 
that of the Encyclopedia Metropolitana might be adopted, which is accessible to all, and 
the divisions might be printed on a guide board, and hung up on the wall over the 
catalogues.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>General Catalogue according to Subject.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Having now stated what I conceive would be the difficulties of the
undertaking, I shall proceed to consider more in detail the desiderata of readers, and 
what means there are under existing circumstance of satisfying these demands.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Though the readers at the Museum are so numerous, they may be 
divided into two grand classes: 1. Literary; 2. Scientific. Some, and perhaps many, attend
simply for amusement, but for such the Institution was not <i>originally</i> intended, I 
therefore omit them in my enumeration.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. <i>Literary</i>. These are of various kinds, and they demand a 
supply of books of several descriptions in all languages and of all dates. History, 
Chronology, Geography, Biography, Topography, Voyages and Travels, Belles Lettres, Poetry,
Biblical Literature, and an ample stock of Maps, Plans, Prints, Dictionaries, and 
Grammars.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. <i>Scientific</i>. These again require books in all langauges 
and of all dates, on every branch of science, even to the most minute discoveries of 
modern date. To these will have to be added all periodical Scientific Publications, 
British or Foreign, with Scientific Biography, and a large supply of Plates, Drawings, 
Music, and Dictionaries.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Catalogue to satisfy these demands.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. in its first grand division it should be literary, and 
classified in something like the departments I here enumerated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. It must be in manuscript, to admit of daily accruing additions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. Each separate subject should have one or more volumes devoted 
to it. This is already partly done in the new manuscript catalogue, which may remain as it
is at present; but additional volumes would have to be formed from the contents of other 
catalogues, in the same manner, and their contents entered into the general indexes 
already existing.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">4. A printed guide board should be attached to this division, 
stating the several volumes in which the departments would be found. Thus:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Division I. ... Vols. Suppose.</Line>
<Line>LITERATURE.</Line>
<Line>History ... 1 - 5</Line>
<Line>Chronology ... 5 - 7</Line>
<Line>Geography ... 7 - 10</Line>
<Line>Biography ... 10 - 13</Line>
<Line>Topography ... 13 - 16</Line>
<Line>Voyages and Travels ... 16 - 20</Line>
<Line>Belles Lettres ... 20 - 26</Line>
<Line>Poetry ... 26 - 30</Line>
<Line>Biblical Literature ... 30 - 36</Line>
<Line>Maps and Plans ... 36 - 39</Line>
<Line>Prints ... 39 - 42</Line>
<Line>Dictionaries .. 42 - 44</Line>
<Line>Grammars ... 44 - 50</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1855 part 2 p.278
</Paragraph>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G855B278.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This appears a large Catalogue, but it will be found rather under 
than over the number required.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The board should be printed in large captials, for distant view; 
under it should be placed a date box, with moveable cards.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. E.G.B.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE LIBRARY CATALOGUES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - I think that the change of the present Alphabetical 
Catalogue at the British Museum for a Classified one, as proposed by Dr. Bell in your last
agazine, is one that ought to be considered with great care and much deliberation before 
it is put into execution. If I understand Dr. Bell's letter, he proposes that a classified
catalogue should entirely superseded the present one. Now, although I consider that a good
catalogue, on the plan suggested by Dr. Bell, would be a very acceptable acquisition to 
the Reading Room, and much desired by many readers, yet I believe the majority of thoses 
who frequent the Museum would prefer the catalogues at present in use to those arranged by
classification of subjects.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Bell lays some stress upon the difficulty experienced by a 
person searching for a book by an auther of whose name he knows only the pronunciation, 
and not the orthography. But in a classified index a difficulty occurs as great, if not 
greater, than this, for many works bear titles so at variance with their contents, that a 
person knowing the title, but not the nature of the work, would be utterly at a loss in 
searching a classified catalogue.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Most frequenters of the Museum, who are engaged in genealogical 
and biographical pursuits, are continually looking for works published by a particular 
author; but if those works are upon various subjects, of which the inquirer is ignorant, 
it is vain to endeavour to discover them in any catalogue compiled on any system other 
than the alphabetical.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. N.R.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
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  <Keyword>personalia</Keyword>  <Keyword>Parr</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>biography</Keyword> <Keyword>Parr, Catherine</Keyword> <Keyword>Scrope, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Borough, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Latimer, Neville, Lord</Keyword> 
<Keyword>needlework</Keyword> <Keyword>Seymour, Thomas, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry 
VIII</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1855 part 2 p.455
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Katherine Parr</Keyword>  <Keyword>biography</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Biography, Katherine Parr</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">KATHARINE PARR was the wife of many husbands. She was a learned 
young lady, with some sprinkling of royal blood in her; and was wooed by Lord Scrope, 
married to Lord Borough, and became a widow before she had completed her fifteenth year. 
Neville lord Latimer admired her, her understanding, and her needlework, and forthwith 
espoused her, to speedily leave her again a widow. The handsome Sir Thomas Seymour, most 
gallant of admirals, next offered himself for the acceptance of this accomplished young 
lady, but his pretensions were set aside by the irresistible courtship of a king who had 
divorced two wives, beheaded two more, and killed a fifth by his cruelty. She had no 
choice, but to take thankfully the terrible gift imposed upon her; and Katharine became 
the last and the luckiest, and perhaps the wisest of the wives of Henry. She was a tender 
mother to his children, an incomparable nurse to himself, and was so esteemed by him that 
she only <i>nearly</i> lost her head. She had touched upon religious questions, and 
probably, had the king not recollected that it would be difficult for him to find her 
match at rubbing in lotion, all her submissiveness would not have saved her from the 
scaffold. What a happy woman she must have been when she again became a widow, and her old
lover, Seymour, once more came with the offer of his hand. Katharine accepted it because 
she thought that
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Thomas, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Cheyne Walk, London</Keyword> <Keyword>Protector 
Somerset</Keyword> <Keyword>Somerset, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Somerset, Duchess 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Seymour, Lady</Keyword> <Keyword>Elizabeth, Princess</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Elizabeth I</Keyword> <Keyword>Grey, Jane, Lady</Keyword> <Keyword>Sudeley 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">there was not only a hand but a heart in it. What a jovial wooing 
must that have been when Seymour hurried down to Katharine's suburban palace on Cheyne 
Walk, Chelsea, and beneath the trees in the secluded garden there persuaded her that he 
had remained a bachelor for her sake, and induced her to consent to wed him, before her 
royal husband was well buried at Windsor! The lovers had to keep the matter secret for a 
good half-year. At the end of that time, weary, perhaps, of the little restraint which 
they were compelled to observe, Seymour addressed a note to the Princess Mary, praying for
permission to wed with the queen-dowager. Mary replied with a fair admixture of dignity, 
satire, and good humour. She affected to believe that interference in such matters little 
became her as a maiden; presumed to imagine that Katharine herself might have too lively a
recollection of whose spouse she had been, to care to wed with an inferior mate; and 
finally left the enamoured pair to follow their own inclinations, as she very well knew 
that had alrready done, with her blessing or good wishes upon any conclusion which they 
might honestly arrive at. The private marriage was soon after made public, and Seymour, 
with his fine person, heavy embroidery, and light head, had no further occasion to creep 
to the postern at Chelsea by sunrise, and leave it again, all his day's wooing completed, 
by seven o'clock P.M.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The marriage was not a happy one; and the first trouble was about 
money. The Protector Somerset, brother of Seymour, withheld the ex-queen's jewels, and 
sub-let her lands, to the great disgust of the bridegroom, who, with marital complacency, 
looked upon these things as his own. Further, Katharine was made to feel her altered 
condition by the proud Duchess of Somerset, who refused any longer to bear the train of 
one who was now only her sister-in-law, wife of her husband's younger brother. The haughty
duchess talked of teaching "Lady Seymour" better manners, and, in short, the two ladies 
kept up so unwearied a quarrel that all people prophesied that ill would come of it. The 
brothers themselves were at as bitter antagonism as their wives.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was not a very godly house which Katharine kept at Chelsea; but
this circumstance was not exactly Katharine's fault. She had resident with her the 
Princess Elizabeth, then a lively young lady in her sixteenth year. At first, the ex-queen
encouraged her husband to rather boisterous play with that by no means reluctant young 
lady. But she grew jealous as she found the play running to extremities which she had not 
contemplated. From romping in the garden, the admiral and Elizabeth got to romping and 
hiding in the house. Thus we hear of tickling-matches and a world of consequent laughter 
and screaming. Seymour grew so fond of this sport that he would rush into Elizabeth's 
sleeping-chamber ere she had risen, tickle her till she was speechless, and then kiss her 
to keep her from complaining. Occasionally she would conceal herself, or her attendants 
would remonstrate, whereupon he would revenge himself by chasing, tickling, and embracing 
the maids. Altogether, such a household was a scandal to Chelsea, and Katharine did well 
when she got rid of Elizabeth, and, with Lady Jane Grey in her company, went down to 
Gloucestershire to inhabit Sudeley Castle. Her chief occupations here were in making 
splendid preparations for the little heir that had been promised her by the star-readers, 
and in observing a grave demeanour. She had prayers twice a-day, to the great disgust of 
her husband, whose union with her in this respect was as ill-assorted as would have been a
marriage between Lord Chesterfield and Lady Huntingdon. While Parkhurst was reading 
prayers, Seymour was winking at the dairy-maids, and poor Katharine was sorely vexed at 
the ungodliness of her mate. At length a girl was born, shaming the sooth-sayers, and 
bringing death to her mother. The mother left all that she possessed to her very graceless
spouse, with some hints, natural to a wife who had been so tried, that such generosity on 
her part was more than he deserved. And so ended the year-and-a-half's unqeened condition 
of Katharine Parr. In another half-year the admiral himself had passed under the axe of 
the executioner, his
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Thomas, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Somerset, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Latimer</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Edward VI</Keyword> <Keyword>Seymour, Mary</Keyword> <Keyword>Bushel, Edward, 
Sir</Keyword>  <Keyword>ivy</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1855 part 2 p.457
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<Paragraph rend="quote">brother the Protector having driven him thereto under the double 
persuasion that Seymour was a very bad man, and that Somerset was virtuous enough to be 
his heir. Latimer appears to have thought so too, for he said as much, or rather much 
more, in a sermon before King Edward, for which he has been censured by Milton and Miss 
Strickland, each of whom seems to have forgotten that Seymour was the greatest libertine 
in England, and that Latimer had good ground for the hard truths uttered by him.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Let me add a word of little Mary Seymour, the only child of 
Katharine and the admiral. By her mother's forgetfulness and her father's treason, the 
poor, tender orphan found herself stripped of her inheritance. Her relatives, however, 
exhibited a great alacrity, not to serve her, but to cast the little burthen each upon the
other. The only reluctance they felt was in extending charity to her. She was grudgingly 
entertained by a harsh grandmother, and was scurvily treated by a close-fisted uncle. But,
amid the trials of a gloomy youth-time, the little bud went on growing into full bloom, 
till finally attracting the eyes and affections of one who cared for her far more than any
kinsman, the daughter of Queen Katharine married a Sir Edward Bushel, and settled quietly 
down (we hope) a happy country lady. The grave of her mother at Sudeley has been disturbed
more than once; but Death has conferred upon the unconscious queen a crown of his own - 
and yet, not Death, but Life. The irresistable ivy has penetrated into the royal coffin, 
and wound a verdant coronet about the brows of her who sleeps therein.
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>Diocese of Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Society of Antiquaries of 
Newcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Hinde, John Hodgson</Keyword> <Keyword>Whittingham, 
Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Corbridge, Northumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Newcastle 
upon Tyne, Northumberland</Keyword>
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Diocese of Carlisle, Northumbrian Property</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Societies of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Nov.</i> 7. The Chairman, John Hodgson Hinde,esq. laid before 
the members a transcript of returns of Dean and Chapter property belonging to the diocese 
of Carlisle in Whittingham, Corbridge, and Newcastle, made in the year 1654. ...
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Runes, Carlisle Cathedral</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Charlton then read a paper on the Runic Inscriptions from 
Carlisle and Falstone. Introducing his subject he noticed the paucity of Runic 
inscriptions in Britain, although many parts of the island were long under Scandinavian 
rule. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... Dr. Charlton next took up the Runic inscription recently found
in Carlisle cathedral, surrounded by marks of the working masons. ... The Carlisle 
inscription is pure Scandinavian - one of the few Norse records that have been discovered 
in the island. ... In the present year, upon an ordinary wall-stone inside of the west 
wall of the south transept of Carlisle cathedral, near to the S.W. angle, and about three 
feet above the floor, was discovered, by Mr. C. H. Purday, the intelligent clerk of the 
works now in progress, the inscription already mentioned. It had been covered over with 
plaster and white-wash; and to this, in all probability, it owes its present state of 
preservation - for the letters are but faintly scratched with a tool. The words appear to 
be - "TOLF(O)HN(AR) RAITA THEKSI RUNR A THISI STAIN" (the letters between parentheses 
being doubtful). No proper name, known to Dr. Charlton, answers to
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1855 part 2 p.633
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the first word, or any part of it; and perhaps no name is 
intended; but, in allusion to the masons' marks around the inscription, some waggish 
workmen, using characters not commonly understood, may have inscribed - "Tolf (twelve) 
ohnar (idlers) cut these marks on these stones." And yet, in that case, the last word 
should be plural, stainr, and not stain; but such violations of grammar are not uncommon 
in Runes. The inscriber of the puzzle may have come from the Isle of Man; for it is to 
this period (the tenth and eleventh centuries) that the inscriptions now existing there, 
in Scandinavian Runes, are referred by Professor Munsch.
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Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Maiden Way</Keyword> <Keyword>Maughan, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cyneburga, Queen of Northumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Haigh, Daniel</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Alcfrith, King of Northumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Roetbert</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Oswy, King of Northumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>St Oswald, King of 
Northumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Penda</Keyword> <Keyword>Peada</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Northumbria</Keyword>  <Keyword>Mercia</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross</Keyword>  <Keyword>runes</Keyword>
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Runes, Bewcastle Cross</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Charlton then read a paper "On the Runic Inscription on the 
Cross at Bewcastle." This cross stands on the line of the celebrated Roman road, the 
Maiden Way, in the wastes of Cumberland, near the Borders, and is about 14 1/2 feet high, 
and 21 inches square at the base, tapering upwards to about 15 inches square at the top. 
At the summit is a socket in which a cross was doubtless placed. The pillar bears on its 
four faces various figures and ornaments (as may be seen engraved in Lyson's Cumberland), 
and also inscriptions in Runes. The first notice of this relic of antiquity appears in 
Camden, two centuries and a half ago; and various attempts have since been made, from time
to time, to decipher the inscription - one of the latest being that of the zealous 
incumbent of Bewcastle, Mr. Maughan. Having, with great care, cleansed the stone of its 
lichens and moss, Mr. Maughan took careful casts of the characters, and communicated 
copies to several archaeologists; amogst others, to the Rev. Daniel Haigh, of Erdington, 
near Birmingham. On the north side of the cross is inscribed, very plainly, "Kyniburuk," 
or Cyneburg, the name of a queen of Northumbria, being the wife of Alchfrid son of Oswiu 
king of Northumberland. On the western face, the inscription, as deciphered, is - THIS 
SIGBECUN SETTAE HWAETRED, WITGAER, FELWOLD, &amp; ROETBERT, UMAE KYNING ALCFRITHAE 
GEBIDAED HISSUM SAULA - intimating that the four persons first named had set up this cross
to king Alcfrith, and requested prayers for his soul. Roetbert is commemorated in the 
Falstone inscription [Northumberland] as dead. Here he is named, with three other 
"thegns," as raising a stone to the memory of the good king Alcfrith, eldest son of Oswy, 
who succeeded St. Oswald, as king of Northumbria, in 643. Alcfrith, or Alchfrid, married 
Cyneburg, daughter of Penda, the pagan king of Mercia. Oswy and Alcfrid were zealous 
Christians; and to the influence of the latter was owing the conversion of Peada, son of 
Penda, and eventually that of the Mercians or Middle Angles. ... Not to follow Dr. 
Charlton into the controversies of Oswy and Alcfrid ... we return to the Runes. Mr. 
Haigh's interpretation of the inscription on the western face - (which, however, he gives 
subject to correction, his opinion being that the characters may not, all of them, have 
been accurately deciphered) - is remarkably confirmed by the occurence of Cyneburga on the
cross, as read by Mr. Smith and others some years ago. On the south face is a Runic 
inscription, interpreted by Mr. Haigh - OSWU KYNING ELT - or Oswy the king. "Elt" may 
possibly refer to his being the elder (or head) of the family. This inscription confirms 
the supposition that the cross was reared in the lifetime of Oswy. No prayers being asked 
for the souls of Oswy and Cyneburga, as for the soul of Alcfrid, it may be inferred they 
are still living. If so, the memorial must have been erected between 644, when we last 
hear of Alchfrid, and 670, when Oswy died; and we have then a good date for fixing the age
of the Falstone inscription, and of the many similar crosses which have escaped the 
ravages of time and man in the remote districts of Cumberland. In a note to his paper, Dr.
Charlton refers to a new version of the Bewcastle inscription, published by Mr. Maughan in
December, viz. - This sigbeacthon saetta Hwaetred, Withgar, Allewolthu, aft Alcfrithu, ean
Kunig eak Oswiuing. Igebid heo sinna sawhual, <i>i.e.</i> "Hwaetred, Withgar, and Alfwold,
erected this little beacon in memory of Alcfrid, at one time king with, and son of, Oswy. 
Pray for them, their sins and their soulds." The Doctor thinks the version of Mr. Haigh 
the more probable of the two, and nearer the truth.
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</Marginal>
Carlisle Cathedral, Restoration</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Notes of the Month</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Some differences of opinion having been entertained as to the best
manner of redecorating the waggon-roof of <i>Carlisle Cathedral</i>, it was at length 
determined to call in the advice of Mr. Owen Jones. Accordingly that gentleman visited 
Carlisle, and has sent in his recommendations, which have been adopted. The panels are to 
have a groundwork of bright azure, powdered with gold stars; the ribs and bosses are to be
painted various colours, red, blue, &amp;c. and the coats of arms and other armorial 
bearings accurately restored; the angles which surround the cornice are to be gilded and 
coloured, and the large angels on the hammer-beams are
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<Paragraph rend="quote">to be treated in a similar manner. When completed, there will be 
nothing in this country that will exceed it for elegance and beauty. The cost will not be 
less than 700<i>l.</i> or 800<i>l.</i> The restoration of the other portions of the 
cathedral is progressing rapidly, and it is expected that before the close of the year the
service of the Church of England will be resumed within its walls. A new organ will be 
placed in the gallery at the end of the choir, where the old one stood.
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Canterbury</Keyword> <Keyword>Dugdale, William, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Dryburgh Abbey, 
Yorkshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Barony of Burgh</Keyword> <Keyword>Stanley, Arthur 
Penrhyn</Keyword>  <Keyword>Scotland, Constable of</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1856 part 1 p.380
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Morville Family</Keyword>  <Keyword>Hugh de Morville</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Hugh de Morville, the Morville Family</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE FAMILY OF MORVILLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - A little work has recently fallen my way, entitled 
"Memorials of Canterbury," containing, amongst other matters, an account of the martyrdom 
of Archbishop Becket, afterwards called Saint Thomas of Canterbury, with some particulars 
of his murderers, amongst the rest Hugh de Morville.&#x002A; I think the author will feel 
obliged to me for pointing out in your pages an error into which, following in the steps 
of Dugdale and others, he has fallen.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He states correctly enough that Hugh de Morville the murderer must
not be counfounded with his namesake, the founder of Dryburgh Abbey; but he is himself led
into the mistake of confounding him with another namesake, who held the barony of Burgh, 
in Cumberland, as late as the reign of king John.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I wish to point out that there were <i>three</i> individuals of 
this name -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. Hugh de Morville, Constable of Scotland, who founded Dryburgh 
Abbey, and
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Our correspondent refers to the highly interesting volume
by the Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, which is doubtless already well known to many of our 
readers.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Annals of Melrose</Keyword> <Keyword>Stuteville, Helwise de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scotland, Constable of</Keyword> <Keyword>Burgh, Lord of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cumberland, David Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>David, King of Scots</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Inquisitio Davidis</Keyword> <Keyword>Diocese of Glasgow</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Huntingdonshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Northamptonshire</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Rutland</Keyword> <Keyword>Danegeld</Keyword> <Keyword>Stephen</Keyword> 
<Keyword>hostage</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumin, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Durham, Bishop 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Morville, Richard de</Keyword> <Keyword>Henry II</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Boroughbridge</Keyword> <Keyword>Knaresborough</Keyword> <Keyword>Memorials of 
Canterbury</Keyword> <Keyword>Holy Land</Keyword> <Keyword>Crusades</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Morville, Simon de</Keyword> <Keyword>Engaigne, Ebria</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Engaigne, Ranulph</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland, Forester of</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1856 part 1 p.381
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">whose death is recorded in the Annals of Melrose A.D. 1162.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. Hugh de Morville, who was implicated in the murder of Becket 
A.D. 1170.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. Hugh de Morville, Lord of Burgh, and the husband of Helwise de 
Stuteville.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following notices of each of these parties, from authentic 
records, will substantiate and illustrate the above statement:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. Hugh de Morville was attached to the court of David Earl of 
Cumberland, before the latter succeeded to the crown of Scotland. We find his name as 
witness to the celebrated "Inquisitio Davidis," relating to the property of the see of 
Glasgow, as early as the year 1116. In 1131 we find his name amongst the landed 
proprietors of the counties of Huntingdon, Northampton, and Rutland, who were excused from
the payment of Danegeld. In each of these counties his master, David, King of Scotland, 
was also possessed of property, and in each case the name of Hugh de Morville immediately 
follows that of King David in the Pipe Rolls of the above year.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the establishment of peace between David and King Stephen in 
1139, the sons of five Scotch Earls were given the former as hostages for the observance 
of the treaty, amongst whom is mentioned a son of Hugh de Morville.&#x002A; Hugh assisted 
David in the following year in his unsuccessful attempt to impose on the church of Durham 
a Scotch clerk, William Cumin, as Bishop.&#x2020; From this period till his death his name
occurs only as a witness to charters, in his signature to which he describes himself as 
Constable. In this high office he was succeeded by his son Richard de Morville.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">2. The second Hugh de Morville was probably a son of the first, 
although this cannot be stated with certainty. On the early part of the reign of Henry II.
he was the possessor of the honour of Westmerland. This was in the hands of David King of 
Scotland during the reign of Stephen, as a member of the earldom of Carlisle, which was 
not restored to the English crown till the third of Henry II.&#x2021; As there is no trace
of any grant of Westmerland to Hugh de Morville after this date, it is probable that he 
derived his title from a grant of David; and of this the presumption is much stronger, if 
he was, as suggested, the son of one of the chief officers of the Scotch crown. He seems 
however from the very first to have stood equally high in the favour of Henry, from whom, 
in the fourth year of his reign, he had a grant of manors of Boroughbridge and 
Knaresborough.&#x00A7; In the sixteenth of the same reign he was a justice itinerant in 
the northern counties;&#x2016; this was in 1170, before the close of which year he was 
implicated in the murder of Becket. It was not till three years later that (sic) 
Westmerland was seized into the hands of the crown.&#x00B6; The author of the "Memorials 
of Canterbury" discredits the concurrent statement of the biographers of Becket, that 
<i>three</i> of his murderers perished in the Holy Land within three years of his death, 
chiefly on the ground that Hugh de Morville was living and in favour at court in the reign
of King John. The fallacy of this assumption has already been pointed out; but we may 
further direct attention to the singular confirmation here furnished to the narrative of 
the old biographers. They tell us that Morville did not survive his crime three years, and
precisely at that interval we see the crown taking possession of his escheated estates.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. Hugh de Morville the third was the grandson of Simon de 
Morville, which Simon was the contemporary of the second Hugh, and not improbably his 
brother. In the fourth of Henry II. (the very year in which Hugh had the grant of 
Knaresborough) Simon became possessed of the barony of Burgh in right of his wife Ebria, 
the daughter of Ranulph Engaigne.&#x002A;&#x002A;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Of Hugh de Morville the grandson we have no notice till the 6th of
Richard, when he succeeded in establishing his right to the forestership of Cumberland, as
appertaining to his barony of Burgh, under a grant of Ranulph de Meschines to Turgis 
Brundis, the ancestor of Ranulph Engaigne.&#x2020;&#x2020;
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The family of Morville, although thus influential at so early a 
period, does not occur under this surname in Domesday Book. Turning, however, to the 
Domesday account of Morville in Shropshire we find that Richard, the Constable of the Earl
of Shrewsbury, held two knight's fees there. There can be little doubt that this Richard 
was the princeps familiae, and that his descendants, among whom Richard was a family name,
adopted, as
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A; Richard of Hexham.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020; Continuation of Symeon's History of Church of Durham.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2021; Pipe Roll, Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x00A7; Pipe Roll, Yorkshire.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2016; Pipe Roll, Northumberland and Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x00B6; Pipe Roll, Westmerland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x002A;&#x002A; Pipe Roll, Cumberland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">&#x2020;&#x2020; Pipe Roll, Cumberland; Testa de Nevill.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1856 part 1 p.382
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856A382.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">was usual, the local designation of De Morville.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the Pipe Roll of the 31st of Henry I. besides Hugh we meet with
the names of Herbert, Guher, and William de Morville. Herbert was forester in the district
between the Ribble and the Mersey, Guher held lands in Surrey, and William in Devonshire. 
From one of the Scotch charters&#x002A; above referred to it appears that Hugh de Morville
had a brother William.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yours, &amp;c. I. H. H.
</Paragraph>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>Haigh, Daniel Henry</Keyword> 
<Keyword>runes</Keyword> <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>On the 
Inscribed Cross at Bewcastle in Cumberland</Keyword> <Keyword>Society of Antiquaries of 
Newcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>language</Keyword> <Keyword>Anglo Saxon</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Early English</Keyword> <Keyword>plague</Keyword> <Keyword>Hwaetred</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Roetbert</Keyword> <Keyword>Alcfride, King of Northumbria</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Oswy, King of Northumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Oswiu the Bretwalda</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Riemmelth</Keyword> <Keyword>Rum</Keyword> <Keyword>Eanflaed</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Edwin</Keyword> <Keyword>Whitelyne Common, Bewcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Long Bar,
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1856 part 1 p.407
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Bewcastle Cross</Keyword>  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Inscriptions, Bewcastle Cross</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>March</i> 5. A paper was contributed by the Rev. Daniel H. 
Haigh, of Erdington, "On the Inscribed Cross at Bewcastle in Cumberland," - a four-sided 
column, about 14 1/2 feet high, tapering gently from its base to the top. As a monument of
our language, it is positively the very earliest we have of Anglo-Saxon times; and it 
belongs to a class of mounuments of which very few now remain - the memorials of the kings
of England anterior to the Norman Conquest. Moreover, the inscription derives additinal 
interest from the fact that the king whom it commorates played a most important part in 
the ecclesiastical transactions of his age. In the inscriptions on the stone, the name of 
our Saviour, Jesus Christ, appears in a Latin form,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>GESSUS</Line>
<Line>CRISTTVS</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">as it was only from missionaries, to whom the Latin language was 
as their mother tongue, that His name became known to our Saxon forefathers. The other 
inscriptions are in the early Saxon dialect of Northumbria. An inscription, in nine lines,
on the western face, commemorates the personages to whose memory the monument was 
erected:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>+ THIS SIGBEC</Line>
<Line>VNSETTAE H</Line>
<Line>WAETRED EOM</Line>
<Line>GAER FLWOLD</Line>
<Line>V ROETBERT</Line>
<Line>YMB CYNING</Line>
<Line>A;CFRIDAE G</Line>
<Line>ICEGAED HE</Line>
<Line>OSVM SAWLVM</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This inscription, like others of the same class and age, resolves 
itself into couplets of Alliterative verse, thus
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>This sigbecun</Line>
<Line>Settae Hwaetred</Line>
<Line>Eom gaer felwold</Line>
<Line>Ymb Roetbert</Line>
<Line>Ymb Cyning Alcfride</Line>
<Line>Gicegaed heosum sawlum.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">(This memorial set Hwaetred, in the great pestilence year, to 
Roetbert, to King Alcfride. Pray for their souls.) The letters LW in the fourth line may 
possibly be AEB. If so the meaning of EOM GAERFAE BOLD may be "also carved this building."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the southern face these names occur each in a single line -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>CRIST</Line>
<Line>EANFLAED CYNGN</Line>
<Line>ECGFRID CYNING CYNIBVRVG CYNGN</Line>
<Line>OSWV CYNING ELT</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And on the following -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>GESSV</Line>
<Line>OSLAAC CYNING</Line>
<Line>WILFRID PREAST R</Line>
<Line>CYNIBVRVG</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Alchfrid was the eldest son of King Oswiu the Bretwalda, by his 
first wife Riemmelth the daughter of Rum - his second being Eanflaed, daughter of Edwin. 
While yet these inscriptions were a mystery, the tradition of the country, now confirmed, 
declared that a king was buried at Bewcastle. The same tradition points out the locality 
from which the stone was taken; and here, again, it is verified by a fact. On White Lyne 
Common, about five miles from Bewcastle, near the centre of a ridge of rocks called the 
Langbar, a stone is still lying, the very counterpart of of this monument, 15 feet in 
length, and of the same hard white freestone, marked with spots of grey, which is found at
the Langbar, and the adjacent rocks on the south side of the White Lyne river, and in no 
other part of the district. This stone shows most distinctly, on its western side (which 
is much fresher than the others), the marks of the chisel which were used in splitting the
block when the monument
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Northumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Cyneburga, Queen of Northumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Oswy, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1856 part 1 p.408
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">was taken from it which now stands in Bewcastle churchyard. (Rev. 
J. Maughan.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Soon after their marriage, the "Alcfrith" and "Cyneburga" of the 
monument agreed to live together as brother and sister; and she gathered round her many 
young women, of noble as well as plebeian rank, who regarded her as their spiritual 
mother. "Oswu cyning elt" (Oswiu King the elder), father of Alcfrid, succeeded S. Oswald 
in 642. In many respects a good king, his memory is stained with the murder of S. Oswin, 
who had governed the provinceof Deira for seven yeras, in 650. By Oswiu's persuassions, 
Sigebert, King of the East Saxons, was converted to Christianity, and baptised at 
Walbottle, A.D. 654. "Eanflaed Cyngn," also named on the column, was the second wife of 
Oswiu, and the early patroness of St. Wilfrid - the "Wilfrid preaster" of the stone. 
"Ecgfrid cyning," son of Oswiu, appears to have borne the title of king in the lifetime of
his father - to whose throne he succeeded in 670, and ruled one of the largest and most 
powerful kingdoms in the heptarchy. Of "Oslaac cyning," whose name is written on the 
monument, we have but one notice in history. Under the year 617, the Saxon Chronicle names
him as an AEtheling driven out by Edwin, after his victory over Ethelfrid. Thus, as in a 
Saxon charter, after the act of donation, we have the names, in order of their dignity, of
the witnesses thereto, so here, on the funeral monument of King Alcfrid, after the 
inscription to his memory, we have the names of those who, we may believe, assisted at his
obsequies - his father Oswiu, his mother-in-law Queen Eanfled, his widow Cyneburga, his 
uncle Oslac, his brother Ecgfrid, and his chaplain Wilfrid, bishop-elect of York; and, 
above them all, the holy name of Jesus, reminding us of that beautiful prayer which is to 
be found in some ancient liturgies:- "Almighty and everlasting God, who hast created and 
redeemed us, mercifully regard our prayers, that, Thy grace being poured into our hearts, 
we may rejoice that our names are written in heaven beneath the glorious name of Jesus, 
the head of the book of eternal predestination, through the same Jesus Christ out Lord."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>coin</Keyword> <Keyword>Cockermouth Castle, Cockermouth</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Northumberland, Duke of</Keyword>  <Keyword>Charles I</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1856 part 1 p.505
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Cockermouth Castle</Keyword>  <Keyword>coin</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Coin, Cockermouth Castle</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="large">G856A505.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Bruce, on the part of His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, 
presented to the society a copper coin, intended to serve as the representative of 
half-a-crown, and issued to replenish the ebbing exchequer of Charles the First. The piece
was found at Cockermouth Castle.
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Parker, J H</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1856</Date>
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</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>licence to crenellate</Keyword> <Keyword>patent rolls</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castles, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>buildings, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Houses 
of the Middle Ages</Keyword> <Keyword>Domestic Architecture of the Middle Ages in 
England</Keyword> <Keyword>patent rolls</Keyword> <Keyword>Tower of London, 
London</Keyword> <Keyword>Hardy, Duftus</Keyword> <Keyword>Glossary of 
Architecture</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1856 part 2 p.207
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>domestic architecture</Keyword>  <Keyword>licence to crenellate</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Licences to Crenellate</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B207.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">HOUSES OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - You are doubtless aware that I have been for some 
years engaged upon a work on the "Domestic Architecture of the Middle Ages in England," of
which a portion has already appeared; and as I belive that your readers are as much 
interested in this subject as myself, I have no scruple in asking your assistance in 
rendering my work as complete and as accurate as possible. With that view, most important 
information is to be obtained from the Licences to Crenallate, as few houses of any 
consequence were built in those days without being fortified, and that could not be done 
without a licence from the suzerain. All such licences granted by the crown in England in 
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, are recorded in the Patent Rolls preserved in the 
Tower of London; and as but little reliance can be placed on the printed copy of those 
Rolls for such a purpose, where minute accuracy is necessary, I applied to Mr. Duffus 
Hardy, the Deputy-keeper of the Records in the Tower, and he very obligingly employed 
competent persons, accustomed to the reading of these Roles, to make out for me a complete
list of all such licences as occur in them. This list I now beg you to present to your 
readers, and ask them to give me such information as the local knowledge of each enables 
him to supply, as to what remains there are still existing of any of these houses; or if 
there are no remains, what vestigesthere are to mark the spot where the house formerly 
stood. I believe that in almost every instance, it will be found on investigation, that 
some traces exist - either the moat or the mound; or in cases where the site has been 
built upon, the name has most commonly been preserved. In some instances, I know that the 
houses remain almost entire, and of course the date of the licence to fortify it gives us 
within a very few years the exact date of the building. This is of great assistance in the
history of architecture, and may in some instances enable us to correct erroneous notions,
and shew that the changes of style began to take place at an earlier period than is 
commonly supposed. I have not, however, at present found any instances in which the actual
date has differed materially from that which I should have assigned to it from the style 
alone, or such as I have already assigned to similar buildings in the "Glossary of 
Architecture."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Your obedient servant,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>J. H. PARKER.</Line>
<Line><i>Oxford, July,</i> 1856.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">P.S. - I have already obtained information respecting a few of 
these houses, but hope now to be able to carry on the investigation more thoroughly, and 
purpose devoting a part of my time during the summer months to seeing such examples as 
appear to be most worthy of notice. I have added a few short notices respecting some of 
these houses, and it would be easy to enlarge them, but I fear that the bare list of 
licences will occupy more of your valuable space than you may be willing or able 
coveniently to spare. I shall be glad to know from any of your learned readers whether the
variations of form which occur in the Rolls, such as <i>manerium, mansum manerii</i>, 
&amp;c., imply any different kind of house of greater or less importance, or are mere 
variations of the scribe, and therefore not worth notice<sup>a</sup>.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>a</sup> A Survey of old houses which still exist, or an 
account of what remains of any others, will be most useful; and we shall be glad to find 
that Mr. Parker's appeal to our readers meets with a ready response. - ED.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<PersonName>Parker, J H</PersonName>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>licence to crenellate</Keyword> <Keyword>patent rolls</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castles, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>buildings, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Brun, 
Ricardus le</Keyword> <Keyword>Drumburgh Castle, Drumburgh</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Drumburgh</Keyword> <Keyword>Dacre, Willielmus de</Keyword> <Keyword>Dunmalloght Castle, 
Dacre</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Dacre</Keyword> <Keyword>Tylliol, Robertus de</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scaleby Castle, Scaleby</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Scaleby</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Edward II</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1856 part 2 pp.208-215
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">Only buildings in Westmorland, Cumberland, etc are transcribed from
the pages of lists.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B208.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B209.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B210.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B211.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B212.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B213.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B214.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B215.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">LICENCES TO CRENELLATE GRANTED BY
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">KING HENRY III. A.D. 1256. Oct. 28. 1272. Nov. 16.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">EDWARD I. A.D. 1272. Nov. 20. 1307. July 7.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">EDWARD II. A.D. 1307. July 8. 1327. Jan. 20.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Anno Regni.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. Ricardus le Brun <i>mansum suum</i> Drombogh in marchia Scotiae
... Cumbr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. Willielmus de Dacre <i>mansum suum</i> Dunmalloght in marchia 
Scotiae ... Cumbr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1. Robertus de Tylliol <i>mansum suum</i> Scaleby, in marchia 
Scotiae ... Cumbr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
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<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Parker, J H</PersonName>
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</Period>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>licence to crenellate</Keyword> <Keyword>patent rolls</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castles, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>buildings, Cumbria</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Louthre, Hugo de</Keyword> <Keyword>Wythop Hall, Wythop</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Leyburn, Robertus de</Keyword> <Keyword>Dykhurst<Note>Hayes 
Castle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Hayes Castle, Lowca</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, 
Lowca</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward II</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward III</Keyword> <Keyword>Dacre,
Ranulph de</Keyword> <Keyword>Naward<Note>Naworth Castle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Naworth
Castle, Brampton</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Naworth</Keyword> <Keyword>Hodleston, Johannes
de</Keyword> <Keyword>Millum<Note>Millom Castle ?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Millom Castle,
Millom<Note>?</Note></Keyword>  <Keyword>castle, Millom</Keyword>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1856 part 2 pp.323-330
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B323.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B324.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B325.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B326.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B327.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B328.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B329.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B330.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - I herewith send you a continuation of the list of 
licences to crenellate, of which the first part appeared last month, and shall be glad to 
receive any more answers that your readers may favour me with. I have already received 
some valuable information.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Your obedient servant,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>J. H. PARKER.</Line>
<Line><i>Welshpool, August</i> 20, 1856.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">LICENCES TO CRENELLATE, FROM THE PATENT ROLLS IN THE TOWER
OF LONDON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[Edward II continued]
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">12. Hugo de Louthre <i>mansum suum de Wythehope in</i> 
Derwente-felles ... Cumbr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">15. Robertus de Leyburn <i>mansum</i> Dykhurst ... Cumbr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">EDWARD III. A.D. 1327. Jan. 25. 1377. June 21.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">9. Ranulphus de Dacre <i>mansum</i> Naward<sup>h</sup> ... Cumbr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">9. Johannes de Hodleston <i>mansum</i> Millum<sup>i</sup> ... 
Cumbr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>h</sup> The celebrated Naworth Castle, - a portion of which 
is of this period.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>i</sup> Millum. There are some remains of this house.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


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<PersonName>Parker, J H</PersonName>
</Person>
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</Period>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>licence to crenellate</Keyword> <Keyword>patent rolls</Keyword> 
<Keyword>castles, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>buildings, Cumbria</Keyword> <Keyword>Edward 
III</Keyword> <Keyword>Penereth<Note>Penrith</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Abbas de Holmcoltran</Keyword> <Keyword>Holmcoltran Womsty<Note>Wolsty 
Castle</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Wolsty Castle, Holme Low</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke, 
William, Baron of</Keyword> <Keyword>Craystock<Note>Greystoke Castle</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Greystoke Castle, Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Richard II</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Culwen, Gilbertus de</Keyword> <Keyword>Wirkyngton<Note>Workington 
Hall</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Workington Hall, Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>Stukeley, 
William</Keyword>  <Keyword>Stirkeland, Willielmus de</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1856 part 2 pp.467-475
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B467.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B468.jpg
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<Filename size="vlarge">G856B469.jpg
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<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B470.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B471.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B472.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B473.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B474.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G856B475.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gents Mag 1856 part 2 pp.467-475
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - I now send the completion of the list of Licences to 
Crenellate, and shall be glad of further information respecting what may remain of any of 
the places name.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Your obedient servant,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>J. H. PARKER.</Line>
<Line><i>Oxford, Sept.</i> 1856.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">LICENCES TO CRENELLATE, FROM THE PATENT ROLLS IN THE TOWER
OF LONDON. (<i>Continued from p.</i>330.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[Edward III continued]
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">20. Homines villae de Penereth <i>villam predictam</i> 
Penereth<sup>z</sup>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>z</sup> There are some remains of the <i>castle</i> at 
Penrith, Cumberland, but they appear to be of a later date.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">22. Abbas de Holmcoltran <i>manerium infra limites de</i> 
Holmcoltran Wolmsty ... Cumbr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">27. Willielmus, Baro de Craystock <i>mansum</i> 
Craystock<sup>r</sup> ... Cumbr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>r</sup> This is identified with Graystock by Inq. p.m. an.34 
E.I. No.40.
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">RICHARD II. A.D. 1377. June 22. 1399. Sep. 29.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">3. Gilbertus de Culwen, miles <i>domum apud 
manerium</i><sup>a</sup> Wirkyngton<sup>b</sup> ... Cumbr.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>a</sup> The Roll explains "quandam domum per ipsum ut dicit 
apud manerium suum de Wirkyngton in Com. Cumbr. juxta Marchiam Scociae muro de petra et 
calce edificatam firmare et kernellare," &amp;c. <sup>b</sup> Wigton?
</Paragraph>
</Division></Footnote>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">20. Willielmus Stukeland, clericus <i>quandam cameram suam in 
villa de</i> Penreth ... March. Scociae.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">22. Willielmus de Stirkeland <i>unum mantelettum</i><sup>k</sup> 
Penreth ... March. Scociae.
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>k</sup> The Roll recites the previous grant thus: "nuper," 
&amp;c. "concessimus," &amp;c. "licentiam," &amp;c., "kernellandi quandam cameram in villa
de Penreth super March. Scociae. Nos de uberiori gratia nostra concessimus," &amp;c., 
"licentiam quod ipse unum mantelletum de petra et calce facere et camerae praedictae 
conjungere et mantelletum praedictam kernellare," &amp;c. The name is misspelt in both 
instances: there can be no doubt it ought to be Strickland.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">HENRY IV. A.D. 1399. Sep. 30. 1413. March 20.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">HENRY V. A.D. 1413. March 21. 1431. August 31.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">HENRY VI. A.D. 1422. Sept 1. 1461. March 4.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">EDWARD IV. A.D. 1461. March 4. 1483. April 9.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">LICENCES BY PRIVY SEAL<sup>z</sup>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">EDWARD III.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>z</sup> The greater part of these have been already noticed 
under Licences from the Patent Rolls, and are therefore omitted.
</Paragraph>
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Painting, Greystoke Castle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... Mr. Cumming exhibited an ancient portrait of our Saviour, on 
panel, with a gold ground, from the gem said to have been sent to Innocent VIII. by the 
Sultan. A similar painting exists at Greystoke-castle.
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<Keyword>Lamb, Charles</Keyword> <Keyword>Table Talk</Keyword> <Keyword>Elia's 
Essays</Keyword> <Keyword>Confessions of an English Opium Eater</Keyword> <Keyword>Essays 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1857 part 2 p.107
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THOMAS DE QUINCEY<sup>a</sup>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THIRTY-SIX years ago, within a month or two, the reading public 
were delighted and perplexed by an article from a new contributor, which had appeared in 
two consecutive numbers of the "London Magazine." Just at that time the "London" was 
amongst the most popular and prosperous of monthly periodicals, and it well deserved its 
reputation and success. Its celebrated editor, John Scott, had indeed fallen in a duel six
months before; but there still remained amongst the writers whom he had enlisted in the 
work, men as able as Cary, Cunningham, Hazlitt, and Charles Lamb, who were contributing to
it some of their most powerful and charming compositions. Even in this company the new 
contributor's article held to distance all competitors both in brilliancy and depth; and 
even the masculine vigour of the "Table-Talk," and the inimitable delicacy of "Elia's 
Essays," were slighted for a while in the tumultuous burst of approbation with which "The 
Confessions of an English Opium-Eater" were receieved.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This was Mr. De Quincey's first effort as a writer for the public,
and it was a noble harbinger of the long series of his subsequent productions. All the 
characteristic qualities which an examination of the whole collection of his writings 
would incline us to attribute to him, may be found, in greater or in less degree, in the 
"Confessions." It was obvious then - and the little work, in its original form, bears 
witness to the same facts now - that the author had at his command far larger stores of 
knowledge, and powers of mind which had been subjected to a far richer and completer 
culture, than those which the common herd of men of letters wield; that he combined, in a 
word, philosophey, and scholarship, and science, and imagination, with an almost 
unequalled mastery of the arts and ornaments of speech. We believe, indeed, that it would 
be hard to find, in all our recent literature, another <i>first</i> work as stikingly 
indicative of genuine and mature strength.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But the "Confessions" were far from being confined to the one 
subject of Opium-eating. Indeed, for any parallel to the absolute unreservedness of De 
Quincey's communications concerning himself, we question whether it would not be almost 
necessary to go back to the Essays of Montaigne or the "Confessions" of Rousseau. Along 
with the history which he gave of his own indulgence in the "accursed drug," he associated
a pretty complete
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>a</sup> "Selections, Grave and Gay, from Writings Published 
and Unpublished, by Thomas De Quincey." (Edinburgh: James Hogg. London: R. Groombridge and
Sons.)
</Paragraph>
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John</Keyword> <Keyword>Dove Cottage, Grasmere</Keyword> <Keyword>opium</Keyword> 
<Keyword>laudanum</Keyword> <Keyword>Lamb, Charles</Keyword> <Keyword>Ghost of a 
Fish-wife</Keyword> <Keyword>Coleridge, Samuel Taylor</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1857 part 2 p.108
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">account of all that had been most interesting in his life, both 
with regard to outward influences and inward development, up to the very time at which the
"Confessions" were composed. The early loss of an accomplished father, and subsequent 
contention with an unaccomodating guardian, plunged the precocious boy into "a sea of 
troubles," from which he only escaped at last, tempest-tost, and sorely hurt in body and 
in mind. The description of his sufferings during that period of his youth in which the 
worst of his privations were experienced in is painfully eloquent, not merely because it 
discloses an appalling stress of hardest physical ills, but also because it gives us more 
than one accidental glimpse of the singularly loving, sensitive, and thoughtful nature 
which the poor boy bore with him in the bitterness of his destitution. By a hollow 
reconciliation with his guardian, he was eventually rescued from that perilous state, and 
enabled to return to the studies which, even at age, he passionately loved. The wish that 
he had faithfully clung to was gratified by a residence at Oxford, where, amongst the 
multitude of his enjoyments, not the least, assuredly, arose out of the intimacy which he 
formed with John Wilson. Two or three years afterwards he is found tenanting a cottage at 
Grasmere - a cottage which Wordsworth had before inhabited - the "white cottage, embowered
with flowering shrubs, so chosen as to unfold a succession of flowers upon the walls and 
clustering around the windows, through all the months of spring, summer, and autumn, - 
beginning, in fact, with May roses, and ending with jasmine," - which he has described 
with so much beauty in the "Confessions," and which it was his lot to taste by turns the 
pleasures and dread pains his opium-eating brought. His half-playful and half-loving 
picture of this home, rich only in its books and beauty, is as faithful as it it is 
charming. In this "humble cot," placed upon "the calmest, fairest spot on earth," he 
resided twenty years, enjoying the society of the many gifted men who were then living in 
the lake-country, studying subjects of philosophy from which most of his comntemporaries 
would have shrunk, drinking his ruby-coloured laudanum freely, dreaming glorious dreams of
loveliness and awe unspeakable, and pouring forth the treasures of his rich intelligence 
in contributions to the periodical press.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But of the peculiar force and splendour of the opium-dreams, it 
should be remembered that scarcely anything can be attributed to the opium. It might, by 
its specific influence, assist in concentrating and increasing activity, but it would add 
nothing either to the organic power of the individual, or to the element of new 
combinations which might be already hoarded in his memory. Yet it is out of these, in 
their relation of material and constructive faculty, that any new creation must proceed. 
Give the drug, in quantity sufficient to produce sleep, to an ignorant, unimaginative man,
and you will probably get from him in his dreams nothing grander than Charles Lamb's 
"Ghost of a Fish-wife;" but give it, under the same condition, to Coleridge, and his 
imagination would have bodied forth the "sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice" of 
Kubla-Kahn, the stately palace -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Where Alph, the sacred river, ran,</Line>
<Line>Through caverns measureless to man,</Line>
<Line>Down to a sunless sea."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Or give it to De Quincey, and he shall dream of some Sabbath-scene
of loveliness expanding into the magnificence of mountains raised to more than Alpine 
height, with interspace between them of savannahs and forest-lawns, and some unforgotten 
grave amidst it; or some solitary well-remembered form of one whom he had lost in early 
youth, "sitting upon a stone shaded
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<Keyword>Klosterheim</Keyword> <Keyword>Logic of Political Economy</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Encyclopaedia Britannica</Keyword> <Keyword>North British Review</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Tait's Magazine</Keyword> <Keyword>Blackwood's Magazine</Keyword> <Keyword>Hogg's
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1857 part 2 p.109
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<Paragraph rend="quote">by Judeam palms," silent and solemn as a spiritual presence, and 
vanishing in dimness and thick darkness, as the scenery of his dream is changed into the 
lamp-light of a London night, where he walks, with the lost one he had wept for walking 
again with him, just as he had done "eighteen years before, along the endless terraces of 
Oxford-street." With great truth "Elia" tells us, in one his excellent essays, the "degree
of the soul's ceativeness in sleep might furnish no whimsical criterion of the quantum of 
poetical faculty resident in the same soul waking."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The "Confessions of an English Opium-Eater" were published in a 
small volume, which sold well, and was for a few years a somewhat scarce book. Besides 
this reprint from the pages of the "London," we believe that the novel of "Walladmor," 
"Klosterheim," and The Logic of Political Economy," are the only works of Mr. De Quincey 
which his readers have had access to in the form of separate publications. His other 
voluminous writings were contributed to various periodical works, - to the "Encyclopedia 
Britannica," the "North British Review," the "London Magazine," the Magazines of Tait and 
Blackwood, and to "Hogg's Instructor." Many, possibly, may have been buried in 
repositories less popular than those which we know of and have named. In any cse, it is 
quite time that essays which are for the most part possessed of many of the best and 
rarest qualities of literature - effusions of one of the subtlest intellects and most 
powerful imaginations of the age - should be collected and preserved, before the task 
becomes in reality, as the author himself is said to have once declared it to be, 
"absolutely, insuperably, and for ever impossible." The five volumes now before us are a 
good beginning of the work which, according to Mr. De Quincey, neither "the archangel 
Gabriel nor his multipotent adversary" durst attempt.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is a good beginning of the work; for though many a choice paper
remains of necessity not gathered in at present, the selection has been made in such a 
manner as to embrace examples, collected without regard to time or place of original 
publication, of most of Mr. De Quincey's great and various literary powers. After the 
"Confessions of an Opium-Eater," the brief biographies of Coleridge and Wordsworth, which 
made their first appearance more than twenty years ago in "Tait's Magazine," will be 
likely to attract, and they will assuredly well reward, the attention of the reader. Of 
these illustrious writers, nothing equal in merit to Mr. De Quincey's essays has been ever
before written in so small a space. Enjoying an intimacy with them, probably the more 
unreserved because of that very depth and wide range of sympathy with their respective 
modes of thought which made him the most congenial of all companions to them, and the most
competent of all commentators on their genius to us, he has, in these papers, produced the
truest and most interesting estimation of them that we ever have seen, or ever expect to 
see. His reverence for them had grown with his own growth:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"At a period," he tells us, "when neither the one nor the 
other writer was valued by the public - both having a long warfare to accomplish of 
contumely and ridicule, before they could rise into their present estimation - I found in 
these poems (Lyrical Ballads) 'the ray of a new morning,' and an absolute revelation of 
untrodden worlds, teeming with power and beauty as yet unsuspected amongst men."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was, moreover, a crowning interest in the case of Coleridge, to
hear, a few years later, that he "had applied his whole mind to metaphysics and 
psychology," which was at that time De Quincey's own pursuit. In his delineations of these
extraordinary men, whom he studied with a zeal pro-
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<Paragraph rend="quote">portioned to the fervour of his admiration, it is not merely the 
inner being that is analyzed and set before us; not merely their knowledge that is 
strictly measured, and their understandiings and imaginations that are faithfully 
appraised; and their moral natures, in the weakness and the strength of each, that are 
weighed in the critic's scale; but a crowd of interesting circumstances of their outer 
life, graphic outlines of their habits and environments, and social and domestic 
influences, are grouped about the main design, giving to it a new value from the grace and
the appropriateness of these beautiful accessories. As an instance of Mr. De Quincey's 
happy management of these subordinate particulars, we give the reader, from the sketch of 
Coleridge, a passage which describes - as a contrast to the attics of the "Courier" 
office, which the philosopher had not long left - his mode of life in Mr. Wordsworth's 
home at Allan Bank, in which he was a guest:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Here, on the contrary," says our author, "he looked out 
from his study windows upon the sublime hills of <i>Seat Sandal</i> and <i>Arthur's 
Chair</i>, and upon pastoral cottages at their feet; and all around he heard hourly the 
murmurings of happy life, the sound of female voices, and the innocent laughter of 
children. But apparently he was not happy: opium, was it, or what was it, that poisoned 
all natural pleasure at its sources? He burrowed continually deeper into scholastic 
subtleties and metaphysical abstractions; and, like that class described by Seneca, in the
luxurious Rome of <i>his</i> days, he lived chiefly by candle-light. At two or four 
o'clock in the afternoon he would make his first appearance. Through the silence of the 
night, when all other lights had disappeared in the quiet cottages of Grasmere, <i>his</i>
lamp might be seen invariably by the belated traveller, as he descended the long steep 
from Dunmailraise; and at seven or eight o'clock in the morning, when man was going forth 
to his labour, this insulated son of reverie was retiring to bed."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In turning reluctantly away from these delightful sketches of the 
two most distinguished men, as philosopher and poet, which have adorned our present age, 
there is one striking difference between them which we must allow our author to point out.
Coleridge, as the passage we have just quoted might suggest, was an earnest and insatiable
student of books: he read everything that was worth reading; and, during his temporary 
residence in the valley of Grasmere, borrowed as many as five hundred volumes from the 
library of his neighbour, Mr. De Quincey. Books, indeed, were to the great philosopher 
necessities of life: but it was not so with Wordsworth:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Very few books," we are told, "sufficed him; he was 
careless habitually of all the current literature, or, indeed, of any literature that 
could not be considered as enshrining the very ideal, capital, and elementary grandeur of 
the human intellect. In this extreme limitation of his literary sensibilities, he was as 
much assisted by that accident of his own intellectual condition - viz. extreme, intense, 
unparalleled <i>onesidedness</i> [<i>einseitigkeit</i>] - as by any peculiar sanity of 
feeling. Thousands of books that have given rapturous delight to millions of ingenuous 
minds, for Wordsworth were absolutely a dead letter, closed and sealed from his 
sensibilities and his powers of appreciation, not less than colour from a blind man's eye.
Even the few books which his peculiar mind had made indispensable to him, were not in such
a sense indispensable as they would have been to a man of more sedentary habits. He lived 
in the open air, and the enormity of pleasure which both he and his sister drew from the 
common appearances of nature, and their everlasting variety - variety so infinite, that if
no one leaf of a tree or shrub ever exactly resembled another in all its filaments and 
their arrangement, still less did any one day ever repeat another in all its pleasurable 
elements. This pleasure was to him in the stead of many libraries:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'One impulse, from a vernal wood,</Line>
<Line>Could teach him more of man,</Line>
<Line>Of moral evil, and of good,</Line>
<Line>Than all the sages can.'</Line>
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Jean</Keyword> <Keyword>London Magazine</Keyword> <Keyword>Murder Considered as one of the
Fine Arts</Keyword> <Keyword>Revolt of the Tartars</Keyword> <Keyword>Gibbon, 
Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>Defoe, Daniel</Keyword> <Keyword>Dialogues of Three Templars, on
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1857 part 2 p.111
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">And he, we may be sure, who could draw
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Even from the meanest flower that blows,</Line>
<Line>Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears;'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">to whom the mere daisy, the pansy, the primrose, could 
furnish pleasures - not the puerile ones which his most puerile and worldly insulters 
imagined, but pleasures drawn from depths of reverie and meditative tenderness, far beyond
all powers of <i>their</i> hearts to conceive; that man would hardly need any large 
variety of books."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Besides his rare scholarship, his very extensive reading, and his 
singular familiarity with that German literature with which - in an article on Jean Paul, 
in the "London Magazine," in 1821 - he was the first to make the English public 
acquainted, Mr. De Quincey's genius appears to be distinguished chiefly by his rich and 
strange humour; his great analytic power, and subtlety of understanding; his 
extraordinary, almost unequalled, imaginative eloquence; and a mastery over language, both
in regard to precision and magnificence, which has no parallel at all amogst his 
contemporaries. In some of his best papers these various phases of his genius are made to 
succeed and relieve each other with brilliant effect; others, again, are cast in one mood,
and characterised throughout their whole extent by the predominance of one power. In the 
"Confessions" - although the greater part of the narrative has an atmosphere of sadness 
shed around it from the depths of agony which it discloses - the reader will have no 
difficulty in recognising the acute logic and the genial humour which shew themselves, 
from time to time, struggling upwards, as it were, out of the grief and grandeur of the 
author's eloquent revelations. His compositions in a single key are numerous enough. In 
one of the volumes now before us there are three or four productions, severally 
manifesting genius of a separate, special kind, such would be sufficient of itself for the
foundation of an ordinary writer's fame. There is the lecture on "Murder considered as one
of the Fine Arts," which runs over, in a manner, with a ripe and laughter-moving humour 
from the first page to the last; there is a <i>history</i> of the "Revolt of the Tartars,"
as splendid and sustained as one of Gibbon's chapters, and as good an imitation of a 
narrative of true events as any of Defoe's, yet which has, nevertheless, not a word of 
truth in it from one end to the other; there is the "Dialogues of Three Templars, on 
Political Economy," which is terse, and logical, and subtle, and at the same time so 
simple as to make some of the abstrusest principles of that important science easily 
understood by any attentive reader, however absolute his previous ignorance may have been;
and there is, lastly, a "Dream-Fugue" on sudden death, so full of the sweetest and the 
choicest inspiration of imagination, so rich in trembling tenderness, with inserted 
symphonies of grandeur, as to require only the accident of metre, if indeed it requires 
even that, to deserve a place among the choicest and most charming specimens of genuine 
poetry. These, let it be remembered, are only a portion of the contents of <i>one</i> of 
the collected volumes, and that one not by any means undoubtedly the best. Among the 
articles not yet hived in the collection, we are sure that we could point to several which
are at least equal, and to one or two which are superior, to the most admirable of those 
which are contained in these volumes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. De Quincey's mastery of language, which we have already 
mentioned, is worthy of a somewhat further notice, since it is, in fact, from its very 
perfection, one of his most wonderful accomplishments. Both his choice of words, and his 
mode of arranging them into sentences, is, as nearly as can be, faultless. Professor 
Wilson, as we are told by Mr. Gil-
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<Keyword>Gilfillan</Keyword> <Keyword>Foster, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Joan of 
Arc</Keyword> <Keyword>Tait's Magazine</Keyword> <Keyword>Mozart, Wolfgang 
Amadeus</Keyword> <Keyword>Michelangelo</Keyword> <Keyword>scaffold</Keyword> 
<Keyword>execution</Keyword> <Keyword>St Peter's, Rome</Keyword> <Keyword>Luxor</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Himalayas</Keyword> <Keyword>Marie Antoinette</Keyword> <Keyword>Corday, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1857 part 2 p.112
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[Gil]fillan, once said of him,- "the <i>best</i> word always comes
up." There seems something of an intuition in this felicity in the choice of words; but it
presupposes a vast acquaintance with the vocabulary of all knowledge, which is the 
storehouse that he chooses from. It is, we suspect, mainly to make use of the one best 
word, that he affects "a frequent use of scolastic terms, and the forms of logic," - a 
peculiarity which has been objected to as a fault in his style. It is where these terms 
and formulae give to the expression of his ideas an exactness not obviously attainable by 
other means, that he employs them, not else. A merit scarcely less marvellous than his 
invariable choice of the best word, is the clearness which he maintains amongst the 
successive clauses of his long sentences, and the accumulated force and fulness with which
every period closes. In this respect, as well as in his subtlety of thought and frequent 
use of parenthetical qualifications and limitations, he will sometimes remind the reader 
of the late John Foster, although Mr. De Quincey's style has a clearness, ease, and 
brilliancy, to which that of the profound and powerful Foster never, in his noblest 
passages, made the least approach. Still less does the style of that writer - or of any 
other we know of amongst the memorable authors of the age - ever soar into harmonies so 
glorious as those which sometimes burst on the enraptured reader's ear in Mr. De Quincey's
best imaginative works.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In one of the volumes now before us there is an article on Joan of
Arc, which we remember reading with great delight when it was first published in "Tait's 
Magazine," not very many years ago, and which we refer to at present as an example of a 
class of Mr. De Quincey's writings in which moral earnestness - earnestness, in this 
instance, of admiration of the heroic girl - keeps, as it were, midway between his 
humorous and his imaginative moods, yet through a path so narrow as hardly to keep clear 
of either. The passage we are about to quote comes after the specification of a few great 
intellectual heights which woman has not strength to scale, and it goes on to do eloquent 
and ample justice to the patient and enduring courage which she can die grandly in a good 
cause. The passage is as follows:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Yet, sister, woman, though I cannot consent to find a 
Mozart or a Michael Angelo in your sex, cheerfully, and with the love that burns in depths
of admiration, I acknowledge that you can do one thing as well as the best of us men - a 
greater thing than even Milton is known to have done, or Michael Angelo - you can die 
grandly, and as godesses would die, were godesses mortal. If any distinct worlds (which 
<i>may</i> be the case) are so far ahead of us Tellurians in optical resources as to see 
distinctly through their telescopes all that we do on earth, what is the grandest sight to
which we ever treat them? St. Peter's at Rome, do you fancy, on Easter Sunday, or Luxor, 
or perhaps the Himalayas? Oh, no! my friend: suggest something better; these are baubles 
to <i>them</i>; they see in other worlds, in their own, far better toys of the same kind. 
These, take my word for it, are nothing. Do you give it up? The finest thing, then, we 
have to shew them is a scaffold on the morning of execution. I assure you there is a 
strong muster in those far telescopic worlds, on any such morning, of those who happen to 
find themselves occupying the right hemisphere for a peep at us. How, then, if it be 
announced in some such telescopic world by those who make a livelihood of catching 
glimpses at out newspapers, whose language they have long since deciphered, that the poor 
victim in the morning's sacrifice is a woman? How, if it be published in that distant 
world that the sufferer wears upon her head, in the eyes of many, the garlands of 
martyrdom? How, if it should be some Marie Antoinette, the widowed queen, coming forward 
on the scaffold, and presenting to the morning air her head, turned grey by sorrow, 
daughter of Caesars, kneeling down humbly to kiss the guillotine, as one that worships 
death? How, if it were the noble Charlotte Corday, that in the bloom of youth, that with 
the loveliest of persons, that with hommage waiting upon her smiles wherever she turned 
her face to scatter them - homage that followed those smiles as surely as the carols of 
birds, after showers in spring, follow the reap-
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">[reap]pearing sun and the racing sunbeams over the hills - 
yet thought all these things cheaper than the dust upon her sandals, in comparison of 
deliverance from hell for her dear suffering France? Ah! these were spectacles indeed for 
those sympathetising people in distant worlds; and some, perhaps, would suffer a sort of 
martyrdom themselves, because they could not testify their wrath, could not bear witness 
to the strength of love, and to the fury of hatred that burned within them at such scenes;
could not gather into golden urns some of that glorious dust which rested in the catacombs
of earth."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The eloquence of the passage we have just quoted is not much above
the ordinary tone of Mr. De Quincey's serious Essays. It is quite as sure that many 
passages - both of the papers which are included in these volumes and of the greater 
number which have yet to be collected - rise into a far higher strain than this, as that 
any sink very much below it. It is, in fact, one of Mr. De Quincey's conspicuous 
characteristics to be not at all chary of his ample intellectual wealth. He lavishes the 
treasures of his learning, and his humour, and his logic, and his eloquence, 
indiscriminately, on all occasions, not from any petty motive of display, or any craving 
after admiration, but in absolute unmixed prodigality of nature. He has never learned 
economy from limitation of his means. He talks as well as he writes, as freely and as 
fluently, and with just as unsparing an expenditure of his immense resources. We have even
heard, on an authority that seemed not unworthy of credit, that the proofs of his Magazine
contributions have been not seldom returned to the printer with their margins enriched 
with a profusion of notes of comment, caution, and complaint, so rich in fancy, fun, and 
knowledge, that they alone - had they been collected and arranged - would have composed an
article quite as entertaining, and almost as instructive, as the text about which they 
were so sportively accumulated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is one other circumstance concerning Mr. De Quincey and his 
works which the briefest notice of the man or his writings would be blameable in leaving 
unrecorded. In our speculative age it is almost a distinction for a scholarly and subtle 
thinker to have kept the simplicity of his childish faith and love unimpaired, and to have
been able to sustain his piety on the grounds of adamantine evidence, without sacrificing 
any of its sweetness. Yet this has been our author's enviable good fortune. With learning 
and philosophy enough to be a meet antagonist for the ablest of the assailants of 
Christianity, he has never wavered in his own steadfast reverence for its divine truths. 
Over and above all their other signal merits, the great body of his writings are, on this 
account, imbued with the beauty of religious feeling. There is nothing sanctimonious or 
austere in them - no injudicious headlong introduction of religious topics at unseasonable
times - no unbecoming assumption of the preacher's office - not often, even, any direct or
recogniseable digression for a moment's space, in order to exhibit or enforce a sentiment 
or doctrine of the faith; but there is, nevertheless, an indefinable flavour in the stream
that bears eloquent witness to the nature of the spring from which it flows. There is not 
a serious article - scarcely, perhaps, a humorous one - in the whole collection, that we 
can carefully read through without carrying from it, along with something to increase our 
knowledge, or improve our taste, or animate our reason or imagination, a persuasion that 
we have been enjoying the companionship of a loving and believing mind,-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Not for reproof, but high and warm delight,</Line>
<Line>And grave encouragement."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As far as this republication extends at present, it has been 
carefully and well done. The addition of double title-pages, so that the volumes might
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">be distinguished by respective numbers, would have been a 
convenience to those who may happen to have occasion to refer others to any particular 
portion of the collection, as well as to the readers to whom such a reference may be 
given. In the important matter of editorial revision, the various articles have generally 
fared well. Large sections, Mr. De Quincey tells us, have been added, "and other changes 
made, which, even to the old parts, by giving very great expansion, give sometimes a 
character of absolute novelty." It is certain that, where the old text was familiar to our
ear, and sometimes also to our heart, there is nothing in the new matter that does not 
easily associate itself with the old agreeable impression. The <i>rifacciamento</i>, as 
Mr. Coleridge was pleased to call the result of his kindred labours on "The Friend," is 
not such as to displease the admirers of the Essays as they first appeared. Mr. De 
Quincey, indeed, has too much of poor Goldsmith's gift of <i>touching nothing without 
adorning it</i>, to allow of any apprehensions being seriously entertained as to the 
effect of his revisions, be they ever so unsparing or extensive. We shall look, therefore,
with a confident hope for the improvement of the old favourites which have yet to appear. 
Even papers like those on the Essenes and the Caesars may possibly come forth with a new 
value conferred upon them by his further care. Nor would it be a matter of surprise though
the Suspira themselves - solemn, glorious, and surpassing affecting as they now are - 
should come to us with a deeper pathos in their grief, or with grander harmonies of 
speech, or more magnificence of imaginative beauty, when they come to us newly touched and
tuned by him whose spiritual nature they disclose.
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<Keyword>Attempt to Allocate the Etymology of the Stations per Lineam Valli in 
Cumberland</Keyword>  <Keyword>Northumberland, Duke of</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>roman fort</Keyword>  <Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword>
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Roman Forts, Hadrian's Wall</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The next paper was read by the Rev. W. H. Gunner, for the Rev. J. 
Maughan, rector of Bewcastle, Cumberland, entitled, "An attempt to Allocate the Etymology 
of the Stations <i>per Lineam Valli</i> in Cumberland," illustrated by a survey of the 
district, executed by order of his Grace the Duke of Northumberland.
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<Keyword>Celtic</Keyword> <Keyword>Anglo Saxon</Keyword> <Keyword>Leo, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Anglo Saxon Names of Places</Keyword> <Keyword>Caer Mote, Bewaldeth and 
Snittlegarth</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Caer Mote</Keyword> <Keyword>Moutay<Note>Moota 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1857 part 2 p.316
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  <Keyword>placenames</Keyword>
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Placenames in the North</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE NORTHMEN IN ENGLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - We are indebted to you for a recent notice of 
Ferguson's interesting work on the Northmen in Cumberland and Westmoreland. As, however, 
the author has attributed or suggested a Scandinavian origin to many words which were 
undoubtedly Celtic or Anglo-Saxon, I was induced to submit a list of them to a 
distinguished foreign philologist, Dr. Leo of Halle, and he has come to the rescue; 
remarking generally, that unless Mr. Ferguson could give the names in question as they 
were written in the tenth century, the whole of his theory must be considered as 
conjectural, so great were the changes in the subsequent centuries. A knowledge of the 
primitive elements and the primitive sense of the words can alone give us certain data.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The changes in names of places from the time of granting our 
Anglo-Saxon charters to the compilation of the Domesday Book were very considerable. I 
only trouble you with the more important instances, wishing to avoid debateable ground; 
but we must not give <i>Helvellyn</i> to the Northmen, - and the Irish will not readily 
surrender <i>O' Connell</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">I am, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">THE TRANSLATOR OF DR. LEO'S LITTLE WORK ON ANGLO-SAXON NAMES
OF PLACES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dresden, July</i> 3, 1857.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The name <i>Konall</i>, p.4, is not Scandinavian, but Celtic. The 
Scandinavians, who for a long period had great possessions in Ireland, the Isle of Man, 
and other Celtic Regions, received a quantity of Celtic elements into their language, 
especially proper names, - as <i>Fian, Hamlett</i>, (probably a corruption of 
<i>Amhlaidh</i>,) <i>Konall</i>, and many others. Mention is frequently made in the 
Scandinavian chronicles of the northern warriors bringing home Irish wives. "I am of 
opinion," (says Dr. Leo,) "that the artificial politeness of the Scandinavian poetry 
originated in the intercourse between the Scandinavians and the Irish, for the points in 
which the Scandinavian poetry differs from the poetry of other Teutonic races 
(Anglo-Saxons, Old Saxons, and Germans,) are peculiarities of the Irish poetry; for 
example, the artificial mingling of assonances with alliterations."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Porting</i>, p.31, seems to be Celtic, for in general all words
in the Teutonic language beginning with <i>P</i> may be presumed not to be true Germanis 
or Teutonic words, but introduced from a foreign langauge.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Caermot</i> and <i>Moutay</i>, p.33, seem to be also Celtic. 
<i>Mota</i> in Irish signifies "a mount," "a mile-hill," (which well describes the place 
in question).
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cot</i>, p.46, is Celtic, and from the Celtic received into all
the Teutonic lan-
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<Paragraph rend="text">The 'recent notice of Ferguson's interesting work' has not been 
found in the two previous month's issues of the Magazine.
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<Keyword>Dacre</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Dacre</Keyword> <Keyword>Helvellyn, St John's
Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Helvellyn</Keyword> <Keyword>Ehen, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Ehen</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1857 part 2 p.317
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[lan]guages, - German, Saxon, Frisian, Scandinavian.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Daker</i>, or it s Norman form <i>Dacre</i>, seems Celtic also.
In the Irish, <i>deacair</i>, and in the Gaelic, <i>docair</i>, means "severe," "gloomy," 
"sad," &amp;c.; <i>deakra</i>, "separated."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cyric</i>, p.49. This word is Celtic, and was brought into 
Germany and the northern district of the Anglo-Saxons by Irish missionaries. It comes from
the Irish, <i>coirch</i>, Welsh <i>cyrch</i>, or <i>cylch</i>, that is, the point which 
forms the top or centre of anything. (In South Germany the word <i>kilche</i> is still 
used in this sense.) <i>Cyric</i>, therefore, is the point of gathering for a diocese, the
ecclesiastical or religious centre.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Knock</i>, p.84, is Celtic. In Irish, <i>cnoc</i> signifies "a 
hill."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Helvellyn</i>, p.96, is undoubtedly Celtic; <i>helv-elyng</i>, 
or <i>helf-elyng</i>, signifies in Welsh "disbanding of the hunt," "ending of the hunt," -
a very proper name for a mountain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Ehen, Edin</i>, p.122, and all names of rivers ending in 
<i>en</i> and <i>on</i>, seem to be of Celtic origin.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Danish <i>tackle</i>, p.156, is also derived from the Welsh 
<i>taclu</i>. All names and words in the Teutonic languages which have a relation to 
nautical affairs are not true Teutonic, but Celtic and received; for the Celts were 
earlier in Europe than the Germans, and the Germans came through the midst of the 
continent of Asia and East Europe and vanquished the Celts, and learned from them the 
German words, <i>skiff, barke, koche, kahn, steur, ruder, segel, tau, bord, ebbe, 
takeln,</i> &amp;c., all of Celtic origin.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Solway</i> , p.102, from the Anglo-Saxon <i>svegl, sygl, 
syl</i>, that is <i>aether, sol, luna, gemma</i>, and Anglo-Saxon <i>vaeg, vag, aqua 
undulans, mare solis</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Ey</i>, p.10, cannot be derived from the Danish 
<i>&#x00F6;</i>, but only from the Anglo-Saxon <i>ege, eie</i>, which signifies the same 
as <i>&#x00F6;</i>. The words <i>vic, nes, thorp</i>, and <i>gard</i> are also from the 
Anglo-Saxon; so are <i>ray</i> and <i>reay, scale (sceale, corbex), cove (cof</i> or 
<i>cova), cubile, laith, (hladan, hauriri, hlad, cumulus, agger,) staca, pike, cam, rigg, 
lad, laeg,</i> and <i>gap</i>. <i>Striding-edge</i>, like the Anglo-Saxon 
<i>striding-eeg</i>, from <i>stridan, grandibus gradibus ascendere, equum ascendere</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Mire</i>, p.120, is the Anglo-Saxon <i>mere; stagnum</i>, not 
<i>mare</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The old Norse <i>bali, monticulus</i>, p.96, has nothing in common
with the Anglo-Saxon <i>bal, flamma</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>ar</i> in <i>Isar</i>, p.114, is certainly <i>not</i> a 
plural inflexion; whilst the final <i>a</i>, p.34, only signifies a river when it is long.
In other cases it is a simple inflexion, a sign of the nominative - in the Anglo-Saxon for
the masculine, in the old Norse for the feminine.
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<Keyword>Kirkby Thore</Keyword> <Keyword>Thursby</Keyword> <Keyword>Franks, W A</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman finds</Keyword> <Keyword>British Museum</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkby Thore 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1858 part 1 p.68
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman finds</Keyword>  <Keyword>Westmorland etc</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Finds, Westmorland etc</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">At a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>December</i> 10. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SIR GEORGE MUSGRAVE, Bart., exhibited, through Mr. W. A. Franks, a
collection of Roman remains, found chiefly in the county of Westmoreland. They consist of 
several objects discovered at Kirkby Thore, on the river Troutbeck, on making the 
foundations of a new bridge, in the year 1838, - comprising a bronze <i>ligula</i>, five 
bow-shaped fibulae, and four ring-shaped fibulae. Also four bow-shaped Roman and two 
enamelled fibulae, one of them crescent-shaped, the other in the form of a cock - and the 
upper ornament and the chape or lower end of a scabbard of Romano-Celtic workmanship. With
these was included a very fine gold Roman ring found near Thursby, in Cumberland, in the 
year 1836. This interesting collection is destined by the liberal owner as a present to 
the British Museum.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Keyword>Archaeological Institute<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Maclauchlan</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Northumberland, Duke of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Corpus 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1858 part 1 p.188
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</Marginal>
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Cross, Carlisle Cathedral, and Roman Finds, Kirkby Thore</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Archaeological Institute?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr Maclauchlan, Dr. Bruce observed, is actually engaged on further
surveys of ancient Northumbrian vestiges, by direction of his Grace [the Duke of 
Northumberland], who has, moreover, most liberally encouraged the publication, by the 
Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, of a complete <i>Corpus Inscriptionum</i> of the 
Roman age in Northumberland, more especially in connexion with the Roman Wall and its 
stations ... These inscriptions, Dr. Bruce remarked, are scattered throughout the 
district, many of them being in private houses difficult of access. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr Purday exhibited a drawing of an inscribed fragment of a cross 
found lately at Carlisle Cathedral, and pronounced by Mr. Westwood to be of the seventh 
century, and a relique of unusual interest.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... Mr. Franks exhibited an extensive assemblage of Roman reliques
from Kirkby Thore, Westmoreland, which have subsequently been presented to the British 
Museum by the liberality of Sir G. Musgrave, Bart.
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a</Keyword> <Keyword>Lanercost Priory, Lanercost</Keyword> <Keyword>Greystoke Castle, 
Greystoke</Keyword> <Keyword>Maughan, Y</Keyword> <Keyword>Archaeological 
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roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>Jupiter</Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors 
I Aelia Dacorum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Birdoswald</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Silvanus</Keyword> <Keyword>Venatores Banniensis</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cocidius</Keyword> <Keyword>Legio VI Victrix</Keyword> <Keyword>Dion 
Cassius</Keyword> <Keyword>Legio II Augusta</Keyword> <Keyword>Legio XX Valeria 
Victrix</Keyword> <Keyword>Long, Charles Edward</Keyword> <Keyword>portrait</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hollar, Wenceslaus</Keyword> <Keyword>Van Eyck</Keyword> <Keyword>Arundel, Earl 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard, Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Scharf, George, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1858 part 1 p.418
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman inscriptions</Keyword>  <Keyword>Lanercost Priory</Keyword>
</Marginal>
<Marginal>
  <Keyword>portrait</Keyword>  <Keyword>Greystoke Castle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Inscriptions, Lanercost Priory, and a Portrait, Greystoke Castle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Feb.</i> 5. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Rev. John Maughan, Rector of Bewcastle, sent rubbings of six 
Roman inscriptions preserved in Lanercost Priory. 1. An altar dedicated to Jupiter, by the
first cohort of Dacians. This altar, which appears to have been first noticed in 1744, 
when it was published in the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, had been lost sight of till it was 
re-discovered by Mr. Maughan. The stone is placed as the key-stone of an arch in the 
clerestory of the priory, in the S.E. corner of the choir, having been either found on the
spot, or brought from one of the neighbouring stations by the founders of Lanercost. 2. An
altar found at Burdsoswald, preserved in the crypt. It records a dedication to Silvanus, 
by the huntsmen of Banna. 3. An altar also in the crypt, dedicated to the god Cocidius, by
the soldiers of the twentieth legion, named Valeria Victrix. Mr. Maughan noticed that the 
initials of these titles (V.V.) had been generally misread Valens Victrix, and that the 
true reading appears from a passage in Dion Cassius. 4. An altar dedicated to the same 
god, Cocidius, by the soldiers of the second legion. 5. A centurial stone recently found 
in the east wall of the crypt, about two feet from the ground, near the S.E. corner. It 
reads, "C. CON. X. P. F." 6. Another centurial stone, on the outside of the eastern wall 
of the refectory, reading "C CASSII PRISCI."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. C. E. Long exhibited a small portrait painted on a panel of 
high finish and considerable artistic merit. It appears to be the original of an engraving
by Hollar, purporting to be a portrait of Thomas &#x00E0; Becket, by Van Eyck. It was then
in the possession of the Earl of Arundel, and now belongs to Mr. Henry Howard, of 
Greystoke Castle. There is great reason to believe that this painting is a fragment of a 
large devotional picture, and that it represents the head of the donor of the picture, 
probably a canon. In Hollar's engraving a knife is represented as sticking in the skull. 
It has apparently been added to supply a defect in the original. Mr. Scharf thinks that 
the painting might be attributed to Justus von Ghent.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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Humboldt, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Ferguson, Richard Saul</Keyword> <Keyword>Northmen in
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<Keyword>Tatars</Keyword> <Keyword>Finns</Keyword> <Keyword>Lapps</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Esthonians</Keyword> <Keyword>Livonians</Keyword> <Keyword>Iberians</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Etruscans</Keyword> <Keyword>Illyrians</Keyword> <Keyword>Celts</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Himalayas</Keyword> <Keyword>Caspian Sea</Keyword> <Keyword>Denmark</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Russian</Keyword> <Keyword>Danish</Keyword> <Keyword>Latin</Keyword> 
<Keyword>German</Keyword> <Keyword>Anglo Saxon</Keyword> <Keyword>Modern English</Keyword>
<Keyword>Aberdeenshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Albion</Keyword> <Keyword>Alba</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1858 part 1 p.423
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>book review</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland and Westmorland, Ancient and 
Modern</Keyword>
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Cumberland and Westmorland, Ancient and Modern</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">HISTORICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS REVIEWS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cumberland and Westmorland, Ancient and Modern.</i> By J. 
SULLIVAN. 8vo., 171pp. (Whitaker &amp; Co.) - "Through the names of places, the oldest and
most enduring monuments," remarked William Von Humboldt, "a nation long passed away 
relates as it were, its own destiny; and the only question is, whether we yet understand 
its voice." The interpretation of these names is often biassed by the peculiar studies and
views of the writer. Referring to Mr. Ferguson's "Northmen in Cumberland and Westmorland,"
we have, says Mr. Sullivan, Norse against all England; whilst he is perhaps scarcely aware
of his own tendency to seek for derivations too exclusively in the Irish branch of the 
Celtic language. This field has, however, been rarely trodden of late, at least in 
England, for our cousins the Germans have lately produced a very valuable Celtic work, 
Zeuss' <i>Grammatica Celtica</i>. With this exception, Mr. Sullivan has given due 
prominence to the claims of each of the immigrant nations, and he brings to bear on the 
examination of his subject an acquaintance with no ordinary range of languages, Eastern 
and European. Indeed, we consider this as a most suggestive and interesting book. It is to
be lamented that we know nothing of Celtic, as formerly spoken in England, some remnants 
of Cornish excepted; and that we can only form conjectures concerning it from the kindred 
dialects of Brittany, Wales, and Ireland, for it is by no means certain that Welch was 
spoken throughout England.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Sullivan considers that the earliest immigrants of Europe came
in two streams, - the Tatars along the large rivers and islands of the north, whose 
descendants were the Finns, Lapps, Esthonians, and Livonians; and the other, consisting of
the Iberians, the Etruscans, and the Illyrians, by the coasts of the Mediterranean. The 
Tatars probably migrated from the north of Asia; the Celts, who came in contact with the 
Iberians, and the Latins, who followed the Etruscans, belong to the great Indo-European 
family, whose home was between the northern slope of the Himalayas and the Caspian. Of 
this family there were four great divisions - the Celtic, the Greek-Latin, the Gothic, and
the Slavic. Probably the Caspian divided them, and gave them different directions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Our author supposes that the first immigrants to Britain were some
of the Tatar tribes of the stone period, who spread along the north coast of Denmark until
they could get no further (north), and then took to the sea. The date he places at about 
five centuries before the Christian era. We give Mr. Sullivan's reasons for this opinion 
in his own words:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Every consonant in standard Irish is capable of two 
pronunciations, a broad and a narrow; the eastern dialect still preserves the distinction 
clearly audible. The vowels are divided into broad and narrow; <i>a, o, u</i> being of the
former kind, <i>e, i</i> of the latter. If there be no other overruling cause, the 
consonant takes its sound from the following vowel; and according to a practice now 
ancient, the kind of the medial or final consonant is indicated, if necessary, by a 
preceeding vowel. Thus the <i>a</i> vowel in <i>cean</i> only shews the broad sound of the
<i>n</i>. Some of the Celtic dialects, and many of the European languages that received 
this influence, did not preserve its original condition; its existence is now, therefore, 
at least traced in its effects, which form many of the most striking changes in modern 
dialects. Traces of this organic peculiarity are strong and general in Russian, partial in
Danish and Latin, scarcely to be found in the Welch, and non-existent in German. Its 
effects are sufficiently ample in the Romance languages, in Anglo-Saxon orthography, and 
in the pronunciation of modern English. That this influence belongs to the North is 
tolerably evident; and seeing it is almost prefect in Magyar, and more or less traceable 
in all the langauges of the same stock, we may concude that it has come to us through the 
Tatar peoples."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The immigrants probably arrived in Aberdeenshire: that they first 
reached Scotland infers from the name of the whole island, and the present name of 
Scotland in the Irish language - <i>Albion</i> and <i>Alba</i>, the hill-country. (Compare
the old Italian <i>Alba Longa</i>, the long hill, <i>Albanus</i>, &amp;c.) But foreseeing 
a difficulty as to the arrival of these tribes in canoes hollowed out by fire, (or even, 
we suppose, in skin-covered coracles,) he presumes that they must have arrived in company 
with the Celtic tribes. It is certain, we may ask, that the cromlech-builders had no tools
of metal, or was it a point of their
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<Keyword>giants' graves</Keyword> <Keyword>tumuli</Keyword> <Keyword>stone 
circles</Keyword> <Keyword>Black Combe, Whicham</Keyword> <Keyword>Finns</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Jutland</Keyword> <Keyword>Celts</Keyword> <Keyword>Tweed, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Tuads</Keyword> <Keyword>Denmark</Keyword> <Keyword>Nescorus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Sequana</Keyword> <Keyword>Gaul</Keyword> <Keyword>Connaught</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Senones</Keyword> <Keyword>headlands</Keyword> <Keyword>Kent</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cantii</Keyword> <Keyword>Iceni</Keyword> <Keyword>Canty Bay</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Pentland Hills</Keyword> <Keyword>Pembroke</Keyword> <Keyword>Kentland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Kentbroke</Keyword> <Keyword>coin</Keyword> <Keyword>Herodotus</Keyword> 
<Keyword>placename, Caer Mote</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Moota Hill</Keyword> 
<Keyword>arles</Keyword> <Keyword>Gwythelians</Keyword> <Keyword>Vortigern</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1858 part 1 p.424
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">religion that no tool should be lifted up on such sacred 
sepulchral edifices? Nothing more is certainly known respecting the cromlech-builders, 
than that they did <i>not</i> practise cremation: the urns that are found in the cromlechs
only contain food, as limpets, or bones of fowls and sheep; but as much cannot always be 
said of the so-called Giants' graves; indeed the state of these tumuli is so altered from 
successive openings, that it is impossible to say positively what they did contain. As 
early as the ninth century, the Charters speak of the tumuli "that had been dug into." 
Many of the early British barrows contain both stone and bronze weapons. It is though that
the stones of one of the largest stone circles in Cumberland, on Black Combe, a mountain 
near the coast, shew signs of morticing for the reception of horizontal slabs. The Finns 
are described as making arrows with bone points as late as the time of Tacitus, - and they
were not very distant from workers in metal.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">About the same time as the arrival of the tribes from the north of
Denmark, a Teutonic tribe from the south of Jutland, who were probably Celts, arrived in 
Scotland, and left their name to the river Tweed. The arrival of this tribe is referred to
in ancient Irish history. They were said to be a tribe of enchanters, called the Tuads, or
Tueds, from the Dan country, (Denmark). The ancient name of the land of Ditmarschen at the
south of Jutland, was Thiat-mares-gaha,a Gothic form for the people (Goth. <i>theod</i>) 
of the marshy <i>gau</i>, or province. Mr. Sullivan says that the arrival of these Tuads 
would account for the original name of Britain. We are not sure that we gather his 
meaning. We may remark that the old chronicler Nescorus, referring to the heathen 
practices of these people, mentions amongst others their "Hochzeitfeierlichkeiten auf 
<i>brut</i>-kampen," their marriage festivities at the field of gathering. It is curious 
to remark this national custom of gathering leading to political results.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Independently of the Danish migration, and probably a little 
earlier, a part of the Celtic tribe from the Sequana, in Gaul, left the continent, and 
missing England, arrived at the west of Ireland, in that part now known as Connaught. They
were subsequently called the Senones by their neighbours on the east, from the river 
Shannon, <i>Senus</i>. As a proof of the identity of the earliest British and Irish 
colonists, our author adduces the fact of the names of the five great headlands on the 
east of Britain having been formed from the word <i>Kent</i>, modern Irish, <i>cean</i>, 
head; the lands of the Cantii, Iceni, and Cantae, with Canty-bay and the Pentland Hills, 
in Haddingtonshire, both of which last, as well as Pembroke in Wales, were formerly 
Kentland and Kentbroke. Possibly the headland of the Cangani, in North Wales, might be 
added to the list.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">An immigration of a people whom Mr. Sullivan designates as 
Cambro-Celts took place some two centuries later than the arrival of the Tuads. These 
landed on the south and west of Britain. We do not think this immigration is placed 
sufficiently early, for Gaulic coins which are known to have been struck soon after the 
reign of Macedon, have been found in Berkshire, and Herodotus speaks of the tin-works as 
being in operation in his time.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"During the European transit of the Celts, the Cambrian 
division fell under an influence that altered the initial <i>c</i> of a number of words 
into <i>p</i>; Irish <i>cean</i>, Welsh <i>pen</i>. The Greek dialects have suffered under
a similar mixture or influence."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">All North Wales was colonised by this division, as well as 
Cumberland, and a part of Scotland, although the Irish Celts had arrived in Cumberland 
before them. Many Irish names of places are certainly found in Cumberland, - for instance,
Caermot and Moutay, as well as those that Mr. Sullivan has given; but we cannot pronounce 
that they are not, at least in part, English celtic also. The Cumberland word 
<i>arles</i>, the earnest of a servant's wages, Mr. Sullivan derives from the Irish 
<i>iarlas</i>, earnest; but as the southern French have the word <i>arrhes</i> with a 
similar meaning, it is probable there was some Celtic root common to both words. "South 
Wales was peopled by the Gwythelians, (Irish,) according to a tradition which still 
exists. The unaccountable antiquities are called <i>Cytian y Gwyzelod</i>, Irish cots. the
name of the heroic and ill-used Queen of the Iceni is reducible to modern Irish, 
<i>Bean-duci</i>, the woman-leader; Vortigern, to <i>Fear tigherna</i>, vir tyrannus; and 
his son Vortimer to <i>Fear timthere</i>, his minister or lieutenant." We merely remark 
<i>en passant</i> that the letters on the coins attributed to Boadicea are BODUOC.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Christmas carol commencing -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"As I sat anonder yon green tree,"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">given as a Cumberland song, was to our knowledge popular in Cork 
forty years ago, with a variation in the second verse which seems the better reading, -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"I saw three ships a-sailing by;"</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">in which there appear to be a mystical allusion to the Trinity.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Ireland</Keyword> <Keyword>Spain</Keyword> <Keyword>Caledonia</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Celtiberians</Keyword> <Keyword>Basques</Keyword> <Keyword>Giraldus 
Cambrensis</Keyword> <Keyword>bonnet</Keyword> <Keyword>music</Keyword> 
<Keyword>cornamuse</Keyword> <Keyword>bagpipe</Keyword> <Keyword>sword dance</Keyword> 
<Keyword>tossing the caber</Keyword> <Keyword>golf</Keyword> <Keyword>funeral 
lament</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Avon</Keyword> <Keyword>Finns</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lapps</Keyword> <Keyword>Michel</Keyword> <Keyword>Sur le Pays Basque</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mendip Hills, Somerset</Keyword> <Keyword>Eden, River</Keyword> 
<Keyword>placename, Eden</Keyword> <Keyword>Brigantes</Keyword> <Keyword>Silures</Keyword>
<Keyword>Tarn Wadling, Hesket</Keyword>  <Keyword>placename, Wadling</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1858 part 1 p.425
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The invasion of the Belgae our author considers to have been 
inconsiderable, and to have produced but little impression. He traces the settlements of 
these <i>Fir Bolg</i>, principally in the West of England and Wales, by a peculiar prefix 
of the word <i>caer, car</i>, (<i>cathair</i>, city) to the celtic names of places they 
found in the land. Strabo states that these Belgae were not Celts:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The origin of the Scots is involved in some obscurity, but 
various traditions confirm a belief that they came into Ireland from Spain. They land in 
the south and south-east, and, some time during the Roman occupation of Britain, passed 
over from the north into Caledonia. thus they traversed the entire island, Connaught 
apparently excepted, and made so deep an impression on their new country as to give it the
name that it bore for some centuries, Scotia. Their invasion of Caledonia finally 
transferred the name to that country. It is very probable that they were Celtiberians, as 
their migration from Spain would lead us to suppose; and it is certain that the Scottish 
Highlanders and the Basques strikingly correspond in many important characteristics."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This was Burke's opinion, and we remember a conversation said to 
have taken place between him and a Highlander in confirmation of it, - of too coarse a 
character, however, for insertion in these pages.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This correspondence was pointed out as early as the twelfth 
century by Giraldus Cambrensis. the cloth <i>bonnet</i> or <i>berret</i> of the modern 
Basques closely resembles that on the coin of James V. of Scotland called the 
bonnet-piece. The music of the two countries has a strongly marked similarity and 
originality; the <i>cornamusa</i>, or bagpipe, (<i>corn</i> being Celtic for horn,) is 
common to both; and they alike use the sword-dance, put the stone, (French, <i>ruer la 
barre</i>,) and toss the caber. the game of golf is but a modification of the Basue <i>Jeu
de paume</i>, a game that creates intense interest, and draws strangers to visit it from 
distant provinces. The superstitions respecting sneezing, sitting down thirteen to a 
table, spilling the salt, and commencing a journey on Friday, are similar; but the most 
striking identity is found in the funeral customs. In the basque provinces, as in Ireland,
a woman is hired to sing the <i>andecha</i>, the funeral lament - the <i>coronach</i> of 
the Highlanders, and the <i>caoine</i> of the Irish. The friends present at a Basque 
funeral strike the widow, with loud cries and lamentations, as the Irish strike the 
coffin; and the Irish refrain has a decided Basque character. the well-known Irish refrain
<i>Lilli-burlero</i> may be compared with the <i>Lelo il leloa</i>of the Basques, meaning 
<i>voici</i>, with the addition of the well-known word <i>bolero</i>, a Spanish dance. 
That the Basques came in Contact with the Celts is evident. Their word for river, 
<i>gave</i>, may be compared with our <i>Avon</i>, with the <i>Ave</i> of Portugal, and 
with the <i>Tave</i> of Devonshire, (the <i>t</i> being inserted for the sake of euphony,)
and their border river, the Adour, is the same as our river Adur in Sussex, and the Dour 
in Ireland, Celtic <i>dwr</i>, water. Many names of places compounded with <i>Llan</i> are
found near the Basque Province, several <i>cols</i> and <i>pens</i>, as the Pen d'hyeris 
and Pen d'escot, also a <i>Lug</i>dunum Convenarum, Celtic <i>lug</i>, a marsh. The 
Basques are excessively indignant at being compared by Doctors Latham and Trench with the 
Finns and Lapps. They have scarcely one element in common, and M. Michel, (<i>Sur le Pays 
Basque</i>) after a careful resume of the numerous works that have been written on the 
subject, declares that their language differs substantially from all other known 
languages, notwithstanding it has some radicals in common with the Finnish, and with other
languages of southern and middle Asia, especially the Turkish, a proof of its primitive 
character, and of the common parentage of all tongues. Mr. Sullivan refers the Mendip 
Hills to the Basque <i>mendia</i>, a hill, and considers the <i>i</i> in Iceni, and the 
<i>bi</i> in Bibroci, to be Iberian prefixes. Eden, formerly <i>ituna</i>, he claims as 
Celtiberian. It is evdient, however, that since the Basque immigration some succeeding 
tribes have swept over Ireland, amongst others the Brigantes and Silures.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have endeavoured to give a sketch of our author's views, 
without accepting all his conclusions, for want of further data. We have not space to 
follow him in his narrative of the successive invasions of the Saxons, Angles, and Danes, 
whose settlements in Cumberland and Westmorland he traces with considerable precision. He 
gives at least due prominence to Hiberno-Celtic derivations of names of places, but we 
know not whether that of the famed Watling-street from <i>widhe leana</i>, the road of the
marsh, he remarks, was Wadling, preserved in Wadling Tarn. The question deserves 
ventialtion, as the phrase is. The Anglo-Saxon <i>Deoraby</i> (Saxon Chronicle) was the 
nearest approximation to the Celtic name for the town of Derby that the language offered; 
there are many towns to be found in the charters compounded with the Anglo-Saxon word 
<i>deor</i>, the modern Schleswig word <i>deert</i>, animals. The Angle word <i>worth</i> 
is merely a piece of ground raised up above the surface of the water. (See <i>Census 
Daniae</i> in Langebek, vol.vii.) There are several such on the Danube. <i>Scale, shaw, 
bos</i> and <i>wath</i> are not necessarily Danish; they may be An-
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<Keyword>placename, Bootle</Keyword> <Keyword>Nelson</Keyword> <Keyword>Shakespeare, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Baal</Keyword> <Keyword>beltane</Keyword> <Keyword>bale 
fire</Keyword> <Keyword>funeral pyre</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Yevering Bell</Keyword>
<Keyword>placename, Bell Hill</Keyword> <Keyword>placename, Hill Bell</Keyword> 
<Keyword>placename, Bell</Keyword> <Keyword>Kemble</Keyword> <Keyword>Archaeological 
Journal</Keyword> <Keyword>Blackwood's Magazine</Keyword> <Keyword>Chaucer, 
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<Keyword>Pyrenees</Keyword> <Keyword>Germans</Keyword> <Keyword>Spain</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1858 part 1 p.426
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[An]glo-Saxon. The Angle element in Cumberland was not so very 
inconsiderable, as the long list of peculiar words of Angle in derivation in Ferguson's 
"Northmen in Cumberland" shews. To this we might add the name Bootle, from Angle 
<i>bodl</i>, or <i>botl</i>, a dwelling; also many names of places ending in <i>ton</i>; 
the verb <i>laik</i>, from <i>lacan</i>. to play (whence a lark;) ment, <i>maengan</i>, 
mixed; mean, <i>menan</i>, to bemoan; won, <i>wunnian</i>, to dwell, &amp;c. We agree with
our author as to the Celtic origin of Nelson, but cannot for a moment allow that Shakspere
was <i>Jacques pierre!</i> <i>Idem sonans</i> is a deceitful guide. The Danish word 
<i>rise</i> is simply great, and not necessarily gigantic.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Sullivan's disclaimer of any reference to Baal in the Beltein 
is just and important, although we do not preceive why they who erred in company with 
Calmet should be called "silly," or "benighted idolaters." We should not have heard so 
much of the connection of the worship of Baal with these northern fires, had it not been 
for our acquaintance with the word Baal of the sacred Scriptures, - which, however, means 
simple <i>dominus</i>, sometimes only <i>magister</i>, or <i>maritus</i>. There can be no 
doubt that our "bale-fires" were the funereal pyres in which, till the close of the ninth 
century, the heathen Northmen consumed their dead, generally on a raised structure of 
stones. To this purpose the Yevering Bell, the Bell Hills and Hill Bells of Cumberland, 
were, we conceive, set apart. We think it impossible that any one who has read Kemble's 
paper in No.54 of the "Archaeological Journal" can be sceptical on this subject. He points
out the Bael, <i>rogus</i>, of the Saxon charters, in one instance on a hill; also the 
<i>ad</i> the <i>strues rogi</i>, and the <i>brandes-beorh</i>, the hill of burning. The 
towns or hamlets, Balsham and Belsham, were named as he infers, from the word bael, 
<i>flamma</i>, names given by the Christian Anglo-Saxons. We think the reviewer in 
"Blackwood" (No. for March, 1857,) might have spared his banter on Mr. Sullivan as to this
and one or two other points, especially as he confesses to ignorance of archaeology and 
Northern literature. We wonder if he would claim Chaucer's allusion in the following lines
for his favourite Baal! -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Thou shalt be burnt in baleful fire,</Line>
<Line>And all they sect I shall destrie."</Line>
<Line><i>Ploughman's Tale</i></Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He will find no trace of Baal-worship in Celtic Brittany, no 
proper name of a place beginning with Bel, although plenty of <i>pens</i>. On the other 
hand, in the Eastern Pyrenees, whither the Germans repaired when they invaded Spain under 
Charlemagne, there are several <i>bels</i> and <i>bals</i>. We would refer the second 
syllable of <i>Beltein</i> to the Anglo-Saxon <i>tynan, claudere</i>. The dragon referred 
to by Mr. Sullivan which is carried in procession at Burford in Oxfordshire, is supposed 
to be commemorative of a great victory recorded in the Saxon Chronicle to have been gained
there over a Saxon enemy, whose banner was a dragon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We are not sure that Dunmallet, near Ullswater, pronounced 
Dunmwland, is not from <i>dun</i> and <i>mallum</i>, the <i>commune placitum</i> for the 
<i>Thing</i>, which we believe its form shews it may have been used for. We agree with 
Lord Dufferin that to these <i>Things</i>, and to the Norse invasion that implanted them, 
more than to the Wittanagemotes of the Latinized Saxons, must be referred the origin of 
those parliaments which are the boast of Englishmen. The finest <i>placitum</i> remaining 
is at Penrith. The derivations of <i>carrock</i> and <i>Helvellyn</i> were well explained 
in the September number of the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Roman invasion of Cumberland is placed a century too late: it 
was garrisoned under Agricola, a lieutenant of Vespasian; and the objection to Wolf, as 
the name of a man, cannot have been made seriously.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The chapter on Antiquities may be enlarged with advantage: no 
counties are richer in sepulchral remains of many nations, and in Roman roads and 
stations, than these. Mr. Sullivan's remarks on the phonetic structure of the language are
original and important. We are pleased to see that he has paid attention to the comparison
of names of places in different countries. His chapters on Superstitions and Customs are 
full of amusement, and will amply repay perusal.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We learn from the Preface that the work was first written in the 
shape of detached letters to the "Kendal Mercury," which would account for the want of 
connection, and occasionally of lucidness; but we have no doubt that these slight 
imperfections will be corrected in a second edition, which we hope shortly to see. The 
price of the book, we may mention, is very modest. If we are rightly informed, our author 
is the head of a small provincial academy; and if so, this work, which embraces so wide a 
field of philological investigation, does him the more credit, proving that he must have 
surmounted obstacles which would have deterred not a few similarly situated.
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<Keyword>Britton, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Monasticon Anglicanum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Reformation, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Hanover, House of</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1858 part 2 p.479
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>cathedrals</Keyword>
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Cathedrals</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">CATHEDRALS PRIOR TO THE CIVIL WARS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE earliest printed description of an English cathedral does not 
date further back than the eighteenth century. Drake and Dart, the respective historians 
of York and Canterbury, were pioneers on a field which for years remained unoccupied, till
such men as Gosling, Bentham, and Harwood appeared. It was not, however, their plan to 
take any extended view of a subject so interesting, they confined their attention and 
researches to a single church and city: Browne Willis, who had acquired his love of 
architecture and monuments of the middle ages, while a boy at Westminster school, in the 
aisles of the neighbouring abbey, was the first to publish a survey of cathedrals. His 
notices, meagre, alas! as they are valuable, suggested the works of Storer, Buckler, and 
Winkles, and the admirable, but imperfect illustrations of Mr. Britton. If we add the last
edition of the <i>Monasticon Anglicanum</i>. we shall exhaust the list of any general 
survey of all the cathedrals comprised in one work previous to the present year.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For the long period which intervened between the Reformation and 
the accession of the House of Hanover, we have only the partial and cursory observations 
of detached writers, and the narrative, in the "Mercuries" of the day, of the sacrilegious
outrages committed by the unscrupulous Hazelrigge and Waller. These, necessaily, permit us
rather to guess than see the actual state of the cathedrals at a period of great 
importance, that immediately preceding the wars of the King and Parliament, -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"That violent commotion, which o'erthrew,</Line>
<Line>In town, and city, and sequestered glen,</Line>
<Line>Altar, and cross, and church of solemn roof."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Fortunately, a MS. which now lies before us affords a curious, and
at times, a minute insight into the actual state of the churches, the number and order of 
the ornaments, the efficiency of the choir, the behaviour of the clergy, the aspect of the
structure and its adjacent close, with glimpses of everyday life, customs, and manners, 
long fallen into desuetude.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the year 1634, three gentlemen of "Merry Norwich," a Captain, 
Lieutenant, and Auncient, took their journey a-foot to see, not foreign lands, or make the
grand tour, but with the better and more patriotic and sensible purpose of acquainting 
themselves with the beauty and antiquities of their own country. They were persons of 
observant miinds, devotional temper, and a considerable fund of quiet humour; in fact, the
very companions we should choose for good fellowship in the long vacation, on a long 
bright summer's day. Their journey lay through twenty-six of the English counties, and 
commenced on August 11. Persons whose daily life is spent in a cathedral town, are very 
frequently those least acquainted with its history and architecture; what we can do any 
day we very often put off to an indefinte period; Westminster Abbey is more familiar to 
strangers from the country, we are bold to say, than to the two millions who dwell within 
the sound of Bow bells: our worthy officers are no exception, for not a syllable occurs in
reference to the chief ornament of their native city.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The triumvirate were voluntary members of the military company of 
Norwich, officers of train band or militia. The Lieutenant, from the little hints that 
peep out of the narrative, was clearly the chronicler, and the hand-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1858 part 2 p.480
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<Paragraph rend="quote">writing is conclusive in a sort of autobiography of some rambles 
on his own account, at which we shall glance presently. The Captain and the Ensign we find
arrayed in Lincoln green, a garb at that time-honoured city involving the party in 
difficulty, as a Mr. Taylor, who is dubbed for his pains, but with good reason, a 
"meddlesome coxcomb," suspects them from their forester's livery of being "Clerks of the 
Board of Green Cloth," (oh! the facetious wag with his Caroline pun,) "come down to 
inquire about the monopolies."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We remember to have heard of a gentleman in the civilian 
department of the royal navy going over in his full-dress to the grand reviews at Paris on
the occasion of the Queen's visit to our faithful ally, Napoleon III., and returning with 
great exultation, bursting with self-congratulation, and boasting to all who were so 
unfortunate as to fall in his way of the respect that was paid to him, for that he never 
till then knew the value and recommendation that lay in the uniform of a British officer. 
Our good worthy citizens set out with the same design, their language, if not bellicose, 
constantly smacks of the military. Having "opportune and vacant leisure to take a view, 
they hold a parley, and set out with soldiers journeying ammunition;" when they take a 
long walk they "march;" they are "properly accoutred" when dressed; inspect like general 
officers forts and garrisons, cavalry and infantry, little thinking, poor souls, of the 
wars about to burst on their unhappy country, and in which they will be called upon to 
take their share; and the sight of "the black scarf of the mayor of Sandwich" suggests a 
suitable ornament for an offending sentinel.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But we are forgetting the main object of their quest, the 
churches, -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Whose towers bear heads so high they kiss the clouds,</Line>
<Line>And strangers ne'er beheld but wondered at:</Line>
<Line>... ... to satisfy their eyes</Line>
<Line>With the memorials and things of fame</Line>
<Line>That do renown each city."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Their route lay across the fens of Lincolnshire, and leaving 
Sleaford, "we hasten! says our lieutenant, "to LINCOLN, and found the way for the major 
part thither pleasant, healthy, and champaign, and good sociable way for travellers, but 
such as notably deceives them, if they be weary; for when we first espied the high towers 
of the cathedral, we thought it near, but it proved to our pains and patience a full jury 
of miles ... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The next cathedral town is that of YORK ... ...
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  <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral</Keyword>
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Carlisle Cathedral
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The three travellers were sorely disappointed at their next 
cathedral stage, CARLISLE, "nothing so fair and stately as those we had seen." There were 
sixteen petty canons and singing-men; there are now two minor canons and eight lay vicars.
The worthy Lieutenant now fairly looses his temper:- "It is like a great wild country 
church, and as it appeared outwardly, so was it inwardly, neither beautified nor adorned 
one whit. The organs and voices did well agree, the one being like a shrill bagpipe, the 
other like the Scottish tone; the sermon in the like accent. The communion was 
administered and received in a wild and irreverent manner." Merry Carlisle had not 
forgotten the days of forays, when the Black Wills of the Border carried off cattle from 
under its castle walls.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Journal<Note>Carlisle 
Journal</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Journal</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle: English 
Street</Keyword> <Keyword>English Street, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Society of 
Antiquaries of Newcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Lucanus</Keyword> <Keyword>Ala Augusta 
Gallorum Petriana</Keyword> <Keyword>Aulus Platorius Nepos</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, 
William</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>Ulpius Trajanus 
Martius</Keyword> <Keyword>Gadnus</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Old Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Riveling rescript</Keyword>  <Keyword>military diploma</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1860 part 1 p.346
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Inscriptions, Carlisle</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G860A346.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS DISCOVERED AT CARLISLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Two remarkable inscribed slabs have recently been found in 
excavating a foundation for the new office of the "Journal," in English-street, Carlisle. 
Unfortunately they are both imperfect, and the purport if their inscriptions is therefore 
doubtful. Dr. Collingwood Bruce, the historian of the Roman Wall, has, however, suggested 
explanations, in papers read before the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-on-Tyne, in 
February and March last. The following are his remarks on the slab first discovered:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The slab is of a large size, 5 feet 3 inches long and a foot
thick. Unfortunately the upper portion is gone. The stone has suffered from that 
vengeance, on the part of the Caledonians, on the occasion of a successful onslaught, 
which so many of the relics of Rome in these parts bear marks of. That part of the 
inscription, which no doubt told of the occasion of its being cut, is lost; but there can 
be little doubt that it was to commemorate the erection of some building of importance, 
probably a temple. The names of the chief officials engaged in the work are also lost, 
with the exception of the fragments of four letters. Notwithstanding these ravages, the 
stone is of great value, and that part of the inscription that is left gives us 
information which we did not possess before.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The inscription may, I think, be thus read:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>... ... ... ...</Line>
<Line>... ... LVCA[NVS]</Line>
<Line>PRAEF[ECTVS] ALAE AVGVSTAE</Line>
<Line>PETRIANAE TORQ[VATAE] M[ILLIARIAE] C[IVIVM] R[OMANORVM]</Line>
<Line>D[E]D[ICAVERVNT] (or D[E]D[ICAVIT]).</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'(This temple) was dedicated to --, by Lucanus (?) the Prefect of the Petriana 
Cavalry, surnamed Augustan, entitled to wear the torque, consisting of a thousand men, all
Roman citizens.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">The notices which we have previously had of the Ala Petriana
have been very scanty. Its name appears on the Riveling rescript, along with other troops 
then in Britain, under the charge of Aulus Platorius Nepos. This rescript belongs to the 
eighth tribuneship of Hadrian, answering to A.D. 124.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">In Camden's day a stone - which was lost before Horsley's 
time - had an inscription, which has been thus read by Horsley:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>... ... ...</Line>
<Line>GADVNOVLP[IVS] TRAI[ANVS]</Line>
<Line>EM[ERITVS] AL[AE] PET[RIANAE]</Line>
<Line>MARTIVS</Line>
<Line>F[ACIENDVM] P[RO] O[VRAVIT].</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Ulpius Trajanus Martius, a veteran of the Petriana cavalry, caused this to be 
erected to (the memory of) Gadnus.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">This stone was found at Old Penrith.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">Last summer, a carving upon the side of an old limestone 
quarry at Banks-
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Banks Burn</Keyword> <Keyword>inscribed rock, Burtholme</Keyword> <Keyword>Ala 
Augusta Gallorum Petriana</Keyword> <Keyword>Junius Brutus</Keyword> <Keyword>Notitia 
Dignitatum</Keyword> <Keyword>Petriana Cavalry<Note>Ala Augusta Gallorum 
Petriana</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors I Aelia Dacorum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Amboglanna<Note>roman fort, Birdoswald</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Walton House, Walton</Keyword> <Keyword>Petriana<Note>roman 
fort, Castlesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Castlesteads<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cohors II Tungrorum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cohors IIII Gallorum</Keyword> <Keyword>roman forts</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian's 
Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Riveling rescript</Keyword> <Keyword>military diploma</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, Stanwix</Keyword> <Keyword>torquatus</Keyword> <Keyword>Caius 
Camurius Clemens</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1860 part 1 p.347
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[Banks]burn, near Lanercost, was discovered, which also mentions 
the Ala Petriana. The inscription may be read:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>I[VNIVS] BRVTVS</Line>
<Line>DEC[VRIO] AL[AE] PET[RIANAE].</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>'Junius Brutus, a decurion (commander of ten men) of the Petriana cavalry.'</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lastly, we have in the <i>Notitia</i> list, after the mention of 
the Tribune of the first AElian Cohort of Dacians at Amboglanna, the following entry:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Praefectus Alae Petrianae Petrianis</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From this circumstance it has been inferred that Walton House, the
station next west from Amboglanna, is the Petriana of the <i>Notitia</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Unfortunately we have met with no stony record of Ala Petriana at 
Walton House, though we have three of the Second Cohort of the Tungri, and one of the 
Fourth Cohort of the Gauls.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By comparing the stones found at the various stations with the 
<i>Notitia</i> list, the names of the stations on the Wall between Wallsend and Birdoswald
have been ascertained with certainty; westward of this, all is involved in comparative 
doubt. Had this stone been found at Walton House, it would have gone far to confirm the 
reasonings of antiquaries that this was Petriana. In all probablity this <i>ala</i> had 
not then taken up its position upon the Wall. The Wall at the time this slab was cut was 
probably only in the process of erection. The letters are clearly cut and well formed; no 
ligatures are introduced; even the letters composing the diphthongs are not tied together.
The style of the lettering indicates an early date, probably not later than the Riveling 
rescript in the time of Hadrian.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If, as it seems probable from the size and character of the slab, 
it was attached to a building erected by the Prefect of the Ala, we may infer that this 
body of troops were at this time resident in Roman Carlisle. Had the inscription occurred 
on an altar, it might have been made when they were only resting there for a brief space.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, In no other inscription found in Britain except this are we 
informed that the Ala Petriana was entitled to the epithet of Augustus; that it consisted 
of a thousand men; that it was composed solely of Roman citizens; and for the first time 
the epithet Torquata occurs, as applied either to this body of troops or any other in 
Britain. As the troop was in Britain when Hadrian was, it may have received the epithet of
Augusta for some deed of valour done in his presence. It seems too, to have consisted of 
1,000 strong. It must have been much reduced in size before it took up its qtrs in the 
Walton House station, which has an area of only 2 3/4 acres. It was at this time only 
recruited from the ranks of persons who, like the Apostle Paul, could boast of being Roman
citizens. In the lower periods of the Empire this rule was probably departed from; though,
indeed, the privilege was then so widely diffused as to become of little value. The 
epithet <i>torquatus</i> has not before been found in Britain as applied to any body of 
troops. It was a distinction of great rarity. In Ortelius's collection of Roman 
inscriptions the term only once occurs, and then, strangely enouigh, it occurs as applied 
to this same body of troops. It is an inscription which was found in Italy, and was 
erected to commemorate the merits of Caius Camurius Clemens, who, along with several other
important commands, is said to have been "Prefect for the Administration of Justice of the
Emperor Caesar Trajanus Augustus, and Prefect of the Ala Petriana, a military troop, 
consisting of Roman citizens, and twice
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  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
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  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Ala 
Augusta Gallorum Petriana</Keyword> <Keyword>torquatus</Keyword> <Keyword>torc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword> <Keyword>Titus Manlius Torquatus</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort,
Birdoswald</Keyword> <Keyword>Walton House fort<Note>roman fort, 
Castlesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Cambeck Fort<Note>roman fort, 
Castlesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Castlesteads</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, 
John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard, Philip Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Nichols, 
John Gough</Keyword> <Keyword>Mackie</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Journal</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1860 part 1 p.348
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G860A348.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">rewarded with the torque (<i>bis torquata</i>)." It is quite 
evident, therefore, that the Ala Petriana was what would be called now-a-days a crack 
regiment, and must have taken an important share in the events transacted in the 
north-west of England in Hadrian's time. Although the Italian inscription does not say 
that the Ala was then in Italy, the feeling which the reading produces is that it was. It 
probably came to Britain with Hadrian.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We first of all hear of the torque in Roman history in connection 
with Titus Manlius. Having vanquished a Gaul whose neck was adorned with a twisted band of
gold, he took it from his foe and placed it on his own person. He was called Torquatus 
from the circumstance. Permission to wear the torque was afterwards accounted a mark of 
honour. We need not suppose that in the case of a whole regiment each individual wore a 
neck-band of gold or bronze. The torque may have been adapted to the arm or wrist, or may 
have even degenerated to a medal with one or more clasps: or perhaps the torque may have 
been appended to the standard. Some bronze armlets, very uncomfortable to wear, have been 
found in some of our Roman stations. I have two in my possession, which are said to have 
been found in Birdoswald. Perhaps they have been worn by some members of the <i>Ala 
Petriana</i> when entitled to claim the distinction of <i>torquata</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, The origin of the name Petriana is uncertain. It seems clear
now that the <i>ala</i> did not take its name from the station (Walton House or Cambeck 
Fort) in which it was qtred, but that it had it before coming to Britain. How it arose is 
not known.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It may be necessary to remark that the <i>ala</i> or wings of the 
Roman army were always cavalry, and were auxiliary troops, not native Italians.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="medium+">G860E01.jpg
</Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A second, but smaller stone, found near the former, furnished the 
subject of another paper by Dr. Bruce. We are indebted to the courtesy of P. H. Howard, 
Esq., of Corby, and John Gough Nichols, Esq., for the accompanying accurate representation
of the slab.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Bruce exhibited drawings of Roman and Ancient British Remains,
sent to him by Mr. Mackie of Carlisle, and then said:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"At our last monthly meeting, I had the pleasure of laying before 
the members an interesting fragment of an important Roman inscription discovered at 
Carlisle. Since that period another inscribed stone has been exhumed on the same spot - 
(the site where the buildings for the new offices of the 'Carlisle Journal' are
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<Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Journal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hercules</Keyword> <Keyword>Invictus</Keyword> <Keyword>Conservator</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Clayton, Mr</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1860 part 1 p.349
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">being erected). As usual, the stone is fractured. In the last 
example we had the lower lines of the inscription complete. In this case, the fracture is 
vertical, and the right hand portion of the stone is altogether wanting. Hence, though we 
have a portion of every line of the inscription, we have not one copmplete. In all 
probablity, the present fragment is only half of the original. When whole, it has, 
seemingly, been a square tablet, with a circular recess at the bottom. It may have been 
placed over a statue, the head of which occupied the recess. The stone, as we now have it,
is 1 ft. 11 in. long, 1 ft. 3 in. broad, and 4 in. thick. The sides are panelled. The 
margin of the face of the tablet is tastefully adorned by a moulding of the cable pattern.
The letters of the inscription are very clearly cut, and possess a beauty of form well 
worty the attention of modern type-founders. The following is the inscription:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>DEI HERC ...</Line>
<Line>VICTI COI ...</Line>
<Line>TrBVS PRO S ...</Line>
<Line>COMMiLiTON ...</Line>
<Line>BARBARORV ...</Line>
<Line>OB VIRTV ...</Line>
<Line>P SEXTANiV ...</Line>
<Line>TAT TRAIA ...</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Some ligatures (or tied letters) are introduced in the 
inscription, but they are of a very simple description. They are indicated in the 
foregoing copy by a smaller type. Judging from the character of the letters and the 
simplicity of the ligatures, the inscription is probably not later than the time of 
Heliogabalus. The inscription is quite new in its character; and hence, if complete, would
probably present some fresh phase of society in Roman Britain. Judging from the portion of
the circular recess at the bottom which is deficient, we have as yet got only half of the 
inscription. It is a hazardous, and, for historical purposes, an unsatisfactory thing in 
such circumstances, to draw upon the imagination for the remainder. The stone was probably
set up in a temple of Hercules, who, among his other titles, reckoned those of Invictus 
and Conservator, traces of which appear in the inscription. One peculiarity of the stone 
is that the name of the deity is in the genitive case. The word governing it is wanting, 
so that we do not know the precise form of dedication. Perhaps the word <i>numini</i> (to 
the majesty of the god) is to be supplied; or perhaps the dedication is to some fellowship
of the priests or worshippers of the god - <i>Sodalicio cultorum Herculis;</i> or it may 
be that the word <i>fanum</i> is on the missing part of the stone; in which case the first
lines of the inscription would simply announce the fact that this was a temple of 
Hercules. Our chairman, Mr. Clayton, informs me that he saw at Verona a slab containing 
the words <i>Fanum Herculis</i>. This slab, or the statute which probably accompanied it, 
had evidently been set up 'for the safety' (<i>pro salute</i>) of some individual or body 
of men. If we take the words as they stand before us, they read, 'for the safety of our 
foreign fellow-soldiers, on account of their valour.' In this case the inscription has 
been made by Italian troops, in honour of some auxiliary cohort or ala with whom they had 
co-operated. This interpretation breathes a more kindly feeling than we should expect from
Latin soldiers. The word <i>barbarus</i>, as applied to foreign troops, is exceedingly 
rare in Roman inscriptions, if, indeed, another example besides this can be found. It is 
not impossible that, should the remainder of the inscription turn up, the occasion of its 
erection may prove to have been a successful onslaught of the
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1860 part 1 p.350
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Romans on the barbarians of Caledonia. It will be in the 
recollection of most of us, that at Kirkandrews, a village to the west of Carlisle, there 
is an altar which has been erected to some deity whose name is lost - <i>ob res trans 
vallum prospere gestas</i> - on account of achievements prosperously performed beyond the 
Wall. Of the remainder of the Carlisle inscription little is certain, excepting that one 
Publius Sextanius, or Sextantius, seems to have some hand in it. This is not a name known 
in Roman story. The discovery of another inscription, so soon after the one described at 
our last meeting shews how rich the site of Carlisle is in historic relics of the Roman 
era. Should any event, toward or untoward, require the rebuilding of the present city, a 
mass of historic lore would probably be disinterred which in real value would amply repay 
the cost of the operation."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Though, as we have said, these inscriptions are so imperfect, and 
therefore leave a wide field for conjecture, we can hardly doubt but that Dr. Bruce or 
some other of our Roman antiquaries will eventually succeed in satisfactorily determining 
their meaning. The discovery of two inscriptions so near to each other raises a 
presumption that the soil of Carlisle must be rich in such remains, and if so, it will 
contrast strongly with other Roman sites that have been recently explored. The great 
excavations at Chesterford did not produce a single inscription, and little more can be 
said of those at Uriconium, though most interesting and important in their revelation of 
other matters.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
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Boulogne, Earl of</Keyword> <Keyword>Cistercian Order</Keyword> <Keyword>Tulketh, 
Amounderness</Keyword>  <Keyword>Amounderness</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1860 part 2 p.398
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</Marginal>
Excursion to Furness Abbey</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">LIVERPOOL ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>July</i> 9. The annual excursion was this year to Furness 
Abbey. The abbey is well known for the scope it presents to the labours of the 
archaeologist, whilst at the same time it is replete with a variety of points of high 
interest to the architect.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In A.D. 1127, Stephen, then earl of Mortaign and Boulogne, erected
the abbey on the banks of a rivulet near Dalton, in Furness, as a place of refuge for 
Cistercian monks who had removed here from Tulketh, in Amoun-
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Graham</Keyword> <Keyword>Furness Abbey Hotel, Barrow-in-Furness</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1860 part 2 p.399
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[Amoun]derness, but originally from Savigny, in France. The ruins 
of the abbey are of Norman and Early English architecture; the whole length of the church 
is said to be 287 ft., the nave 70 ft. broad, whilst the walls are in some places 54 ft. 
high and 5 ft. thick, the windows and arches being unusually lofty. There are also the 
remains of the chapter-house and cloisters, and of the school-house, a large building 
detached from all the rest. The immediate precincts of the abbey, which comprehend a large
space, are enclosed by a stone wall, covered by the ruins of numerous small buildings, and
in one part is an arched gateway. The stone employed in the building was originally of a 
pale red colour, but from the action of time and weather it has now assumed a dusky-brown 
tint. In the visit to the abbey the party received valuable aid from Mr. Paley, architect,
of Lancaster, and a member of the Liverpool Society.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After a dinner at the Furness Abbey Hotel, many beautiful 
photographs, shewing various portions of the ancient abbey, were exhibited. They were 
taken by Mr. Keith, photographer, of Liverool.
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">A SCENE IN CUMBERLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line></Line>
<Line>EARTH hath not many a fairer spot I ween</Line>
<Line>Than this lone vale, approached by paths as rude</Line>
<Line>As ever led to Alpine solitude!</Line>
<Line>From early morn to noon my steps have been</Line>
<Line>Still wending upwards through a stern wild scene</Line>
<Line>Of shaggy fells, besprinkled here and there</Line>
<Line>With many a marshy pool or sullen mere;</Line>
<Line>Till, having passed these portal rocks between,</Line>
<Line>My eyes were gladdened by this soft green vale,</Line>
<Line>Smiling in silent beauty, far apart</Line>
<Line>From town or highway. There's no poet's tale</Line>
<Line>Need'st to revisit oft the gazer's heart,</Line>
<Line>Fairest yet loveliest of the mountain dells</Line>
<Line>My devious steps have traced on Cumbria's fells.</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>X.</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1861 part 1 p.684
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</Marginal>
Excavations, Furness Abbey</Heading>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G861A684.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Note-book of Sylvanus Urban.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The excavations at the ruins of Furness Abbey are to be resumed, 
attention being particularly directed towards the mound of earth and <i>debris</i> 
adjoining the chapter-house. The exploration, it is hoped, will result in laying bare more
of the foundations than are at present exposed; so that the work, although conducted on a 
comparatively small scale, will prove eminently interesting and suggestive to the 
antiquary.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Wake, Henry T</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Blair, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle Journal</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle: 
English Street</Keyword> <Keyword>Fates, The</Keyword> <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1861 part 2 p.529
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Bruce, F.S.A., gave some information and exhibited sketches 
obtained from Mr. Henry T. Wake, of Scotby, of some Roman remains discovered in May last, 
on the site of Mr. Thomas Blair's house, near the "Journal" Office, in English-street, 
Carlisle, in rebuilding which office, it will be remembered, former discoveries took 
place<sup>a</sup>. There are three inscribed stones. One, with a sunk square at the top, 
evidently for the reception of statues of the goddess mothers, The Fates, is inscribed -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>MATRIB. PARC PRO SALVT</Line>
<Line>SANCTIAE. GEMINAE.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another, a votive altar with the name IANVARIVS amongst other 
lettering, is very mutilated. The third, though mutilated, has a perfect inscription :-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>PARCIS</Line>
<Line>PROBO</Line>
<Line>DONATALIS</Line>
<Line>PATER. V. S.</Line>
<Line>L. M.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The coins found were corroded and unim-
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>a</sup> GENT. MAG., April, 1860, p.346.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Aemilianus</Keyword> <Keyword>lachrymotary</Keyword> <Keyword>mortarium</Keyword>
<Keyword>Wake</Keyword> <Keyword>cross</Keyword> <Keyword>St Bridget, Beckermet</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Beckermet, St John Beckermet</Keyword> <Keyword>Addison, Frederic</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Longstaffe</Keyword> <Keyword>Haigh, Daniel Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Maughan, 
John</Keyword> <Keyword>Piegbalech</Keyword> <Keyword>Tuda, Bishop</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1861 part 2 p.530
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[unim]portant. One seemed to be a small brass of the Lower Empire.
Among other fragments of Samian there was one stamped AEMILIANVS. Some large oak cisterns,
puddled with clay brought from a distance, were also found. The first two were supposed to
be coffins, but a third proved to be six feet square. Their boards were about 1 3/4 in. 
thick, and were fastened tgether with wooden pegs.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the same street some other relics of Roman dominion had also 
been found not long before. There was a little glass lachrymotary entire, and many 
fragments of Samian and other pottery, among them the following:- a mortarium, with the 
spout; a large piece, stamped in two places with AVSTIMANV; a Samina mortarium with a hole
through it, and a lion's mouth through which the liquid ran; a piece of vessel made of a 
dark slate-coloured material, glazed, very hard and thin, slightly ornamented with 
diagonal dashes placed close together, and, to Mr. Wake's eye, of finer pottery than the 
best Samian ware that he had seen.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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Cross, St Bridget's Church, Beckermet</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. L. [Longstaffe] also exhibited careful rubbings of the cross 
in Beckermont churchyard, Cumberland. They were made by the Rev. Frederic Addison, of 
Cleator, who has no theory on the subject, but who is decidedly of opinion that the 
inscription remains to be read, and that the versions of Haigh and Maughan cannot be 
supported. Mr. Haigh's drawing was compared, and the members confessed themselves unable 
to trace or consider possible some of the principal features therein delineated. The 
identification of Piegbalech, the burial place of Tuda, bishop of Lindisfarne, with 
Beckermont, cannot therfore be accepted without better evidence of the stone being his 
monument.
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<Keyword>Blamire, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Thackwood, Dalston</Keyword> <Keyword>Tithe, 
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</Marginal>
William Blamire, Obituray</Heading>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 12. At Thackwood, near Carlisle, aged 71, Wm. Blamire,
esq., late Chief Tithe, Copyhold, and Inclosure Commissioner, and formerly M.P. for the 
eastern division of Cumberland, in conjunction with the late Right Hon. Sir James Graham. 
He relinquished his seat in Parliament on being appointed head of the Tithe Commission, 
and only retired from the public service in the summer of 1860. He was a large landowner 
in his native county.
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<Keyword>Tithe, Copyhold, and Inclosure Commission</Keyword> <Keyword>Bush Inn, 
Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Oaks, Hawksdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Howard, Philip 
Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>Corby Castle, Great Corby</Keyword> <Keyword>James, 
Captain</Keyword> <Keyword>Barrock Park, Hesket</Keyword> <Keyword>Monkhouse, J</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Lyzzick Hall, Underskiddaw</Keyword> <Keyword>Paley, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Principles of Political and Moral Philosophy</Keyword> <Keyword>Curwen, 
Christian</Keyword> <Keyword>Workington Hall, Workington</Keyword> <Keyword>Althorp, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Tithe Commutation Act 1836</Keyword> <Keyword>Russell, 
Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>enclosure</Keyword> <Keyword>land tenure</Keyword> 
<Keyword>drainage</Keyword> <Keyword>Parks, Josiah</Keyword> <Keyword>Robinson, 
Henry</Keyword> <Keyword>All Saints, Raughton Head</Keyword> <Keyword>East Cumberland 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1862 part 1 p.470
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Blamire Memorial</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G862A470.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE BLAMIRE MEMORIAL.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN our pages a short time ago<sup>e</sup> was duly recorded the 
decease of Mr. Blamire, late Chief Tithe, Copyhold, and Inclosure Commissioner, a man 
whose merits as a public servant have been often acknowledged in Parliament and elsewhere.
His friends have now resolved to take steps to institute some lasting tribute to his 
memory, and accordingly a meeting was held at the Bush Hotel, in Carlisle, on the 1st of 
March, at which Philip Henry Howard, esq., of Corby Castle, presided; Captain James, of 
Barrock Park, the Rev. J. Monkhouse, of Lyzzick Hall, and several other gentlemen, took 
part in the proceedings. From the statement of the Chairman it appeared that Mr. Blamire 
was the son of Dr. Blamire, of the Oaks, a highly-esteemed physician, and was christened 
by his father's intimate friend, Dr. Paley, whose views, as expressed in the second volume
of his "Principles of Political and Moral Philosophy," it was afterwards his task to work 
out. His mother was the sister of Mr. Christian Curwen, of Workington Hall, and under the 
eye of his uncle the young man acquired that intimate knowledge of agriculture and that 
enlightened regard for the general interests of the community which at all times 
distinguished him. He went into Parliament, and when Lord Althorp brought in his bill for 
the commutation of tithes, Mr. Blamire, in a most luminous speech, and in a friendly 
manner, criticised the bill and threw out some hints by which it might be remodelled. The 
Government immediately adopted his suggestions, and Earl Russell, unsolicited, asked him 
to take charge of the bill when it should have passed the legislature. Having been 
appointed to the office of Chief Tithe Commissioner, many other kindred occupations or 
branches of local improvement were naturally in time attached to that office. There was 
enclosure, and everything connected with drainage, and there were other local improvements
which were all naturally connected with the Tithe Commission. Mr. Blamire was intimately 
acquainted with customary as well as the copyhold tenure of land, and in carrying out 
these measures - which were at first voluntary - he conferred lasting benefit on his 
countrymen. Throughout his life his conduct was thoroughly disinterested; he used his 
official means to promote the benefit of his fellow-countrymen, and not to lay by 
treasures; for, he might say, like Pitt he died poor. But his memory would be embalmed in 
the recollection of a grateful posterity. Captain James, after a remark that the clergy 
were as much interested in the happy result of the labours of Mr. Blamire as the 
land-owners and occupiers, moved a resolution, "That in recognition of the many kind and 
disinterested services rendered by the late Mr. Blamire to the people of Cumberland for a 
long series of years, and of the arduous and faithful discharge of most important public 
duties as Chief Tithe, Copyhold, and Inclosure Commissioner, rendered by him to the 
country at large, this meeting is of opinion that steps should be taken to institute a 
lasting tribute to his memory." which was unanimously carried; and on the proposition of 
the Rev. Mr. Monkhouse, a subscription was at once opened, and about &#x00A3;70 was 
contributed before the close of the meeting. Beside the county friends and admirers of Mr.
Blamire, Earl Russell, and Mr. Josiah Parks, C.E., are contributors; and Henry Robinson, 
Esq., solicitor, Carlisle, will receive any sums forwarded on account of the Blamire 
Memorial. The form of this must of course depend on the amount subscribed, but a tablet in
Raughten-Head Church, and an annual Blamire prize at the East Cumberland Agricultural 
Show, have been suggested.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>e</sup> GENT. MAG., Feb. 1862, p.242
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1862 part 1 pp.578-579
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</Marginal>
Roman Sculpture, Carlisle</Heading>
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<Filename size="vlarge">G862A578.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">page 578:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Antiquarian and Literary Intelligence</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Ferguson, of Carlisle, gave an account of the recent discovery
there of a sculpture of the Roman period, part of the figure possibly of a soldier in one 
of the auxiliary cohorts; a torque and crescent appears round the neck, in one hand 
appears to be a short sword, and in the
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G862A579.jpg
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<Paragraph rend="text">page 579:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">other a small casket, with some long-hafted weapon. The figure was
about two-thirds life size.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1862 part 1 pp.592-593
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</Marginal>
Font, Bridekirk</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G862A592.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G862A593.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">page 592
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>March</i> 5. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A short paper by Mr. Monkhouse, was read on the font on Bridekirk 
Church. Mr. Monkhouse, after careful investigation, came to the con-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">page 593
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[con]clusion that the carving was Old-English, the language 
Old-English, and that the inscription was carved by Richard, Lord of Bridekirk, in the 
thirteenth century.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<Period>
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</Period>
<ObjectName>
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</ObjectName>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>memorial</Keyword> <Keyword>Land Improvement Society</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1862 part 2 p.48
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<Filename size="vlarge">G862B048.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, THE LATE. MR. BLAMIRE. - We some time ago<sup>a</sup> 
referred to the memorial that was proposed to be raised to the memory of this lamented 
gentleman. The subscription, we learn, progresses satisfactorily; the Land Improvement 
Society appears on the list for the sum of L50, which is a very considerable tribute to 
the worth and talent of the deceased, from a qtr well able to judge of his merits. Dr. 
Lonsdale has issued a memoir of his friend (London: Routledges), which we heartily commend
to the attention of our readers, with the expression of our regret that other demands on 
our space oblige us to forego our intention of extracting some portion of it.
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>a</sup> GENT. MAG., April, 1862, p.470.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1862 part 2 p.762
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
The Lifeboat, and Weather Forecasts</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G862B762.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">Historical and Miscellaneous Reviews.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, <i>The Life-Boat</i>, for October. (Office, 14, John-street,
Adelphi.) - The storms that so lately swept our coasts, and the details that still fill 
our newspapers, give a painful interest to a paper by Admiral Fitzroy contained in this 
little periodical, which is published qtrly, and costs by <i>twopence</i>. It is entitled 
"Weather Reports and Forecasts in the Daily Newspapers," and with its dia-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1862 part 2 p.763
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[dia]grams is enough to convince the most sceptical of the extreme
value of the cautionary signals employed by the Meteorological Department of the Board of 
Trade. From another paper we learn that there were no less than 1,494 shipwrecks on the 
British shores in the course of the year 1861, with the loss of 884 lives, but during the 
same time 4,624 were rescued from the most imminent peril, and a considerable proportion 
of those owed their deliverance to the truly benevolent Society which keeps up 123 
life-boats in readiness at any moment for active srvice, and also liberally recompenses 
the crews of any other craft that may co-operate in its works of mercy. It has, since its 
formation in 1824, saved 12,680 lives, laid out L64,000 in life-boats, &amp;c. distibuted 
84 gold and 713 silver medals, and paid L16,000 in rewards. If these simple facts are not 
enough to ansure such a degree of public support as shall give permanency to the 
institution, we really do not know what will suffice.
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<ScriptSection><Division>
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<Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Beaulieu, Hampshire</Keyword> <Keyword>Christchurch Archaeological and Natural 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1863 part 1 p.69
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Abbot of Beaulieu</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G863A069.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Meeting of the Christchurch Archaeological and Natural History 
Society, 25 Sept.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Several abbots of Beaulieu were distinguished men in their day. 
The second abbot was appointed third Bishop of Carlisle, and built the choir of Carlisle 
...
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<KeywordList>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1863 part 1 p.205
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Kirkby Lonsdale and Kilkenny, Ireland</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G863A205.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Kilkenny and S.-E. of Ireland Archaeol. Soc.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Robertson reported a rather curious and interesting 
circumstance to the Society - the fact of a portion of a townland in the county of 
Kilkenny forming a part of the glebe pertaining to an English vicarage. He had been 
recently professionally engaged by the Vicar of Kirkby Lonsdale, in Westmoreland, to 
survey and report on the dilapidations of two farm-houses and out-offices on the lands on 
Ballinabouola, parish of Tullaherin; and considering the circumstance of an English 
clergyman possessing land in Ireland somewhat strange, had mentioned the matter to the 
Rev. James Graves, who suggested that he (Mr. Robertson) should inquire of the agent of 
the incucmbent under what circumstances these lands had become attached to his vicarage. 
He accordingly had written to ask the question, and the following was the answer he had 
received:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">"With regard to your inquiry about the connection between 
Kirkby Lonsdale and the land in Kilkenny, it seems that when Cromwell was in Ireland he 
marched through Kilkenny, part of his forces being led by a general called Redman. He laid
siege to the old castle you might have seen on the south wing of the lands, and took it. 
For his services Cromwell gave him the lands, and Redman married his daughter to the then 
vicar of Kirkby Lonsdale, and gave the lands as a grant for ever to the vicars of that 
parish, who have since held them."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Prim remarked that the old castle alluded to was obviously 
that of Ballinaboula, which, however, he understood from Mr. Robertson, was not situated 
on lands pertaining to the vicarage of Kirkby Lonsdale. The castle, with a considerable 
portion of the townland, had been from a remote period, and he supposed still was, part of
the see-lands beloning to the bishopric of Ossory. ... The Cromwellian officer referred to
in the letter was doubtless Colonel Daniel Redman, who had acquired property in Kilkenny, 
but apparently not by a direct grant from Cromwell. A document quoted by the author of the
"Memoirs of the Grace Family" - who
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1863 part 1 p.206
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">speaks of it as "a very ancient and curious original MS.," but 
does not tell where it is preserved - states that "Ballylinch, Leogan, Raduth, Killarney, 
&amp;c. were at the same time given (amongst the forfeited estates of the Grace family) to
Captains Rogers and Joyner. ... Joyner had been cook to King Charles, though not his 
friend; wherefore to secure said estate he conveyed it to his brother-in-law, Colonel 
Daniel Redman, who gave Ballylinch and Leogan to his daughter, the lady Kerin, and the 
remainder to his other daughter married to Sir John Meade." It was thus that Ballylinch 
came to be the property of the Carrick family; but no mention is here made of a third 
daughter of Redman, or any marriage with a Vicar of Kirkby Lonsdale; and it would be a 
singular arrangement that lands given as a marriage portion should descend not to the 
children of the marriage, but to the husbands successor's in the church living which he 
chanced to hold. The information obtained by Mr. Robertson is certainly most curious and 
interesting; but it would be very desirable that a more detailed and circumstantial 
account of the matter should be ontained if possible.
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Natural History Society</Keyword> <Keyword>Carlisle, Bishop of</Keyword> <Keyword>La 
Ferte, Normandy</Keyword> <Keyword>Clayton</Keyword> <Keyword>Society of Antiquaries of 
Newcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Everdon, Silvester de</Keyword> <Keyword>fire, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1863 part 1 p.220
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Hugh de Beaulieu</Keyword>  <Keyword>Carlisle Cathedral</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Hugh de Beaulieu, Carlisle Cathedral</Heading>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE ABBOTS OF BEAULIEU AND THE CHOIR OF CARLISLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - In your report of the meeting of the Christchurch 
Archaeological and Natural History Society, held on the 25th of September, 
1862<sup>d</sup>, you state "the second abbot of Beaulieu was appointed third bishop of 
Carlisle, and built the choir of Carlisle." Although the name of this dignitary is not 
stated I presume Hugh de Bello Loco is meant. He was elected bishop in 1218, on the 
application of King Henry III. to the then reigning pontiff. He alienated several of the 
possessions of the see, and died miserably at the abbey of La Ferte, in Normandy, in 1223.
I therefore conjecture (and, as Mr. Clayton very justly remarked at the last monthly 
meeting of our Society of Antiquaries, "it is the business of an antiquary to 
conjecture,") that De Bello Loco had no hand in the erection of the present choir, which 
was not commenced until the time of Silvester de Everdon, who became bishop in 1245. It 
was approaching completion when, in 1292, a disastrous fire occurring, rendered extensive 
reparation necessary. The arches which escaped destruction were propped up by what Mr. 
Parker calls a clever piece of engineering, until the piers were rebuilt. The choir was 
elongated one bay in the fourteenth century, and the beautiful east window erected. It 
may, perhaps, be objected that the abbot of Beaulieu might have designed a previous choir;
this I would meet by inferring that the Norman choir, which was finished in 1101, remained
intact until the time of De Everdon. - I am, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">EDWARD THOMPSON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Jan.</i> 12, 1863.
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>d</sup> GENT. MAG., Jan. 1863, p.69.
</Paragraph>
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Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>monumental brass</Keyword> <Keyword>Society of 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1863 part 1 pp.321-322
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  <Keyword>St Kentigern's Church</Keyword>  <Keyword>Great Crosthwaite</Keyword>
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St Kentigern's Church, Great Crosthwaite</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">page 321:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Jan.</i> 22. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AUGUSTUS W. FRANKS, Director, communicated some remarks on
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">page 322:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">a font and a brass in Crosthwaite Church, Keswick. The inscription
on the font had never been deciphered (so far as is known) till Mr. Franks visited the 
church, and with his usual sagacity detected the key to the right reading.
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<Keyword>Everdon, Silvester de</Keyword> <Keyword>fire, Carlisle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Carlisle, fire</Keyword> <Keyword>Baker, F W</Keyword> <Keyword>Poole, A 
G</Keyword> <Keyword>Nicolson and Burn</Keyword> <Keyword>Billing</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1863 part 1 p.356
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">HUGH DE BEAULIEU AT CARLISLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - In your last Number Mr. Thompson takes exception to a
statement made by the Rev. F. W. Baker, at the meeting of the Christchurch Archaeological 
Society<sup>d</sup>, that Bishop Hugh built the choir of Carlisle Cathedral; and infers 
that "the Norman choir, which was finished in 1101, remained intact until the time of De 
Everdon." The latter statement is confuted by entires for works about the altar in 1188 
(<i>Nicolson and Burn</i>, 252; <i>Jefferson</i>, p.123, note); and Mr. Baker, it is fair 
to add, has Mr. A. G. Poole on his side: but as the learned disagree, I subjoin a catena 
of opinions.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Mr. Billing</i>. - "The priory church became the 
cathedral and remained in the state in which it was erected till the year 1292 ... The 
columns and arches of that part (the choir) and the whole of the aisles are of the style 
termed Lancet, which prevailed from 1200 to 1300, and were it not for the fire fixing the 
date of the reconstruction of the choir-aisles, we should be inclined to give it an 
earlier date than the year 1292." - (<i>Carlisle, Hist. Acc.</i>, pp.2,3.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Mr. Purday</i>. - "All who have before written upon this 
subject ... consider that the immediate cause which led to the rebuilding of the choir was
the destructive fire which occurred in the year 1292. But the remains of this choir prove 
it to have been commenced at an earlier date, and in absence of any historical proofs of 
the fact except those afforded by the building itself, I shall assign its erection, or 
rather commencement, to Sylvester de Everdon, who came to the see in 1245, and held it 
till his death in 1255." - (<i>Arch. of Carlisle Cathedral.</i>, p.13.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Dean Tait</i>. - "The examination of the architecture 
shews that the walls of both the south and north aisles, with their arcades and windows, 
were erected about 1250, in Henry the Third's reign." - (<i>Hist. Sketch &amp;c.</i>, 
p.21.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Lysons</i>. - "Thirteenth Century. The aisles of the 
choir of Carlisle ... and the pointed arches ... are in the style of the latter part of 
this century." - (<i>Mag. Brit. Cumb.</i>, p.cxc.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Mr. J. H. Parker</i>. - "The choir was entirely rebuilt 
in the thirteenth century." - (<i>Rickman</i>, p.152.) "A.D. 1292, a great fire occurred 
at Carlisle, in which the cathedral was burnt: this destroyed the timber vault over the 
central space of the choir, but the vaulted roof of the aisles preserved the outer walls 
from injury. ... The piers were obliged to be rebuilt; this was skilfully done without 
disturbing the arches or the vaults, &amp;c." - (<i>Ibid.</i> 323.)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset"><i>Re. G. A. Poole</i>. - "The history must
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>d</sup> GENT. MAG., Jan. 1863, p.69.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1863 part 1 p.357
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">be wrong in declaring that no changes were made till 1292, 
and I believe you will infer with me that Hugh de Beaulieu is the prelate who is deprived 
of his just claim on the thanks of the church of Carlisle ... We conclude that the choir 
... was really the work of Hugh de Beaulieu soon after 1218." (<i>Table of Eng. Bish.</i>,
p.16, <i>North. Arch. Soc. Publ.</i>)
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">No doubt the correct date is the latter half of the thirteenth 
century, to whatever manipulation the works may have been subsequently subjected. Still, 
as your correspodent is an advocate for conjecture, Bishop Hugh, as Mr. Poole suggests, 
fired with the remembrance of the rising beauty of Beaulieu, may have commenced building 
at Carlisle even during the short tenure of the see.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I am, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MACKENZIE E. C. WALCOTT, M.A., F.S.A.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1863 part 1 p.495
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE CHOIR OF CARLISLE CATHEDRAL.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MR. URBAN, - The authorities quoted by Mr. Mackenzie Walcott in 
your last number agree in ascribing the choir of Carlisle to the latter half of the 
thirteenth century, with the exception of the Rev. G. A. Pole. who assigns it, without 
quoting any authority, to Hugh of Beaulieu, which must be an erroneous supposition. It is 
the most beautiful choir of its style that we possess, and was erecetd at the time the 
early English was fully developed, which was not until at least fifty years after the 
death of Hugh. Besides, having alienated the possessions of the see, it is not at all 
probable that he would have the welfare of the convent so much at heart as to design (even
supposing he were capable) so beautiful a structure.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The quotation from Nicholson and Burn of entries for works about 
the altar in 1188, so far from confuting my opinion of the Norman choir remaining until 
the commencement of the present one, rather confirms it, by presuming that the structural 
choir having been completed, the attention of the monks was directed to the decorations of
the altar. - Iam, &amp;c.,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">EDWARD THOMPSON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Newcastle-upon-Tyne,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>March</i> 16, 1863.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Script id="G863A571.txt">

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<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
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<Classification>
  <Keyword>trade</Keyword>
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<SeriesTitle>money</SeriesTitle>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
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<Title>Gents Mag 1863 part 1 p.571</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>KK</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1863</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1860s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>trade token</Keyword> <Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal
Mercury</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal: Allhallows Lane</Keyword> <Keyword>Brockett</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Tradesmen's Tokens of Cumberland and Westmoreland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Boyne</Keyword> <Keyword>Tokens issued in the Seventeenth Century in England, 
Wales, and Ireland</Keyword> <Keyword>North</Keyword> <Keyword>Leicestershire 
Tokens</Keyword> <Keyword>pigeon</Keyword> <Keyword>Smith, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland, mayor</Keyword> <Keyword>Hudson, John</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Larch Howe, Kendal</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 3rd qtr 19th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1863 part 1 p.571
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>trade token</Keyword>  <Keyword>Appleby-in-Westmorland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Trade Token, Appleby</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G863A571.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">APPLEBY TOKEN.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WE copy the following from the "Kendal Mercury" of March 28, 1863,
conceiving it of interest, as tending to settle a question of numismatics upon which 
different opinions have been entertained.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"In taking down the old dwellings on the south side of 
Allhallows'-lane, Kendal, consequent on the widening of that street, the workmen turned up
a small brass token of the seventeenth century, issued at Appleby, in Westmoreland, in the
year 1669.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Mr. Brockett, in his 'Tradesmen's Tokens (of the 
seventeenth century) issued in the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland,' 1853, and 
republished in the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for May of that year, has omitted any notice of 
this specimen; it is however engraved and described in the latter publication for March, 
1792, p.209, without, we believe, being assigned to any county. In Mr. Boyne's elaborate 
work, 'Tokens issued in the Seventeenth Century in England, Wales, and Ireland,' 1858, and
also in Mr. North's 'Leicestershire Tokens.' 1857, it is given, but in both dubiously 
appropriated to Appleby in Leicestershire.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"We think, however, there can be no question that we are 
right in claiming this token for <i>our</i> Appleby, from the fact of its occasional - 
though it must be admitted rare - occurence in this part of the country, and also that 
William Smith (doubtless the issuer of the token now under consideration) was Mayor of 
Appleby, in this county, in the years 1667 and 1673.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"If any of our Appleby correspondents could identify the 
pigeon chosen for his obverse by the William Smith of the token as having any reference or
allusion to the trade or occupation of their Mayor of that name, it might further tend to 
confirm our assumption, and finally decide the question of this token's parentage.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"The token just discovered is of brass, of the farthing 
size, and is in excellent preservation. It contains on the
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"<i>Obverse</i> - WILLIAM SMITH&#x002A; = A pigeon pecking.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"<i>Reverse</i> - IN-APPLEBYE-1669&#x002A; = .&#x002A;. / W 
S. / .&#x002A;.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">And is now in the possession of John Hudson, Esq., of Larch 
How.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"We believe this to be the first time the above token has 
been accurately delineated, as in all the descriptions we have met with the name of the 
town is spelled APPLEBIE, instead of APPLEBYE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Kendal, March</i> 25, 1863.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"K.K."
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>see 1792 p.224</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G7920224.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Script id="G863B042.txt">

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<Identification>
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<Classification>
  <Keyword>society</Keyword>  <Keyword>religion</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>personalia</Keyword>  <Keyword>Ratcliff</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1863 part 2 p.42</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1863</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1860s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>brass rubbing</Keyword> <Keyword>Ratcliff, John, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>St 
Kentigern, Great Crosthwaite</Keyword> <Keyword>Great Crosthwaite, Keswick</Keyword> 
<Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Derwentwater Family</Keyword> 
<Keyword>genealogy</Keyword> <Keyword>Powell</Keyword> <Keyword>British Archaeological 
Association</Keyword>  <Keyword>Castlerigg, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1863 part 2 p.42
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Ratcliff brass</Keyword> <Keyword>St Kentigern's Church</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Great Crosthwaite</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Ratcliff Brass, Great Crosthwaite</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G863B042.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>May</i> 27. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Mr. Powell delivered in a pedigree of Derwentwater of Castle Rigg 
upon Derwent, and accompanied it by a rubbing of the brass of Sir John Ratcliff and Alice 
his wife, in Crosthwaite Church, the heraldic bearings on which were peculiarly placed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G864A351.txt">

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<Identification>
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  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>recreation</Keyword>  <Keyword>bellringing</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1864 part 1 p.351</Title>
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<Content>
<Date>1864</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1860s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>gutta percha</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, John 
Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>carved stone</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
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<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
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<RelatedScript>
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list</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXTX.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1864 part 1 p.351
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>inscriptions</Keyword>  <Keyword>gutta percha</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Inscriptions using Gutta Percha</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G864A351.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">Meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 6 
January:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Dr. Bruce then submitted and explained a plan for taking 
impressions of sculptured stones. the <i>modus operandi</i>, the Rev. Dr. explained, was 
by placing upon the stone thin sheet of gutta percha, upon which is placed a blanket, 
wrung out of warm water, and pressed upon the gutta percha, which very soon takes the 
impression of the stone, and in the most perfect manner, even to the tool-marks.
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>continued</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G864A643.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


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<Script id="G864A607.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G864A607.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>archaeology</Keyword>  <Keyword>bronze age</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1864 part 1 p.607</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Date>1864</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1860s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>dagger</Keyword> <Keyword>bronze dagger</Keyword> <Keyword>Gandy, R N</Keyword>
<Keyword>Society of Antiquaries</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>list, 3rd qtr 19th 
century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1864 part 1 p.607
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>bronze dagger</Keyword>  <Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Bronze Dagger, Westmorland</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G864A607.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Society of Antiquaries of London.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>March</i> 17. ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Rev. R. N. GANDY exhibited ... a bronze dagger found in the 
peat-moss in Westmoreland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Instruction>
<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
</Instruction>
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<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

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<Script id="G864A643.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G864A643.txt</ScriptIdentity>


<Identification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>environment</Keyword>
</Classification>
<Classification>
  <Keyword>recreation</Keyword>  <Keyword>bellringing</Keyword>
</Classification>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>included text</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1864 part 1 p.643</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Fowler, J T</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1864</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1860s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>bell</Keyword> <Keyword>church bell</Keyword> <Keyword>inscription</Keyword> 
<Keyword>gutta percha</Keyword>  <Keyword>Archaeological Journal</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>miscellaneous 
list</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXTX.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>continued from</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>G864A351.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


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</Division></ScriptSection>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1864 part 1 p.643
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G864A643.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">DEVICES ON BELLS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SIR, - in the number of the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for March last 
(p.351) I see a notice of an ingenious method employed by Dr. Bruce for taking gutta 
percha impressions of sculptured stones. I have found the same substance very convenient 
for taking devices on bells. I heat a small quantity of water in a tin saucer over a 
spirit lamp; in the boiling water, pieces of the required sizes can be readily softened. 
In applying them to the bell, care must be taken to keep the fingers well wetted so as to 
prevent their sticking. The moulds thus produced are very durable, any number of plaster 
casts may be made from them without injuring them.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">My whole apparatus can be carried in the pocket. It is simply a 
sort of small tin lantern, which contains the lamp and supports the saucer<sup>a</sup>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>a</sup> There are some valuable observations on the use of 
gutta percha in the Archaeological Journal, vol.v. p.332.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I am &amp;c. J. T. FOWLER.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The College, Hurstppierpoint.</i>
</Paragraph>
</Division></ScriptSection>


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<Type>list gazetteer links</Type>
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<RecordType>part record</RecordType>

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<Script id="G865A028.txt">

<ScriptIdentity>G865A028.txt</ScriptIdentity>


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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1865 part 1 p.28</Title>
</Identification>


<Content>
<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Bloxam, M H</PersonName>
</Person>
<Date>1865</Date>
<Period>
  <Keyword>19th century, late</Keyword>  <Keyword>1860s</Keyword>
</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>effigy</Keyword> <Keyword>clergyman</Keyword> <Keyword>deacon</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Furness Abbey, Barrow-in-Furness</Keyword> <Keyword>costume, deacon</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Avon Dassett, Warwickshire</Keyword>  <Keyword>Archaeological Institute</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
  <Relationship>introduction</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT.txt</ScriptIdentity>
</RelatedScript>


<ScriptSection><Division>
</Division></ScriptSection>


<RelatedScript>
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century</Relationship><ScriptIdentity>GMTXT9Q3.txt</ScriptIdentity>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1865 part 1 p.28
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>effigy</Keyword>  <Keyword>Furness Abbey</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Effigy of a Deacon, Furness Abbey</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G865A024.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">page 24:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ON SOME RARE AND CURIOUS SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS IN WARWICKSHIRE, OF 
THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A paper by M. H. Bloxam, Esq., read at the Warwick meeting of the 
Archaeological Institute, July 26, 1864.
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G865A028.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="text">page 28:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I only know of one other sepulchral effigy of a deacon in this 
country. That is a mutilated recumbent effigy in relief among the ruins of Furness Abbey, 
Lancashire. This is somewhat rudely, at least formally, sculptured in relief from a block 
of lias or limestone, and from the hardness of the material the artist has altogether 
failed to give anything like effect or breadth to the drapery. The head has been broken 
off, the body of the effigy is represented vested in an alb with close-fitting sleeves, 
the alb is represented in parallel puckered folds. In front of the alb near the skirt, in 
front of the feet, appears the parura, or apparel. The cuffs of the sleeves are also 
covered with parures or apparels, but these are quite plain. The alb is girt above the 
loins by a girdle, "cingulum, seu zona, seu baltheus," the tasselled extremities of which 
hang down to the apparel or skirt of the alb. This is the only instance I have met with in
the sepulchral effigy of an ecclesiastic in which this vestment, the girdle, is apparent. 
From the wrist of the left arms hangs, in somewhat oblique position, the maniple; and 
crossing diagonally from the left shoulder to the right hip, and thence falling straight 
down by the right side, with both extremities hanging down, is worn the stole. In front of
the body a book is held with both hands.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The slab out of which this effigy has been sculptured is 
coffin-shaped, wider at the upper part than the lower, and I should infer is of the 
fourteenth century.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">This effigy at Furness Abbey is illustrative of that at Avon 
Dassett, for the mode of wearing the stole over the left shoulder, with the extremities 
hanging down on the right side, was peculiar to the office of deacon, and is alluded to by
Durandus, who, in treating of this office, tells us that the stole was placed upon the 
left shoulder, "supra sinistrum humerum stola imponitur." The book represented is 
evidently that of the Gospels, for the same writer tells us that when the deacon was 
ordained there was delivered to him a stole, and the book of the Gospels: "Dyaconus cum 
ordinatum traditur sub certis verbis stola et codex Evangelii." In a Manuscript Pontifical
in my possession of the latter part of the fifteenth or early part of the sixteenth 
century, but which does not, probably, materially differ from the Pontificals of an 
earlier age, the bishop at the ordination of a deacon is represented as putting the stole 
over the left shoulder of the deacon and adjusting it under his right arm: "Hic Episcopus 
sedens cum mitra ponit stolam supra humerum sinistrum, reducens eam sub alam dextram," 
&amp;c. He, the bishop, is also represented as delivering to the deacon the book of the 
Gospels: "Hic tradit episcopus librum Evangeliorum."
</Paragraph>
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<Script id="G865A029.txt">

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</ObjectName>
<Title>Gents Mag 1865 part 1 p.29</Title>
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<Person>
<Role>author</Role>
<PersonName>Bloxam, M H</PersonName>
</Person>
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</Period>
<ObjectName>
  <Keyword>magazine</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gentleman's Magazine</Keyword>
</ObjectName>
</Content>


<ScriptSection><Division>
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  <Keyword>effigy</Keyword> <Keyword>clergyman</Keyword> <Keyword>deacon</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Furness Abbey, Barrow-in-Furness</Keyword> <Keyword>costume, deacon</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1865 part 1 p.29
</Paragraph>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G865A029.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
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Obituary, Earl of Carlisle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="text">obituary
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE EARL OF CARLISLE, K.G.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 5, 1864. At Castle Howard, aged 62, the Earl of 
Carlisle, K.G., late Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The deceased nobleman, George William Frederick Howard, was the 
eldest son of George, sixth Earl of Carlisle, by Lady Georgiana Dorothy Cavendish, eldest 
daughter of William, fifth Duke of Devonshire, and was born in Hill-
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<Keyword>Chancellor's Prize</Keyword> <Keyword>Latin</Keyword> <Keyword>Newdigate 
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<Keyword>Liberal Party</Keyword> <Keyword>Reform Act 1832</Keyword> <Keyword>mechanic's 
institutes</Keyword> <Keyword>United States</Keyword> <Keyword>Life and Writings of 
Pope</Keyword> <Keyword>Pope, Alexander</Keyword> <Keyword>Diary in Turkish and Greek 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1865 part 1 p.100
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<Paragraph rend="quote">street, Berkeley-square, April 18, 1802. He was educated at Eton 
and Christ Church, bearing the courtesy title of Lord Morpeth, and earned a high 
reputation as a graceful scholar. He was especially distinguished for his skill in 
versification, and in 1821 he obtained two of the University prizes for his poems - the 
Chancellor's prize for Latin, and the Newdigate prize for English verse. He took his 
degree in 1823, and was first-class in classics. In 1826 he accompanied his uncle, the 
late Duke of Devonshire, on his vist to Russia at the coronation of the Emperor Nicholas; 
where his high rank, his youth, and his engaging manners, made him a great favourite in 
St. Petersburgh society. He was afterwards returned to the House of Commons from the 
family seat of Morpeth; and one of his earliest speeches was in defence of the character 
of the Russian Emperor, who had been made the subject of severe attacks in consequence of 
the cruelties practised on the Poles after the suppression of the Polish insurrection of 
1830. This was not calculated to endear him to the Liberal party, to which, in accordance 
with the politics of his family, he had given in his adhesion; but in the agitation which 
took place on the Reform Bill he banded himself on the side of Earl Grey, and on the 
dissolution of Parliament which followed the success of General Gascoyne's motion he was 
returned for Yorkshire, which seat he held until the passing of the Reform Act in 1832. He
afterwards represented the West Riding from 1833 to 1841, when he was defeated, but he was
subsequently returned on the elevation of the Hon. J. S. Wortley to the dignity of Lord 
Wharncliffe. Lord Morpeth then sat for the Riding from 1846 to 1848, when the death of his
father caused his elevation to the peerage. His Lordship was Chief Secretary for Ireland 
from 1835 to 1841; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1849 to 1851; and 
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1855 to 1858, when during Lord Derby's Ministry he was 
superseded; but on the fall of the Conservative Administration he resumed the office, and 
he held it until the August of 1864, when his failing health compelled him to retire from 
the public service. Both as Chief Secretary and as Viceroy he was very popular, as indeed 
he was wherever he was known, his manner being particularly gracious and conciliatory, and
his deep interest in everything that concerned the well-being of the working classes 
leading him, it may almost be said, to originate the now common practice of men of rank 
and high literary attainments taking an active part in the proceedings of mechanics' 
institutes, and similar bodies.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lord Carlisle was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the East Riding of 
Yorkshire in 1847; he was elected Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen in 1853, and 
he received the freedom of the city of Derry in 1863.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">During the time that he was out of Parliament Lord Morpeth paid a 
lengthened visit to the United States, and he made this tour the subject of a lecture 
which he delivered on several occasions, especially in Yorkshire, and which gave a very 
favourable picture of the Americans. Another lecture that gained equal popularity was one 
on "The Life and Writings of Pope." Some years afterwards he visited the East, and this 
gave rise to a very graceful and pleasant volume, entitled "A Diary in Turkish and Greek 
Waters;" and he was also the author of a work on Prophecy.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Lord Carlisle paid great attention to the subject of juvenile 
criminals, and one of the best-conducted reformatories for them is that which was 
established on his estate at Castle Howard. He also set on foot the building of a church 
at Welburn, in the neighbourhood, but he did not live to see it finished. His remains were
interred in the mausoleum in his park, on Dec. 13. He was unmarried, and is succeeded by 
his brother the Hon. and Rev, William George Howard, who was born in 1808, and has held 
the rectory of Londesborough, in Yorkshire, ever since 1832.
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William, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Norfolk, Duke of</Keyword> <Keyword>Essex, Earl 
of</Keyword> <Keyword>Byron, Lord</Keyword> <Keyword>Stafford, Marquis of</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1865 part 1 p.101
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The earldom of Carlisle was created in 1661, in favour of the 
great-grandson of Lord William Howard (the famous "Belted Will"), who was the second son 
of Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, attainted and beheaded in 1572. Through seven generations, 
extending over two centuries, the title has descended direct from father to son till now, 
and the marriage connections of the respective holders have been exclusively aristocratic.
The third earl married a daughter of the Earl of Essex; the fourth married a daughter of 
Lord Byron; the fifth married a daughter of the Marquis of Stafford; and the sixth married
a daughter of the Duke of Devonshire. The late Earl's sisters, six in number, became 
allied by marriage with the houses of two dukedoms, two earldoms, and two baronies.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1865 part 2 p.171
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
Early Records, Carlisle Cathedral</Heading>
<References>
<Filename size="vlarge">G865B171.jpg
<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Documentary History of English Cathedrals.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">CARLISLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1292. <i>The Church burned</i>. - Tota Civitas Karleolensis 
concremata est et combusta cum tota abbatia. - <i>Hemingford</i>, i. 39.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1133. <i>The See founded</i>. - <i>Ann. Wav., Gale</i>, ii. 151.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1090. <i>The Church restored</i>. - <i>Hemingford</i>, c. xv.; 
<i>Ibid</i>., 463.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">(Other cathedrals have their entries in ascending date order.)
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1865 part 2 p.725
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">CARLISLE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1318. Archbishop Melton says in an indulgence that a sudden fire 
had burned the church of Carlisle, with houses and buildings "ad extremam consumptionem." 
- <i>Raine's Hexham</i>, i. p.lxiii.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">1359 Cum dilecti filii Prior et Capitulum Ecclesiae nostre 
Cathedralis B. Mariae Karliol. Chorum dicte Ecclesie nostre ad decorem Domus Domini 
inceperint opere construere sumptuoso, ad quod noverimus fidelium subsidium opportunum; 
cum ad tanti operis consummationem dictorum Prioris et Capituli proprie non sueditant 
facultates, &amp;c. - <i>Reg. Welton</i>, fol.64.
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1866 part 1 p.50
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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</Marginal>
French Poem, Carlisle Cathedral</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute:-
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Rev. Mackenzie Walcott, precentor of Chichester Cathedral, 
brought eight leaves of a French poem, a fragment of valuable MS. of the 13th century. 
This curious relic of early literature had been found in some French music books in the 
Chapter Library of Carlisle Cathedral.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Glossary of the Dialect of Cumberland and Westmoreland</Keyword>
<Keyword>Deanery of Carlisle, Carlisle</Keyword> <Keyword>Brockett</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Jamieson</Keyword> <Keyword>Promptorium Parvulorum</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1866 part 1 p.56
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>dialect</Keyword> <Keyword>Westmorland</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland</Keyword>

</Marginal>
Dialect, Westmorland and Cumberland</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="text">At a meeting of the Royal Society of Literature:-
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">[The Rev.] Mackenzie E. C. Walcott, F.R.S.L., read observations on
Archbishop Nicolson's MS. Glossary of the Dialect of Cumberland and Westmoreland, which is
now preserved in the library of the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle. The excellent prelate 
drew up this curious MS. with the view of vindicating the northern dialect from the charge
of barbarism brought by the English of the south. About one hundred new words, after 
comparison with the works of Brockett and Jamieson, and the "Promptorium Parvulorum," were
adduced; and a spirited discussion followed on may of the derivations.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the word "holm," Sir Patrick Colquhoun and Mr. Greenwood 
offered some interesting observations, showing that it occured in Hamburgh, meaning insula
in Flumine sita, and possibly in Opperheim. Mr. Nash stated that "ham" was well known in 
the west, meaning enclosed land, usually that reclaimed from the river, and left moist. 
Mr. Nash and Sir Patrick Colquhouon showed that "stark" usually signified stiff, rather in
the sense of strong. "Lift" appears in the sense of spoiling in Scotland. Mr. Birch 
observed that some few of these words appeared to be High German, whilst others were of 
Low German origin. In relation to "Antwerp," Sir Patrick Colquhoun showed that, according 
to a legend, the word meant the hand-thrower, in relation to a destructive giant, and Mr. 
Birch noticed that "Jack the Giant Killer" was the representative of "Thor." The Greek 
derivations were shown to be pure Celtic, embodying common roots, and Mr. Birch said that 
"khen," a goose, and "zeph," a sword, - Egyptian words, - like many others, reappear in 
Greek; and suggested that the study of the former language would throw great light on 
philological studies. A discussion occured on the derivation of the word "Belten," which 
was considered to be of Phoenician origin. Sir Patrick Colquhoun said that on St. John 
Baptist's-day, in Greece, the children camp out all night in the fields, revelling, and 
light fires, through which they jump, and eat figs. Mr. Beresford observed, that on St 
John's-eve, in Ireland, the young men having drawn lots by a piece of black bread, leap 
through the fires after a leader who has jumped through the fire surrounded by a circle of
turf. Mr. Nash said that on Midsummer-day, in Germany, a wheel of fire is rolled down from
a hill-top into the river below, and contended that these rites were of Phoenician origin.
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Cockermouth Castle, 
Cockermouth</Keyword> <Keyword>Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, Papcastle</Keyword> <Keyword>Numerus Frisiorum 
Aballavensium</Keyword> <Keyword>Numerus Maurorum Aurelianorum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Aballava</Keyword>  <Keyword>Notitia Dignitatum</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1866 part 1 p.201
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cockermouth Castle</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Inscription, Cockermouth Castle</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Antiquarian Intelligence and Proceedings of Learned Societies.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>-- Quid tandem velat</Line>
<Line>Antiqua miscere novis?</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Notes of the Month
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cockermouth Castle, Cumberland.</i> - The Rev. Dr. Bruce has 
brought before the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, an inscription upon a 
stone slab, excavated last summer at Cockermouth Castle, which is generally believed to be
indebted for most of its material to the ruins of Papcastle, once a strong Roman fortified
post, the original name of which has not been satisfactorily ascertained. The upper part 
of the inscription, apparently to the extent of three or four lines, is entirely wanting: 
the first line of what remains is very defective, and a word in the fourth has been so 
mutilated as to be rendered almost, if not quite, illegible; but the most material part is
perfectly clear, and is as follows, with the exception that some of the letters are 
combined or in ligature:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>....G AVG. II....</Line>
<Line>NVM. FRISON</Line>
<Line>VM. ABALLAV</Line>
<Line>ENSIVM .....</Line>
<Line>. XIIII KAL ET XIII KAL</Line>
<Line>NOV. GOR. II. ET POMPEI.</Line>
<Line>COS. ET ATTICO ET PRETE</Line>
<Line>XTATO COS. V. S. L. M.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">- <i>numerus Frisonum Aballavensium ..... decimo quarto Kalendis 
et decimo tertio Kalendis Novembris Gordiano secundo et Pompeiano consulibus et Attico at 
Pretextato consulibus votum solventes</i> (or <i>solverunt</i>) <i>lubenter ,merito.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The G in the first line has probably formed part of LEG 
(<i>legatus</i>); and it is equally probable the letters indicated after AVG. were PR. PR.
(<i>propraetor</i>) followed by ET; the full sense being that some person of official rank
on some public occasion had dedicated, in discharge of a vow to some deity or deities, a 
building, in conjunction with a <i>numerus</i> of the Aballavensian Frisiones, on the 
fourteenth and thriteenth calends November, in the consulates of Gordian (second time 
consul) and Pompeianus, and of Atticus and Pretextatus, answering to A.D. 214, when 
Gordianus Pius was emperor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, The inscription enables us to understand that a body of 
Frisiones had been qtred sufficiently long at a station called Aballava to acquire the 
surname Aballavenses. This Aballava is recorded in the <i>Notitia</i> among the stations 
<i>per lineam valli</i> as being garrisoned, under a praefect, by a <i>numerus</i> of 
Moors, called Aurelian. But it is somewhat remark-
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Aballavensium</Keyword> <Keyword>Aballava</Keyword> <Keyword>Notitia Dignitatum</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Watchcross</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hodgson, John</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Stanwix</Keyword> <Keyword>Walton 
Chesters<Note>Castlesteads</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Castlesteads</Keyword> 
<Keyword>placename, Aballaba</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Papcastle</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Cuneus Frisorum Vinoviensum<Note>?</Note></Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1866 part 1 p.202
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[remark]able that, while all the stations upon the wall from the 
first or easternmost have been identified without much, if any, doubt, Aballava has 
hitherto baffled the inquiries and explorations of the most active and expert 
invesigators. Horsley placed it at Watch-cross or Watch-close, a locality altogether 
wanting in the <i>indicia</i> of a permanent military post. The late Rev. John Hodgson, 
with more show of reason, locates it at Stanwix, but chiefly from its position in the 
<i>Notitia</i>, the fourteenth station from Wallsend; Petriana, the thirteenth, being 
Walton Chesters. He remarks "that it had its name from contiguity to the wall, I cannot 
doubt; for <i>alla, falla,</i> and <i>balla,</i> in the old language of Britain and the 
present speech of Ireland, are synonymous to <i>vallum</i> in Latin and <i>wall</i> in 
English." <sup>a</sup> Dr. Bruce, who more than any one has studied the wall and its 
stations, hesitates to identify the site of Aballava, and also of some other stations to 
the west of Petriana. Papcastle, where, no doubt, the inscription under consideration was 
originally found, is away from the the line of the wall, and of course has no claim to be 
considered as Aballava; but it falls into another series of the <i>Notitia</i> stations, 
the sites of most of which have by no means been positively ascertained; and, 
notwithstanding researches from Camden to the present day, much remains to reward careful 
and personal explorations. A valuable instalment will no doubt be given in Dr. Bruce's 
third edition of his "Roman Wall," now passing through the press, which will contain, 
among much additional matter, a full and illustrated of Mr. Clayton's discovery of the 
remains of a Roman bridge over the North Tyne at Chesters, the Cilurnum of the 
<i>Notitia</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Frisiones of this inscription are no doubt the Frisiani of the
rescript of Trajan found at Sydenham, of whom lapidary records have been dsicovered at 
Binchester and at Melandra Castle; and at the same time they are probably the same as the 
Frixagi of the <i>Notita</i> stationed at Vindobala on the Wall.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>a</sup> The Roman Wall and South Tindall, p.219.
</Paragraph>
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<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>dialect</Keyword> <Keyword>glossary</Keyword> <Keyword>Royal Society of 
Literature</Keyword> <Keyword>Walcott, Mackenzie E C</Keyword> <Keyword>Nicolson, 
Bishop</Keyword> <Keyword>Glossary of the Dialect of Cumberland and Westmoreland</Keyword>
<Keyword>Deanery of Carlisle, Carlisle</Keyword>  <Keyword>Historical Library</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1866 part 1 p.217
</Paragraph>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LITERATURE.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Dec.</i> 20. - Sir PATRICK COLQUHOUN, LL.D. in the chair.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Rev. Mackenzie E. C. Walcott, F.R.S.L., read observtions "On a
MS. Glossary on the Dialect of Cumberland and Westmoreland," in the possession of the Dean
and Chapter of Carlisle, drawn up by Archbishop Nicolson, the author of the "Historical 
Library," with the laudable object of showing that the dialect was not so barbarous as the
English of the south imagined. A very interesting discussion followed these remarks, upon 
several derivations advanced, in which the Chairman, Mr. Greenwood, Mr. Nash, Mr. Birch, 
and Mr. Beresford took part. ...
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</Period>
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<ScriptSection><Division>
<KeywordList>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword> <Keyword>Wilkinson, Mr</Keyword> <Keyword>Skinburness, 
Silloth-on-Solway</Keyword> <Keyword>Parcae</Keyword> <Keyword>Matres Parcae</Keyword> 
<Keyword>inscription, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>roman inscription</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce,
John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Horsley, John</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, 
Morseby</Keyword> <Keyword>roman road, Morseby to Bowness-on-Solway</Keyword> 
<Keyword>market, Skinburness</Keyword> <Keyword>harbour, Skinburness</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Skinburness Creek, Skinburness</Keyword>  <Keyword>storm, 1301</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1866 part 2 p.470
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman altar</Keyword>  <Keyword>Skinburness</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Altar, Skinburness</Heading>
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<Type>hide</Type></Filename>
</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cumberland</i>. - A portion of an inscribed Roman altar has 
recently been discovered by Mr. Wilkinson of Kendal. It was lying amongst boulder stones 
on the sea-shore, to the south of a small haven called Skinburness, on the Cumberland 
coast. It reads:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>MATRIBV.</Line>
<Line>PARVITI.</Line>
<Line>VAC.IM ? ...</Line>
<Line>... ...</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">which Dr. Bruce reads, no doubt correctly, <i>Matribus Parcis</i>,
etc.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Inscriptions to the Parcae were heretofore so rarely found in this
country, that Horsley does not appear to give a single example. Yet Dr. Bruce,for the 
third edition of his "Roman Wall," has collected no less than three, including the above. 
The others were discovered a few years since at Carlisle, so that they seem somewhat 
confined to a particular district. In one these deities are addressed simply as the Parcae
(PARCIS):
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>PARCIS PROBO</Line>
<Line>DONATALIS</Line>
<Line>PATER . V . S .</Line>
<Line>L.M.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the third, as in the first, they are style <i>Matres</i>:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>MATRIBVS . PARC . PRO . SALVT(e)</Line>
<Line>SANCTAE . GEMINAE</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">and all are dedications for the health, and well-being of children
or other relations. It is not strange that the Fates, being three, should, in the north of
Britain, be addressed as mothers, considering how very common was the worship of the Deae 
Matres, and how very pliable the Roman mythology could be made, especially in the 
provinces. They were styled also <i>Dominae</i> and <i>Victrices</i>. Upon the gold coins 
of Diocletian and Maximian, the Parcae are represented standing, each holding a torch upon
a rudder in their right hands joined together, and they are here inscribed FATIS 
VICTRICIBVS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The whole of these interesting inscriptions are engraved, and will
appear in the forthcoming new edition of Dr. Bruce's "Roman Wall," which contains a 
considerable number of new inscriptions and sculptures, which cannot be fully understood 
without the help of correct drawing and engraving. The discovery of the first of these 
altars is also of some topographical interest. In a private letter Dr. Bruce writes: "In 
the second edition of my book on the Wall, p.347, I say:- 'A military way ran along the 
coast from this station (Moresby, near Whitehaven), by way of Maryport, to the extremity 
of the Wall at Bowness.' This altar is confirmatory of my statement. I have no doubt that 
the Romans used the creek or harbour of Skinburness. in the 13th century, Skinburness was 
a considerable market-town (founded, I have little doubt, upon Roman remains); but in 
1301, by a great irruption of the
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1866 part 2 p.471
</Paragraph>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote">sea, the town was destroyed, and never after attained to its 
former prosperity. The reason of the altar's turning up just now is this: A new harbour 
has been formed at Silloth, a little to the south of Skinburness; and its piers have 
caused the sea to scour the shore between the two places more thoroughly than before. By 
this means the sand has been washed away, and the boulders below exposed: hence the 
discovery of the altar!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Wilkinson, Charles</PersonName>
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<Keyword>roman fort, Maryport</Keyword> <Keyword>roman fort, Bowness-on-Solway</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Roman Wall, The</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Hadrian's Wall</Keyword> <Keyword>Nicolson and Burn</Keyword> <Keyword>History of
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<Keyword>erosion</Keyword> <Keyword>Kirkeby Johan<Note>Newton Arlosh</Note></Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1866 part 2 p.641
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Skinburness</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Skinburness</Heading>
<References>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">INSCRIBED ROMAN ALTAR FOUND NEAR SKINBURNESS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... MR. URBAN, - I have read with much interest in your October 
number, bearing particularly on the inscribed Roman altar which I lately picked up on the 
sea-shore between Silloth and Skinburness. The finding of this relic confirms, I think, 
Dr. Bruce's statement referred to at page 34 of his second edition of "The Roman Wall," 
viz., "A military way ran along the coast from this station (Moresby, near Whitehaven), by
way of Maryport, to the extremity of the wall at Bowness."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I also think it very probable the Romans used the creek or harbour
at Skinburness. In confirmation of this, the following extract from the second volume of 
Nicolson and Burn's "History of Westmorland and Cumberland," p.117, would almost lead to 
the infernce that the town and harbour of Skinburness existed in the time of the Romans:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"In the year 1301, Bishop Hatton being informed that the 
inhabitants of the village or town near the port of Skinburness were at a great distance 
from all manner of Divine service, grants a power to the abbot and convent of Holm Cultram
to erect a church there which should be endowed with all manner of tithes and enjoy all 
parochial rights. The abbot and convent to have the power of advowson, and the bishop of 
Carlisle and his successors all ordinary jurisdiction."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The town of Skinburness was at this time not only privileged with 
a market, but seems also to have been the chief place for the king's magazines in these 
parts for supplying the armies then employed against the Scots. But the case was most 
miserably altered very soon after. For in 1305, we find it thus mentioned in the 
parliament records:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"At the petition of the abbot, requesting that whereas he 
had paid a fine of 100 marks to the king for a fair and market to be had in Skinburness, 
and now that town, together with the way leading to it, is carried away by the sea, the 
king would grant that he may have such fair and market at his town of Kirkeby Johan 
instead of the other place aforesaid, and that his charter upon this may be renewed. It is
answered, Let the first charter be annulled, and then let him have a like charter in the 
place as he desireth. ... And for the same reason, as it seemeth, the church was also 
removed to Kirkeby Johan or Newton Arlosh."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">So much for the interest which the finding of a portion of an 
inscribed Roman altar near Skinburness has already led to. - I am, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">CHARLES WILKINSON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Bank House, Kendal,</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Oct.</i> 16, 1866.
</Paragraph>
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Boltons</Keyword> <Keyword>Bolton le Gate<Note>Boltongate</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Genealogy and Surnames</Keyword> <Keyword>Anderson, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Coulthart, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Cultraine, William</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1867 part 1 p.65
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>stained glass</Keyword> <Keyword>coat of arms</Keyword> <Keyword>Coulthart 
Family</Keyword>
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Coulthart Arms, Boltongate</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Peerages, Blazon, and Genealogy.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">list, ... another development which has grown apace lately, the 
emblazoning of false arms in memorial windows, !Ad Gloriam Dei!" Of this worst species of 
lie, we fear too many examples are to be found throughout the land. Glasgow Cathedral in 
its restored beauty is unfortunately somewhat marred by it; and the latest accounts we 
have of the ever recurring Gallovidian "House of Coulthart" presents us with a woodcut of 
a window in the church of Bolton-le-Gate, Cumberland, comprising, besides "figures of 
Zacharias, Amos, and Jeremias," the coat "qtrly of eight" ascribed to the late "William 
Coulthart, Esq. of Coulthart." Surely the angels in the upper tracery of the widow must 
weep as being thus made to share in a sham! We venture to feel pretty confident that this 
window would not have been put up within Lyon King's jurisdiction. We may note <i>en 
passant</i>, for the edification of persons interested in the study of surnames, that the 
"Chief of Coulthart," finding himself in danger of losing a collateral member of his 
distinguished "house," William Coulthart, "who represented the burgh of Wigton in 
Parliament from 1692 to the Union, of which he was a staunch supporter," now advances 
fresh claims. The able author of "Popular Genealogists," had shown that the real 
commissioner of that period was William <i>Cultraine</i>, provost of Wigton, whose name is
well-known in connection with that <i>cause celebre</i>, the "Wigton Martyrs." In Mr. 
Anderson's "Genealogy and Surnames,"<sup>e</sup> the following remarkable statement is 
made: "The Galloway name of Culthart is one of great antiquity, and has assumed many 
forms: Coulthart, Coulthurst, Coulter, Coultram, Coltran, Coltherd, Colthurst, Coltart, 
Coltman, Colter, and Cather, are but variations of the same name." Mr. Anderson, however, 
takes the wise precaution of stating in his preface that the account given in his text 
rests entirely on the authority of the privately printed "genealogy" of the family, by Mr.
Parker Knowles.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>e</sup> "Genealogy and Surnames." by Wm. Anderson, Editor of 
the "Scottish Nation." Edinburgh. 1865.
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  <Keyword>Oak Apple Day</Keyword> <Keyword>Battle of Worcester</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Restoration, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Charles II</Keyword> <Keyword>Woolley, 
Somerset</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1867 part 2 p.362
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Oak Apple Day</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Oak Apple Day</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">OLD SONG FOR OAK-APPLE DAY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">9. MR. URBAN, - I send you a song which you may perhaps remember 
as better known in your early youth (in 1731) than it is now. Alas! and well-a-day! Even 
in my own infancy (a century later) it was annually sung by and "learnt" to all the rustic
population of Wooley, a little village near Bath. The clerk's wife prided herself on 
teaching it to the little flock who met at her house for Sunday-school, and on the 29th of
May they walked in procession, headed by the biggest boy, carrying an oak bough, into 
which a smaller one mounted on their arrival at our house in the neighbouring village of 
Swanswick, and the ancient song was begun, I think, as a solo, and finishing in chorus 
whenever the 29th of May was mentioned. I possess an accurate copy, transcribed "by the 
unlettered muse," which preserves the local pronunciation of some words; and glad I am to 
have it, for I find the remembrance is fast dying away, now that good Mrs. Caswell is laid
to her rest in the quiet little churchyard.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Oh! let us sing of ancient days, and never to forget,</Line>
<Line>For the martyrs of our Royal King it makes us to regret,</Line>
<Line>In consequence of the Papist race, and to maintain their pride</Line>
<Line>The Royal King of England they kill'd and sacra-fi-d.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"This Villany people was determin'd the family to destroy,</Line>
<Line>But the kind hand of providence Did their evil works annoy.</Line>
<Line>For the great Escape of the Royal Prince which happenend on this day,</Line>
<Line>A loyal day for to Be Kep is the twenty-ninth of May.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"For when the King his Father he was condemned to die,</Line>
<Line>He called for his Children, and wished them all good-bie.</Line>
</Paragraph>
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<PersonName>Brookes, William Murray</PersonName>
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<Keyword>Woolley, Somerset</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1867 part 2 p.363
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>We never forget the tears that fell upon that fatal day.</Line>
<Line>King Charles the Second restored the Crown on the twenty-ninth of May</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>"Now when the King was dead and gon, the Prince could not be found,</Line>
<Line>Altho' they searched ev'ry where with many a huge a sound:</Line>
<Line>He was preserved in a Oak, in a Royal Oak, I say;</Line>
<Line>King Charles the Second enjoy'd his own on the Twenty-ninth of May."</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I am, &amp;.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">M. J.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">10. MR. URBAN, - The observance of the 29th of May under the above
name is so common as not to need mention in the pages of the GENTLEMAN'S mAGAZINE; but I 
believe the name applied to the day in this part of the country has not hitherto been 
recorded by you.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The juvenile community hold up this day by the name of "Oak-Bob 
Day;" which, I understand, is so applied because, in case of any being found without 
"saplings" on that morning, they are compelled to take a "bob" - in Lancashire parlance - 
by having their hair pulled till the obeisance is deemed satisfactory. This seems to have 
escaped the notice of writers on the Lake District, although it is said to be a very 
ancient local custom.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The word "oak" is here pronounced "yak."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Hoping you can find space, - I am, &amp;c.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">WILLIAM MURRAY BROOKES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>The Schools, Egton-cum-Newland, Newton-in-Cartmel.</i>
</Paragraph>
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Philip Henry</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cemetery of St Lorenzo, Rome</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1868 part 1 p.34
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
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Memorial to Miss Howard</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">THE LATE MISS HOWARD, OF CORBY. - A monument has lately been 
erected in the Cemetery of St. Lorenzo at Rome to the memory of the late Miss Mary Francis
Howard, eldest child of P. H. Howard, Esq., of Corby Castle, Cumberland, whose death 
occured at Rome on the 24th of June last (see the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, N.S. vol.iv., 
p.257). The following is a copy of the inscription: "[alpha chi-ro omega] Hic in pace 
Christi quiescit Maria Francisca, Philippi Henrici Howard, F., Nobili Anglorum genere; 
quae Romam concedens ut Petri, Apostolorum principis. solemnibus saecularibus interesset, 
febri praecipiti absumpta est, viii. Kal. Quintil. an. MDCCCLXVII. an. na. XX M.V.D.XII. 
Moriens Christi Jesu, quem unice adamarat cordi se suamque vitam obtulit. Vale, et vive in
Deo, Maria Francisca.
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  <Keyword>roman sites</Keyword> <Keyword>Bruce, John Collingwood, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman fort, Chapelburn<Note>perhaps</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Nether 
Denton</Keyword> <Keyword>Shipman, T Trafford</Keyword> <Keyword>roman finds</Keyword> 
<Keyword>roman coin</Keyword> <Keyword>coin, roman</Keyword> <Keyword>Domitian</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Trajan</Keyword> <Keyword>Hadrian</Keyword> <Keyword>Samian ware</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Caistor ware</Keyword> <Keyword>mortarium</Keyword> <Keyword>bowl, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1868 part 1 p.223
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>roman site</Keyword>  <Keyword>Nether Denton</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Roman Site, Nether Denton</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Cumberland.</i> - Dr. Bruce announced the discovery of Roman 
foundations at Nether Denton, about two miles south of the Roman Wall, nearly opposite 
Lanercost. They were brought to light by the rector, the Rev. T. Trafford Shipman, while 
building on a plot of ground marked in the Ordnance map (with questionable correctness) as
the site of a camp. Dr. Bruce could trace the lines of walls and those unmistakeable 
appearances in the ground which denote the remains of buildings. All sorts of speculations
have been made as to the actual character of these remains, and the object of the camp, if
a camp it were; but the pickaxe and spade, those truthful expositors of the buried 
mysteries of the past, would do more in one day to determine the real nature of the place 
than an age of conjectures based on outward appearances.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At some little distance from this supposed camp, at the base of 
the hill, Mr. Shipman has made further discoveries, which go towards indicating the 
establishment of residences over a considerable period. Dr. Bruce observes:- "I cannot 
suggest a better theory than that the spot has been a burial ground; but the quantity of 
articles found in it belonging to the abodes of living men seems rather inconsistent with 
the idea. The quantity of the remains found in so small a spot is quite remarkable. The 
quality of them also struck me; they seemed to indicate that the Romans located in this 
vicinity were richer and of more luxurious habits than those living in the central and 
eastern districts of the Wall. Several coins have been found. Amongst them are four 
denarii; one I take to be a Grecian coin; another is a false coin of Domitian. Most of the
brass coins are too much corroded to admit of recognition; amongst them, however, are 
three of Trajan. So far as these coins go, they are quite consistent with a period of 
occupation equivalent to that of the early part of Hadrian's reign. Some exceedingly fine 
bowls of Samian ware have been found. There are specimens of Caistor ware and other kinds 
of pottery; some mortaria and fragments of glass bottles of the usual square shape and 
green colour; and five large green glass beads. Amongst the remains were the fragments of 
several wine amphorae. The only use these could be of in a burying ground would be to hold
the ashes of the individuals who perhaps had themselves imbibed their previous contents. 
The most curious earthenware utensil which I noticed was one that had a perforated 
strainer placed in front of the spout, out of which the liquid was intended to be poured 
or sucked. I have seen none like it. I noticed portions of three millstones formed of 
Andernach stone. The metallic remains found are considerable. There is a small bronze 
cylinder, apparently intended for some other use, but which appears to have been presed 
into service as a lamp. It is about half full of a wax-like substance, with a cotton wick 
in the centre. Can it be of the same age as the other articles? There is an iron vessel of
the shape of a Roman lamp, but of larger size. I do not remember ever seeing an iron lamp;
and Mr. C. Roach Smith suggests to me (which I have no doubt is the correct view) that it 
is a
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<Keyword>roman fort, Chapelburn<Note>perhaps</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Nether 
Denton</Keyword> <Keyword>Shipman, T Trafford</Keyword> <Keyword>roman finds</Keyword> 
<Keyword>lamp</Keyword> <Keyword>candleabrum</Keyword> <Keyword>nail</Keyword> 
<Keyword>spur</Keyword> <Keyword>knife</Keyword> <Keyword>spear head</Keyword> 
<Keyword>chisel</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1868 part 1 p.224
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<Paragraph rend="quote">candelabrum - a receptacle for the common earthenware lamp, which 
has been suspended from the roof or side of the house. Several nails have been found, 
portions of bits, a prick spur, several knives, spearheads, and a mason's chisel. There is
one curious implement, which I never saw before amongst Roman remains - an instrument five
inches long, having at one extremity a receptacle for a wooden handle, and terminating at 
the other in three whirls like a modern corkscrew. There are also two formidable 
insttruments, which look uncommonly like fetter-locks."
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<Paragraph rend="text">page 308:-
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">NOTES ON STONE CIRCLES. / BY J. T. BLIGHT, F.S.A.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The article, pp.308 to 319, has some idiosyncratic ideas about 
stone circles, mostly in Cornwall, and, page 314:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... there are many circles whose diameters are so great that it 
cannot be conceived that there ever existed within them mounds so vast as to occupy all 
the enclosed space. These larger circles should rather be regarded as great enclosing 
outworks for the protection of a group of barrows, or lesser circles, as was probably the 
case with Long Meg and her Daughters in Cumberland, ...
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">LONGEVITY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">7. MR. URBAN, - Several correspondents have, in recent numbers of 
your magazine, noticed cases of this class; and I may with propriety add an instance 
within my own personal knowledge. The name of the individual I allude to, who is now in 
her 104th year, is Maragaret Longmire, a widow, in humble life, residing at Troutbeck, in 
the parish of Windermere. I have tested her case myself, and there cannot be a question 
that her age is as stated. Her Majesty the Queen, with her accustomed generosity and 
condescension, graciously remitted 3<i>l.</i> in Oct. last to the Rev. W. Sewell, to be 
applied by him to the poor aged woman's comforts. - I am, &amp;c.,
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">JAMES NICHOLSON.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>Thelwall Hall, Warrington,</i>
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><i>January</i>, 1867.
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE ENGLISH TRAVELLER.<sup>a</sup>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ONE of the most marked features in these times of progress is the 
persistence with which English people take their annual holiday. We are not now speaking 
of the professed traveller, who, discarding civilisation and beaten tracks, flings himself
into the wilds of unknown prairies and primaeval forests, as if the one object of his life
was to carve out a way hitherto unknown to the Geographical Society, but rather of the 
great mass of easy-going middle-class folk, who, as the summer draws near, experience a 
feeling of restlessness, only to be mitigated by Alpine climbs and canoe voyages, or the 
less exciting but safer visits to Scotland or the Lakes. There is no country in which this
peculiar longing is so periodic, or so habitually satisfied, as it is in England. Perhaps,
of all others, Russia sends the most polished, and America the greatest number of 
travellers; but these, albeit met with in most places, are the very salt of their class, 
bent either on pleasure or with some political object. In France, too, the Baths of 
Bigorre and Biarritz attract great numbers; but these are nearly all fashionables who go 
to avoid the heat of Paris, and because it is <i>en regle</i>. None of these countries 
have anything to compare with that great Hegira which the English summer and autumn call 
forth; nor does there seem to be that love of travel, for travel's sake, which is so 
innate in the Anglo-Saxon. One reason is, that in England we work hard for our livelihood 
and our amusement. Whether we are statesmen, merchants, or professional men, we stick to 
our last for nine months in the year at the least, before we consider that we have earned 
the right to our holiday; and when we do take it, we take it with the same desperate 
earnestness with which we have worked for it.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">With most Englishmen of the present day, a holiday is relaxation, 
but not repose - relaxation simply of the head and mind, which have been for many months 
at high pressure and which require the remedy of stimulant - the stimulant of change and 
active exertion. What the Sunday walk is to the bleached, asphixiated weaver, the annual 
holiday is to the over-worked middle-class man, who gains in a short time more benefit 
from his outing than he would from a year's dosing with quinine and iron. To the mind the 
restorative action is still greater, and were it not for this opportunity of discarding 
for a time all worry and anxiety, by becoming as it were dead to business, many a
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>a</sup>
<Line>"Handbook for Wilts, Dorset, and Somerset." John Murray. 1856.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for Devon and Cornwall." John Murray. 1859.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for Berks, Bucks, and Oxfordshire." John Murray. 1860.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for South Wales." John Murray. 1860.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for North Wales." John Murray. 1861.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for Durham and Northumberland." John Murray. 1864.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for Surrey, Hants, and Isle of Wight." John Murray. 1865.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for Glucestershire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire." John Murray. 
1867.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for Yorkshire." John Murray. 1867.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for the Lakes." John Murray. 1867.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for Ireland." John Murray. 1866.</Line>
<Line>"Handbook for Scotland." John Murray. 1867.</Line>
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<Keyword>penny post</Keyword> <Keyword>post</Keyword> <Keyword>Manley, Mrs</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">father of a family would soon be a candidate for the lunatic 
asylum. Happy is the man who has the determination and the power of leaving no address 
behind him, so that letters, and what are still worse, telegrams, cannot be sent after him
to poison his pleasure and disturb his mental recovery; though in the complicated 
relations of the present day, very few can afford thus to isolate themselves for a whole 
month. Some day a future Macaulay will point out the extraordinary effect that this 
travelling habit has had, not only upon our domestic matters, but upon society at large: 
and the work has yet to be written which treats on this particular phase of English 
locomotion. The present generation has little conception of the changes that have taken 
place since the day when the mail-coach was the only medium of communication between town 
and country. To the bulk of quiet villages, the arrival of a Londoner was a thing to talk 
about, while few members of a family ever looked upon the metropolis as a place of resort,
except for a state visit once or twice in their lives. But now London is identical with 
the country, as far as the intercourse of society and public opinion go; and, <i>au 
contraire</i>, the country is too often London. The great cause of this change is the 
facility of locomotion, which, like the effects of the penny postage on correspondence, 
has induced people to leave their homes so much, that it has now become a confirmed habit.
We learn from Mrs. Manley's journey in 1725, that the stage coach between London and 
Exeter occupied four summer days in the trip; and that the passengers had to get up at 2 
A.M., left the inn at 3, and dined at 10 A.M. each day. Under such circumstances 
travelling would certainly have remained a proceeding only dictated by dire necessity, the
due accomplishment of which was thought worthy of a public prayer in church, as in Ralph 
Thoresby's case. But, even with improved roads and excellent coaching, the Englishman, 
except when bent upon business, was a fixture at home; and it was not until after the full
development of the railway system, that the excursionist became a person of importance, 
and a class to be conciliated. With the excursionist came the guide-book; but whether the 
former was instrumental in the appearance of the latter, or whether improved guide-books 
helped to create the excursionist, is immaterial; no doubt the one influenced the other.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There is the same difference between the handbook of the present 
day and the old post-chaise companion, as there is between an express train and the 
carrier's waggon. Amidst the cloud of local guides that beset the traveller to any place 
of general resort, it is often perplexing which to choose; but taking the country as a 
whole, it may be said that there is but one handbook, and "Murray" is its name. Not that 
we mean to ignore the claims of others, but simply to express an opinion as to the 
consistency and value of the twelve red volumes that at the present time form Mr. Murray's
British series. For years they have had on the continent a sway which no other works 
pretend to rival, and now we are glad to see that the British Isles have not only been 
invaded, but are in a fair way of being successfully conquered. It was until of late years
a reproach to the English that they knew foreign countries better than their own. Nor was 
it underserved, for, with the exception of those districts which from beauty of scenery or
fashion were sought
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1868 part 1 p.641
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<Paragraph rend="quote">after by gregarious tourists, the greater portion of the country 
remained unvisited, few people being aware of the mines of interest contained in the 
provinces. In fact, Murray's Handbooks to the British Isles are the popular and portable 
exponents of county histories, which from their size and dryness have been confined to the
libraries of antiquaries and book-collectors. Now, however, their contents have been 
ransacked by indefatigable editors, and offered up in a compact and readable form, as an 
epitome of all that is worth visiting in the historic and scenic features of the country, 
and forming moreover a valuable addition to the standard works of reference. If the price 
of each volume is somewhat high, it must be remembered that their matter is sterling, and 
not ephemeral; and that they appeal to the most polished and educated section of English 
travellers, which is naturally the smallest in point of number. Armed with a "Murray" in 
one pocket, and an Ordnance map in the other, the tourist, whether by rail, carriage, or 
on foot, may go through the whole of the land without asking a single question, or at 
least will be able to do so when both maps and guide-books are completed in their 
respective series. On the "Survey," in itself a national work which cannot be too highly 
valued, England and Wales are finished, so is Ireland, with the exception that the 
mountains are not projected; and although they are correctness itself, it requires a good 
deal of imagination to realise the physical features of the country. Scotland is completed
as far as the borders of Perthshire, but the difficulties are very great, and it will be a
long time before the corries and peaks of the Highland ranges are in the engraver's hands.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The counties hitherto published by Mr. Murray are Devon, Cornwall,
Dorset, Wilts, Somerset, Hants, Surrey, Sussex, Kent, Bucks, Oxford, Berks, Gloucester, 
Hereford, Worcester, Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and the 
Lake District, North Wales, South Wales, and Monmouthshire, the whole of Ireland and 
Scotland. The remaining nineteen counties are more or less advanced in preparation. 
Probably the first thought that occurs in glancing over these volumes is the extraordinary
extension of the railway system, and the changes it has produced in the outward appearance
of the land. Highways, such as the Great North road or the Holyhead road, which once 
teemed with traffic, and swarmed with coaches, might now have grass growing on them so far
as the traffic is concerned. Villages situated on these roads, which contained 
coaching-inns of repute, are comparatively deserted, and the inns shut up. But the balance
of compensation is seen in the creation of entirely new centres of habitation - such as 
Swindon on the Great Western, Wolverton and Crewe on the London and North-Western 
railways. Indeed, the latter place is so utterly a mushroom of the last twenty-five years,
that it was some time before a name could be found for it; the proper parochial name of 
Monk's Coppenhall being judged too long for a station which was intended to receive half 
the travelling population of England. From the same cause, monster hotels have sprung up, 
in some cases without any apparent object but to make a railway to them, and thus attract 
a residential population; while our towns and cities are inhabited by a daily ebbing and 
flowing crowd, which for the most part shuns them at night as though they were infected 
with a plague. Whether the beau-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1868 part 1 p.642
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[beau]tiful pleasure spots in England are any the better for the 
influx, daily, weekly, or monthly, of these spasmodic residents, is a question which will 
probably be answered in the negative by those to whom the softness and silence of nature 
are so dear. Fortunately nothing can spoil our mountains, and we certainly are indebted to
the railways, not only for taking us to them without loss of time, but for putting in the 
power of so many to visit them, who otherwise could not do so, so that we must take the 
good with the bad, and not feel too severe as we hear the engine whistle through the Pass 
of Killiecrankie. What lovely pictures do the pages of the handbooks bring back to our 
recollection? Snowdon, with its grand cwms and its (un)Righi-like refreshment rooms; Cader
Idris, with its volcanic precipices; the ridges and stern peaks of the Cuchillins, or 
those wonderful corries of Braeriach and the Cairngorms; the Twelve Pins of Bunnabeola, 
and the venerable frosted-pate of Helvellyn. Or, if we prefer less exalted and more 
accessible scenery, there are the Malvern Hills with their fringe of water villas; the 
hanging woods of Clovelly and Lynmouth; the soft beauties of Loch Lomond, or the more 
savage ones of Loch Maree; the georgeous purple tints of Killarney and Glengariff; do they
not one and all bring back to the mind pleasure of the most charming kind? Even our more 
homely and prosaic scenery, such as that of the Thames at Maidenhead, the irregular 
outlines of Edinburgh Old Town, the fresh breezes and swelling ridges of the Sussex Downs,
are all things to look forward to, and to look back upon.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But the railway system has done more than bring this scenery to 
our doors, it has given us some of the highest triumphs of modern days. The art of 
building bridges, which, when road-making was in vogue, was brought to the height of 
perfection by Telford, is now-a-days joined with the most astonishing originality and 
boldness; and the English railway-bridges may fairly challenge the world. Stephenson's 
Britannia Bridge, that carries the Chester and Holyhead railway over the Menai Straits 
side by side with Telford's work, his high level bridge at Newcastle, Robertson's 
Llangollen viaduct, the bridge over the Tweed at Berwick, Brunel's Albert viaduct over the
Tamar at Saltash, the Crumlin bridge in Monmouthshire, that spans an entire valley, at a 
height of 200 feet, and more recently the Clifton suspension-bridge, begun years ago by 
Brunel, and completed by Messrs. Hawkshaw and Barlow, are severally worth a journey to 
see, and stand prominently forward as the giant works of the age, all emanating from the 
little locomotive at Killingworth. Not only has a race of engineers been bred up to laugh 
at difficulties, but we are accustomed to look at such gigantic undertakings as those of 
the Liverpool docks, the Plymouth breakwater, and the Holyhead harbour, with the same 
indifference that we shall probably feel ten or fifteen years hence, when the tunnel 
between France and England is completed. To these, and such as these, will our future 
historians point as instances of the prodigious growth of the country in ideas and riches,
and we cannot be surprised when we see our manufacturing towns and seaports bursting their
bonds and spreading in all directions with their ever-increasing population. Leeds, 
Manchester, and Bradford, although at the present moment suffering with the rest of the 
land under an exceptional stagnation of trade,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">are each historical centres of the cloth, cotton, and woollen 
trades, round which new towns are yearly - we may almost say, daily - springing up. 
Witness the rise and progress of Saltaire, which contains a population of 3000, all 
dependent upon a single mill. Some of the most interesting points in English social life 
arise from the examination of our more scattered industrial pursuits, which from their 
nature are localised in some particular district, and give a peculiar stamp to those 
employed in them. The lead mines of Alston, the copper mines of Anglesea, the black 
country of South Stafford, the china clay of St. Austell, the glass-works of the Tyne, the
tin mines of Botallack, the gold mines of Merionethshire, the slate quarries of Penrhyn or
Llanberis, and the ironworks of South Wales, are each worthy of the close attention of the
man of science, or the student of race and character. Of all these do the handbooks tell 
us, with a fulness that is wonderful, considering the mulitplicity of subjects with which 
they deal; nor do they omit the more limited, but equally interesting specialities, such 
as the china works of Worcester, the glove trade of Yeovil, or the marmalade manufacture 
of Dundee; we even read of the little town of Cumnock, in Ayrshire, which is devoted to 
snuff-boxes, and that of Knockcrogherty, in Roscommon, the fortune of which hangs on 
tobacco-pipes.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">To the thoughtful observer all these sights and sounds, modern as 
they are, have an additional interest when compared with the relics of former ages; and 
although the antiquary will naturally prefer to linger over the quiet spots where the 
latter sleep undisturbed, he will never shut out from his mind the comparison between the 
past and the present. Nor, indeed, taking our engineering works as an example, can we 
afford to sneer at the engineering knowledge or capacity of the old builders of 
Stonehenge, be they Celts, Druids, Danes, Antediluvians, or Belgae. We can only marvel at 
the transportation and arrangement of these wondrous monoliths, or at the skill with which
so many of the rocking-stones that still exist were poised. The study of early remains has
very much increased within the last few years, and many a tumulus and many a lake has been
forced to reveal its secrets and give up its dead. The excavations of the Derbyshire 
barrows by the late Mr. Bateman, and more lately of the Yorkshire barrows by Canon 
Greenwell, have thrown much light on the ethnology and some of the customs of these early 
races. For variety of early antiquarian research there is no country like Ireland, with 
its elaborately sculptured tumulus of Newgrange; its Ogham stones; its forts, such as 
Dunaengus, in Arran, and Staigue, in Kerry; its innumerable raths; its primitive 
oratories, such as the Beehive Oratory of Gallerus; its crannoges, or lake dwellings; and 
its early towns, whether inhabited by Tuath Danaans, Fenians, or any other aborigines. Of 
later date than these are its numerous rude churches and its round towers, those never 
failing sources of discussion, all presenting a feastof antiquarian matter, the salient 
points of which are given us in the Irish Handbook; while Dr. Petrie and Sir William Wilde
must be referred to for the minutiae of their subject. Scotland, also, has yielded of late
years a profitable harvest to the explorer; and the burgh of Mousa, the Pict's houses, the
stones of Stennis, the shell mounds of Wick, the sculptured rocks of Fife, - on which Sir 
James Simpson has lately made his mark - the
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1868 part 1 p.644
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Moat of Urr, and the vitrified forts of Aberlemmo, are good 
examples of early Scotch remains. Wales, for obvious reasons is not so prolific in this 
particular class of antiquities, but she can show a goodly store of cromlechs, 
meinhirions, and Celtic forts. And, by the way, why is it that cromlechs, both in Wales 
and Ireland, are almost always placed where they overlook the sea - or, at all events, a 
large body of water? The fact is too persistent to be accidental, and it is one worth 
notice. The Welsh marches too are made interesting by Offa's Dyke, while in all parts of 
the country Roman remains abound. There is plenty of material for a Roman handbook to 
Britain. They were the great road-makers, wall-builders, and miners of their day. Their 
camps are scattered all over the land, although there are very few so perfect as those of 
Ardoch, In Perthshire, and Lanchester, in Durham. Their roads, such as the Watling Street,
Ikenield Street, and the Fosse-way, were so well engineered that they are, in many cases, 
identifical with our modern turnpike-roads; and as for mines, both gold and iron, traces 
of Roman ocupation abound in Wales and the Forest of Dean. Heaps of Roman slag and cinders
attest the diligence with which they smelted the iron for the use of the armourers' forges
at Aquae Sulis or Bath; while the neighbourhood of Gogofau gold mines, in Carmarthenshire,
abounds with Roman names and associations. But the greatest interest is undoubtedly 
centred in the excavations at Wroxeter (Uriconium), the pavements and treasures found at 
Caerleon, where the second Augustan legion so long lay in garrison; and in more limited 
detail, in the Roman villas exhumed at Stowell Park, in Gloucestershire, or at Bognor in 
Sussex. Even within the last month, a temple to Minerva has been discovered underneath the
White Hart inn, at Bath, while fresh additions to our Roman antiquarian knowledge are 
being made daily in different parts of the country.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">It is, however, when we come down to later times that we find how 
replete the country is with historical and architectural remains, and how difficult it is 
for the student of mediaeval buildings to deal with the subject in detail, from its great 
extent. Of Saxon churches there are very few. Those in best preservation are Earl's Barton
in Northamptonshire, and Worth in Sussex; although we ought not to omit mentioning the 
exquisite double aisles in St. John's, Chester. But from Saxon times downwards, the 
ecclesiologist will find work in plenty in every county in England. A single cathedral 
(say Canterbury), is in itself an epitome of Gothic architecture; Durham, perhaps, being 
the most original and consistent of all our cathedrals and abbeys. Amidst such a glorious 
collection of churches and monastic remains, - such as Fountains, Melrose, Furness, and 
Tintern, - it is impossible even to enumerate those which are worth attention, and we can 
only mention what seems the most striking point in the mediaeval architecture of the 
British Isles, and that is, the variations in point of time between England, Ireland, and 
Scotland. Ireland can show numbers of churches possessing mouldings and decorations 
usually thought to be of Norman character, but which are really of a date anterior to the 
11th century. Rahin, Killeshin, Cashel, and Freshford churches, are examples of this 
ornamentation, which, Norman in style, is yet ante-Norman in date. Scotland, on the other 
hand, has kept her architectural features long
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1868 part 1 p.645
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<Paragraph rend="quote">after the English had done with them. When the round arch was 
dismissed from England, the Scotch were using it with all vigour, and the same thing 
occured with the Early English style, which pleased them much more than did the Decorated,
and which they were exceedingly loth to give up. Add to this, the prevailing tendency to 
French patterns, and we see how it is that Scotland possesses such a distinctive 
architectural fashion. To the French taste must be attributed the fine examples of 
flamboyant windows in many of the Scottish abbeys. Another fact that strikes us in 
glancing over the church buildings of the various English counties is the difference in 
style which prevailed in different parts of the country, when the erection of churches was
in a flourishing condition - as, for instance, in Somersetshire and Devonshire, where 
almost all the churches were Perpendicular of so distinctive a character as to be known as
the West of England type. Fortunately for our modern churches we have no style, the last 
in which we indulged being a mixture of the pump-room with pure churchwarden; and such a 
debased mixture arose from this union, that it brought us all back again to seek the 
principles of true Gothic art. To this fact we owe a number of successful restorations and
the rebuilding of some of our finest churches, - Doncaster, for instance, which would be a
credit to any age.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">What would perhaps strike a foreigner most in reading the 
handbooks would be the number of fine seats which give England that peculiar charm of home
residence. From the ducal palaces of Chatsworth. Belvoir, Alnwick, or Dunrobin, to the 
quiet, comfortable country house, there is every variety of mansion, breathing more or 
less the atmosphere of home, and showing at a glance the secret of that influence which 
the landed proprietors have always exerted in the country, and which it is hoped it will 
be very long ere they surrender. One scarcely knows which to admire most, the glowing 
parks and gardens that surround the seats of our gentry, or the works of art that 
embellish the interior. We are as a nation deficient in public galleries of pictures, but 
we doubt whether any country in the world can show a larger number of private collections.
And fortunatlely for the lovers of art, the same spirit of liberality that presided over 
the acquisition of these art treasures, in most cases prompts their owners to throw them 
open for the gratification of the tourist. The number of show-places mentioned in the 
handbooks sufficiently attests this. There is one more feature to which we must allude 
before we close our brief summary. These red volumes address themselves to the specialist 
as well as to the general traveller, and the way in which the science of geology is 
handled in them proves that this fascinating study has gained a considerable hold over a 
large section of tourists. Indeed, our English geology is so varied, and so bound up with 
the scenery, that it is almost impossible for any observant or educated man to admire the 
one without taking an interest in the other; and such works as those of Mr. Geikie in the 
scenic geology of Scotland, or of Professor Ramsay on North Wales, are almost as necessary
<i>vade-mecums</i> as handbooks themselves. To whatever part of Great Britain the annual 
"outing" is directed, the scientific traveller need never be at a loss for interest. The 
Woolhope Silurian valley of elevation in Herefordshire, the Dudley coalfield, the 
limestone gorges of Cheddar,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">and St. Vincent's Rocks, or the more striking beauties of the 
Craven limestones and the Clapham caves, the Cleveland limestone district, the extinct 
bone caves of Kent's Hole and Gower, the cliffs of the Yorkshire coast, so fast encroached
upon by the sea, the white escarpments of the Portland quarries, the wondrous pebbles of 
the Chesil Bank, the trap terraces of the Scuir of Eig, and the Laurentian rocks of the 
North Highlands - the Connemara marble, with its Eozoon, the earliest known symtom of life
in the world's history - each one of them is a study in itself, and we cannot read the 
account of them in any of their respective hand-books without feeling an irresistible 
desire to pack up our hammer, sketch-book, fern-box, map, and whiskey-flask, and take at 
once to the tramp.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">G. P. BEVAN.
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Fire, Greystoke Castle</Heading>
<Paragraph rend="quote">MONTHLY CALENDAR
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">May 4. - Greystoke Castle, Cumberland, destroyed by fire.
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<Keyword>Wythburn, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>vandalism</Keyword> 
<Keyword>reservoir</Keyword> <Keyword>dam</Keyword> <Keyword>water supply</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Somervell, Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Cumberland Times</Keyword> 
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  <Keyword>Thirlmere Reservoir</Keyword>  <Keyword>opposition</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Thirlmere Reservoir</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">TABLE-TALK.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">DUNMAIL RAISE and the Valley of Wythburn are threatened next year 
with an invasion which has excited the indignation not only of the principal dwellers in 
one of the loveliest nooks in the very heart of the English lake district, but has 
awakened painful surprise and opposition all over the country, wherever the love of 
natural beauty, and the reverence for famous men whose footsteps have doubly hallowed it, 
are not yet quite extinct. A ruthless piece of vandalism is contemplated which it is to be
hoped may yet be baffled by a firm and united resistance. Parliament is to be asked in the
approaching session to empower the Manchester Corporation to turn the beautiful lake of 
Thirlmere into a reservoir for supplying with water, not Manchester alone - for that city,
they own, has an ample supply for the next twenty years to come - but the various towns 
<i>en route</i>. Only dire and extreme necessity, and an absolute impossibility of 
obtaining water elsewhere, could justify this proposal. Neither of these conditions 
fortunately exists. "Not one tithe," as Mr. Somervell, the chief and indefatigable 
opponent of the scheme, has pointed out, "of the moorland available for the supply of 
water of Manchester, between the Lune and South Lancashire, has been utilised as yet." To 
carry out the scheme proposed a huge embankment would have to be reared to the height of 
at least 70 feet, thus lengthening the lake from 2 1/2 to 4 1/2 miles, and deepening it to
the extent of 60 or 70 feet. This would have the effect of placing under water the whole 
valley, and the beauties of the spot would be buried in a deep dark reservoir. "It is the 
intention of the Waterworks Committee," naively remarks the <i>Cumberland Times</i>, "to 
substitute for <i>the present tortuous up-and-down track a straight road cut on a level 
line</i> around the slopes of Helvellyn. Below it the lake, enlarged to more than twice 
its present dimensions, <i>will assume a grandeur of appearance in more striking 
accordance with its majestic surroundings</i>. HOW THE VALLEY WILL LOOK IN THE DRY SUMMER 
SEASON, WHEN THE RESERVOIR IS HALF EMPTIED, HAS YET TO BE ASCERTAINED." Another ground of 
opposition to the scheme is its danger as well as it unsightliness. In the very possible 
and even probable event of
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<Keyword>Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway</Keyword> <Keyword>Somervell, 
Robert</Keyword> <Keyword>Hazelthwaite, Windermere</Keyword> <Keyword>Manchester and 
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<Paragraph rend="quote">one of the floods or heavy rainfalls to which the district is 
peculiarly liable bearing down the embankment, the whole surrounding district, Keswick, 
Grasmere, and every bridge along the Cockermouth Keswick and Penrith railway would be 
swept away. Mr. J. F. Bateman, the engineer to the Corporation, is pleased to assert in 
his report, that "the uses to which the water can be locally applied are small and 
insignificant." Upon the same principle the inhabitants of Bethnal Green might propose 
that we should, in the ensuing winter, fell down the trees in Kensington Gardens and in 
Richmond Park to supply them with firewood, because "the uses to which the wood can be 
locally applied are small and insignificant." This is, surely, utilitarianism run mad. Mr.
Robert Somervell, of Hazelthwaite, Windermere, has just published a pamphlet in which the 
chief arguments against the scheme are ably and forcilbly stated. This is entitles, "The 
Manchester and Thirlmere Scheme: An Appeal to the Public on the Facts of the Case." Mr. 
Somervell will, I believe, be happy to afford further information to anyone desirous of 
aiding to oppose the scheme, for which purpose an influential committee of gentlemen of 
the district, among whom we are somewhat disappointed not to find the name of Mr. Ruskin, 
has also been formed, and subscriptions for the "Thirlmere Defence Fund" have already been
raised to the amount of over a thousand pounds.
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Armboth</Keyword> <Keyword>haunted house</Keyword> <Keyword>Martineau, Harriet</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Armboth Fell, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">...
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<Paragraph rend="quote">AMONG the many reasons, most of them valid ones, against making 
Thirlmere, one of the most charming of the English Lakes, a Manchester reservoir, is that 
such a proceeding will probably destroy one of the few specimens of haunted houses we have
still left in England. It is Miss Martineau who tells us of that lonely residence under 
Armboth Fell, where the lights are seen in the empty banqueting-chamber, and the spectral 
dog welcomes the invisble
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Corporation</Keyword> <Keyword>Thirlmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Armboth House, 
Armboth</Keyword> <Keyword>Cottonop[olis<Note>Manchester</Note></Keyword> 
<Keyword>Manchester</Keyword> <Keyword>Wordsworth, William</Keyword> 
<Keyword>poem</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">guests. If the lake is raised, as intended, forty feet, those 
lights will be put out, and the dog will be drowned! May Cottonopolis be sent nearer home 
for its water supply, and not interfere with the public pleasure in things on which it has
itself never set any value: the solemnity of solitude, the unruffled aspect of Nature, the
glories of the mountain, the peacefulness of the mere!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There was a certain sonnet written once, which has a very direct 
reference to this untilitarian invasion:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Is there no nook of English ground secure from rash assault,</Line>
<Line>... ... ... ... ... ...</Line>
<Line>Plead for thy peace, thou beautiful romance</Line>
<Line>Of Nature; and if human hearts be dead</Line>
<Line>Speak, passing winds; ye torrents with your strong</Line>
<Line>And constant voice protest against this wrong.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">If Wordsworth had lived to hear of the present outrage, he would 
have claimed (almost) with Lear, "Ye Aqueducts, burst."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">...
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Index, Gentleman's Magazine</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">A GENERAL INDEX FOR THE "GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE work meditated by the Index Society of supplying a complete 
index to the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> is worthy of all possible encouragement. To those
engaged in any form of historical,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">antiquarian, and biographical research the <i>Gentleman's 
Magazine</i> is indispensable. Owing to the exceedingly slovenly manner in which the 
previous indexes are compiled the task of reference is as arduous as it can be. Take it, 
for instance, that the reader wishes to inquire concerning a certain writer, say Thomas 
Ramsay, of whose date he is uncertain. In the existing indexes, in which the Christian 
name is not given, he will have to turn through all the Ramsays, probably one to two 
hundred in number, who ever dissolved partnership, became bankrupt, or in any fashion 
whatever brought themselves within the scope of the work. As the society depends for the 
completion of its task upon the number of subscriptions it receives, I am gald to 
recommend to my readers an undertaking which promises beneficial results to scholarship.
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<Keyword>agriculture</Keyword> <Keyword>hill farming</Keyword> <Keyword>common 
land</Keyword> <Keyword>heaf</Keyword> <Keyword>Black Face sheep</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Scottish Black Face sheep</Keyword> <Keyword>Herdwick sheep</Keyword> 
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Mountain Sheep</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">MOUNTAIN SHEEP.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">SCATTERED along the slopes of many of the northern valleys, there 
still lingers a last remnant of the yeoman or "statesman" class. Their houses are strongly
built of stone, and are essentially those of a utilitarian age. Each homestead has about 
it a few fertile fields - meadows which margin the valley stream. These are sufficient to 
afford "keep" for a dozen milch cows, and in summer yield abundant crops of hay. The young
cattle graze the "Grassing-heads" in summer; but are brought to the coppice belts of birch
and hazel to pick a scanty winter fare. There is but little ploughing, and, therefore, few
horses are required. But, although the "statesman" with all his virtues, is rapidly 
becoming extinct, neither political nor agricultural economy can alter nature's decree 
that these small holdings must ever remain sheep farms. Each farm in the dale has its 
"Lot," or Allotment, on the fell, which feeds from five hundred to a thousand sheep. This 
number is about the normal one, though some of the largest farms have most extensive 
"heafs" and graze from two to four thousand sheep. These are of the Black-faced, Scotch, 
and Herdwick breeds. All have coarse, hair-like wool; the Scotch and Black-faced have 
horns, whilst the Herdwick is polled. Yet each wears what the hill-farmers call "a jacket 
and waistcoat," that is long wool without, with a soft, thick coating beneath. And this is
one of the great characteristics which fits the animal for its life among the mists. All 
the breeds indicated are small-boned, and produce the best and sweetest mutton. It is the 
tending of these that constitutes the chief work of the dalesman throughout the year.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We have said that each farm of the valley has allotted to it its 
hundreds or thousands of acres upon the fells, and it is wonderful how the sheep know 
their own ground. Of course this was the more remarkable before the enclosure of the 
commons, when only a stream, a ridge of rock, or a heather brae formed a nominal boundary.
Now hundreds of miles of wire fence stretches its dividing influence over the wild fells, 
and is the means of destroying great numbers of grouse. One of the provisions for 
localising the sheep upon their
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<Paragraph rend="quote">own "Lot" is as follows: When a retiring tenant is leaving his 
farm, he is allowed to sell or take with him, say, three-fourths of his flock of 2,000 
sheep, but the remaining 500 must be left on the old ground. It is imperative upon the 
retiring farmer that this nucleus be left, though sometimes the whole flock is taken by 
the incoming tenant, and so remains. In any case he must purchase the number to be left 
upon the "heaf" at a valuation by one of the dalesmen, mutually agreed upon by the 
landlord and himself.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">In each parish there still exists at some farm a "Shepherd's 
Guide," setting forth the tar-marks, smits, and ear-slits peculiar to the sheep of each 
farm in the township. This is in the keeping of some responsible person, and is used as a 
reference-book in cases of dispute. It sets forth the name of each farm, the number of its
heaf-going sheep, a rough definition of their range, and, finally, the account of each 
flock illustrated by cuts. These show, to take an example, "J. B. on the near shoulder, a 
red smit down the flank, with the near ear slit down the middle. The "smits and slits" are
essential, for although the initials of the owner may, and frequently do, become blurred 
and indistinct, the former are lasting, and, in cast the animals have strayed, they may be
at once identified. With enclosure of the commons, this "Smit-book" is now rarely used, 
and no recent edition has been printed.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Most of the sheep winter on the fells. On the highest of these in 
severe winter they have to be foddered through three or four months of the year. Hay is 
taken in peat "sleds," and bundles are thrown down at intervals. Failing this the sheep 
are expert in scraping away the snow to get at the buried herbage. This they do with their
feet and noses, and as the sheep clear away the snow the grouse (though this applies only 
to the lower ranges) follow and eat the heather seeds from beneath the bushes. Sometimes a
whole flock is buried deep and have to be dug out. Even taking it for granted that the 
whereabouts of the entombed flock is known, the task of rescuing them is one of great 
difficulty. In attempting it the shepherds have occasionally lost their lives. The animal 
heat given off by the sheep thus buried thaws a portion of the snow about them. Stretching
their necks over this limited area, they devour every blade of green, even the turf 
itself. This exhausted, they eat the wool from each other's backs. under these 
circumstances the tenacity of life shown by the sheep is marvellous, and many have been 
rescued after being buried alive for twenty-eight days. When brought to the light these 
poor creatures are in a week and emaciated condition. During the long and terrible winter 
of 1886 the fell sheep suffered
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<Paragraph rend="quote">severely. On the higher runs they perished by hundreds. The 
farmers (four in number) of the farms lying contiguous to Sca Fell alone lost fifteen 
hundred sheep out of an aggregate of about six thousand. The whitened bones and fleeces of
these were dotted everywhere about the fells, and to the hill farmers in these times of 
depression this fact almost spells ruin. The skeletons were bleached, and the only things 
that profited by the protracted snows were the peregrines and ravens of the crags. These 
birds still find an asylum in the deepest recesses of the mountains.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">In these desolate hill tracts winter usually lasts through seven 
months of the year. Layer upon layer of snow becomes hard frozen, and upon the highest 
peaks of Skiddaw and Sca Fell this often lies till June or July. During the mid-summer day
of 1888 the mountains were lashed in blinding snow-storms. But for the most part April 
clears the summits of the mists, and a better time is at hand. The snows have cleared from
the lower grounds, and the sparse vegetation comes sweet and green. This grows quickly, 
and the flock rapidly gains in condition. Now the sheep are ever active; by the torrent 
sides, by the leas of the boulders, and along the rock ledges they seek the freshest 
grass. And in search of this they sometimes become crag-fast - that is, they climb and 
climb from one narrow ledge to another, sometimes placing their fore feet upon even a 
jagged splinter. If a face of rock intervene, and they cannot climb out to the top of the 
crag, they turn to descend. But here, too, retreat is cut off. Sometimes the sheep remain 
in this position for two or three days, eating whatever is within reach, and then one of 
two things happens: either they are rescued by the shepherds, who are let down to them by 
ropes, or they fall prey to birds and foxes. The raven, the peregrine, and the buzzard 
freely appreciate the creature's position and await their chance. Sometimes the birds so 
terrify the sheep that in its fright it makes one mad leap, and is dashed to pieces as it 
descends the crag. The raven hardly waits till death has come, but immediately goes 
dallying round and round the carcass, and soon falls to work upon brain, lip, or palate. 
The peregrine feeds only so long as the flesh is sweet, though the hill foxes and crows 
visit the spot for a week.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Snow lines are yet sketched along the stone fences of the fells; 
but this is all that remains of winter. Everything testifies to the coming of spring. The 
foaming fell "becks" sparkle in the sun and the climbing sheep are sprinkled over the 
crags. A breadth of blue is overhead, and towards this the sheep always climb. When the 
weather is fine their heads are infallibly turned towards the skyline. From
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<Paragraph rend="quote">this time they rapidly improve in condition; with the new grass 
their strength returns; they are ever and ceaselessly nibbling. And now the shepherds are 
very busy with their flocks. The ewes are drafted out and quietly driven to the lowlands. 
These are distrtibuted among the fields of the hill farmers, and for a time have better 
fare. An anxious time is approaching; but here the lambing season comes fully two months 
later than in the lower and cultivated valleys. Daily attention is paid to the ewes, and 
about mid-April the lambs begin to make their appearance. The Black-faced and Herdwicks 
are hardy; there is no folding, no extra feeding, and they come through the critical time 
in a manner that would astonish the southern farmer. The mortality is exceedingly small; 
the lambs are strong and quickly on their legs. As soon as the lambing season is over, and
the little strangers are strong enough to bear the journey, the whole flock is driven back
to the fells. Each year the farmer breeds two varieties of lambs. The Black-faced and 
Herdwick ewes produce both, one of which is half-breed the other pure. The pure portion is
to keep the blood of the farm; the half-breeds, which are heavier and larger lambs, are 
intended for sale. At this time the barren ewes are also drafted from the flock, they too 
being fatted for the market.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">As the warm days of May pass to those of early June, the shepherds
commence to "gather" their flocks for the washing. In this they are aided by collies - 
small wiry creatures, almost inconceivably intelligent. They in nowise resemble the 
sheep-dogs of the show-bench, but are mostly built on the lines of the hill fox. They can 
be hounded for miles - as far as they can see the action of the shepherd directing them. 
In fact they are quite knowing enough to work without his direction; and I have seen them 
scaling a crag and carefully bringing a flock of sheep from the rocks and gullies where 
not a single thing was apparent to the eye. "Devil's Dust," "Wily," and "Fleet" were three
of the most intelligent brutes that ever ran. I have spent weeks among the mists with the 
lovable trio. When a head-strong Herdwick gets upon the shelving rocks of the crags, the 
dogs never force. They crouch, using the utmost patience, and rather guide the sheep than 
drive it. That these dogs become fascinated in their work there can be no question. It is 
clear, too, that the work is difficult, and always more or less painful; for after a hard 
day's running upon the fells their feet are dreadfully cut up by the sharp stones, which 
in summer blister the hand if laid upon them. These beds of flat tinkling stones give out 
their not unmusical notes as the men, sheep, and their canine guardians, rush over them. 
It is usual on the hill farms, where a great number of sheep are kept,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">to work the dogs in relays. A brace are taken out one day and rest
the next. But at times of gathering for washing or shearing this plan is not always 
practicable, and all the dogs are working at once. Upon one such occasion, when a week of 
hard work had left an intelligent little bitch only two legs to run upon, she disappeared 
in a bracken bed under the crags. Thence she was not seen to emerge, nor could she be 
found. It was afterwards dscovered that she had brought forth five puppies, each of which 
she carried separately in her mouth a distance of five miles, returning, of course, over 
the same distance. Her treasures she snugly stowed away among the hay in the old barn.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">I have said that it is at the time of gathering in the sheep for 
washing or shearing that the dogs are hardest worked. When a fine spring has reduced the 
fell "becks" and the clear water lies deep in the pools, then it is that the washing of 
the sheep takes place. The water is now tepid; and by the side of the deepest pool a bit 
of bright turf is encircled by wooden hurdles, and a fold constructed. The shepherds have 
been out on the fells through the short summer night, and now down the corries long lines 
of sheep are seen approaching, though all converging to the rugged mountain road. The 
sheep and shepherds are met by a group of fell folk who have come to assist. These are the
"statesmen" and their sons, dalesmen from the next valley, neighbouring herds, and often 
wome women. Sorting the sheep and depriving them of their lambs is gone through, the scene
being meanwhile most animated - men shouting, dogs barking, sheep stamping and fighting 
the dogs, whilst others lightly top the hurdles, and attempt to make back to the fells. 
Two strapping yeomen wade into the pool to their middle, and the business of the day 
commences. The washing of six hundred sheep means a long summer's day work; and now all 
exert themselves to the utmost. Two men take each sheep by both hands and heave it into 
the pool. Here it is caught by the washers, well soused, and then allowed to swim to the 
opposite bank, where for a moment it stands dripping; then moves off to the sunny sward. 
Weighted with water, the creature is stunned for awhile, but soon begins to nibble the 
short herbage. During the whole of this time a constant bleating is kept up between the 
lambs and their dams; nor does it cease until they are brought together after the washing,
when they are driven back to the fells. By this time every one engaged in the day's work 
has imbibed much strong ale; but hard work has rendered them none the worse for their deep
draughts. Seeing the sheep sprinkled over the fells a few days after this, their coats are
observed to be whiter and the wool more "fleecy."
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<Paragraph rend="quote">list, Washing, of course, is preparatory to shearing; and this 
comes in a fortnight. All the dale responds. Goodwill is one of the characteristics of the
"statesmen." For shearing, as for washing, the sheep have to be gathered in; and this 
sometimes takes two days and a night to accomplish. The animals are brought down the 
mountain-road to the farm and placed in rude stone folds, each holding perhaps a hundred 
sheep. The shearers arrive from up and down the dale, and among them come the parson and 
the squire, all in white "overalls." The shearers seat themselves on "creels" ranged round
the main fold, and a dozen stout lads come as "catchers" to supply their elders with 
sheep. Bright bands are produced to tie the goat-like legs of the Herdwicks, and the flash
and the metallic "click" of the shears are seen and heard afar. Soon the scene is one of 
the most picturesque animation. A turf fire is lighted, and upon this a pan or tar bubbles
and boils. Standing by it are the owner of the flock and the parson. They stamp the 
former's initials and the smit-marks upon the sleek sheep just freed from their cumbersome
coats. The squire goes round among the sheaers and acts as "doctor." He carries a small 
can of mixed salve and tar, which he applies to the cuts accidentally made in shearing. 
These snips are common, but arise more frequently from the sheep's kicking than from 
carelessness in the shearer. Two or three girls rid the clippers of the stripped fleeces; 
and these, together with the fallen wool, are place upon unhinged barn-doors by two portly
dames from down dale; they are then stowed away in the wool-loft. When all the flock is 
stripped, comes the banquet. And such a one! huge rounds of beef, legs of veal and of 
mutton, qtrs of lamb, hams and pies of every description. There are sweet puddings and 
pies, and all things else in keeping. Then the company withdraw to the barn, where creels 
are ranged round against the hay-mows, and strong ales and trays of tobacco are passed 
among the guests. A long table is placed down the middle. the parson presiding at one end,
the squire at the other. Glasses are filled, smoke-wreaths begin to ascend, and the 
ballads of the dalesfolk are sung. Most of these ditties have for their subject-matter 
some "Bet Bouncer," or commemorate remarkable foxhunts in the district, and are all 
productions of the company's immediate ancestors; and on such occasion the parson drank, 
sang, and smoked in as orthodox a manner as the rest. This is said in nowise 
disrespectfully. The parson was one of ourselves, tilled his glebe, and had a sheep-run on
the fells. These constituted part of his "living."
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1890 part 1 p.534
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<Paragraph rend="quote">At the sheep shearing the lambs are separated from their dams, and
receive the impress of their owner's initials as well as smits and ear-slits. The 
half-breed lambs - those bred for the production of mutton - are now weaned from the ewes,
and are not allowed to return to the fells. They are kept until autumn, sold at the 
northern sheep fairs, and then sent ot be fatted on southern grass-lands. Here they feed 
quickly and make excellent mutton. Only the pure-bred lambs - Black-face or Herdwick - the
future heaf-going sheep of the home farm, are retained. After the "clipping" and while the
yeomen are carousing in the old barn, the shepherds start on the return journey with the 
fleeceless flock. As the lambs are brought to the ewes there is a perfect babel of bleats.
Turned into the long lanes, the white fleeceless flocks present an indescribable picture 
of pastoral beauty. Every sheep hangs upon the hazel-clad slopes, stretching its quiet 
neck to the tender herbage. Not a foot of the banks seems unoccupied - two long lines of 
sleek, browsing sheep reach away till the bend in the road hides them. Soon the bleating 
becomes less general, then it ceases, and a strange stillness fills the lanes. A breeze 
brings up the left lambs' voices, and all is confusion. And thus we plod slowly on to the 
fells in the sultry summer afternoon, and turn the flock again upon the green slopes. Soon
few are to be seen; they have dispersed, but seem to have dissolved. Then we turn 
homewards, oursleves and the three dogs - not down the long dale road, but by the "forest"
- "forest" only by name now, and thick with peat, having traces of birch and mountain ash.
Our way lies along the "Grassing heads" running parallel to the valley, but high up above 
it. Coming through these rushes prevail, and hidden springs. Among them gadflies rest, and
grasshoppers make harmony with the hidden waters. Then we come into scrub of oak, birch, 
and hazel. Flies abound and a few birds.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">From what has been said of the farms of the fell dales, it will be
seen, as already remarked, that these are essentially sheep farms, and that wool is one of
the chief products of the "statesmen." Among the many quaint buildings of the hill folds, 
one is usually set apart as the wool loft; and it is deplorable to have to records that 
many of these, and even the teeming barns themselves, are full of wool, the produce of 
many seasons "clips." For the hill farmer has felt depression in trade as well as his 
southern neighbour, though in a different way. Some of the yeomen tell me that they have 
four, five, and even six years' wool harvests in their barns, and cannot sell it at 
present prices. Time was when the wives and daughters of
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1890 part 1 p.535
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the "statesmen" spun the wool, and even wove it into cloth. This 
at one time was done in almost every house, and by the light labour the long winter 
evenings were pleasantly beguiled. And it is somewhat strange that the occupation was one 
much indulged in by the poorer clergy who guided the spiritual lives of the yeomen. Of one
of these as a type of the rest we shall speak. He assisted his neighbours at hay and at 
shearing; and instead of receiving money reward he was paid "in kind." He made wills, 
butter prints, and was Notary Public to the whole parish. And for little offices as his 
reward "in kind," he invariably chose wool; and for a reason. The tributaryv fleeces he 
was wont to collect with the aid of a shaggy white "galloway," with which he always 
tramped the fells. Across the back of the old horse were two panniers carried crosswise, 
in which the fleeces were conveyed. The annals of this quiet neighbourhood tell how, for 
eight hours in each day, he was occupied in teaching the children, his seat being within 
the Communion rails. While they repeated their lessons by his side, he was busily engaged 
with his spinning wheel; and every evening, too, he continued the same labour, exchanging,
by way of variety, the small wheel at which he had sat, for the large one on which wool is
spun, the spinner stepping to and fro. And thus the spinning and winding wheels filled up 
the interludes of his evening labour. The elder of his children assisted in teasing and 
spinning the wool; and at the whole trade it was well known that both he and his family 
had become proficients. When the various processes were completed, and the whole ready for
sale, the good man would lay on his back by 16 or 32 lbs. weight, and on foot would convey
it to market, seven or eight miles, even in the depth of winter.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">And yet this primitive parson was a pronounced type of his 
contemporaries. He, as they, not only cultivated the glebe about the house, but had, like 
the rest of his neighbours, a sheep "run" on the fell. In his live he held three 
"livings," and occupied the last sixty years; he died aged ninety-three, and during the 
time he was busily employed as we have stated, he never once neglected his more important 
spiritual duties. These he discharged zealously and faithfully, brought up, educated, and 
established well in life a large family, and died "universally lamented." His fortune at 
his death, amassed by this great industry, amounted to L2,000, besides a large quantity of
linen and woollen cloth spun by himself, and chiefly within those Communion rails of which
we have spoken. The following extract is from a letter describing him "at home":
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<Paragraph rend="quote">"I found him sitting at the head of a large square table, such as 
[i]s
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1890 part 1 p.536
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<Paragraph rend="quote">commonly used in this country by the lower class of people, 
dressed in a coarse blue frock trimmed with black horn buttons, a checked shirt, a 
leathern strap about his neck for a stock, a coarse apron, and a pair of great 
wooden-soled shoes, plated with iron to preserve them - what we call clogs in these parts 
- with a child upon his knee, eating his breakfast," &amp;c. Spinning and weaving the wool
of the Herdwicks was at this time performed in almost every house in the dales, and this 
process provided clothes both for the male and female portion of the household.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">A HILL SHEPHERD.
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<Keyword>Ruskin, John</Keyword>  <Keyword>game</Keyword>
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>sheep farm</Keyword>
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Moorland Sheep</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">A MOORLAND SHEEP-FARM.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I HAVE at last found a man who does not love the moors. It was 
quite by accident, and consequently the shock was a little more severe. But it came out so
gently, and I was taken into confidence so simply as a fellow-thinker, that I nearly 
proved a traitor to my best beloved. I had just sufficient bravery to refer with apology 
to the summer flush of the heather, and memory enough to recall Mr. Ruskin, whose words 
are ever our best rallying cries - "beds a foot deep in flowers, and close in tufted 
cushions, and the mountain air that floated over them rich in honey like a draught of 
metheglin."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I may be wrong, but I think that one who loves the moors is not 
content with their artistic glories alone; he lives in sympathy with all the tiresome 
routine and startling vicissitudes of the numerous denizens of the airy and bleak uplands;
he is a moor bird, and, to parody Terence, everything connected with the moors is most 
interesting to him. Are there any others, I wonder, who will share with me an interest in 
the affairs and in the sorrows of a moorland farmer?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A moorland farm is not necessarily situated entirely on the moors.
Many of the farmers who go by this name have land which, while it lifts its face into the 
sky to smile, stoops down also to the riverside to drink under the shade of trees. The 
lower ground is invaluable for supplementing the use of the moors. The produce of these 
"beds a foot deep in flowers" may be divided into three parts, namely, mutton and wool, 
game, and honey, yielded by sheep, grouse, and bees. The mention of these items in 
connection seems to us somewhat incongruous, for what has a moorland farmer to do with 
grouse and bees? And yet the three seem to go so well together, they sound so much like a 
northern promised land, that we feel disposed to cast the burden of incongruity rather 
upon circumstances and ordinances than upon the idea itself.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Before speculating further on this matter let us inquire a little 
into the stock and methods of one of these farmers, whose sheep run
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<Paragraph rend="quote">on the moors. After speaking of a sheep-farm I can scarcely with 
propriety postpone the consideration of the case of the woolly ones, even in deference to 
the more noble animals which are associated with them. The names and nicknames given to 
sheep by shepherds are numerous. I can only mention a few. Hogs, or tegs, are the sheep 
one year old, which are distinguished as wethers and gimmers, according as they are male 
or female. A ram is usually called a tup, and a ewe is pronounced something like "eowe." 
Barren gimmers are fed with wethers, and become prime at four years old. I do not know why
I am writing this: it is not meant as a compliment to butchers, whom I do not consider 
literary, nor to instruct them, for they know the ages at which animals are prime. The use
of what I am detailing will best be seen when some town bird visits the moors and begins 
to talk to the shepherds. A careful use of the words "tegs," "gimmers," and "tups" will 
soon gain the Yorkshire moorland heart.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Shearling is an adjective applied to the various classes after the
first shearing; for instance, a "shearling gimmer," "shearling wether," "shearling tup" 
are expressions used. The corresponding terms after the second and third shearings are 
"two-shear," "three-shear" gimmer or wether, as the case may be, and so on. The age may be
learnt from the teeth: a shearling casts his two front middle incisors, and the two next 
to them in the following year. This shedding of the teeth is not always at the same age 
for each sheep, but varies a little according to health and condition. Those jolly old 
batchelors among sheep, who know all the runs, and take to each class of food exactly in 
the right season, are styled "old cock birds." They are favourites because they thrive on 
poor food, stand the wintry blasts bravely, and yield good fleece. But alas! when they 
become very old cock birds they are extremely tough eating. "Old crocks" are old ewes 
whose teeth have begun to open, and whose fate it is to be sold to go to lower lands to 
receive more shelter in their old age.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I am now speaking of a millstone grit moor, and one can readily 
understand why the sheep do so much better on limestone than here: for it appears that, 
while on the grassy hills they have a continuous and uniform pasture, on the moors they 
only take to the food provided for them because they cannot obtain anything better. When 
they have become accustomed to dead ling, with an occasional dry rush, they are 
recommended to leave these and to try the louk grass and moss-cops; and when they have 
habituated themselves to that vegetation, their guardian will again force the ling upon 
their notice. The fact is that, though the sheep do not appear to see it
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1891 part 2 p.126
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<Paragraph rend="quote">clearly at the time, one class of herbage comes in as the other 
dies out. There is on the edge of the brows of the grit formation, in the early bloom of 
summer, a fine grass called "mountain fesk," to which the young animals must be brought to
give them a start in life. They soon take to it, but even when they have eaten the gound 
bare, and have before them the prospect of starvation, they must be driven off repeatedly 
and shown other food before they will relinquish the old ground. Yorkshiremen are like 
their sheep - a real native would almost prefer to die rather than leave the old spot: 
once "earthed" you cannot drive him from his home!
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is perhaps well for us that the silly sheep do not fancy the 
ling during the summer, when we and the bees enjoy it so much; but, when the "back-end" 
comes, we - the bees and ourselves - are more indifferent, and they - the sheep - less so.
We might here, too, "point a moral": for do we not often neglect, in its glorious beauty, 
that which we turn to in its withered old age? "That harvest of amethyst bells; what 
substance is there in it, yearly gathered out of the mountain winds, stayed there as if 
the morning and evening clouds had been caught out of them, and woven into flowers; 'Ropes
of sea-sand' - but that is child's magic merely, compared to the weaving of the heath out 
of the cloud. And once woven, how much of it is for ever worn by the Earth? What wieght of
that transparent tissue, half crystal and half comb of honey, lies strewn every year dead 
under the snow? No one is less likely than Mr. Ruskin to forget the sheep, and I need not 
therefore ask his permission to disturb some of this snow. We shall have to bring up some 
harrows, and with much labour draw them over the white sheet; but fodder is scarce and 
dear, and if the sheep starve their master is likely to pine too. So this dead, ungathered
"harvest of amethyst bells" is garnered under the snow, to feed the hungry flocks and 
enrich the toiling farmer, after it has performed the proud part of its task for us and 
for the bees.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When the cold season sets in immediatly after the warm weather it 
affects the sheep with blindness unless special precautions are taken to shelter them in 
huts. It would be well if in this matter it were more usual for farmers to benefit 
themslves, while bestowing a greater boon upon their charges, by arranging for some rude 
shelter to which the flocks "might run and be safe." As soon as the frost and snow begin 
to disappear the ling becomes drier and less relishing, and we have to inquire what diet 
Nature provides next. Accident, the old cock birds, and artifice, all conspire to point 
out the newest dish. In working among the ling the young sheep now begin to pull
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1891 part 2 p.127
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<Paragraph rend="quote">up by chance a few louk shoots, which the older ones recognise 
with pleasure as soon as they see them. The shepherd himself, if he be a considerate one, 
also pulls them up and strews them on the ground, because he is really anxious for the 
inexperienced to learn their value. The louk grass soon makes this value known by the 
increased healthiness which it imparts: the clear, bright faces, the good complexions are 
very soon to be noticed, and when once the flock have accepted the new food they begin to 
thrive and do well.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The pulling-up of this grass is not a pulling-up by the roots, but
a drawing out of a sheath - a process which is only possible after February. Birds, 
moor-game, and others understand this. Possibly the same sensations which occur to man 
from well-cooked asparagus are present with the sheep and birds; and Nature, being the 
most correct of cooks, will not serve her dainties up until they are ready for the palate.
The wily shepherd therefore attempts to present the soft, juicy end to his saucy 
youngsters by the method referred to, and the smart way in which the old hands can draw 
out and nobble from the bottom upwards is worth observing. The moss-crops are the young 
flowers of the louk, which are bitten off at a time when the parent stem begins to be 
drawn out.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Afterwards the bents succeed, and carry the nibblers through the 
summer, at the close of which an adventure awaits many of them, to which I must now refer.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Those farmers who have not lower grounds suitable for wintering 
young sheep are compelled to make terms with others, who undertake the care of them at a 
certain price per head. This custon of "festing," "gisting," or "joisting" (all these 
terms I have found confirmed by Halliwell) seems to have been in use from early times. The
period of agistment commences at Michaelmas, and ends in some places on the 6th, at others
on the 24th, of April. The sending-away of the young flock is as pathetic and anxious a 
matter almost as sending lads away from home to school. The masters who supply nourishment
at from six shillings to seven shillings per head are as varied in their characters as are
the gentlemen of whose profession Dr. Arnold and Mr. Squeers are acknowledged types. Sheep
are not to all Yorkshiremen mere representatives of wealth; the farmers take care of them 
from goodness of heart as well as from greed, and while they deeply regret the death of 
the poor dumb beasts, they can, when the money-sore is healed, laugh as heartily over 
their own mischances as over some humorous tale at another's expense. I knew one very 
careful farmer, so careful that his friends said that, if it were only sixpence which came
into his possession, "<i>it were a prisoner</i>." This
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1891 part 2 p.128
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<Paragraph rend="quote">man had, some years back, taken a nice little crew of about thirty
sheep down to their alloted ground; but he only brought one back. To elicit this miserable
information piece by piece - as the old man paused between spells of slicing turnips with 
part of an old scythe - and to see his countenance assume every aspect of pain, sadness, 
anxiety, until the final catastrophe, which compelled him to bubble out in shouts of 
mirth, perhaps slightly hysterical, was a sight well worthy to be seen.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The rule is that if a sheep dies the man who joists it receives 
the wool, the owner the horns. This latter arrangement is a necessary safeguard, because, 
the horns being branded with the shepherd's name, he knows that the missing sheep has not 
been disposed of. The young flock are not fit for market, and therefore the temptation to 
dispose of them is partly removed. But I am not prepared to swear that sheep-stealing has 
yet entirely disappeared.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Some of the places to which farmers are induced to send their 
sheep do, in fact, turn out very poor indeed. One of my friends, who had a confiding 
appearance about him, took a flock to a man at the back-end, and set of blithely for them 
in the April following. He found the number complete, but something about them, which it 
does not require much freemasonry to explain, caused him to follow them home profoundly 
and sorrowfully ruminating. They were mere skeletons; and the old country blacksmith, who,
no doubt, had passed many a remark" about them during their residence near his smithy, 
threw himself in the way of the youth. "Are they all alive, my man?" "They are." "Then 
they've ony just come out bat-i'-hand." "I thought the same," said my informant. It 
appears that the old smith meant, "They have stayed in, indeed, which is something; but 
they have done nothing - they have made no score." And he hinted that sheep-owners would 
do well in future to inquire as to the antecedents of the schoolmaster, whether he were a 
Dr. Arnold or a Mr. Squeers.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Among the chief enemies of sheep are holes. I said that the louk 
grass keeps them free from disease, and that they thrive well upon it, and I might have 
added that the flocks which inhabit swampy peat soil are free from "foot-rot." To go 
further, sheep which are already infected with this disease may be cured by turning them 
out upon the bog. I may explain that there is a species of bog which is not peaty, but of 
a clayey, tenacious character. It produces a grass called by the shepherds "fluke grass": 
a seductive but most pernicious food. But in the bogs are holes - how they get there we 
shall perhaps see later - and when the sheep is quietly nibbling off
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<Keyword>ling</Keyword> <Keyword>ram, fights</Keyword> <Keyword>tup, fights</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1891 part 2 p.129
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the moss-crop which overhang them, deceived by the heather and 
ling which grow over the side, the dog suddenly startles it and causes it to fall into the
pit. As many as five victims have been found at the same time in one of these traps.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The fact that we use steel monitors to illustrate what rams can do
in the way of warfare is some indication of our opinion of their prowess. There were two 
rams of similar styles which met one morning on the moor. One, just purchased, bore a bad 
character; the other had actually, on this very moorside, killed several competitors. The 
owner of the latter is suspected of causing the meeting; the owner of the former saw it. 
At first they walked round each other, and then they marched off twenty or thirty yards, 
as if it was all over and the business ended. But now they commenced to pull and champ or 
chew a piece of ling stubble. One bleated to the other and was promptly answered. They 
faced towards each other, putting themself into attitude, and, like arrows, shot together.
Being old pugilists, or batterers, they ran with their bodies almost touching the ground, 
so that the shock might find them glued to the earth. This is all-important, because 
anything so spindle-like as legs would disappear like a spider's web. With all the art and
crouching of the home ram, however, he flew in a somersault over the stranger's head, and 
the heart of the onlooker was in his mouth. They were both alive, in spite of the shock, 
and the one who had stuck to, rather than stood, his ground went back to see how his 
adversary fared. Then they separated for a second time, but did not go so far apart. Then 
they met, and a third time retired to the end of the lists, and finally withdrew for a 
fourth encounter, on each occasion the distance being less. In the end they grazed 
amicably together, and for the future the one who turned somsersault admitted his rival to
be the conqueror, although there was nothing further to denote the reason. Thenceforward 
it would be said in sheep-circles, when alluding to this encounter, as the slave of 
Aufidius said of Coriolanus, "I do not say 'thwack our general,' but he was always good 
enough for him."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the majority of such engagements one of the combatants is 
killed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The farmer, besides his flock of sheep, keeps a few milch cows, 
from which, in his forefather's days at least, if not now, butter was produced of high 
esteem. The buttermilk, mixed with a little meal, helps feed the small stock of pigs which
in summertime must "find themselves."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He keeps a horse, and occasional rears a colt. The work of the
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<Keyword>bracken</Keyword> <Keyword>peat</Keyword> <Keyword>lamb, New Zealand</Keyword> 
<Keyword>lamb, River Plate</Keyword> <Keyword>wheat</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1891 part 2 p.130
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<Paragraph rend="quote">list, horse is varied. He does a little ploughing for potatoes and
turnips' "leads" the hay and procures bracken for bedding; and assists in getting peat. 
Formerly, little else but this <i>peat</i> was used for fires. On some farms the stock has
not been entirely cleared out for a qtr of a century. The digging of peat accounts for the
numerous holes which I have referred to as dangerous to sheep. The depth of the cutting 
varies greatly. In earlier times each farmer had his own appropriated breadth which it was
his right to cut.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is said that no bread tastes so well as that baked on the live 
peat coal itself, and the ashes of the peat make a splendid tillage: which fact 
neutralises a few of the strictures of the press - whether Tory or not is not my duty to 
say - regarding some of the methods of the Irish tenants. The Yorkshire, as well as the 
Irish, tenant has his troubles, and I may venture to refer to them again. But the moors of
heather themselves seem ever full of joy: "Continual morning for them and <i>in</i> them; 
they themselves are Aurora, purple and cloudless, stayed on all the happy hills."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">II.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The sorrows of a moorland farmer are not a few. I must not speak 
of the arrival of mutton from the River Plate and from New Zealand, but of one or two 
matters which make this struggle with these imports more difficult and distressing. The 
simplest way of putting these difficulties is to say that a tenant-farmer is not his own 
master. He cannot grow the crops which he thinks best, and when his crops are grown he 
cannot deal with them to the greatest advantage.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The question of game introduces itself into this important 
discussion on crops. A farmer wishes to produce a little wheat straw for bedding and 
thatching; he can also do with a little wheat, in order that he may get his batch ground 
for his household and his cattle. I will for a moment imagine him to be more confiding and
less suspicious than he really is. I will imagine him to be so driven by blind fate as to 
put in a little wheat, in a suitable situation, and I will ask the world to watch the 
result with me. If we were ourselves to walk over the ground, we should simply remark - 
"How well the wheat looks!" and after a certain time we should say - "It seems to be in a 
fair way for a good crop if the rains keep off." But the gamekeeper, prowling over the 
land, looks at the green sprouts with very different feelings. At first he cannot believe 
his eyes, but afterwards he feels "it must be, <i>it is</i> wheat." As soon as he is quite
satisfied about this, he scarcely confers with flesh and blood, but he writes out an 
advertise-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1891 part 2 p.131
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[advertise]ment which he forwards to a suitable paper. This 
advertisement intimates that a good price will be given for hares of a certain age. The 
appeal is well responded to, and forthwith a colony of hares are "taken, and brought, and 
clapped down upon the land," to use the elegant words of a friend. The entire crop is thus
devoted to the feeding of these strange hares, in which he has not the slightest interest;
not as much as the value of the seed is produced from the field. It must be remembered, 
too, that a hare will sleep on the moors, and come down daily from his couch, miles away, 
to eat from any crop which is specially pleasant to his taste.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It may be thought that the farmer has himself power to destroy the
hares which infest his wheat. He has this power, but the landlord has also an 
out-balancing power of finding another tenant if the hares suffer. Most of the farmers to 
whom I allude are on the annual tenancy system, and the tenant is, as a matter of fact, 
entirely in the gamekeeper's hands. One of the items, therefore, in out northern paradise 
is wanting: the game is entirely the property of the landlord, and is in his eyes the most
valuable living thing upon the estate, not excepting the tenant himself. In any northern 
paradise this cannot be: the farmer must have entire control over the game, and must be 
able to deal with it as he thinks best. Without a doubt he will take care of it within due
limits, and re-let or sell the shooting to the best bidder or to his favourite sportsman. 
The keeper will be the servant of the farmer, not his enemy and tyrant; and probably a 
more scientific<sup>l</sup> method of preserving some of the rare species will arise; 
sport will become a better test of skill, poaching will be less possible; while shooting 
will give health to greater numbers of workers than it does at present.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is curious to note how the older men are much more nervous 
about their landlord's displeasure than the younger ones are. The older Israelites longed 
more ardently for the flesh-pots of Egypt than the younger ones, and the generation of 
Aaron had to die out before the generation of Joshua and Caleb could enter the promised 
land.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The farmer may not dispose of certain of his crops without his 
landlord's leave, and consequently a dull, monotonous routine is necessitated, which is 
good for no one. The man who has to contend with American wheat and beef, with Australian 
mutton, with foreign hay and oats and beans, cannot do so with shackled hands, nor by 
means of a cut-and-dried system which is supposed to safeguard the interests of the 
landlord; but he can only survive by means of keen
</Paragraph>
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>l</sup> Much might be added here as to the great variety of 
game which could be encouraged on the land by using the different kinds of ground 
available.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1891 part 2 p.132
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<Paragraph rend="quote">wit and active energy, which adopt every advantage of chemistry, 
and adapt themselves to every demand of the townspeople who are close to his fields. I was
about to obtain relief in somethings like Donald's method - "I shall tamm the Boat if you 
will, and the Trouts - and the Loch too!" - but it is better not.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Perhaps the revelations which have been made in Ireland will 
prevent any strong representations appearing as to the dwellings which are thought 
suitable for some of the Yorkshire tenant-farmers. I can only judge from the limited 
number of instances which I have seen, and I must say that this fine old stronghold of the
English yeoman is not without its tenements which are only partially roofed, destitute of 
every necessary adjunct of civilised life, and utterly uninviting.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But even in the least luxurious farm-house, where the inmates one 
and all have a hard struggle to earn a living, there is much to interest and attract. The 
horse which makes its weekly journey to the market town carries generally an alluring 
assortment of produce. After an interval of decay, butter-making is improving rather than 
declining of late years; poultry-keeping is increasing; mushrooms and blackberries are 
becoming staple articles of sale; and we hope soon to see game and honey added to the 
list. Fruit has been neglected, although it would do much to assist the weekly income; 
vegetables and flowers are now very rarely grown. Let the traveller point out any human 
race throughout the world whose members are more naturally formed to bring about a perfect
state of farming than the race of Yorkshire dalesmen. They are strong and active, careful,
shrewd, and persevering. If once started and filled with a little cheerful confidence, 
some member of the family of the moorland farmer would know each bee, be familiar with the
haunts of every hare, select good fruit trees, put in the most suitable vegetables, and 
have a plentiful supply of eggs and poultry at all times, besides being easily first in 
all the larger branches of the business - horse, cattle, and sheep. No one like a 
Yorkshireman can understand entirely the pleasure of "the trivial round, the common task";
and he would soon take earnestly to the only means of meeting foreign competition. To 
encourage and assist him would not be an unworthy effort of the landlord class and of the 
public.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">So much for the potentialities of this worthy tenant race. Some of
their ways are strange. I do not find them very much at church. The question is worth 
asking - how far his necessary duties to his stock excuse this abstinence, and how far the
clergy trouble themselves to interest and attract their parishioners. Their absence from
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1891 part 2 p.133
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<Paragraph rend="quote">church on Sundays is somewhat made up for by the very great 
regularity with which they appear at all funerals. One of my friends, who happened to be 
clad in his best clothes for some excursion of a semi-holiday kind, was passing the old 
stone-breaker, by whom he was accosted in these words: "Now, John, thou'st meade a 
mistack; they're not buryin' him to-day." the squire had, indeed, died, and nothing but a 
funeral could properly account for the very respectable clothes.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At some of the funerals there used to be singing as the procession
moved, and in one instance the minister lost his book, causing the party to be thrown into
a slight state of confusion. The chief mourner - perhaps a little self-conscious, as rural
folk sometimes are - called out in impatience, "Now, come, sing something and gang on; we 
look very okward standing here." So that it has become a saying when anything puzzles, 
"Come, let's sing something and gang on, as Tom Anderton said at t' buryin' of his 
mother."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A few relics of superstition may still be found in these regions. 
The kitchen chimney in an old farm-house having taken fire, two lads were poking it to put
out the smouldering soot, when, to their surprise, a bottle fell down; when they had wiped
this bottle they saw that it contained hair, pins, and needles. They did not open it at 
the moment, but later, after showing it to their father, they expressed their intention of
either breaking or opening it. This, with much fervour and excitement, he forbade them to 
do, lest the charm or spell, which he declared emphatically must depend on this bottle, 
should be broken also.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Naturally many of the superstitions are connected with their 
stock, on which the farmers have to depend for existence. A calf which dies under certain 
circumstances is buried feet upwards under the groupstone, after having been stuck full of
pins and needles. This is done to prevent a recurrence of a similar calamity.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A fine old man, now living in decent retirement and comfort, was 
accustomed to bind the church with withies to drive out the witch when the milk was too 
cold to turn: the scientific temperature of Dr. Voelcker was not then arrived at. I knew 
this good old man well.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It was considered unlucky not to scratch a cross upon the cheese 
at Christmas time; but this ancient usage belongs to a class other than thoese referred 
to. The most remarkable case of survival of superstition which I have myself encountered 
is the following, which is true of a neighbour of mine within the last ten years. It was 
considered unlucky if, after the birth of a calf, the owner did not distri-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1891 part 2 p.134
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[distri]bute the "beastings" (the first milk) to the surrounding 
farmers' wives. It was a most essential detail that the can or jug in which the milk was 
sent should be returned unwashed. But details were nothing if the original presentation 
was not made: the omission of this courtesy was a most unlucky error. The farmer to whom I
refer, through some oversight or neglect, did not send the customary beastings to one of 
the neighbours, and, "as ill luck would have it," he was very soon visited by a series of 
disasters, which he attributed, with all the energy of heartfelt belief, to the witchcraft
of the woman whom he had overlooked.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">We may still hear of the celebrated "barguest," or "guytrash" - 
the animal with great saucer-eyes, which walks on the tops of walls and jingles chains. 
Wonderful stories are yet told of these creatures, and descriptions are given as to how 
they walk round the house, and look in at the windows, while, for fear of their eyes, some
will draw down the blinds as soon as darkness falls. Now that the animal itself has become
extinct the name is applied to any ill-conditioned horse or beast.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A personality less imaginary, but more illusive, than the last is 
the "Will-o'-the-wisp," or "Peggy-wi-th'-lantern." Thomson says:
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Drear is the state of the benighted wretch</Line>
<Line>Who then, bewilder'd, wanders thro' the dark,</Line>
<Line>Full of pale fancies, and chimaeras huge;</Line>
<Line>Nor visited by one directive ray,</Line>
<Line>From cottage streaming, or from any hall.</Line>
<Line>Perhaps impatient as he stumbles on,</Line>
<Line>Struck from the root of slimy rushes, blue,</Line>
<Line>The wildfire scatters round, or gather'd trails</Line>
<Line>A length of flame deceitful o'er the moss;</Line>
<Line>Whither decoy'd by the fantastic blaze,</Line>
<Line>Now lost and now renew'd , he sinks absorb'd,</Line>
<Line>Rider and horse, amid the miry gulf.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The case which I am about to mention is not so bad as this, but 
the light must in reality be very deceptive when it misleads the moorland farmers and 
shepherds. One of these men was out in a heavy, damp, foggy night, when he saw a light 
across the field which he took to come from the lamp of some poachers. He went towards it,
but found it shifted its position rather rapidly. He thought it wiser, therefore, not to 
waste his breath by running, so he called out, "Now, you've no need to run, I see who it 
is"; but the poachers made no reply. Consequently, he "made after them" as fast as he 
could, to try and overtake them, but when he got near the fence the light seemed to make a
circle round almost to the spot
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1891 part 2 p.135
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<Paragraph rend="quote">which he had just left. So he went to the nearest farmer's house, 
and acquainted the inmates that certain poachers were in the fields, and a party set out 
to take them. "But," he said, "wherever we went, 'Will-o'-the-wisp' was always somehwere 
else." "Peggy-wi'-th'-lantern" - this <i>ignis fatuus</i> or a ball of wildfire" is like 
Bardolph's nose in the matter of moisture; it prefers a wet meadow of tenacious soil, in 
November, on a still night. The deep ones who have studied her think that she is neither 
more nor less than a conflict of gases arising from the earth. The philosopher adds that 
the world is a large "Peggy" - its bright things are never to be realised; following her 
is like going
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Straight down the crooked lane</Line>
<Line>And all round the square.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I must not forget the sheep, which have to endure what the 
"fantastic blaze" exults in. The damp atmosphere infects them with a kind of catarrh, and 
makes them what the shepherds call "phantom-headed." And they appear to be most 
susceptible to all coming changes in the weather - before a winter storm, for instance, 
they are seen to become very nervous.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In the list of living things among which the moorland farmer lives
I have omitted my old friends the dogs, two of which find a place near him, when his work 
is over, not far from the fire. In one of the characteristic letters which I sometimes 
receive from my "Yorkshire shepherd" occurs a passage which I will venture to introduce in
this place. Speaking of a celebrated Scotch dog, he says a photograph would greatly assist
those who wish to study this breed of Collie: "it would bring symmetry and intelligence 
together, as he has a good head. The late Duke of Wellington, I have been told, used to 
say that he liked to see a man with a long head - it bespoke a long memory, and I quite 
think so in sheep-dogs. I am sorry to say that many of the dogs we have lack that 
propensity, although they are descendants of the dog Rik, whose offspring were kept in 
this neighbourhood, and were so highly esteemed that they had them stuffed and put into a 
glass case (of course, after they were dead); but I think we have not many here that merit
that bestowal." I am not quite sure whether my friend means the phrase in parenthesis for 
a joke, or to correct any suspicion I might have that the dogs were killed before time in 
order that they might be conveniently stuffed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I do not think that I wish any evil to landlords; I am sure that I
wish every blessing on good ones, of whom I could name many;
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<Paragraph rend="quote">but I wish that the system did not stand so grievously in the way,
in many districts, of better farming and more successful English, as opposed to foreign, 
work. I should like to see a combination of all classes to bring about good and cheap 
mutton; plentiful game, butter, and eggs; vegetables and fruit in perfection and in 
plenty. Lastly, from the game- and sheep-stocked moors let us hope soon to hear the drowsy
hum of bees, whose various homes shall be, with the other living things, on every farm. If
town and country are neither of them misled by any "Peggy-wi'-t'-lantern," but combine for
the benefit of all, we may yet attain a golden prime, both in our cities and on our 
moorland farms.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">GEORGE RADFORD.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.539
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The Shepherd's Year</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE SHEPHERD'S YEAR.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TO a casual observer no alteration in the life and practice of the
shepherd seems possible which does not involve the destruction of the rugged silence and 
the atmosphere distinctive of the fells as well, and few will have noticed that the system
of mountain sheep-farming has been completely revolutionised within the last half-century.
On every fell considerable areas have been enclosed, at first a few acres at a time by dry
stone walls, and later wholesale by wire fencing, parish boundaries being first defined 
across the open moor, and the ground subdivided among the farms in proportion to their 
claims to heaf. The wilderness of peaks crowded round the Langdales, Wastdale, Borrowdale,
Ennerdale, and Eskdale is still undivided, but even there the danger of loss is so reduced
that the shepherd's vigilance has been greatly relaxed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Within the last seventy years the indigenous mountain sheep of 
Westmorland and Cumberland has been improved out of all knowledge. It is still below 
average size, though much larger than it once was - standing about thirty inches at the 
shoulder, and weighing about fifteen stones when fully grown and in fair condition - 
carrying more and better wool, and being of a more robust constitution - the result of 
patient cross-breeding with the larger southern and the hardier Scottish breeds.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Anyone who has visited the great sheep fairs within a day's march 
of the fells will remember two distinct types of animals - black-faced and grey-faced, 
together with an alarming number of crosses. Though cramped and hampered in their 
movements, these little grey-coated sheep show their alertness in repeated dashes for the 
open, some even showing open defiance of the dogs in charge of them. At these fairs the 
difficulty of keeping flocks separate is great, and only possible by the help of the most 
intelligent and well-trained canines in the world. An instance of this rare intelligence 
is well remembered. Two farmers, returning from a fair, allowed their flocks to mix. After
their ways parted, one discovered that three of his number were missing, and therefore 
next morning called
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.540
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<Paragraph rend="quote">upon the other. He had not noticed the addition, having 
straightway turned the whole drove into a large field among the others. How to pick out 
the missing ones seemed impossible, as they had no distinctive brand mark, till one 
noticed his neighbour's dog, which had followed him.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Dosta think t' ahld dog 'll ken 'em?"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">"Ah don't knah, but mebe she will. Nell, tell mine!"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The dog chased round the flock and almost immediately singled 
three for special attention; the humans, it may be added, accepted this verdict.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The sheep-dogs of the fells are sheep-dogs alone, seldom 
descending to the chase, and bearing themselves on all occasins with dignity and decorum. 
In breed they are chiefly Old English, or that crossed with the Scotch collie, very 
handsome animals both of them. The pure-bred collie, being incapable of withstanding the 
exposure of a life on the mountain side, is lost to its natural duties and instincts.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The dreary grey-green slopes of the mountains are the best grazing
ground, and these affording few picturesque views are avoided by the popular touring 
routes. Yet in an excursion between Little Langdale and Eskdale, over a pack-horse trail 
now little used, a flock of sheep, under the control of a shepherd and two dogs, may be 
met. Passing over Wrynose, a man is seen coming up the narrow valley. In irregular 
strings, grey fleeces wander along at different levels, over scree and boulders, in and 
out of craggy ghylls, across patches of damp, wiry bent-grass, and it is difficult to 
understand that this crowd of animals is under complete command of the heavy-booted 
dalesman. Two dogs, one grey, the other black, are barely visible, yet so alert that at 
the first shrill whistle they will instantly drive the sheep nearest them more quickly 
forward (and what one sheep does the rest follow), or bring the wings of the flock nearer 
the centre as desired. They are always on the look-out for stragglers, and it is indeed a 
smart animal that can break back without being caught.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Shepherd's Year may be said to begin in the spring after the 
Shepherd's Meet. This festival was founded when communication between outlying districts 
was very difficult for the return to their owners of strayed sheep. When a wander was 
found during autumn or winter the shepherd incorporated it in his flock till the Meet, 
which was held at some secluded place among the fell-heads. The institution is now almost 
dead - its glory has departed, and the work-a-day fells do not tolerate useless cere-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.541
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[cere]monies. The fells were then a wide stretch of open land, and
no one had the right to count the eatage of another's sheep, but with the consolidation of
the heaf-going rights, these free and easy dealings came to an end.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The grass grows longer on the moors, the skylark loudly trills the
signal of departure to the fell, and every day at daybreak the sheep collect at the gate 
at the head of the intakes, waiting for it to be opened. At last the day of liberation 
arrives, the shepherd climbs the dank slope and opens the way. In an instant the pathway 
is jammed by a hurrying, struggling mass of sheep anxious to forget the privations of 
winter in the liberty of the spring; the shephard affectionatley, but in vain, exhorts the
mob "to tak' time"; the dogs wander about whimpering with delight at the prospect.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When the last sheep has darted past, the shepherd drives slowly 
along the hillside, with his dogs to right and left, within easy signalling distance. In a
piece of country much broken by crags and ghylls, where there are abundant places for an 
idle sheep to be hidden and left behind, the dogs are rarely more than 300 yards away from
their master, dividing the ground very skilfully and watching it completely. When, 
however, a gentle sloping basin of green moorland is reached, they often take up positions
near the horizon, trusting to hear the commanding whistle. At such times the distance will
be over a mile from the shepherd. One would think that, in such dead silence as that 
settled upon the fells, oral instructions would be easily transmissible, but few good 
shepherds employ this method of command, except when "folding in" for the evening. 
Instead, successive generations have developed a code of whistles which are intelligible 
at immense distances, coupled with a system of motions with arms and body which is equally
effective. A very pretty exhibition of the complete control exerted by the shepherd over 
his dogs was the following. We were walking up a narrow valley: in front was a farmhouse; 
on either side and behind it rose the cliffs, with a few slacks (or less severe slopes) by
which approach was to be made to the open moor. A man standing in the fold was whistling 
commands to an unseen dog. We stopped to chat with him - for fell-head dwellers are not 
averse to a few minutes with the very occasional visitor - but he motioned us to silebnce.
We could than hear his dog barking on the moor above. A sheep appeared on the sky-line 
followed by quite half a hundred more, after the last of which came a black-and-tan dog. 
As soon as they were in view, the farmer gave no more signals; "t' dog could drive 'em 
haem," he said. His
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<Keyword>raven</Keyword> <Keyword>carrion crow</Keyword> <Keyword>sheep, washing</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.542
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<Paragraph rend="quote">apology for not speaking at first was that "Ah was working t' 
sheep doon frae the t' fell, and ah couldn't see what me dog was dewen!"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As spring dies into early summer, the lambing season commences, 
and this is the most exhausting of all periods for the shepherd. While the sheep in the 
valleys bring forth their young in March and April, May is often here before the first 
lambs are born on the fells, and this is much earlier than it used to be, thanks to the 
cross-breeding previously mentioned. The chief anxiety at this time is to keep away the 
foxes, the presence of which terrifies the ewe and may do it serious harm. The fox is also
very partial to new-born lambs. The gun is used freely, and dozens of animals are annually
killed in those districts cursed by an "earth." The hawks, carrion-crows, and ravens are 
rarely troublesome in these days of strict game-preserving, and the taking of nests among 
the crags is no longer an arduous necessity. Fell sheep have only one lamb each as a rule,
and this gains strength and size to a certain degree very rapidly. After the lambs have 
all come the shepherd is more at liberty to wreak vengeance upon the foxes. The fox-cubs 
are now playing about the "earths," and the shepherd plots against them. When the first 
gleams of sunshine are illuminating the fells, he crawls as near as possible, sheltering 
among the boulders. Under his coat he carefull carries a terrier, which at some convenient
juncture he releases. Then commences a scurry towards the nearest hole. The squealing cubs
dash in, the terrier - now lusting for blood - follows. Subdued subterranean thunder 
commences - the dog has met the female fox and is fighting for its life. It may come out 
blood spattered and breathless, with a ludicrous consciousness of victory, or the silence 
which follows becomes a proof that Grip has been borne down and killed.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As summer advances, the smoky-grey fleeces grow long and the sheep
pant wearily along the slopes. Night feeding is resorted to, and the blazing noon sun 
sheltered from as far as possible. In the dale-head, in a basin abutting the moor, a dam 
is put across the beck, which, though a raging muddy torrent in winter, has shrunk to such
a tiny trickle that a week often passes before sufficient water collects to wash the 
sheep. As a rule, a fold is chosen which, from its situation in some upper valley, allows 
a number of farmers to join forces for the washing. The flocks are driven across the 
fells, and skilfully manoeuvred into the outer fold. From this they are thrown into the 
water, where some of the shepherds stand waist-deep to receive them and prevent their 
drowning. When their coats are thoroughly saturated they are lifted out and examined for 
foot-rot and
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.543
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<Paragraph rend="quote">other ailments. The smell of strong disinfectant lingers about the
place, with that of tobacco and ale, so that the air becomes almost rancid if no breeze is
stirring. A sheep-washing is the most picturesque of all fell-land events. The restless 
sheep waiting to undergo their dipping, the sheep-dog
</Paragraph>
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<Line>Patient, full of importance, and grand in the pride of instinct,</Line>
<Line>Walking from side to side with a lordly air and superbly</Line>
<Line>Waving his bushy tail ... ...</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">the shepherds, heaving the sheep into the water or, waist-deep, 
standing there to catch them, the intent groups turning the animals over to examine their 
feet for the hated "rot," the released sheep spreading out over the wide hillside, with 
clean fleeces contrasting strongly against the green, and above all the great green hills 
and crags echoing back the occasional bark, the frequent bleat, the murmur of 
conversation. While the washing is going on, opportunity is taken to give the lambs the 
mark of the branding iron, and to see that the older sheep are correctly marked. Fell 
sheep are branded with their owners' initial burnt into hoof or horn - the farms differing
in the location of these marks according to the rules of the dale. The usual tar 
fleece-mark is palpably of little use on an animal which is constantly wandering or lying 
among moisture-beaded tussocks of grass or soaking patches of heather and bracken. The 
iron is now seldom used for marking the face of the sheep, but ear-punching has frequently
to be resorted to for distinction of flocks.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">On the day following the washing, the shearers take up their work,
and very rapidly they do it. According to unwritten law, the day after shearing is over is
given up to sports. These are as in the days of "Chistopher North" and the Lakeland Poets,
who frequently joined in with the dalesmen. Everyone tries his hand at wrestling, and some
ludicrous contest take place. A couple of white-haired veterans get up to decide the 
victor in some bout which ended in a draw half a century ago. A ring is formed, a referee 
chosen, and the contest begins. They prance around, get holds and slip them a dozen times,
then settle to work. After a good deal of struggling they topple over, the worthy 
underneath averring that he stumbled over a tussock of grass or slipped on a stone. "else 
he was just gahen to bring him ower t' buttock." The referee's decision is disputed, and, 
egged on by their laughing partisans, the lower challenges the other to another bout.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Na, na, lad, ah've licked the' fair enew."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After "t' clippin'" the routine of the shepherd's work begins
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<Paragraph rend="quote">anew, but the summer mists have now to be contended with. 
Generally speaking, nowadays the shepherd's chiefest dangers - and so far as actual 
casualties are concerned they are quite mild - lies in this. At any other season the day 
shows ar early morn what it will be. The night mists dissipate, and the sky becomes clear 
"as a bell" in spring, the jags and crannies of the distant mountains being very distinct;
in autumn, the west wind piling billow upon billow of dense cloud on to the mountain 
foretells to the shepherd that the valley cannot be left to-day. For weeks together in 
winter the mist hangs over the fells, soaking the spongy moss; but the shepherd does not 
need to venture forth then. When a gale is blowing on the hill-tops - and what is a barely
perceptible often is of immense strength there - the sheep are very loth to go up, and the
shepherd therefore drives them on the more sheltered side and into the ghylls of the 
mountain.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When feeding, sheep have often to cross considerable beds of scree
from one patch of herbage to another. So long as their footing does not give way there is 
no danger, but "with the slip of a sheep's feet goes its head," and very often they 
struggle wildly down hill with the debris they are dislodging. Terror robs them of all 
power of climbing. A boulder from the crags above may hasten the final fall into the rock 
basin or "doup," hundreds of feet below, where the scree bed ends. On other occasions they
become crag-fast while climbing. The sheep dare climb no further up the stiff angle, and 
the shepherd must not descend lest a gathering momentum should carry him past the animal 
and over the cliff. A rope is used, and once a man is lowered, the animal regains courage 
and, guided by hand and voice, makes a final effort to get back to safety. Only 
occasionally are sheep blown over the cliffs during gales, but this is not so entirely due
to the vigilance of the shepherd and his dogs in keeping them from such dangerous 
situations as to their natural aversion for windy positions. The comparative immunity does
not, however, apply with so much force to some of the lower crags, especially those 
surrounding the deep pools of the mountain becks. The rocks in such a place are apt to be 
treacherous, not only being loose and broken, but masked with long fringes of rotten 
heather and bracken. Near the level of the cascade by which the water enters the "dub," 
the slope becomes more abrupt, and it is here that sheep lose their footing, fall into the
water, and, help not being at hand, they are drowned. So many as half a dozen carcases 
have been observed floating in the pool beneath a mountain waterfall.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.545
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<Paragraph rend="quote">The shepherd may be driving, on what appears to be a settled 
summer day, along an elevated valley, walled in by rocky ridges, when a cloud drives in 
behind and beneath him, completely blotting out dogs and flock in a filmy veil. At such 
time young shepherds may lose their bearings and wander into an adjacent valley, but the 
dogs will bring their charges safely home. Sheep do not move far when the mist hangs, but 
as soon as it rises make off like the wind. Experienced men, therefore, simply halt and 
wait for the clearing, which may be some hours distant. But even if he abandoned his 
flock, the shepherd would come to no harm. The novice at traversing fells under cloud may 
suddenly find himself on a ledge where an incautious movement threatens a fall into a 
tremendous chasm, but there have been signs of this far back. Occasionally a shepherd who 
has been caught in the mist walks home in front of his flock, having passed through 
without seeing or hearing them. It is obvious that the air, being surcharged with 
particles of moisture so fine and dense as to convey a white impression to the eye, will 
not readily carry sound.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There are many opinions as to whether sheep-dogs are ever at a 
loss to determine their position as well as that of the flock. My own idea is that they 
locate themselves perfectly by hearing - and it is acknowledged that their sense in this 
direction has a wider range than ours. Some of the more observant shepherds, too, use this
power. They are aware of wide differences in the sound of wind and streams at different 
points of their beats, and of this we have a proof. We were wandering over Bowfell with an
old shepherd. The mist hung in ragged edges half way down the Band; the ill-marked path 
ceased at the summit, and we blundered along towards Esk-hause. The old man allowed us to 
guide until we came to where sheer cliffs seemed to drop in every direction, and we in 
despair appealed to him.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Listen," he said.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A curlew whistled far above, the wind lisped among the crags and 
screes around, the merry rattle of a distant rill rose from beneath. The old man, without 
a word, of explanation, took us round the hillock, and again we listened. The curlew was 
silent, the wind a trifle more boisterous, and the sound of rushing waters more clear.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The sound heard on the far side of the hill was that of the 
outlet of Angle Tarn" (which, indeed, was almost sheer below), "whereas you now hear the 
infant Esk."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The weeks pass on - the days are sultry and the newly shorn
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>thunder</Keyword> <Keyword>lightning</Keyword> <Keyword>storm</Keyword> 
<Keyword>rain</Keyword> <Keyword>floods</Keyword> <Keyword>snow</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.546
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<Paragraph rend="quote">sheep, on a fine afternoon, commence to huddle towards the walls 
and under the crags, the foxes run slily towards their earth, the hawks and ravens 
congregate round their unclimbable nesting-places and scream derision at the deepening 
silence. A thunderstorm is approaching. For the past few days a dense bank of vapour has 
been collecting in the south-west, heavy and black at sunrise, dissipating into a distant 
dancing blue at midday, and massing again at sunset. A slight breeze rustles among the 
grass and heather, cooling the feverish air; a sound like the slaking of quicklime rolls 
up the valley. The sky grows still darker, and the shepherd seeks a shelter whence he can 
see his flock. There is a momentary lifting of the clouds, and then, dark grey with 
falling rain, they swoop along the distant fells. A ragged flash of lightning illumines 
the valley-head, a peal of thunder crashes, and the storm begins. Every half-minute the 
scene is lit up, and crash and roar re-echo through the glens. Now to the parched slopes, 
the dingy crags, and the shrunken rills comes the rain in sheets. In half an hour every 
defile is full of water, and it is a time of great danger to the sheep who have sheltered 
there. Trapped by the flood on some grassy level they are swept away and drowned, and the 
screaming, wheeling scavengers of the fells mark where the body lies. The storm ceases 
almost as abruptly as ir began, the sun shines out, and the mountain sides are redolent of
new life.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now summer draws to a close; frost rime covers the grass at 
daybreak, the days get perceptibly shorter, high winds are frequent. At first the shepherd
drives his flock along the higher ground, to conserve the more convenient forage for days 
when fog banks and snow will not permit a visit to the tops. The heather on the moor dies 
from purple to brown, the grassy slopes assume a flabby yellow, the becks swell out under 
the liberal rains, and everywhere the approach of winter is enclosed. A very anxious 
period to the shepherd is this. So long as there is grass he must drive his flock along 
those wide upland plains where the cold north-easter races, over which snow and rain 
squalls hover. The work is one of inconceivable discomfort, the most harassing side of a 
disagreeable calling. During these patrols one or two sheep may elude the vigilance of the
shepherd and his dogs, and these are seldom folded home. The fox and the raven squabble 
over the carcases.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Occasionally the dogs bring the flock home through the whirling 
flakes without the shepherd's aid - he has walked in the semi-darkness associated with a 
mountain snowstorm on to the treacherous fringe of a ghyll, and been hurled fifty feet or 
more into its bed.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.547
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Sometimes the fall is followed by unconsciousness, and this means 
death. One of the world's most plaintive scenes is that of a flock being guided home 
without human aid. The dogs halt at the head of the intake waiting for the gate to be 
opened, the sheep in dumb terror huddle towards the bars. Backward and forward the 
faithful collies wander, with an eye towards the mist-enveloped higher ground, expectant 
of their master's return. When this state of affairs is noticed from the farmhouses, a 
search-party is instantly organised, and news of the mishap spreads like lightnining far 
down the dale. In half an hour a dozen resolute men and a score of dogs are ready to face 
the white horror of the fells, and all night long, whether a screeching blizzard hold 
revel or the bright moon shines over quiet banks of snow, the search is carried on. The 
dogs are most useful now; their sense of smell allows them to mark down any body lying 
beneath the wreaths, and usually a rescue or recovery of the body is effected ere the 
party turn towards home and rest.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The following record of searches for sheep among the snow-drift 
gives an idea of the way in which recoveries of the wanderers are sometimes made.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The snow abated before morning, when word came round that about 
fifty sheep were missing from Crag Forset Farm. Our friends straightway prepared to go and
see if their services would be of use, but before the farm in question was reached we saw 
a party of men and dogs making towards the open fell. By cutting across one or two 
intakes, knee-deep in snow and slush, we intercepted them before they divided to examine 
the likeliest hollows and ghylls to right and left. Here and there a wind-swept summit or 
tall bleak crag loomed above the glittering white, a few dark lines alone showing the 
deeper ghylls. The wind was 'quiet' or 'lown'd,' as the shepherds call it, or we would 
have been unable to cope with the drifting snow. ... The men stopped where they said was a
buried ghyll, and the dogs began to smell over the frozen crust. In a few minutes one 
barked, then followed a most exciting burrowing as the whole pack got together. Our party 
began to dig a few yards away from the place the dogs had located, for the ghyll was deep,
and if the sheep were at its bottom a tunnel might have to be made. The powdery drift flew
before the quickly-plied spades, and soon the foremost worker was below the level of the 
snow. As we scarambled down to take a turn with the tools (for the work was most 
exhausting), we found the heat in the excavation already great. In one corner a frozen 
mass was presently encountered. This was carefully dug round, and in a few seconds a sheep
was liberated. 'No worse; it
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.548
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<Paragraph rend="quote">has only been one night in the snow,' was reported as we settled 
again to work. No further signs of life being found, a dog was brought down. After careful
smelling around in the semi-darkness he selected a particular corner and began whining and
scraping a hole. He was instantly hauled away, and digging commenced anew. More sheep are 
found; then, with a sigh of relief, we climbed out into the open air. How fresh and biting
after the smoor of the tunnel! More gullies and hollows were traversed, but the dogs gave 
no more alarms till we approached a point where a boundary wall dipped out of sight into 
the snow. After glancing along the surface, the shepherds opened a small trench, and in 
less than ten minutes had exhumed almost a score of sheep. Seeing neither smear nor 
wrinkle on the glittering snow-crust, we asked how it was possible to locate the sheep so 
nearly, and the following explanation was vouchsafed. 'When caught in a snowstorm, a sheep
immediately lies down in the shelter of a boulder, wall, or gully, broadside on, so to 
speak, to the gale. Its breath rises through the porous covering, and being partially 
condensed on reaching the air, a damp place is made on the surface of the drift. When the 
animals are barely covered the shepherd looks for this sign, but when they are deep below,
the damp points are so minute that they cannot be discovered.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Now let the calendar move to the thirty-ninth day after the events
already described.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The scene on the fell is in strong contrast to the huge snow-bed 
we were last upon. There is a lingering beauty in the glittering levels, an impending 
horror in the awesome cliffs and the thin straight lines which marked ghylls too deep for 
the snow to fill. But to-day, after a prolonged thaw (for December), the dead yellow grass
appears between long narrowing swathes of grimy snow - the contrasts have toned down 
considerably, and only on distant mountains is there a wreath of unpolluted white. 
Yesterday morning we were wandering over the forest with the shepherd and his dogs, when 
old Sam - a cur of vast intelligence, but with so savage a temper that his fangs have long
since been broken to prevent him injuring such sheep as he drives - gave that low whine 
inseparably associated in our minds with a sheep-rescue.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"'Drat it, Sam, what is ther?' cried the shepherd; then, turning 
to us, 'That's t' third time t' ahld dogs "set" when it's cum be't fell edge.'
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"We walked to the edge of a rugged crag, below which a few 
tree-tops stuck through a mass of snow so firmly plastered that only an inappreciable 
quantity had yet thawed. The dog was now beside
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.549
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<Paragraph rend="quote">list, itself with delight and excitement - clearly some sheep were
buried here. In a short half-hour a force of diggers had collected, and the necessary 
shafts rapidly made, but not for four hours of stern hard work did we come against the 
steep cliff face and find - nought. We had taken a wrong direction. Old Sam (the dog) was 
brought down to indicate anew the whereabouts of our quest, and after digging some yards 
to our left we encountered one of those hardened blocks which we knew contained a sheep. 
After being entombed for almost forty days the poor creature was in a deplorable state. 
Its stommach seemed to have shrunk almost entirely away, its eyes were glazed and 
sightless, its whole body limp and powerless. The mouth opened, but so low had ebbed the 
stream of vigour that no sound issued. The sheep was barely alive. A little gin was at 
once administered to rouse the digestive organs so that nutrition might be given freely, 
after which blankets were brought up from the house. Wrapped in these the sheep - a very 
light burden indeed - was transported to the warm kitchen, where it was fully brought 
round. The dogs gave great trouble at this point, and we were told that the quietest of 
them would not hesitate to worry and kill any sheep it found in so emaciated a condition. 
It has been remarked that sheep-worrying is always most rife during the early spring after
such a mishap as an early winter storm. Digging again, more dead than alive, another two 
were reached together. Though so closely imprisoned in the snow, one of them had been able
to reach its companion, and had torn and eaten the wool from its qtrs. The surgical skill 
at command could not remove the wool clogging its vitals, and a few hours after the rescue
the sheep had to be killed. The last gallery cut in the snow enables us to reach a sheep 
which had squeezed itself during the storm close to the cliff. The moss, so far as it 
could reach, had been devoured, the soil had been sucked from the crevices of the rock, 
and the bare stone had been polished by much licking. The sheep was the best in condition 
of those rescued that day."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Sheep which have been buried in the snow for such lengths of time 
are very slow to recover from the effects, and few of them are sent again to graze on the 
fell. They are fattened at all hazards and sold to the butcher.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">When it is observed that the average mountain sheep-farm has 
twelves acres of land on the tops to one in the bottom, it will be apparent that the sheep
turned off the grass in autumn would over-stock the other land if a large number of the 
lambs or "hogs" were not wintered at other places than on their owner's farm. On the
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<Keyword>fox</Keyword> <Keyword>Hunt Mayor</Keyword> <Keyword>fox hounds</Keyword> 
<Keyword>sheep, wintering</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.550
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<Paragraph rend="quote">moss land near the sea farmers are open to take them and keep them
alive till spring, and to these places a good many are annually driven. Before this system
was broached the mountain farmer could only hope to raise one-half of his lamb crop - 
about one-sixth succumbing to the perils of early days on the moors, and one-third more 
during their first winter of sheeer hunger; for the hay crop in these elevated situations 
is a very small one, and other food is scarce. The sudden change of level and diet 
involved in wintering out has invariably a bad effect on these immature animals, and often
a considerable number die.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For the ewes at home the winter is a time of privation. It makes 
the heart ache to see them follow the shepherd with his load of hay, greedily consuming 
whatever may fall; to see them, when snow is on the ground, endeavouring to scoop 
something eatable out of a frozen, half-rotten turnip; to see them lying against the walls
for shelter when the blizzard runs riot up the valley, chewing their cud in quiet misery, 
perhaps thinking of the awful storm that is raging on the higher ground. The shepherd is 
having a hard time, too, in carrying food through the knee-deep slush, but there is a warm
kitchen for his shelter when his work is done. Still, he approaches his hungering flock 
with genuine pity; he knows that sheep which left the moorland weighing over a couple of 
hundredweights will only carry half that weight back again, and that many will never range
the mountains again. he feels savagely the hardship of it all, but he is powerless to 
alter it. Therefore he is glad when anything happens which can make him forget the dumb 
suffering of his flock. Card-playing at night and fox-hunting during the day are the only 
recreations possible in the dales. Everyone, male or female, has sworn death to the foxes,
and hounds always have an eager following. The whole population joins in the hunt, and 
more than one female has been chosen "Hunt Mayor" in different valleys. As this 
appointment requires a correct knowledge of "earths" and how they may be stopped, as well 
as of the especial propensities and whereabouts of the local foxes, it must be conceded 
that the ladies so honoured could at least hold their own with the men in knowledge of the
technicalities of hunting. The "Mayor" is the local deputy M.F.H., having complete 
direction in the field when hunting in his own district. A new "Mayor" is usually chosen 
at the supper after the last hunt of the season in a particular district, and this feast 
is a great event in the shepherd's diary.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">While in the district the hounds are maintained by the 
subscriptions of the farmers, many of whom contribute in kind, one sending
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house</Keyword> <Keyword>goose hovel</Keyword> <Keyword>Reynard, Master</Keyword> 
<Keyword>fox</Keyword> <Keyword>fox hunting</Keyword> <Keyword>Buckbarrow Crag, 
Longsleddale</Keyword> <Keyword>Sadgill, Longsleddale</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Ambleside</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.551
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<Paragraph rend="quote">in a sheep, perhaps, and another a bag of meal. The huntsmen's 
wages are quickly raised, and the farmers vie in offering to kennel the pack. At some 
ancient farmhouse a meet is called at the earliest hour there is light enough to see 
properly. Retiring by day into the most out-of-the-way parts of the mountains, the fell 
fox is forced to run some distance ere committing his depredations. He makes nightly 
sorties into the outlying valleys and distant levels, and in his attacks on fowl-houses is
even less merciless than his brother of the shires. A single fell fox once raided a 
goose-hovel, no fewer than sixteen of which were missing when when the place was visited 
by the owner next morning. Clearly the fox could not have deported this number of birds, 
and eventually the dead bodies were found buried in the midden, not twenty yards from the 
hut in which the geese had been kept. Bearing in mind, therefore, Master Reynard's 
propensity to wander far of nights, the huntsman is early afoot, and attempts to intercept
his return. He draws the "lown'd" side of the fell (<i>i.e.</i> that side on which the 
breeze is least felt) first, and rarely fails in getting a chase, for, as previously 
noted, the game is numerous. Striking a trail, the hounds race merrily into the fell-heads
- Reynard in front, hearing their music, makes forward to gain his home before they can 
overhaul him, but finds his way baulked by a number of shepherds and their dogs, who have 
climbed to the earth while it was still dark. He turns to make for another "earth" more 
distant, but is often rolled over in his stride. As the morning goes on, more and more 
scents are struck, with the inevitable result that the pack splits up into threes and 
fours, each bevy hunting for all it is worth with a detachment of the field chasing after 
it. No fewer than seven foxes have been known to be afoot in the hinterland surrounding 
Buckbarrow earth at one time, within a radius of half a mile. The "earth-stoppers," it may
be remarked, are often disappointed of a view of the hunting after all. I knew one man of 
over seventy climb from Sacgill (sic) to the top of Buckbarrow before daylight. Arrived 
there, he stopped all the holes he could find, lit a small fire of peat, and stayed till 
nightfall, with his two dogs for company. This was on a day when February rain-clouds 
closed thick about the fells, and his position could only have been one of great 
discomfort. Meantime the huntsman, in a farmyard half a dozen miles away, was 
disconsolately wandering about alone, for on the previous day, when the hounds were 
walking across the mist-piled division between two valleys, the majority of them had 
bolted on a hot scent, and could not be traced. However, they turned up at the kennels (at
Ambleside some ten miles
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1899 part 2 p.552
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<Paragraph rend="quote">off in a line), having apparently run to Swarthfell earth, near 
the foot of Ullswater, a distance of at least a dozen miles as the crow flies. Whether 
they killed the fox they pursued so far and so well cannot be told, but I have a great 
desire to believe that it escaped and is still ranging the fells. May it be in front of 
our pack next time I go fox-hunting with the shepherds! With such incidents as these to 
pass the time in the happening and their recounting, the shepherd's winter drags slowly 
through, and longer, brighter days at length proclaim the advent of another year.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote inset">WILLIAM T. PALMER.
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Gill</Keyword>  <Keyword>Scafell Pike, Eskdale</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1900 part 1 p.435
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>ghylls</Keyword>  <Keyword>climbing</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Ghylls</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">GHYLLS.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">NEARLY the most miserable class in society contains those who have
just fallen below distinction, while their efforts have raised them high above mediocrity.
These persons are unjustly described by the brilliant as "the rank and file."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In crag-climbing there are a few who seem to successfully emulate 
a fly or spider in negotiating slippery rock walls, who can scramble unmoved along the 
sheerest precipices, or climb untiringly at the steepest ascents; then come "the rank and 
file," whose deficiency of nerve or strength does not permit such risky work. Where do we 
find this class during the holiday season? Squatting under some towering crag maybe, which
it is their ambition to ascend, in the vain hope that familiarity with its outline will 
breed contempt for its dangers; or spread-eagled in some dangerous situation, as the man 
who, many years ago, attempted to climb Piers Ghyll, a narrow deep chasm in the side wall 
of Scawfell Pike (Cumberland). He scrambled on a ledge nearly level with the waterfall 
which closes the direct ascent of this most majestic ghyll, then lost confidence and dared
neither advance nor retreat. Twenty-four hours exposure made him desperate enough to leap 
into the pool thirty feet beneath, in which manner he escaped.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"A good cragsman is a good mountaineer" is a proved axiom, and it 
has been the habit to advise all failures in the higher branches of crag work to try this 
art; but when the fells are so thoroughly and accurately mapped out, and paths are so 
distinctly traceable as they now are, few adventures happen to the careful man, and the 
fierce struggles which form the chief delight of crag-climbing are wofully lacking. There 
is another branch of British fellscraft, however, which may meet with the favour of such 
persons, and which should be better known to every one; but to discuss this it must be 
assumed that every climbing machine; every rock scrambler, has found his natural sport, 
for the man to whom this pastime is open must be able to discern grace and symmetry in the
waterhewn
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1900 part 1 p.436
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<Paragraph rend="quote">rocks, picturesqueness in the beetling crags, and lively interest 
in the many charms of the ghylls of the fells.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A ghyll, it may be explained, is the hacked-out course of a fell 
beck or stream, and may be divided into three scenic sections: first, the approach - 
generally by a wide moorland glen, narrowing into a defile at its head and choked with 
boulders of all sizs and shapes. The succeeding portion is the gully proper. The deepest 
waterfalls are here, as is also the hardest climbing. The lofty cliffs surrounding the 
fosse are split into irregular chimneys and negotiable angles, aiguilles abound, yards 
wide rise spray-washed slabs without the slightest irregularity on their polished 
surfaces. The head of the ghyll is a return to the natural scenery of the fell; in some 
places this is reached by an easy grass ascent, in others after a rough scramble over 
piled fragments of rock. A steep cornice may, however, bar the way, or the ghyll bebouch 
into the hollow of a scree basin. Then comes a struggle upwards, the grit slides away at 
every step. The wide scree gully in which the stream of debris originates is reached, and 
progress becomes not a little dangerous. The rotten "mountain delights" which your feet 
have set in motion slip away from loose rocks on the higher slopes, and down they bound at
fearful rates. Keep in the shelter if you can, and wait for the solid rain to cease. You 
cannot dodge the flying pieces, for however quick your eye may be in marking, the 
treacherous foothold does not permit rapid movement. And the speed some of these dislodged
stones attain is wonderful. The writer remembers, when climbing a scree under Fairfield, 
seeing a portion of cliff topple over, some hundred feet in front. It simply bounced 
through the air, struck a spur from the parent rock some dozen yards from him, and burst 
into dust and splinters. The crash was louder than the explosion of a fair-sized cannon, 
and the very mountain seemed to quiver at the shock. Had not a crevice afforded shelter 
from the mass of shingle which for some ten minutes whistled down the side, these lines 
would never have been written.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Some ghylls are mere fissures in the mountain sides, with lofty 
cliffs rising sheer from their beck beds. In these the imprisoned water races down without
a break on its surface, a yard wide, perhaps four deep. You scramble along the wall of 
rock and look down upon the scene, or laboriously work a way along the ledges, at every 
turn leaping the stream, leaving insecure foot- and hand-hold on one side for points 
equally insecure on the other. Then you come to a cataract, the brook tumbles over an 
abrupt scar into the deep and narrow basin, hollowed by and for itself. The gorge is 
closed,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">advance is at an end, retreat impossible, for there is not room on
the narrow ledge in which to face about. There against the sky-line, forty feet up or 
more, is a splinter of hard rock which has presented more resistance to weather and water 
than the rest of the cliff. Follow its bold outline to the water where it forms a 
promontory between two minute bays. A tiny crack shows in the angle at the head of the 
cove, up which is the best way out, but there are five yards of mossy damp crag between 
you and that. Carefully the body is pressed against the slippery surface, and a sidle 
forwards commences, a notch, a microscopic chink affording precarious hold. The tiny bay 
is reached, and a few feet further is the crevice desired. An outcrop of felspar now forms
a tiny escarpment above your head, and holding to this you drag along the sheer smooth 
breast of rock - your whole weight on your arms. If the ledge presents the slightest 
irregularity your fingers will fail to grasp it, and with a mighty splash you go into the 
dimpling pool. But the worst predicament is not eternal, and in ten seconds you have got 
into the cranny. After a short breather, up the chimney you struggle, wrist, forearm, 
thigh, and calf all working at their fullest power. A gathering light comes in from the 
left through the cleft between the aiguille and the cliff. A lightning flash, more 
powerful than wind or weather, has cracked the former in many places, making it dangerus 
to ascend. The platform behind, however, affords foot-hold, and you have another welcome 
rest. The road of the waterfall fills your ears, and you look through the gap at it. How 
curiously near it seems! - you can almost step into its creamy spout. Splash, splash, 
thud, crunch, splash, splash, thud, crunch, in wearying reiteration, comes up from the 
well below. Across the gulf a sheer cliff rises, lines and broken in its upper part as its
twin on which you are clinging, but dropping, a broad smooth slab, into the whirlpool 
beneath.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">In other ghylls, the climbing is less severe - these are the 
pretty secluded glens by which the effluent of many a mountain tarn finds its way to the 
parent river. The first two miles of the one in mind are between bracken-covered slopes. 
Willows, mountain ashes, and hollies flourish, the clear water rushes down rock slides 
from pool to pool, but further up the scenery becomes wilder. The bed of the beck is 
strewn with large fragments of rock fallen from aloft, which are happily adapted to the 
many-shaped waterfalls displayed in the first short gully. There is some hazard in 
frequenting these places, as many a man has had proof. The shepherd has possibly seen the 
fall of an immense mass of rock into the shallow where a day or two previously his charge 
made halt to drink. I know one ghyll which
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<Paragraph rend="quote">in a single night was choked by the fall of a bordering cliff, so 
that a lovely waterfall was formed with a deep pool above and another below the 
obstruction. Many a natural bridge of "choked" rock is formed by such an event. In the 
higher portion of this stream is a large tarn, and just before it is sighted, the waters 
of the outlflow are pent into a gorge between two mountains, and cascade after cascade 
breaks upon the view. Climb along the river bed here - it is difficult and tiresome work, 
but the vantage is unique. The water churns round in a mad whirlpool here, a few yards in 
front it races towards us on what appears to be a lofty rock shoot but which later 
discovers itself in the form of a dozen tiny falls. The water does not seem to fall from 
one to another of these - it is more of a single roll or a bound. Alert bright trout dart 
about in transparent water, devouring whatever food the beck brings down - a hard-cased 
bracken clock which has attempted a flight beyond its power and perished, a soft mollusc 
torn from its rock-home, or a caterpillar dislodged by the passing breeze from some twig. 
Carefully coasting round a mossy corner into a recess from which the cheerful thunder of 
water proceeds, we enter a crag basin of remarkable charm. We find footing on a slab which
almost spans the stream. It has peeled from the cliff above and has been caught in its 
descent on a narrow ledge. The brook splashes against its sides and grumbles under it at 
the outlet. The spray-damped cliffs are green with moss; down the gaps by which the 
springs from above reach their bourne, hang long streamers of water-weed; a wren has taken
possession of a dry pocket among the rocks opposite and is surveying us suspiciously. It 
twitters and scolds, defies and threatens, but its trouble is for nothing. The niche in 
which it homes is impossible to reach, even if we were so minded. Green and grey and 
yellow, white and crimson and brown, are imparted to the drier precipices by the lichens; 
silvery birch boughs sway above, green yellow roots hang into the turmoil of the water. A 
dipper dashing up the gully sees a human presence, hesitates a flash, then passes at 
accelerated speed, its wild song echoing over the drone and boom without a tremor or a 
pause. This rock hollow is merely one among many equally pretty, and pen, pencil, or brush
fails to convey half its delights. As the slippery cliffs afford no handhold on this side,
we cross the ghyll and attack a cleft down which dangle, as so many ropes, the roots of a 
mountain ash. Holding to these we easily gain the higher level of the glen, and make 
forward. Passing the mountain tarn, we enter the upper col, and among my many climbs this 
has been the most unsatisfactory. It is a wild delve in the mountain side, steep banks
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1900 part 1 p.439
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of scree slope into it, with here and there a tongue-like benk of 
tawny grass. The little stream purls and rattles by your side as you force your way over 
the yielding debris, promising a rocky and picturesque source. Higher and higher you 
struggle, and the water correspondingly shrinks in volume. The fanlike streams of shale 
and dust have here invaded the narrow dell, and you may hear the beck grumbling and 
spouting beneath the feet. Further up the ground seems to rise more abruptly, and your 
hopes rise, to be quickly dashed, for the stream is now too weak to burrow a course for 
itself. The moisture from a wide grassy basin percolates through the dank green moss, 
trickles in thin lines down the inequalities, or in wide glassy sheets slides - it cannt 
be said to flow - among the steeper rock faces, accommodating itself to all angles without
a sound or a splash. And this is the source of the stream you have so laboriously traced.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another fine gully is entered from an old quarry. After carefully 
negotiating a succession of dripping slabs, on hands and knees, you reach the darkened bed
of a chasm. On the right the light is excluded by perpendicular rocks crowned with a 
plantation of dark firs, on the left a less abrupt slope, covered with dainty oak-fern and
evil-smelling "ramps," rises to a thicket of hazel, overtopped by ash sapplings. A couple 
of these have fallen and form a living bridge high above the stream. Climb carefull here 
and shun the ferny slope, for the thin bed of leaf mould slides down with the slightest 
pressure. A misty gleam in front shows that the chasm widens, the noise of falling water 
proclaims a cataract, and soon its trough is reached. The tiny stream is descending in a 
succession of mossy steps, now close to one bank, now to the other, wandering as it wills 
over the wide face of rock. In winter, when the spongy fell is thoroughly saturated, a 
huge volume crashes through this defile. Then the gorge is impossible to scale, the trough
is a churn of angry yellow-brown waters, and the tiny tinkle deepens to a majestic roar. 
Above the fall the water still descends in picturesque cascades, at one moment rushing 
pell-mell down a tiny crevice between smooth black rocks, playfully diving into a deep 
black dub at another. In one corner it divides round a green boulder on which a few whisps
of grass and a foxglove find sustenance; further up it passes an abrupt ledge in a pretty 
spout. The merriment of the brook seems to infect you, and you feel that you have lost a 
companion when you reach its source in the
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<Line>"Mere of the moorland</Line>
<Line>Boulder-environed."</Line>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1900 part 1 p.440
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Entering a ravine which has a most unpromising opening near the 
top of a slate quarry, we notice stupendous crags which augur hard work. Their lower 
stratas are however much broken, and the first emerald green basin of water is easily 
passed, but further up a giant mass overhangs the ghyll. After carefully surveying both 
sides, a tiny jut is tried and - found wanting. The adventurer loses hold on the rock and 
is immediately immersed in about ten feet of water. The other bank is examined more 
carefully and a long traverse discovered. Along this we happily sidle, making holds for 
hands where possible. At a most awkward point the traverse comes to an end, and the way 
back has to be crawled at some risk.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The most dangerous "gully" incident was met when climbing by a 
waterfall. The rock (ironstone) was steep, but rotten. We directed our climb towards a 
block apparently about five feet in diameter. Perhaps this was finely poised on a bed of 
yielding sand or clay, for as soon as we got weight upon it over it toppled, narrowly 
missing crushing us against the wall. The boulder fell into the deep water, and of course 
we fell too. A wetting was a lucky finish to this adventure.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I well remember descending a very pretty ghyll - or was it the 
splendid conditions which made it so? It was a lovely morning, and we had climbed High 
Street during the hours of dusk in order to see the sun rise. A long bank of purple haze 
had lain along the horizon, but the sun rapidly rose above this and flooded hill and 
valley, mountain and lake, in a very blaze of glory. At 5.30 we made a move towards 
Mardale, where we hoped to get some breakfast. Down the steep mountain-shoulder, where the
path was a dodge among the boulders, we made rapid progress to Blea Water, the waters of 
which were rippling in a slight breeze. At the foot of the tarn we sat for a while on the 
grey lichened slabs, enjoying the bright warm morning sunshine. Then down the 
bracken-covered slope again to a small waterfall most picturesquely situated. The sun 
shone directly into its deep rocky basin, and every surge of the tumbling water was 
telegraphed to the eye in flash and glitter. Some mountain-ash trees clung round the steep
rock, their long roots, white and green, hanging dripping into the clear pool below. Seen 
under these indescribable circumstances the sight was a very memorable one. It was only 
the pangs of hunger that forced us to move on.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">One of the best expeditions for one who has a real liking for the 
smaller beauties of water and rock scenery is Sacgill (sic). This is at the head of 
Longsleddale, a long narrow valley of the usual lakeland
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1900 part 1 p.441
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<Paragraph rend="quote">type, with an unusually cramped defile at the foot. Right in 
front, as you cross the narrow switchback bridge from the cluster of ancient houses known 
as Sacgill (sic) and turn up the edge of the torrent, are Harter and Grey Crags, the 
abrupt front of the former continuing in Goat Scar, a pile of rough fox-haunted crags. 
Grey Crag is a pyramid of huge cliffs where the more daring dalesmen annually climb to the
nests of hawks accused of harassing the sheep. Carrion-feeders these undoubtedly are, but 
hardly guilty of this heinous crime. As the walk is proceeded with, a curious depression 
in the dale-head is reached - a flat entirely covered with stones, which at some distant 
time had evidently been a tarn. Portions of this level are still banked up to make pools 
for sheep washing, and a strong wall has been built across at the foot to prevent loose 
debris washing at flood time upon the cultivated valley below. At the head of the 
depression comes our ghyll. At first the usual succession of small cataracts, each with 
its clear pool where the water swirls awhile ere escaping down the water-worn green slabs 
which constitute the steep river bed. The path, or rather the sheep track, which serves 
this purpose, becomes steeper, and the falls correspondingly higher. You rise from the 
valley in a succession of mighty steps; the shelf on which you are standing prevents your 
seeing the route by which you came, giving in return a distant view of the valley 
shimmering in the bright sunshine, with still further, range after range of moorish hills,
with here and there a rough cliff, till the distant sea closes the view. You are now in 
the very jaws of the pass; a spur of Goat Scar approaches the stream from the left, and a 
tall corner of Gray Crag forces itself into the narrowing glen opposite. Now the more 
immediate river banks rise higher, the rolling waters in front come by a swiftly 
descending curve. At this point we climb round the foot of the rocky bank, here some fifty
feet high, and find a standing place on a small beach. This is the only place in the rock 
basin where such a foothold is possible. Behind us the crags rise, covered with tiny 
clumps of mountain sage and fringed at their tops with waving bracken fronds. Beyond, 
higher and higher rise the stony ridges to the crags, which strike the eye in whichever 
direction it is turned. The beck tumbles into the small cleft, and as yet its unbroken 
descent is out of sight, but the soft, liquid, churning sound betrays its presence.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As other venues fail us, a tough scramble up the grass hung bank 
commences. From the bank of the gorge are several grand vertical views through luxuriant 
mountain ashes of the stream dimpling in the deep crevice, and then of the waterfall, with
its brink twenty feet
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<Paragraph rend="quote">beneath, its chasm full fifty. Further on comes a number of pretty
cascades, then you emerge from a water-hewn gallery on a level with the stream. As the 
pass widens, a belt of tough slaty rocks is approached, and down these the beck shoots. 
Not a bush grows near - we are at too high an elevation, and the view savours the 
desolation. Watery-green rocks pall; the succession of streams sliding almost noiselessly 
down long smooth surfaces becomes monotonous; ridge after ridge of stony fells gives a 
dreary impression, but just where the pass opens into the swampy moor is its redeeming 
feature. Threading along the course of the beck, we see a stream issuing from a 
crag-guarded ghyll, and on approach find that the stream fills it from bank to bank. A few
stepping stones allow one to reach a place where some advance can be made along the foot 
of the cliffs. Then ford the stream at the shallow, and climb the jutting crag to the 
right. You are now in an amphitheatre of rocks. In front is the waterfall, its spray 
damping you through; almost beneath is the chink-like passage through which the water 
escapes. On either hand tall crags rise, all dripping with spray, and hung with luxuriant 
mosses. Here and there a fern, hart's tongue or similar slime-loving variety, find 
roothold; a huge fragment, torn down maybe by lightning, reclines precariously in a 
corner, ready, it seems, to fall and block up the pool. An active person can spring easily
across the narrow gulf to the cliff over which the stream is pouring, and there find 
sufficient hold to climb out. But it allows of no mistakes. A fall into the well of the 
cascade is to be dreaded, as the unfortunate could only trust to the stream carrying him 
into the outflow passage; there is no handhold within reach by which a good position could
be secured again. After this ghyll, not more than fifty yards in length has been explored,
the tour is finished, and it cannot fail to have been a most pleasing one.
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">WILLIAM T. PALMER.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1900 part 2 p.356
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Nights in Lakeland</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">NIGHTS IN LAKELAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">TO understand a district properly it must be seen under widely 
varying conditions of weather and season. Probably few of the crowds who annually visit 
the English Lakes have any adequate idea what their surroundings are like when the last 
gleam of purple has died in the west, and the grey of the distance has thickened into 
night. To some, natives as well as visitors, the district is as interesting during the 
hours between sunset and sunrise as when the sunshine renders every detail of hill and 
valley clear and distinct. If you are not likely to be nervous, and are not afraid of 
loneliness, cross the width of the district, say by the coach road from Windermere to 
Keswick, under cover of night, and you will fully understand the beauty of darkness. It 
was at one o'clock on a semi-dark June morning when I walked through Windermere village on
this trip. Once clear of the houses, the rustle of the rabbits as they plunged deeper into
the woods, the endless craik-craik-craik of the landrail, the occasional deep whistle of 
an otter from the beck or the lake, were the only sounds to break the silence. The lake 
was without a ripple as I passed along its shores at Lowwood, the night-glow reflected on 
its steel-like bosom; a charfisher sat in a motionless boat towards the middle of the 
lake, a disturbed white-throat scolded from the reed beds. I felt inclined to go no 
further - to sit down on the low wall here and wait for daybreak. Surely it would be a 
noble sight to watch the early sunbeams stream over Kentmere fells and light up this 
beautiful lake. Not a soul was astir as I passed through the market-place at Ambleside, 
but a man walked stealthily from a side street a little further on, and set off towards 
Rydal. I tried hard to overhaul him, but could not; ultimately he evaded me by entering a 
copse near Rydal Hall. By two-thirty I reached White Moss; by this time the light had so 
much improved that the fell beyond Rydalmere was clearly visible. Here the first skylark 
sang, and as I struck along the old road to Grasmere, birds rose from every meadow and 
mountain-pasture, and the air rapidly filled with warblings. Looking towards Seat Sandal I
noticed the upper clouds
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St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> <Keyword>Wythburn, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Thirlmere</Keyword> <Keyword>Armboth Fell, St John's Castlerigg etc</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1900 part 2 p.357
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<Paragraph rend="quote">were tinged with golden sunshine, and by four o'clock I met the 
cold breeze which at sunrise drives over Dunmail Raise. Past Wythburn the wind became 
stronger. The waters of Thirlmere dashed in white spouts against its rocky shores; the 
fells behind Armboth were clear of mist, but only the lower slopes of the mighty Helvellyn
could be seen. As I passed into the wider valley, the sunshine seemed to filter through 
the clouds, and the last five miles to Keswick, which was reached before half-past seven, 
will always be a pleasing memory. The contrast of mist-hung mountains and sunny green 
woods and valleys was most striking.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A different side, as well as aspect, of the country has been 
rendered familiar by mountain ascents at night. For our last - a climb of Scawfell Pike - 
we left Windermere at seven o'clock and strolled on to Elterwater, near which we stayed 
till after eleven. Then, under light of a pale half-moon, we plodded into Langdalehead. My
brother was suffering from tender feet, so after picking a way among the rough cobbles to 
the foot of Rossett Ghyll, he called a halt till the light should allow our getting an 
easier path. Then, taking off his boots, he went to sleep for an hour and a half. This 
place was very quiet, yet it seemed that its very silence had a basis of sound, for 
inarticulate whispers and murmurings rolled up the dale, and more than once I patrolled 
the sheepfold, inside and out, to make sure no one was near. By half-past two we were able
to proceed towards Eskhause. Angle Tarn was passed still in the shadow, and we only caught
the sunshine streaming through a break in the mist-banks when a long way up the pass. A 
strong westerly wind drove grey cloud-masses among the distant northern mountains. For a 
moment Helvellyn would break itself clear of the whirling mist; Skiddaw and Saddleback 
seemed to revel in the reek, occasionally throwing up a summit or a shoulder as though to 
mark their whereabouts. Not till the shelter at the pass's head was reached could anything
be seen of the mountains beyond Styehead. Then we turned from a view of Bowfell, rising 
supreme through a sunlit patch of mist, to see Great Gable mounting in grand outlines into
the masses which, as smoke from a volcano, seemed rolling out of Ennerdale. The fells 
beyond and around Honister were visible, but in a few moments the white cloud-tide 
eclipsed them. Would this wind-swept stream envelop Scawfell Pike before we could reach 
it? As we toiled into view of the crags this seemed very likely. After a drink from the 
infant Esk, we passed into Ill Crag. The path for about a hundred yards wound among huge 
blocks of rocks, and striding from one to another of these we continued the climb.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1900 part 2 p.358
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Between the distant Catbells and the nearer Great End was a 
splendid vista of Borrowdale with Derwentwater - a well of green, on which floated several
darker patches. A sullen waste of water among savage, rocky mountains - the older 
guide-book writers would have described Styehead Tarn. The Gables stood in a mighty wall 
across the valley, their foot in depths unseen, their summits now wreathed in swirling 
cloud. The crest a few seconds ago sheered clear and bright, but a wave of mist overcame 
it. On Broad Crag we again encountered the horrible <i>pave</i> of oblong blocks piled at 
all angles, for which this range is notorious. As we got along the ridge - and though 
laborious, the pace was fast - Wastwater came into view over Lingmell Crags, and we then 
saw that the Pike, the highest summit in England, was clear of mist. For the last hour a 
steady drizzling rain had been falling, and we had been wet through for some time, but we 
faced that last loose slope eagerly. The boulders round the summit attest to patience and 
ingenuity, for level paths have been made to the half-score low shelters dotted among the 
crags. From this point we got our only tolerable view of the west. The cauldron of 
Ennerdale still poured its vapour over Great Gable to roll in long irregular volumes 
eastward, but through the gap of Wastwater was a darker band - the Irish Sea. At the most 
favourable moment, almost the whole coast-line from St. Bees to the Lune was in view. Wide
expanses of glittering sands marked the estuaries of Kent, Leven, and Duddon, but further 
out a dense blue mist shut out all possibilities of the view of Man, Ireland, Scotland, 
and Snowdonia, for which this peak is famous. We did not stay long by the cairn, as at any
moment the western breeze might whip an outlying cloud over us; indeed, we had not gone 
more than halfway towards Broad Crag when this did happen. It was, however, so thin that 
we hunted saxifrages among the rocks, and had a look down Piers Ghyll before going on. 
What a tremendous gulf this is! Half a mile down was the main gully, with a few of its 
cliffs, tiny with distance, visible. Crossing the crags to Great End was an easier task 
than before, and soon after half-past five we were near Eskhause. Just as we entered the 
basin of Angle Tarn a big black raven wheeled past with a threatening croak. I made 
towards the crags it had left, imagining I heard the cries of young, but the sound evaded 
me. The parent, however, was marked by my brother, who, through his field glasses, 
distinctly saw it enter a gully in the crags of Pike o' Stickle, and even so distant its 
angry voice was plainly heard. As we got into Langdalehead, a horseman who had that 
morning (it was not yet seven o'clock) ridden from Seathwaite, in the Duddon
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Bell</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Ill Bell, Kentmere</Keyword> <Keyword>High Street, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1900 part 2 p.359
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<Paragraph rend="quote">valley, asked us the direction for Borrowdale. He had ridden up 
the valley, which ends in Wrynose Pass, and across the boulder strewn Blea Tarn Moor, but 
he was concerned at the sight of Rossett Ghyll, over which he fancied his track lay. He 
was, however, much relieved at having only to face the easier slope of the Stake. We last 
saw him leading his pony near the top of the climb.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">More than once we have been all night in the mist - and one such 
occasion we particularly remember. Though clear when we started the tops were smothered in
clouds, from which a fine rain descended before we reached the reservoir under Hill Bell, 
on our way to Kentmere High Street. Soon after we commenced the ascent, we were completely
enveloped. The grassy path up which we had hoped to reach Thornthwaite Crag was lost, but 
the ascent of the scree required little extra energy. In about half an hour, during which 
we spread out to avoid the stones dislodged by those in front, my attention was called to 
a huge face of rock against which our progress had brought us. I shall not forget that 
council; in varying distinctness were eleven faces, some anxious, more reliant, one or two
careless. Behind us was the abrupt rock-ledge with beards of misty rain crossing along its
breast; below, a great scree which, in stones of all sizes interspersed with luxuriant 
parsley fern, shelved down into a great white blank. When we reached the column on 
Thornthwaite Crag, it was apparent that the mist was deep above us, and therefore no view 
of sunrise was possible. It was three o'clock, and very cold; the damp collected on our 
limbs as we rushed about at leap-frog; one of our party routed out some damp-looking 
timber from the ruins of an old hog-house, so we decided for a fire. To coax the wood to 
burn required unliimited patience, but after long and deft manipulation of moist paper and
matches, a tiny flame came flickering through the dense curls of smoke. At six o'clock the
light was much better, so we moved for home - except for two who elected to stay with the 
fire, which was now blazing merrily. It was particularly galling to me to hear a day or 
two later that a party, while we were shivering on High Street, had witnessed a 
magnificent sunrise from Scawfell Pike. They had climbed into clear weather soon after 
they left Eskhause.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The spending of a night by the waterside few people envy the 
angler, but in reality no one could wish for a finer experience than all night on 
Ullswater. Starting from Howtown, paddle slowly out into the middle of the lake and wait 
for the fish to begin biting, for you must try your luck at night-fishing, otherwsie your 
friends will believe you are thirsting for notoriety. Trout come on the feed
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1900 part 2 p.360
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<Paragraph rend="quote">about midnight and continue gorging, with few lulls, till 
daybreak. It is not necessary to be expert in fishing, and many, who do not think they 
possess enough patience for the sport, will be surprised how interesting they find such a 
night on the water. Often incidents of an amusing or exciting nature happen. We were once 
rowing along the top reach of Windermere in pitch darkness when our oarsmen suddenly put 
on a spurt. For a few secons, the boat simply tore through the water, then from out of 
space, or maybe the bottom of the lake, sprang a rock, and we crashed into it with 
tremendous force. We were shot over the thwarts into a confused heap on the boat's floor, 
and I well remember that someone's red hot pipe reclined for one agonising second on my 
ear. The difficulty of gauging distances across water is always great, but when night 
comes on it is doubly hard. Yet a sunrise viewed from a boat is well worth the amount of 
discomfort incurred. To some, the silence reigning over the waters is an unspeakable 
delight - when the shadows drop like a curtain into the valleys, and the night glow 
fringes the northern mountains, the lights begin to glow in the houses by the shore, and 
the utter loneliness becomes oppresive. But when light after light goes out and the faint 
whisperings cease to come from the land, your spirits recover and a happy time commences. 
Don't, however, go to sleep in your boat while waiting for daybreak. When walking early by
the shore of Windermere Lake I glanced over a wall and saw, hard and fast on a miniature 
sandbank, a boat in the stern of which two figures were lying fast asleep. I passed quite 
close and for a moment thought to waken them, then, thinking that the increased power of 
the sun would arouse them without the start inseparable to my call, I passed on.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">One July night we went "sugaring" for moths. We were not a trio of
experienced entomologists; indeed, our leader only would have known the difference between
"an old lady" and a "hay-time moth."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">By nine o'clock it was thought sufficiently dark for our purpose. 
At the first hitch, while my brother went back for some requisite, I was left in charge of
the tin containing our lure. With a small paint brush I dabbed this fairly over some nine 
square inches of a sycamore. Retiring to the bridge, in a few minutes I noticed some large
moths fluttering among the outside leaves of the tree; doubtless the strong scent of 
sugar, rum, and beer had attracted them. In less than three minutes my brother returned, 
and we had the pleasure of finding on the tree a good specimen of the swallow-tailed moth,
not a common insect with us. As we passed up the
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<Paragraph rend="quote">lane a whitish moth dashed past, and a gallant though unsuccessful
attempt was made to capture it. Our leader was sure it was a tiger-moth, a rare vistant to
our valley in July. The insect havingh escaped, the next best thing was to "sugar" freely 
the adjacent railings and tress in the hope that it might return. In the next coppice two 
copper beeches were selected, as their exceptionally smooth bark does not dry up the 
mixture quickly, after which we took a narrower road into a district reputed to be thickly
populated by nocturnal moths. The evil-smelling lure was splashed on one or two of the 
sycamores lining the beck-edge before we turned into an ideal country lane, where dense 
tall hedges towered above trailing, clutching blackberry brambles, and nettles, 
raspberries, and tall grasses bank to bank. A night-jar churred from an overhanging oak; a
gibbous moon, covered by thin clouds, sent a wan, wicked light over wood and hayfield. Now
we passed, ever sprinkling our compound on suitable trees, the offshoots of an oak copse -
a collection of giants which had starved out their undergrowth - and in another half 
minute reached a widening where more blackberries and stinging nettles cluddered from 
hedgeside to roadway. "Sugar" was spread on a number of trees, after which we retraced our
steps, intending to pick up the insects adhering to the traps laid at the other end of our
beat half a mile away. It was pitch dark, and a light would be required for the assortment
of the moths captured. Our lamp, however, failed to keep alight for more than a minute, 
and investigation proved that the oil in the tank had become solid; subsequent inquiry 
showed that it had not been looked at for six months. After this discovery hopes fell, it 
was hard that such a splendid evening should pass unproductive. We made one round of the 
blazed trees, but, when a match was struck, all the moths not powerlessly intoxicated were
very quick at flying away. Old ladies stick moths, hay-timers, and such like remained in 
plenty, and we managed to catch with them a few of the smaller night-fliers. The time 
passed without further incident. All the time we were out the dogs from every farmhouse 
within a mile of our beat were barking; their owners would bemoan a sleepless night. We 
were, however, free from the one mishap common to entomological pioneers. Others on 
similar expeditions have been shadowed and interfered with by gamekeepers, who mistake the
motives of midnight rambles, and even the odour of the poison-bottle often fails to 
prevent confiscation, as an original and terrible poaching instrument, of the frail white 
net.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">It is a far cry, even in memory, from a balmy July night's ramble 
to a night when deep snow lies on the silent fells, and a million stars glower upon the 
freezing earth. I have elsewhere spoken of the summer midnight and the silence of 
Mickleden, but this is vaster, more complete quietude. Our point was a fine moorland tarn 
at a fair elevation, a well-known haunt of waterfowl. Scrambling along the steep grassy 
road to the moor was exhausting, but when we reached the bracken track of the open fell 
the energy required to move along at all was enormous. At every step the deep snow 
attached itself to our shoes, so we crashed into the deepest belt of heather. The frost 
was inching when we started, but though the air must have been colder at this elevation, 
its bite was unfelt in the heat of our struggle. Passing a marshy corner a pair of ducks 
rose - what a lovely night for snaring! The tarn was not yet completely frozen, and 
wavelets were plashing against the extended sheets of ice. Between us and the fir-crowned 
island, as we stood thigh deep in the snow-drift by the boat-house, was the stream feeding
the water, and it was to watch the birds here that we had ventured out to-night. We 
climbed round the hill, sliding about among the beds of dead bracken, then skirted the 
rocks commanding the tarn and its surroundings. Miles away to the south-west glittered an 
estuary with the sea beyond; to the north a mist-bank hid a long line of mountains, while 
to the east a dreary white chain of hills stood beyond Lunesdale. Dotted near and far were
gems - mountain tarn and open river-reach, with the bright moonlight glinting up from 
them. We proceeded cautiousy towards a bank from which we might watch the birds. The snow 
stuck to our boots, and quiet progress was almost impossible. However, after a long chilly
crawl down a hollow sledge track, which led from the moor to the river-bed, we gained the 
desired situation. Not a bird was in sight. We lay in the deep snow awhile, for there was 
a faint splash and a squawking in the reed-beds, than a gaunt heron waded slowly up the 
stream. We almost held our breath lest he should take alarm, and scare away the rarer 
ducks. Meanwhile the air was getting colder and colder - it was recorded in the valley 
below as five degrees below zero. There was no wind, however, through our lair, and the 
position was not very uncomfortable. In a few minutes a squad of ducks came from the tarn 
to join the heron's feast - a garrulous crew to a taciturn leader. A curlew, probably 
startled by a prowling fox, whistled across the water; the heron took his warning signal, 
and flapped over the corner of the hill to a quieter feeding ground. My companion made a 
sudden movement, and a sheep which, unknown to us, had been lying within a yard of my
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<Paragraph rend="quote">hand jumped up and galloped away, crackling the heather as he 
went. With a shrill alarm the ducks - we never discovered their variety - rose in a body, 
and at the same moment bang, bang, rang two shots down the ghyll. We were astounded that 
the keeper should be so near, and lay quite still till he should leave the spot; as yet he
might be unaware of our presence. His shots had both been successful, for he walked 
leisurely in view to pick up a brace of fine birds. Ten minutes later we ventured for 
home, passing round the opposite side of the tarn to the gamekeeper. He never knew that we
had been so near him, though had he been accompanied by his dog it could hardly have 
missed us.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Another night's frolic was a skate on Windermere in 1895, the last
time the whole length and breadth of it was bearable. I had already done the thirty-mile 
round of the lake, before leaving the brilliantly lighted pier at Waterhead for the heavy 
black woods of Wray. The ice, it will be remembered by those who at this time visited the 
lake, was furrowed between Bowness and Ambleside by two enormous cracks, and to cross 
these a course had first to be taken down the Pull shore, not, however, so near as to 
reach the thin ice around the mouth of the becks. The first seam was about a mile from 
Waterhead. As I approached it a few skaters were still gliding near me - apparently they 
were goning as far as the crack and back. Now a long gurgling crackle travelled along the 
ice; a lady screamed and made for the shore, fourscore yards away. I called out that we 
were quite safe, but she did not heed, and rushed towards a dangerous bay which I had 
reconnoitred earlier in the day. I spurted in pursuit and caught up to her; barely in 
time, however, for the thinning crust rocked like a raft before I could arrest our impetus
and swerve to sounder ice. I did not fear drowning for the water was shallow, yet an 
immersion would have been very unpleasant. The crack now loomed in front like a feathery 
surf. In daylight it was easily passed, but at night things look different. Across this, 
the widest part of the lake, gleamed the many windows of Lowwood; at various houses by the
shore lamps had been hoisted into the trees, and figures were gliding on the lighted area 
beneath them; but out with me was utter darkness, loneliness, and silence save for the 
quiet rasp of my skates. Wray Castle and a few farmhouses showed occasional gleams of 
light through the black fir woods and narrow snow fields. Suddenly in front appeared 
something black, a huge dog squatting on the ice it seemed to be. But as I neared, the 
mass seemed to dwindle in size - was it the head and shoulders of a man clinging for dear 
life to a splintered ice-egde? I put on speed,
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<Paragraph rend="quote">then the bulk seemed again to increase, but not till I was within 
thirty feet did I recognise the outline of a man kneeling and rebuckling his skate-strap. 
I hailed him with relief - a companion under such circumstances could not be wearisome - 
and while the ice roared and snapped in peals like thunder (a common night occurrence on 
large frozen sheets) we made for the second crack near Rawlinson's Nab. To cross this it 
was necessary to land and walk or slide a couple of yards. My companion shot round with 
ease, but my skates struck a chunk of ice or stone and came off, throwing me on my head 
and partially stunning me. Till this I had not noticed anyone standing by the wood-edge. 
Two farm servants picked me up, but I was no worse save for a bruise or two. The ice was 
bad here; at many places it was broken through, so that for a few score yards we had to 
follow our leader cautiously. Then we spread out again - the gang was now eight in number 
- and made for the row of lights at Bowness. It became a mad race in, for we were sure of 
the surface. In Bowness Bay we found about a hundred persons skating about in the light of
a tall electric standard in front of the Old English Hotel. It was grand travelling round 
Belle Isle where only a few were plying the steel: a concertina squeaked as one party 
swept by; an ice-yacht whizzed along, its sole occupant clinging precariously to the frail
structure; a distant hum of voices crept across the island from the bay we had just left. 
A few miinutes more of easy skating, and, as we landed at the Ferry Hotel, the kennelled 
hounds gave out a merry chorus, which echoes along the fir-covered bluffs, in happy augury
of hunting days yet to come.
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<Paragraph rend="quote inset">WILLIAM T. PALMER.
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<Keyword>Dickinson, Dr</Keyword> <Keyword>Cornwall</Keyword> <Keyword>Britanny</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Wales</Keyword> <Keyword>Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>King Arthur's 
Castle</Keyword> <Keyword>Tintagel, Cornall</Keyword> <Keyword>Caerleon-upon-Usk</Keyword>
<Keyword>Nennius</Keyword> <Keyword>Arthur's Seat</Keyword> <Keyword>Penrith</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Arthur's Round Table</Keyword> <Keyword>Arthur's Stone</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Arthur's Oven</Keyword> <Keyword>Arthur's Chair</Keyword> <Keyword>Arthur's 
Camp</Keyword> <Keyword>Merlin's Fountain</Keyword> <Keyword>Merlin's Grave</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mordred's Castle</Keyword> <Keyword>Silures</Keyword> <Keyword>Bors, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1901 part 1 p.102
</Paragraph>
<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>King Arthur</Keyword>  <Keyword>placenames</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Placenames and King Arthur</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">ARTHURIAN PLACE-NAMES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">FROM the Rev. Sabine-Gould, Dr. Dickinson gives a list of 
Arthurian localities in Cornwall, Britanny, Wales, and Northern England, extending to 
Scotland. Some are, of course, well known in legend, as King Arthur's Castle at Tintagel, 
where the king is said to have been born; Caerleon-upon-Usk, where, according to Nennius, 
a great battle was fought; and Arthur's Seat, to which it has been vainly sought to give a
Gaelic meaning. According to the latest authorities, the district between Penrith and 
Strathmore is the richest in such associations. There are three Arthur's Seats, and two 
Arthur's Round Tables, besides Arthur's Stone, Arthur's Oven, Arthur's Chair, Arthur's 
Camp, &amp;c. &amp;c. There are also Merlin's Fountain and Grave and Mordred's Castle. 
This is far indeed from exhausting the list. Are we, then, to suppose that all these names
are bestowed in connection with people who never lived?
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">As I stated at the outset, I shall not attempt to decide a 
question still eagerly contested. Every sympathy I have is in favour of establishing 
Arthur as King of the Silures, and accepting as real personages Sir Bors, Sir Gawaine, Sir
Galahad, Sir Tristram, Sir Lancelot, Guinevere, Merlin, Vivien, the Knights of the Table 
Round, and even the
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>Faery damsels, met in forest wide</Line>
<Line>By Knights of Logres, or of Lyones,</Line>
<Line>Lancelot or Pelleas or Pellinor.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Not without pang would I sacrifice the stories which are among the
fairest things in literature, which inspired the prose of Malory and the poetry of 
Tennyson, Morris, Swinburne, and a score others, and were selected by Milton as a fitting 
subject for an epic poem.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Concerning these beings, Miss Jessie Weston very pleasingly says, 
"Children of a land of eternal youth, Arthur and his knights are ever young. It is indeed 
a special attraction about the heroes of the Arthurian cycle, which roused the bile of 
splenetic Roger Ascham, that they consitute a domain in which one is never weary. As 
Thompson says in "The Castle of Indolence":-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">
<Line>A pleasing land of drowsy-hed it was,</Line>
<Line>Of dreams that wave before the half-shut eye;</Line>
<Line>And of gay castles in the clouds that pass,</Line>
<Line>For ever flushing round a summer sky.</Line>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">To employ once more an assertion of Leigh Hunt concerning "The 
Fairy Queen," which is equally applicable to the Arthurian romances, a lover of poetry 
would no more tire of them than he would of
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Stuart</Keyword> <Keyword>Arthurian Scotland</Keyword> <Keyword>Keary, C F</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Dictionary of National Biography</Keyword> <Keyword>Dickson, Dr</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Picts</Keyword> <Keyword>Scots</Keyword> <Keyword>Saxons</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Britons</Keyword> <Keyword>Ector, Sir</Keyword> <Keyword>Lancelot, Sir</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Malory, Thomas</Keyword> <Keyword>Avalon</Keyword> <Keyword>Ireland</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Celts</Keyword>  <Keyword>Gawaine, Sir</Keyword>  <Keyword>Cuchullin</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1901 part 1 p.103
</Paragraph>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">repose on summer grass. The are written as if the "world would 
never grow old," and as the lady I quote above says, they never do grow old. The knights 
themselves are said to have died. Witness the lament of Sir Ector over the death of Sir 
Lancelot in Malory, one of the most priceless things in literature; but the world 
preferred to believe them still in Avalon, whence the return of Arthur was for centuries 
anticipated.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Celts are naturally the firmest upholders of the view that 
Arthur and his principal knights are real, and efforts are made to connect Gawaine with 
the Cuchullin of Irish legend. If we could indeed transfer the scene of the Arthurian 
exploits from Cornwall to Ireland many difficulties would vanish, but the references to 
Cornwall and South Wales are too numerous and too direct to permit any such transference 
of scene.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">KING ARTHUR IN SCOTLAND.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">ONE school of antiquaries would find in Cumbria and Scotland the 
scene of Arthur's principal exploits, and notably that of his death. According to its 
members, Glein is Glen in Ayrshire; Dubglas is not, as held by Geoffrey of Monmouth, in 
Lincolnshire, but Douglas in Lennox; Coit Cebidon is on the Carron in Tweedale, Castle 
Guinnion is in Wedale, Leogis is at Dumbarton, Treuroit on the banks of the Forth, near 
Stirling, where Arthur's Round Table is still shown. Agnet is a name for Edinburgh, and 
Badon Hill is not Bath on the English Avon, but Bowdon Hill in Linlithgow, on the Scottish
Avon. These views, expounded in Mr. W. F. Skene's "Four Ancient Books of Wales" and Mr. 
Stuart Glennie's "Arthurian Scotland," are well summarised by Mr. C. F. Keary in the life 
of Arthur in the "Dictionary of National Biography." Dr. Dickson favours the view that 
Arthur's last battle, which was fought, it must be remembered, against a confederacy of 
Picts, Scots, and Saxons, or renegade Britons, took place at Camelon on the river Carron, 
in the valley of the Forth. That names and superstitions connected with Arthur and his 
associates abound in Southern Scotland is clearly shown.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>poet</Keyword> <Keyword>Coleridge, Samuel Taylor</Keyword> <Keyword>Coleridge 
Country</Keyword> <Keyword>Devon</Keyword> <Keyword>Lakes, The</Keyword> <Keyword>Nether 
Stowey, Somerset</Keyword> <Keyword>Susquehanna, River</Keyword> <Keyword>Otter, 
River</Keyword> <Keyword>Ottery St Mary, Devon</Keyword> <Keyword>birthplace, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1901 part 2 p.66
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Samuel Taylor Coleridge</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Samuel Taylor Coleridge</Heading>
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</References>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THE COLERIDGE COUNTRY.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">AMONG the many vicissitudes of the life of Samuel Taylor 
Coleridge, there was only one spot that possessed for him the true affinities of home. Not
the Lake District, not Nether Stowey, not the dreamed-of elysium on the banks of the 
Susquehanna, but a village among the hills that cradle the brawling Otter, and the scenes 
of which that village is the centre, can alone claim the distinctive appelation of "The 
Coleridge Country." "For the world in general," says a biographer of the poet, "the name 
of Coleridge is so indissolubly connected with the Lake country and the Lake poets, that 
the fact of his being by birth a Devonshire man is almost forgotten." It was in the 
village of Ottery St. Mary that he first saw the light; in point of the time the place can
claim but a few years of his existence, but it remained to him, throughout his life, the 
dearest spot on earth, and however Ulysses-like his subsequent wanderings may have been, a
lengthening chain of memories and associations kept his mind in touch with the scenes 
among which his earliest ties were formed. It was, so to speak, the metropolis of his 
affections. and thither until the end all the avenues of his fancy and his thoughts 
tended.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="text">The rest of the article, to p.73, concerns Devon.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1902 part 2 p.417
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Three Fell Sketches</Keyword>  <Keyword>The Fighting Schoolmaster</Keyword>
</Marginal>
Fell Sketches</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">THREE FELLS SKETCHES.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading">BY WILLIAM T. PALMER.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><i>I. - THE FIGHTING SCHOOLMASTER.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THE schoolhouse is situate some five miles from the rock-fringed 
bay into which the tiny stream descending the valley empties its waters. It is a 
grey-walled, mouldy, low building; from the plenteous smoke-marks, from the stones into 
which the tethering rings are still fastened, it may possibly at some time have been the 
blacksmith's shop of the dale. This is grand, primitive, peat-burning, 
superstition-reeking countryside. High, rocky mountains gather round its head, coppices 
hang among the scaurs and slacks, and deep beds of bracken and heather occupy the 
hillsides.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I had been told that the place was worthy a visit, and after a 
long, rough tramp over screes and rocks, and by storm-rent ghylls, on an almost 
imperceptible path, I reached the valley-head. From the upper hillsides hardly a dwelling 
was visible, and for a time I wondered whether, in that sea of mountains, my route had 
brought me correctly. Then a farmhouse appeared amid a cluster of sycamores, and, as I 
came near, my inquiry was answered in the affirmative. "Yes, this was Mirdale." Among the 
trees, as I passed down the dale, appeared the tiny belfry of an ancient church, and close
to it was the school. The buildings were bounded on three sides by a bend in the river, 
though they stood thirty feet above the water, commanding a grand view to seaward.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Where will I find Schoolmaster John?" I demanded from my host 
(for I had been advised to seek this man out to hear a strange story)
</Paragraph>
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<Keyword>firearms</Keyword> <Keyword>Rule Britannia</Keyword> <Keyword>Bonton</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Mirdale</Keyword> <Keyword>Jones, John Paul</Keyword> <Keyword>invasion</Keyword>

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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1902 part 2 p.418
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<Paragraph rend="quote">"Oh, he'll be up at t' skuil-hoos noo; he's lowsing t' bairns" 
(dismissing the children from their afternoon's lessons). To the school I therefore 
repaired.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The schoolmaster, I believe?"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Yes, sir, at your service!"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">For a while we talked of olden, golden days in the dales, when the
mines were wealthy, and the sheep-grazing on the fells profitable. The old man - he must 
have been over sixty - talked intelligently on these and other matters, while I took stock
of him, his school, and, through the open doorway, the surrounding country. War maps of 
various campaigns hung on the walls side by side with the charts requisite to school work;
on a blackboard stuck on the mantel-piece was inscribed in fine handwriting the full text 
of "Rule Britannia."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The old man noted my look at this, and said quietly, "Yes, I like 
to have it there. The children all know the song by heart, but I hope by placing it there 
before their eyes to familiarise them with the spirit of the grand old war-song."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The spirit with which he repeated half sadly to himself the 
refrain, "Rule Britannia! Britannia rules the waves!" caused me to glance up in surprise. 
No! it was surely no longer the grey-harired man of sixty, with bent shoulders and 
threatening rheumatism; he had become alert-looking, and the frayed black coat seemed for 
the moment to cling like a military tunic to a stalwart young figure.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Yes," he said, "we trust too much to our supremacy at sea, which 
a single storm might wreck. I know you are aware of my views on this matter. They are 
laughed at to-day; but to-night, to-morrow, the French may land their troops at Bonton, 
and Mirdale, like the rest of England, is not ready to resist."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I had been told that the ancient prophecy of John Paul Jones the 
pirate, when his privateering fleet was driven from the adjacent coast, that he would 
return with the French and put the whole countryside to the sword, had still one believer 
in Mirdale - and he the schoolmaster, the last of his family.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Would you care to see my guns?"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">He opened what appeared to be the door of a slate cupboard, and 
from the recess produced, each carefully wrapped in oiled cloth, firearms of every recent 
military period, beginning with the obsolete flint-lock and ranging up to the newest 
Lee-Enfield. Of most patterns he had three or four specimens - "I had three brothers here 
once" - and these spare weapons he was particularly careful of. then he called me into the
recess, where he had made a loophole com-
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1902 part 2 p.419
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<Paragraph rend="quote">[com]manding a good piece of the dales road. The school wall here 
must have been six feet thick, and the old man's fort would be impenetrable to ordinary 
rifle fire. Ammunition boxes of all descriptions were piled high in the little magazine.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Next the old man asked me to stroll with him to his rifle range, 
in a gully about a mile distant.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"I practice early in the mornings; the people round here are 
accustomed to it, and strangers, as you see, are not likely to ramble at so early an 
hour."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After bidding the old man farewell, I wandered slowly back to my 
lodging; the elaborate preparedness I had seen, and the determination of the scholmaster 
to resist to the death within the precincts of his old schoolhouse, made me inclined to 
ponder awhile. As I sat watching the evening shadows deepen over rugged crags and pastoral
coves, I mused upon what might happen if the old man's fears were realised.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The school was being carried on as usual; one class was droning 
over a reading-book, the master's voice came distinctly above all others in his dictation 
to the remainder. The sound of a galloping horse is heard on the road, and Schoolmaster 
John hurries to the door to see who and what it is.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The French - The French have landed at Bonton."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">I can see in my mind's eye old John, with unusual activity, step 
across the small room, open the American organ, and play, with the children's voices 
joining in, his favourite war-song. This over, the children are called out of their 
classes to make two short rows down the room. The -
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"You must hasten away home, children. Good-morning."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">John the fighting man is now aroused; parcels of cartridges, and 
what other weapons there are, are handed to fleeing neighbours as they call to urge him 
make temporary retreat. But John is to defend Mirdale, not by firing at random from unseen
nooks among the rocks, but by holding the schoolhouse against the whole invading army.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">... ...
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A short half-hour has passed; the enemy's scouts meet with no 
resistance. Inside the old school John's eye runs along the rifle barrel time after time; 
yes, his aim is certain, and the first foe in sight will die. A half company of infantry 
round the corner, and instantly the rifle speaks; down goes the leading man. Shot after 
shot is delivered with deadly precision; as yet the soldiery cannot
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Climb</Keyword> <Keyword>climbing</Keyword> <Keyword>Graves, Joe</Keyword> <Keyword>Bate, 
Jem</Keyword> <Keyword>Blea Tarn Crag<Note>Blea Water Crag</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Blea 
Water Crag, Shap Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>High Street, Patterdale</Keyword> 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1902 part 2 p.420
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<Paragraph rend="quote">see the direction of the leaden hail, and in a few seconds they 
seek cover. For two hours the old man within that grey-walled structure forbids advance. 
Then, after an officer, while incautiously exposing himself to reconnoitre, has been 
killed, a field gun is ordered to open fire and drive the enemy from his hold. Two shells 
crash into the old building - its thick grey walls are pierced easily as paper - and after
each there is an appalling explosion. Then the rifle fire ceases.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The fighting schoolmaster is dead.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote heading"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Story of a Climb</Keyword>  <Keyword>Blea Tarn Crag</Keyword>
</Marginal>
<i>II. - THE STORY OF A CLIMB.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THOUGH it was not yet sunrise, Joe Graves was discussing his 
simple breakfast. He was alone, for his sister had long since married and gone to a 
distant home of her own, but he never seriously thought of engaging a substitute. "I can 
fend best for mesel'," was his invariable reply to all who suggested the matter to him. 
Jem Bate opened the door and walked in.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Will you go to Blea Tarn Crag to-day, Joe?" he asked, without 
even a prefatory greeting; "the ground is in rare fettle for cragging."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Too dry," was the reply, "but I'll go. It's ower bonnie a day to 
stop in the boddem. We mustn't take too much rope, or we may have a smash. Half a dozen 
yards should be about enough. There's no pitch on Blea Tarn Crag as'll want more."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After this they talked awhile of the different routes by which 
this crag is scaled, and determined to try one which was as yet unclimbed. His meal 
finished, Grave produced an assortment of ropes, out of which the most suitable was 
selected; then, without further delay, they started. Once clear of the semi-wild garden, 
the pair put on a pace, for the time at their disposal was limited, considering the object
in view. The sun rose as they followed up the bent-grown slack which forms the quickest 
approach to the mountain of High Street, and by five o'clock they were walking across the 
summit. The panorama extended for miles over mountains, dales, lakes, and plains, in 
unequalled grandeur. Far way, with splashes of purple and grey swirling over its tops, was
the great mass of Lakeland mountains; to the west Windermere wound away among the quiet, 
wooded hills, and beyond this shimmered the sea. This clearness was a sure sign of an 
impending thunderstorm. Their practised strides rapidly bore the pair to the corner where 
Long Stile extends from the parent range, and beneath which slumbers the ink-like Blea 
Water. Down the rough rocks they threaded their
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<Paragraph rend="quote">way to the narrow belt of grass by the tarn's outlet. The crag was
now close at hand, and they eagerly scanned its fifteen-hundred-feet sheer face. A fault 
in the rock, cleaving it from base well-nigh to summit, was the point of attack they had 
selected, and they climbed up the scree to its lowest point. At the foot of the crag the 
rope was adjusted, and Bate led up a narrow gully, which a few yards above seemed to lose 
itself in the wall of rock.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The toilers gradually climbed up till the ravine narrowed, and the
gully was blocked above by a huge cornice. Here footholds must continue either to right or
left - it might mean a perilous hand-traverse across the face of the cliff, but having 
warmed to their work this peril could not daunt them. The rock above was virgin, human 
foot had not yet been placed on it; hence its conquest, after so many failures would be a 
feat.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Hour after hour the pair laboured on, trying anew grip here, or a 
tiny foothold there, till one with less patience might have judged the attempt a failure. 
Meanwhile the whole aspect was changing. In the west the misty blue had deepened into 
blackness, the light of the sun was sensibly diminished as the veil of mists extended, the
glinting of the ripples on the tarn beneath ceased, and the bleak slopes around looked 
still more depressing. The minutes passed, and the storm-hiss on the moor above was 
succeeded by a distant mutter of thunder. Though this change was perfectly well known to 
them, they did not speak of it to each other.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">"Stop?" queried Bate, "dinner-time."
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Graves spragged a leg crossways the gully and looked up.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">"Ay! Is there a ledge handy?"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"No, two good toe-grips here, and another pair higher up. Shall I 
get to 'em?"
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Very cautiously Jem Bate continued his scramble; his knees 
outspread could now touch both sides of the crack; arm pressure had to be lifting power. 
At last he succeeded in reaching the point he had spoken of, and prepared to give a 
helping haul to his companion. The position which he was forced to stand in was very 
uncomfortable, his shoulders were bent by the hanging mass above; so he looked around for 
an easier position. A narrow gap close above promised a little, and into it he crawled; it
was a drain-like crack scoring the base of the pinnacle. Crag-instinct pointed to the 
possibilty of this traverse continuing into a higher gully, and this hope was strengthened
by the tiny stream trickling down. In a few words Jem conveyed the discovery to Graves, 
who was eating his lunch twenty feet below.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1902 part 2 p.422
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<Paragraph rend="quote">With their backs against the wall of rock, the climbers were 
looking at a distant patch of sunlit cloud over Kidsty Pike when from the west, black as 
the smoke from a manufacturing city, dropped a cloud of rain. Thunder in magnificent 
melody roared, boomed, sang, and rattled; lightning clove the semi-darkness with fitful 
gleams; the rills and gullies continued and intensified the blast till fell and dale, tarn
and sky seemed in the very climax of an exterminating war.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">There was now no time to be lost if the climbers were to reach 
safety at all; for the heavy rain descending would soon fill the tiny channel up which 
they must escape. Six hundred feet of sheer cliff below, thousands of tons of rock above, 
each threatened in vain direst vengeance upon the pair crawling between. The rock shelved 
outward and upward, and this characteristic saved them. It was a wearying climb; the 
water, in ever increasing volume, oozed through their clothes and lapped their faces when 
at particularly narrow corners their bodies dammed it back, but at length Bate reached the
head of the semi-tunnel and found himself in a very steep and rough gorge, Graves had not 
followed him closely, for if the track had proved useless such action would have created a
nasty position. The summit could hardly be more than two hundred feet above, and the edge 
of a cliff is usually so weather-worn that its ascent is not difficult, though the 
crumbling nature of the rock makes it extremely dangerous. Bate gave a whistle for his 
companion to finish cimbing the hollow way, and and a judicious strain on the rope helped 
him to do so. A stream of blue fire flickered from a low-flying cloud and struck the 
rugged crag above their heads. Ten thousand tons of shale, felspar, and slate crumbled 
away, and parted with a terrible crash from its base.The ghyll in which Bate was standing 
was swept by an avalanche of scree, and when it cleared a bleeding, crushed body jammed in
a crack showed that some fragment had struck home a fearful blow. Graves was nowhere to be
seen. Perhaps he was crushed under the mighty weight, perhaps hurled among the falling 
rock into the tarn.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">High up beyond the range of human sight the battered form still 
breathed. No one came to succour as evening died among the crags and slopes - in these 
localities a rock-fall is not so extraordinary as to invite minute exploration. The 
quietude of night passed, daybreak and broad day came. The body still breathed, though it 
did not move. Would another be added to the ghastly tale of skeletons lying on the moors 
and cliffs? Day blazed to its
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<Keyword>climbing</Keyword> <Keyword>Bate, Jem</Keyword> <Keyword>Blea Water Crag, Shap 
Rural</Keyword> <Keyword>accident</Keyword> <Keyword>High Street, Patterdale</Keyword> 
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<Keyword>Kentmere<Note>?</Note></Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal</Keyword> 
<Keyword>Stephen</Keyword> <Keyword>castle, Kendal</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal Castle, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1902 part 2 p.423
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<Paragraph rend="quote">close, and the body slowly recovered consciousness and seemingly 
appreciation of its position. Tortured by thirst and hunger, with crushed shoulder and 
side, Jem Bate rose to survey, with all his old defiance, the shattered cliff above. As he
began to drag himself up the rough passage, his nerve steadied, but just as he seemed to 
reach safety, a few loose fragments hurtled down, and struck him to the ground. The shock 
was fearful, but the hardihood of a thousand scrambles enabled him to survive it. For an 
hour he lay on the shelving broken rock, while a wanderer who had seen the man in the 
ascent climbed the rugged gable of High Street and walked along the summit to the top of 
the gully. This man had a keen interest in scrambling among uncoventional climbs, and 
therefore essayed a descent to meet the other. But fifty - one hundred feet down he 
carefully climbed, at every moment his position becoming more dangerous, signalling again 
and again without hearing any response. Then, as he traversed a rough, projecting rock, he
came upon the still breathing body of Jem Bate. Tenderly, yet with consummate skill and 
strength, he lifted it and bore it up the terrible steep. How he managed it in safety none
can tell, but the shepherd who hastened from Lingmell at the sound of the danger-cry of 
his kind found the two lying together so still that he thought both were dead. In an hour 
assistance was at hand, and the cragsman and his rescuer were being carried towards 
Mardale.
</Paragraph>
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  <Keyword>Legend of the Fells</Keyword>
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<i>III. - A LEGEND OF THE FELLS.</i>
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">IN the days of King Stephen, Church, Crown, and Barons were 
struggling in a quagmire of petty strife and intrigue, but the attendant horrors were only
noted in the vale of Kent by the extraordinary number of guests of high rank - barons 
whose little armies had been destroyed, whose castles had been sacked, and who could not 
return to their estates for fear of their lives - who came and went at Kendal Castle. The 
Baron had too many troubles in his own domain to think of engaging in the struggles raging
throughout the country. Westmorland was not yet fully subjugated by the Normans, and bands
of outlawed Saxons - men whose fathers had fallen on the ridge at Senlac or by the Isle of
Ely, bequeathing deathless hatred of the foe to their sons, or men whose worst passions 
had been excited by the treatment received from their conquerors - his by day in caves or 
rude huts far away among the mountains where the Norman infantry could not reach, and at
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1902 part 2 p.424
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<Paragraph rend="quote">night sallied into the half-settled vale, burning the hovels of 
the peasantry, driving off the cattle, and ruthlessly putting to the sword every man they 
met. According to the outlaws' fierce tenets, a man of Saxon lineage who would bow to the 
Norman forfeited all his rights to be considered a Saxon, and to such they meted 
accordingly. But ere daylight brought the possibility of being attacked by a concentrated 
force the outlaws had retired. Nor were the occasional keeps scattered here and there 
among the dales any great safeguard, for at dead of night a shower of arrows would often 
rattle against the walls, killing anyone who was abroad, and picking a way to loopholes 
and casements.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">One night in June, under cover of a fierce thunderstorm, a Saxon 
band stole down the valleys and set ablaze the woods clothing Harter Fell - to this day 
the ground remains barren, for the spell of the Saxon witch-familiar has never been 
broken. At Kendal the blaze was seen, and a small band set out to punish the offenders. 
Along the road, an old one even then, they marched to the foot of the dale, and here they 
met a group of peaceful villagers fleeing from the outlaws. Brutally the soldiers 
ill-treated them - to the Norman the Saxon was a slave of little value, a burden carried 
with the land - till a Saxon youth, his blood aflame with the coarseness around him, 
struck one man to the ground with his bare fist.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"A fight-rally," shouted the captain in irony, as with the point 
of his sword he touched the boy's thigh, and laughed at the pain he caused. The rough 
warriors followed his example, till, maddened, the youngster turned on them, and calling 
on prodigious strength, with a stone killed the nearest of his tormentors. Instantly the 
joke dropped, and in a second, from a steel torn body, the Saxon's soul went to commune 
with his God.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"You have wronged" said a hollow voice, and the superstitious 
soldiers fell back from their hacking of the dead. No one save the trembling villagers was
to be seen, but this awful voice seemed to proceed from the bleeding corpse.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"You have wronged!" came the words again, in a voice now 
triumphant, and over the dead man appeared a woman of middle age. Her face was smirched 
with ashes and soot, as though her breweing of hell-kail were blackening her skin as 
foully as her soul; her dress was a shapeless cloak of homespun, but so ancient and 
dirt-stained that its original hue had vanished.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A jeering laugh now arose from the group of armed men.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"And who gave thee to be our judge?" asked the captain. "I am 
responsible to the Baron of Kendal alone."
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1902 part 2 p.425
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<Paragraph rend="quote">"And to me," aswered the witch calmly; "thou wilt not return to 
Kendal till thou hast taken each Saxon of the fourscore who set the woods on fire."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Ah, marry," laughed the captain, "then I return not empty handed.
The omen is a good one, gentle witch, for I have vowed to clear out, root and branch, the 
dog Saxons of the fells. I am going to burn every house in Kentmere, in Longsleddale, and 
in the valley beyond, ere I return to my lord. Fair witch, wilt thou go with us and see 
our triumph? The smell of reeking blood will be homely breath to thy hell-filled nostrils.
Come with us, and cast a charm over the Saxon fools, that they escape not the wrath of my 
lord the Baron."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The charm is cast these three hours - before you left the 
courtyard of your Norman keep. Look for the Saxon between the mist and the dale, for till 
you force him of his lair, you cannot return to your home."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Ha, ha, fair augur, gentle dame. We are provided with horses and 
provisions, and ere long the life of the robber band will be past."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"The mist hangs low, the dale in sunset purple lies, the crags are
riven, but not by storm. The robber band is at peace long since, but the Norman warrior 
walks the hills for evermmore."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Uttering these prophetic words, the witch seemed to melt into thin
air; the dalefolk trembled, but the captain turned to his men and said in jest:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"My men, the witch has gone, but her spell is good. See yonder"" 
and he pointed toward Harter Fell, where rainclouds hung dense and black. "Yonder we find 
our prey, 'twixt mist and dale. Forward to conquer. The churlish Saxon is already undone."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The little company marched rapidly up the dale, plundering and 
burning the few homesteads they met. The inhabitants had fled, some across the fells to 
the monastery at Shap, some to seek comfort at a famous witch's cave in Loughrigg, some by
devious ways, by which they did not meet the feared expedition from Kendal.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">After sacking the hovels without mercy, the Normans made for the 
open fell, where clung the dense mist, and as they approached the veil of white, the zip 
of an arrow falling among the ranks warned them of danger. The soldiers did not hesitate 
to grumble at the hard climb, and to curse the Saxons who thus showed their ability to 
strike home without being seen. The Captain ordered a retreat, but now dense and white the
pall had fallen below, and neither backward for fear of the cliffs, nor forward for fear 
of the advantage held by the enemy, dare they move.
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<Keyword>Ely</Keyword> <Keyword>Northallerton</Keyword> <Keyword>Kendal, Baron 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1902 part 2 p.426
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<Paragraph rend="quote">"You have wronged," came a voice as of a syren gloating over its 
prey. The hardy men shivered, and turned to discern, if possible, whence the voice came.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Not fifty yards away, a sheer spur of rock towered up, and here in
majestic state stood the witch, with the scurrying wreaths of mist around her head. The 
Captain sprang to the foot of the cliff and addressed her:-
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Friend witch, a plague to these stone-covered slopes and craggy 
cliffs. Show us the way to the valley again, if thy magic avail aught, and thou shalt have
treasure to satisfy thee."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"Canst thou bribe the devil, whose is all gold and silver? Thou 
and thy band are condemned to find the fourscore Saxons who fought for their rights at Ely
and at Northallerton,<sup>l</sup> and till Norman eyes can see the fox among the bent, and
Norman feet can outclimb all upon scree and crag, you cannot reach them. From this to 
that," the witch held out her hands towards the heavens above and towards the moving 
mist-wreaths below, "you cannot find solace or rest. The curse of the fells is upon you. 
in the coming time I see you riding betwixt mist and dale, restless, silent, capturing 
none."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"A Saxon pig, by God! and a heathen. Upon her, and hew her to 
pieces."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Obediently his men sprang forward, but, with a roar and a rattle, 
the cliff in front of them crumbled to pieces, and they had to retreat for their lives. 
The Captain, sword in hand, stood nearest the flying fragments, and in silence waited for 
the witch to speak again.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">But she had gone; the rock on which she had stood when last seen 
slowly crumbled and, in a succession of mighty avalanches, rolled down the mountain side.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">"You have wronged," came a thunder of defiance from the surging 
clouds above, "and be ye punished."
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Days passed on; the expedition did not return, so the Baron of 
Kendal sent forth another force. Not a trace, not a sign, of the lost men could be found. 
The mist still hung close on the hills, and the Saxon rebels, more accustomed to the 
conditions of the ground and air than the Normans, were unremitting in their attacks. The 
bowmen of the invaders could not shoot without a mark, and the arrows cleaving the mists 
were the only signs of life. Now came the breaking up of the Saxon terror. An army was 
sent in succour, and the last bitter struggle began. Round Buckbarrow and Grey Crag, round
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<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>l</sup> Men of the northern marches fought for the Scots at 
the battle of the Standard.
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<Keyword>Longsleddale</Keyword> <Keyword>Harter Fell, Longsleddale</Keyword> <Keyword>Goat
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1902 part 2 p.427
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Branstree and Harter Fell the Normans swarmed, and among the 
precipices of Goat Scar came the final tragedy. Forcing their way up a grassy slack, the 
invading host reached the top of Harter Fell and the battle was won. The Saxons had no 
other resource but fight, and against the iron-disciplned troops their valour was of 
little use. It was a fight to destruction. with no mercy, and the Normans won at awful 
cost. The lost expedition was never found; no trace of a horse or steel of foreign make 
was to be discovered in the Saxon caves, and the Baron of Kendal, who personally conducted
the final siege, had to leave the mystery unsolved.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Yet on fine summer evenings, when the purple shades are on the 
mountain sides, and the glittering mists hang on the summits, the dalesman has often been 
surprised to see, marching between the mist and the dale, sometimes high, sometimes low, a
body of armed horsemen. With scouts in front, behind, below, above, they sweep along in 
disciplined order. They are the Norman band, condemned to walk the fells till they capture
eighty Saxons slain some eight hundred years ago.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1907 part 1 p.169
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<Heading rend="red"><Marginal>
  <Keyword>Muncaster Castle</Keyword>  <Keyword>Hardknott</Keyword>
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Muncaster Castle and Hardknott</Heading>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">...
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<Paragraph rend="quote heading">Muncaster Castle and Hardknott
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">THERE is, perhaps, no more beautiful dwelling-place in this 
country than the Castle of Muncaster. It is a solid pile of red sandstone and granite 
buildings clustered round an old tower of Roman origin, called Agricola's Tower, the walls
of which are nine feet, or thereabouts, in thickness. It stands high on the fellside on a 
kind of shoulder of the hill, gazing out over the valley of the Esk, out to sea to the 
west, away up to the mountain land, Sca Fell and his brethren, to the east.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The origin of Muncaster fades away into the mists of tradition. 
The original Roman Tower was said to have been built to guard St. Michael's ford over the 
Esk, which is just below the castle, as a bridge has been built "by men of
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1907 part 1 p.170
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<Paragraph rend="quote">Grasmere." Formerly the river was crossed by means of 
stepping-stones at low tide. As the two churches of Muncaster and Waberthwaite, on 
opposite sides of the river, were served by the same cleric, the reverend gentleman had to
fit in his discourse with the state of the tide, and it is related that on more then one 
occasion he was urged by the clerk to hasten as the tide was coming in over the bar.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The family of Pennington (the family name of the Lords of 
Muncaster) came originally from Pennington in Lancashire, and most of the Penningtons 
served their country in some way or another. The first Pennington who emerged into history
was Gamel de Pennington, he who first removed from Lancashire to Muncaster, or Moelcastre,
as it was originally called.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Tradition says that the family at first took up its abode at a 
residence now known as Walls Castle, quite close to the ancient harbour of Ravenglass, 
then an important place. Walls Castle is in itself most interesting. For many years it was
believed that it was merely a relic of medieval times. However, the Cumberland and 
Westmoreland Antiquarian Society took the matter up, and by a series of excavations in 
1881 they proved beyond doubt that the ruins are those of Roman house. The walls still 
stand some fourteen feet high in places, so it is evident that the original Roman who 
built it could not have been of the tribe of Jerry with which we are so cursed to-day. 
Here, probably, the Penningtons dwelt till some time in the Middle Ages, when they betook 
themselves to the Roman Tower, a mile further up the hill, which by this time had become 
metamorphosed into the usual "pele tower" style of residence adopted by the nobles and 
gentlemen of the Border country. Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and North 
Lancashire have many fine examples of these fortified manor-houses and castellated 
residences, whose existence is due to the proximity of the lawless moss-troopers, who 
pillaged the border counties. None of them, however, can compare with Muncaster for beauty
of situation.
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1907 part 1 p.171
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<Paragraph rend="quote">About half a mile from the Castle, high on the fellside, is 
perched a curious old tower known as "Chapels." This building has a room at the bottom and
an upper story, which can only be reached by a ladder from outside. It is said that King 
Henry VI., when he fled from his enemies in 1461, was refused asylum at Irton Hall, and 
was found by a shepherd wandering on the fell at the spot where Chapels now stands. The 
shepherd brought him in
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<Paragraph rend="quote">safety to Muncaster, whose master, Sir John Pennington, took him 
in and concealed him. "Henry VI.'s room" is still at the Castle, and there is also a 
portrait of him painted on a wooden panel, in which he is represented as holding the glass
goblet known as the "Luck of Muncaster" in his hand.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The Luck of Muncaster is still in existence. It is a 
curiously-shaped vessel of greenish glass, studded with gold and white spots. It has no 
stem, being more of a bowl than anything else, and is about six inches in diameter by two 
and a half in height. It has been used at baptisms
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1907 part 1 p.172
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<Paragraph rend="quote">of members of the noble family to which it was given as a token of
the gratitude of the fugitive King Henry.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The first of the Penningtons to be elevated to the peerage was Sir
John, fifth baronet, who was created Baron Muncaster in 1783. It is said that when he 
entered into possession of Muncaster Castle on his elevation to the peerage, he found it 
still surrounded by a moat and defended by a portcullis. The house was in such a ruinous 
condition that he was obliged to rebuild it almost entirely, with the exception of the 
pele tower.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The present Lord Muncaster fought in the Crimea: he is a worthy 
representative of the powerful ancestors who have ruled the valley of the Esk since the 
days of King Henry II. Their great influence has always been wielded for good. His domain 
is a notable one, full of antiquities and archaeological interest, for it includes 
Ravenglass, Walls Castle and Hardknott, a country saturated with memories and traditions 
not only of the Romans but of the Norse conquerors, and of those mysterious folk who 
inhabited our land before History had birth, the people of the Stone Age. On the moor near
Devoke Water are the remains of a prehistoric village; barrows, tumuli, and standing 
stones are dotted here and there; one never knows what will be found. Fortunately, Lord 
Muncaster is interested in matters archaeological, and is the President of the Antiquarian
Society of Cumberland and Westmoreland, and the different relics of Roman occupation that 
have been discovered from time to time are preserved in safety at Muncaster.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">It is probable the "Hardknott Castle" was not a popular post with 
the officers whose duty it was to take charge of the desolate fort perched high on the 
shoulder of Hardknott, a craggy mountain looking over the upper valley of the Esk to Sca 
Fell.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The camp can be traced easily to-day, and it is very interesting. 
It is some 500 feet above the river, and was evidently built to guard the road which winds
on its right over the pass away to Keswick, Ambleside, and thence to York. Some ten miles 
to the westward this
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1907 part 1 p.173
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<Paragraph rend="text">Chapels.
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fort, Hardknott Pass</Keyword> <Keyword>Camden, William</Keyword> <Keyword>Hutchinson, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1907 part 1 p.174
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<Paragraph rend="quote">list, road ends at Ravenglass, a tiny village now, but in those 
far-off days an important military port where very likely troops were landed for the great
headqtrs of the Roman army at York. It is conjectured that this camp is identicial with 
Maia, a station whose situation is judged to probably to be in south-west Cumberland. Of 
the actual history of the camp little is known. It is mentioned by Camden, who suggests 
that though it may be a castle, it is possibly the remains of some church or chapel. It is
also mentioned in "Hutchinson's History of Cumberland," and other works, but it was not 
systematically explored till 1889, when Mr. H. Swainson-Cowper, F.S.A., began the work of 
excavation by clearing the north tower. Sir Herbert Maxwell, in 1890 and 1891, continued 
the work thus begun, and a regular system of continuous operations was adopted in 1892 by 
the late Rev. W. S. Calverly, F.S.A., with Mr. Dymond, F.S.A., as engineer and surveyor.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">They found much of great interest, tracing out the shape of the 
fort and determining its materials, and the relics enshrouded by its <i>debris</i>.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The fort itself is almosts square in shape with four gates and a 
tower at each angle, N., S., E. and W., each being about twelve feet square. The north 
tower is the highest of these, and commands a magnificent view up the valley of the Upper 
Esk away to Sca Fell, and also down to the sea, in which on clear days the Isle of Man is 
visible.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The walls were originally built of the granite stone of the 
neighbourhood, but the angles were made of dressed red sandstone, which must have been 
brought from at least ten or eleven miles away. Mortar was used; it can be seen in the 
walls if carefully looked for. The walls were about five feet in thickness.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The <i>porta principalis sinistra</i> (the gate on the north-east 
side) has a road which leads to the Parade Ground, some six hundred feet beyond the fort. 
The Parade Ground is nearly three acres in extent; the boulders have been cleared away, 
and it has been roughly levelled for the
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<Keyword>Feronia</Keyword> <Keyword>Marshall, Abraham</Keyword> <Keyword>water pipe, 
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1907 part 1 p.175
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<Paragraph rend="quote">troops to exercise. On its north side is a great mound (of 
artifical construction) probably a kind of grand stand from which the officers could watch
the manoeuvres of their men.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">At the south side of the camp, about two hundred feet below the 
east tower on the side of the road leading to the south-east gateway (the <i>porta 
praetoria</i>), are two buildings which were cleared under the immediate direction of Mr. 
Calverley. One of these buildings contains three large rooms and one small one. It is 
provided with the usual hypocausts for heating. The small compartment is supposed to be 
either a cistern or a bath; it is in the room at the north end of the building. At the 
southern end of the house is a large praefurnium for heating the hypocausts. Adjacent, but
quite separate, is a circular building some fifteen feet in diameter, which has evidently 
been plastered with a red-coloured plaster. Its use has not definitely been ascertained, 
though the late Chancellor Ferguson suggested that it might be a shrine to the goddess 
Feronia, while the building nearby was a wayside tavern.<sup>1</sup>
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<Paragraph rend="quote">list, list, Inside the walls are three groups of buildings, the 
praetorium being in the middle; east of the praetorium is a smaller building that might 
have been officers' qtrs, and west of it is another structure that some believe to have 
been stables, while other authorities incline to think that it formed soldiers' qtrs.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Water for the camp was probably obtained from a stream issuing 
from the fell behind. In an account of the camp in Hutchinson's History given by Abraham 
Marshall, for many years incumbent of Eskdale (he rests now in the churchyard beside the 
river Esk), we read that pieces of a leather water-pipe were found leading to the fort 
from a well called Maddock How. I have not heard, however, that the excavations yielded 
any further traces of water-pipes or conduits.
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<Paragraph rend="quote">During the excavations many relics were found both of
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<Footnote><Division elementtype="footnote">
<Paragraph rend="quote"><sup>1</sup> See "Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland 
Antiquarian Society," vol.xii. p.389.
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<Keyword>cheese press</Keyword> <Keyword>wild boar</Keyword> <Keyword>wolf</Keyword> 
<Keyword>red deer</Keyword> <Keyword>hare</Keyword> <Keyword>fox</Keyword> 
<Keyword>raven</Keyword>  <Keyword>buzzard</Keyword>  <Keyword>peregrine</Keyword>
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<Paragraph rend="text">Gentleman's Magazine 1907 part 1 p.176
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<Paragraph rend="quote">bronze and iron; also various kinds of pottery, though there was 
very little of really fine Samian ware.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Many fragments of glass and lead showed that the windows of the 
fort were glazed. Several pieces of jewellery were found, one being a fish with an 
enamelled red eye. In the three-roomed house outside the fort remains of a cat and kittens
(or dog and puppies) were found under the <i>debris</i> of the roof and walls. Slates were
discovered amongst the ruins showing that the dwellings had all been roofed with slates.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">How the camp was overthrown after the departure of its Roman 
occupants we do not know, but its ruin was evidently completed by fire. Perhaps the 
barbarian hordes lurking among the grim fastnesses of the mountains around descended upon 
it. History, at any rate, is silent upon this point.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">Many of the sandstone door-posts, corner-stones, etc., were 
carried away in later times. Some of them were found by Mr. Calverley in use as 
cheese-presses, etc., at farms in the neighbourhood. Still sufficient of the camp is left 
for us to build up in the imagination what it once was. We can see what an imposing 
edifice it must have appeared to the wild hillmen, perched in mid-air on the edge of a 
crag round which mists swirled and snow drove. It must have been a dreary spot in winter 
for those Roman soldiers, with the north wind from Sca Fell and Bow Fell howling round it,
and wild boars and wolves prowling, perhaps, outside its gates.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">A wild boar's tusk was found amongst its <i>debris</i>, and 
portions of the antlers of red deer. To-day hares and foxes may be found amongst its 
ruins, while ravens still have a nesting-place in the crags above, and buzzard hawks and 
peregrine falcons hover above it in its bleak desolation.
</Paragraph>
<Paragraph rend="quote">The view from the camp on a fine day is so beautiful as to make it
well worth a visit independently of the great interest of its relics from an antiquarian 
point of view. It is doubly interesting, perhaps, by reason of the mystery which enshrouds
it. Of its builders we know
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<Paragraph rend="quote">definitely nothing save that they were Romans: of its subsequent 
history we know nothing. It was just a hill station, a fort - probably one of a chain - 
guarding an important highway. With that we must rest content; but in imagination, sitting
up there, we may picture many
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<Paragraph rend="quote">things, trying to piece together its history. At present it is 
undisturbed. Doubtless in future times a railway will run to Keswick and Ambleside by way 
of Hardknott, and the ghosts of the Roman sentries will marvel as they pace outside the 
overthrown gates. But in our day it is a place of peace, a spot to wonder over and to 
think upon, a piece of Forgotten History.
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